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Pozo-Morales M, Cobham AE, Centola C, McKinney MC, Liu P, Perazzolo C, Lefort A, Libert F, Bai H, Rohner N, Singh SP. Starvation-resistant cavefish reveal conserved mechanisms of starvation-induced hepatic lipotoxicity. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302458. [PMID: 38467419 PMCID: PMC10927358 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Starvation causes the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, a somewhat counterintuitive phenomenon that is nevertheless conserved from flies to humans. Much like fatty liver resulting from overfeeding, hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) during undernourishment can lead to lipotoxicity and atrophy of the liver. Here, we found that although surface populations of Astyanax mexicanus undergo this evolutionarily conserved response to starvation, the starvation-resistant cavefish larvae of the same species do not display an accumulation of lipid droplets upon starvation. Moreover, cavefish are resistant to liver atrophy during starvation, providing a unique system to explore strategies for liver protection. Using comparative transcriptomics between zebrafish, surface fish, and cavefish, we identified the fatty acid transporter slc27a2a/fatp2 to be correlated with the development of fatty liver. Pharmacological inhibition of slc27a2a in zebrafish rescues steatosis and atrophy of the liver upon starvation. Furthermore, down-regulation of FATP2 in Drosophila larvae inhibits the development of starvation-induced steatosis, suggesting the evolutionarily conserved importance of the gene in regulating fatty liver upon nutrition deprivation. Overall, our study identifies a conserved, druggable target to protect the liver from atrophy during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Pozo-Morales
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ansa E Cobham
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Cielo Centola
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Peiduo Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Camille Perazzolo
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Lefort
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérick Libert
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Pozo-Morales M, Cobham AE, Centola C, McKinney MC, Liu P, Perazzolo C, Lefort A, Libert F, Bai H, Rohner N, Singh SP. Starvation resistant cavefish reveal conserved mechanisms of starvation-induced hepatic lipotoxicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.574986. [PMID: 38260657 PMCID: PMC10802416 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.574986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Starvation causes the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, a somewhat counterintuitive phenomenon that is nevertheless conserved from flies to humans. Much like fatty liver resulting from overfeeding, hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) during undernourishment can lead to lipotoxicity and atrophy of the liver. Here, we found that while surface populations of Astyanax mexicanus undergo this evolutionarily conserved response to starvation, the starvation-resistant cavefish larvae of the same species do not display an accumulation of lipid droplets upon starvation. Moreover, cavefish are resistant to liver atrophy during starvation, providing a unique system to explore strategies for liver protection. Using comparative transcriptomics between zebrafish, surface fish, and cavefish, we identified the fatty acid transporter slc27a2a/fatp2 to be correlated with the development of fatty liver. Pharmacological inhibition of slc27a2a in zebrafish rescues steatosis and atrophy of the liver upon starvation. Further, down-regulation of FATP2 in drosophila larvae inhibits the development of starvation-induced steatosis, suggesting the evolutionary conserved importance of the gene in regulating fatty liver upon nutrition deprivation. Overall, our study identifies a conserved, druggable target to protect the liver from atrophy during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Pozo-Morales
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ansa E Cobham
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Cielo Centola
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Peiduo Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Camille Perazzolo
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Lefort
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérick Libert
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Ullal TV, Marks SL, Evenhuis JV, Figueroa ME, Pomerantz LK, Forsythe LR. Evaluation of gastroprotectant administration in hospitalized cats in a tertiary referral hospital. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231201769. [PMID: 37874311 PMCID: PMC10812023 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231201769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the prescription patterns and appropriateness of the use of gastroprotectant medication in cats. METHODS Pharmacy dispensation logs from an academic tertiary referral center were reviewed between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. Cats that were administered proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), sucralfate, misoprostol, antacids or a combination were included. Data regarding medication, dosage, formulation, duration of administration, completeness of discharge instructions and clinical rationales for administration were obtained from medical records. The appropriateness of gastroprotectant use was assessed according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement guidelines. RESULTS Of the 110 cases, 67 (60.9%) were prescribed a gastroprotectant medication without an appropriate indication. The most common reason for prescription was acute kidney injury in 26/67 (38.8%). PPIs were the most common gastroprotectant medication administered in 95/110 (86.3%) cats, followed by sucralfate in 18/110 (16.4%) and H2RAs in 11/110 (10%). Of the 35 cases in which gastroprotectant therapy was indicated, the medication chosen or dosage administered was considered suboptimal in 16 (45.7%). Instructions regarding the duration of administration, potential adverse effects and timing of administration in relation to meals or other medications were inconsistently provided in discharge instructions to pet owners. Of the 29 cases discharged with omeprazole, only 13 (44.8%) instructions included a duration of administration, while 6 (20.7%) recommended continuing gastroprotectants indefinitely until further notice, 16 (55.2%) discussed the timing of the administration in relation to a meal and six (20.7%) mentioned potential adverse effects; none advised tapering of omeprazole before discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE When prescribed, gastroprotectant medications were frequently prescribed injudiciously to cats in this referral population over a 12-month period. Discharge instructions to pet owners also often lacked information and recommendations regarding optimal administration, potential adverse effects, and tapering or discontinuation of the medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini V Ullal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janny V Evenhuis
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Monica E Figueroa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- VCA East Bay Veterinary Emergency Hospital, Antioch, CA, USA
| | - Leah K Pomerantz
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Lauren R Forsythe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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Kastl BC, Springer NL. Serum biochemical changes in cats with naturally acquired feline cytauxzoonosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:517-525. [PMID: 36656676 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.05.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The geographical distribution of feline cytauxzoonosis is expanding in the US. Clinical signs of feline cytauxzoonosis, including lethargy, anorexia, and icterus, are similar to hepatic lipidosis and cholangiohepatitis. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormality patterns may assist practitioners in prioritizing feline cytauxzoonosis as a differential diagnosis over hepatic lipidosis and cholangiohepatitis. SAMPLE Hematology and serum biochemical profiles of cats with naturally acquired feline cytauxzoonosis, hepatic lipidosis, or cholangiohepatitis. PROCEDURES Retrospective search and analysis of the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory or Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center records between January 2007 and June 2018 for cats with cytauxzoonosis, hepatic lipidosis, or cholangiohepatitis. RESULTS Patients with acute feline cytauxzoonosis presented with frequent nonregenerative anemia (20/28 [71%]), leukopenia (23/28 [82%]), thrombocytopenia (23/23 [100%]), hyperbilirubinemia (27/28 [97%]), hypoalbuminemia (26/28 [93%]), reduced (18/28 [64%]) or low normal (10/28 [36%]) serum ALP activity, and hyponatremia (23/28 [82%]). Reduced ALP activity was unique to cats with feline cytauxzoonosis relative to hepatic lipidosis and cholangiohepatitis. No correlation between the severity of anemia and the magnitude of hyperbilirubinemia was identified in feline cytauxzoonosis patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and reduced serum ALP activity in icteric cats may increase the clinical suspicion, but is not pathognomonic, for acute feline cytauxzoonosis. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities of naturally acquired feline cytauxzoonosis are like those reported with feline bacterial sepsis. Blood smear evaluation for intraerythrocytic Cytauxzoon felis piroplasms, tissue aspirates for schizont-laden macrophages, and/or molecular testing are required to diagnose feline cytauxzoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy C Kastl
- 1Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
- 2Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Nora L Springer
- 1Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
- 2Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Brunet A, Bouzouraa T, Cadore JL, Hugonnard M. Use of feeding tubes in 112 cats in an internal medicine referral service (2015-2020). J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e338-e346. [PMID: 35833503 PMCID: PMC10812294 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to describe diseases, complications and outcomes associated with the use of feeding tubes in a population of sick cats with appetite disturbance managed at an internal medicine referral service. METHODS Clinicopathological data from cats receiving nasoenteral (NE) or oesophagostomy (O) tubes were studied. Cats were categorised according to their underlying disease and divided into subgroups (NE or O tube). The following factors associated with survival were analysed: disease category, type of tube and return to appetite. RESULTS Included in the study were 112 cats, representing 118 cases. Of the 118 cases, 98 (83%) and 20 (17%) received NE or O tubes, respectively. The most common underlying conditions were digestive (13.5%), hepatobiliary (11%) and upper urinary tract (11%) disorders. Hepatobiliary (50%) and upper respiratory tract (30%) conditions were predominant in the O tube group. Digestive (15%) and upper urinary tract (12%) diseases were more common in the NE tube group. Complications following tube placement occurred in 22/118 cases (18.6%). The global survival rate was 73% and did not differ between NE (71.4%) and O tube (80%) groups (P = 1.00) or disease categories (P = 0.61). Return of appetite before feeding tube removal occurred in 56 cases (47%), within a median of 3 days (range 1-30) and was not associated with mirtazapine administration (P = 1.00). Appetite returned earlier for cats with NE tubes (3 days, range 1-17) than for those with O tubes (33 days, range 5-60; P <0.05). Voluntary food intake was positively associated with survival (odds ratio 15.17). After discharge and feeding tube retrieval, return of appetite was observed in 67% of cases. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Feeding tubes were predominantly placed for the management of appetite disturbance in cats with digestive, hepatobiliary and upper urinary tract diseases. While complications were frequent, they were mostly mild, easily managed and did not preclude feeding tube use. Return to appetite occurred in a large proportion of cats during or after assisted enteral feeding and was associated with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Brunet
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, Department of Companion Animals, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Tarek Bouzouraa
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, Department of Companion Animals, Marcy L’Etoile, France
- VetAlpha, 1305 Route de Lozanne, ZA des Grandes Terres, Dommartin 69380, France
| | - Jean-Luc Cadore
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, Department of Companion Animals, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Marine Hugonnard
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, Department of Companion Animals, Marcy L’Etoile, France
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Rankovic A, Godfrey H, Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Bakovic M, Kirby G, Verbrugghe A. Dose-response relationship between dietary choline and serum lipid profile, energy expenditure and respiratory quotient in overweight adult cats fed at maintenance energy requirements. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6596195. [PMID: 35641141 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient linked to hepatic lipid metabolism in many animal species, including cats. The current study investigated the serum lipid profiles, serum liver enzymes, respiratory quotients and energy expenditures of overweight cats fed maintenance diets, in response to graded doses of supplemental dietary choline. Overweight (body condition score [BCS]:≥6/9) adult male neutered cats (n=14) were supplemented with five choline chloride doses for three-week periods, in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Doses were based on individual body weight (BW) and the daily recommended allowance (RA) for choline (63mg/kg BW 0.67) according to the National Research Council. Doses were: control (no additional choline: 1.2 x RA, 77 mg/kg BW 0.67), 2 x RA (126mg/kg BW 0.67), 4 x RA (252mg/kg BW 0.67), 6 x RA (378mg/kg BW 0.67), and 8 x RA (504mg/kg BW 0.67). Choline was top-dressed over the commercial extruded cat food (3620mg choline/kg diet), fed once a day at maintenance energy requirements (130kcal/kgBW 0.4). Body weight and BCS were assessed weekly. Fasted blood samples were taken and indirect calorimetry was performed at the end of each three-week period. Serum was analyzed for cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase. Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were calculated. Data was analyzed via SAS using proc GLIMMIX, with group and period as the random effects, and treatment as the fixed effect. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Body weight and BCS did not change (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, and VLDL increased with 6 x RA (P < 0.05). Serum ALP decreased with 8 x RA (P = 0.004). Choline at 4 x and 6 x RA decreased serum BUN (P = 0.006). Fed or fasted respiratory quotient and energy expenditure did not differ among dietary choline doses (P > 0.05). These results suggest that dietary choline supplementation at 6 x RA may increase hepatic fat mobilization through increased lipoprotein transport, and beneficially support hepatic health in overweight cats. Future studies that combine these results with existing knowledge of feline weight loss and hepatic lipidosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rankovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
| | - Hannah Godfrey
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
| | - Caitlin E Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
| | - Gordon Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, CANADA
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7
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Verbrugghe A, Rankovic A, Armstrong S, Santarossa A, Kirby GM, Bakovic M. Serum Lipid, Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profiles of Obese Cats Supplemented with Dietary Choline and Fed to Maintenance Energy Requirements. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082196. [PMID: 34438654 PMCID: PMC8388459 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Research has estimated that the majority of domestic cats are overweight or obese. Current weight-loss plans tend to have disappointing outcomes and are not without risk. During periods of severe energy restriction, obesity predisposes cats to developing fatty liver. Choline has been linked to fat metabolism in other animals but has not been studied in cats. Twelve obese cats were split into two groups and were fed a control diet (n = 6; 4587 mg choline/kg dry matter) or a high choline diet (n = 6; 18,957 mg choline/kg DM) for 5 weeks. Cats were fed to maintain body weight. Choline increased serum cholesterol, triacylglycerides, lipoproteins, and plasma methionine. It also decreased serum blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase as well as the ratio of plasma acylcarnitine to free carnitine. The results suggest that choline supplementation may increase fat transport out of the liver and help maintain liver health in obese cats. Choline supplementation may prove useful for safe weight loss in obese cats by minimizing the risks of fatty liver. Abstract Obesity is a health concern for domestic cats. Obesity and severe energy restriction predispose cats to feline hepatic lipidosis. As choline is linked to lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that dietary choline supplementation would assist in reducing hepatic fat through increased lipoprotein transport and fatty acid oxidation. Twelve obese cats (body condition score [BCS] ≥ 8/9) were split into two groups. Cats were fed a control (n = 6; 4587 mg choline/kg dry matter [DM]) or a high choline diet (n = 6; 18,957 mg choline/kg DM) for 5 weeks, for adult maintenance. On days 0 and 35, fasted blood was collected, and the body composition was assessed. Serum lipoprotein and biochemistry profiles, plasma amino acids and plasma acylcarnitines were analyzed. The body weight, BCS and body composition were unaffected (p > 0.05). Choline increased the serum cholesterol, triacylglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma methionine (p < 0.05) and decreased the serum blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05). Choline also reduced the plasma acylcarnitine to free carnitine ratio (p = 0.006). Choline may assist in eliminating hepatic fat through increased fat mobilization and enhanced methionine recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandra Rankovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.R.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Shafeeq Armstrong
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Amanda Santarossa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Gordon M. Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.R.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.A.); (M.B.)
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Yamkate P, Gold RM, Xenoulis PG, Steiger K, Twedt DC, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA. Assessment of copper accumulation in archived liver specimens from cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:526-533. [PMID: 33026278 PMCID: PMC10741295 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20961350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in cat liver specimens. METHODS For this study, 121 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from cats were used. Tissue sections were stained for copper with rhodanine and scored from 0 (no copper accumulation) to 5 (panlobular copper accumulation). The tissue specimens were then deparaffinized and hepatic copper concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Tissue samples were categorized into four groups based on histopathologic findings: (1) no significant histopathologic hepatic changes (n = 66); (2) hepatic steatosis (n = 18); (3) inflammatory or infectious disease (n = 24); and (4) neoplasia (n = 13). Of the 121 specimens, 13 (11%) stained positive for copper, with three having a score ⩾3. Thirty-seven specimens (31%) had copper concentrations above the reference interval ([RI] <180 µg/g dry weight liver). Copper concentrations in cats with hepatic inflammatory or infectious disease were significantly higher than cats with hepatic steatosis (P = 0.03). Copper-staining score and concentration were positively correlated (rs = 0.46, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite the fact that 31% of specimens had copper concentrations above the RI, only 11% showed positive copper staining and only 2.5% had a score ⩾3. Our findings suggest that hepatic copper concentrations greater than the upper limit of the RI are relatively common in cats. Further studies to determine the factors that influence hepatic copper staining in cats and to establish contemporary RIs for hepatic copper in healthy cats are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyamanee Yamkate
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Randi M Gold
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of
Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David C Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
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9
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Kakar N, Daniel G, Fellman C, de Laforcade A, Webster CRL. Thromboelastography in cats with cholestatic liver disease. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:160-167. [PMID: 32672497 PMCID: PMC10741348 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20939828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While thromboelastography (TEG) has helped define a complex state of hemostasis in dogs and humans with hepatobiliary disease, it has not been explored in cats with cholestatic liver disease (CLD). The objective of this study was to describe TEG parameters in cats with CLD and to compare these parameters with conventional plasma-based coagulation tests, white blood cell (WBC) count and biochemical indicators of liver disease grade and severity. METHODS Eighteen cats with CLD, defined by a serum bilirubin ⩾3 mg/dl and a greater than two-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, were prospectively enrolled. All cats received vitamin K1 subcutaneously for 24-36 h prior to acquisition of blood for kaolin-activated TEG analysis, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Patient total solids, packed cell volume, platelet count, WBC count, and serum liver enzymes and bilirubin were extracted from the medical record and correlated with coagulation test results. RESULTS TEG global clot strength (TEG G) values defined 9/18 (50%), 5/18 (28%) and 4/18 (22%) cats as hypercoagulable, normocoagulable or hypocoagulable, respectively. TEG G was significantly negatively correlated with PT, aPTT and serum ALP activity and positively correlated with total solids. Five cats (5/18, 28%) were hyperfibrinolytic with clot lysis at 60 mins (LY 60) >15.3%. LY 60 was significantly positively correlated with PT. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE By TEG analysis, cholestatic cats replete with vitamin K1 display a variety of coagulation profiles. Indications of synthetic failure (prolonged PT and aPTT) were associated with hypocoagulable and hyperfibrinolytic TEG parameters. High disease activity (serum ALP) was associated with a hypocoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neketa Kakar
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings
School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Gideon Daniel
- Friendship Hospital for Small Animals,
Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire Fellman
- Department of Clinical Sciences,
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Armelle de Laforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences,
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia RL Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences,
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
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10
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Wallis N, Raffan E. The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1378. [PMID: 33233816 PMCID: PMC7699880 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in humans and companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the fields of medicine and veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. It is well established that the heritability of obesity is high in humans and laboratory animals, with ample evidence that the same is true in companion animals. In this review, we provide an overview of how genes link to obesity in humans, drawing on a wealth of information from laboratory animal models, and summarise the mechanisms by which obesity causes related disease. Throughout, we focus on how large-scale human studies and niche investigations of rare mutations in severely affected patients have improved our understanding of obesity biology and can inform our ability to interpret results of animal studies. For dogs, cats, and horses, we compare the similarities in obesity pathophysiology to humans and review the genetic studies that have been previously reported in those species. Finally, we discuss how veterinary genetics may learn from humans about studying precise, nuanced phenotypes and implementing large-scale studies, but also how veterinary studies may be able to look past clinical findings to mechanistic ones and demonstrate translational benefits to human research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Raffan
- Anatomy Building, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK;
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11
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Tan AWK, Epstein SE, Hopper K. Period prevalence and mortality rates associated with hypocholesterolaemia in dogs and cats: 1,375 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:669-675. [PMID: 32767372 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the period prevalence of hypocholesterolaemia and the associated mortality rates in dogs and cats at a university teaching hospital. The secondary aim was to identify disease processes associated with hypocholesterolaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records over a 5-year period were reviewed to determine the severity of hypocholesterolaemia and its associated mortality rate. Medical records of animals with moderate to severe hypocholesterolaemia (<2.59 mmol/L in dogs, <1.81 mmol/L in cats) were analysed further. Animals with hospital-acquired hypocholesterolaemia were identified. RESULTS Among 16,977 dogs and 3,788 cats that had at least one cholesterol measurement, the period prevalence of hypocholesterolaemia was 7.0% in dogs and 4.7% in cats. The mortality rate of hypocholesteraemic dogs and cats was 12% in both species which was significantly higher than that of animals with normal serum cholesterol. The degree of hypocholesterolaemia was significantly associated with mortality. Dogs, but not cats, with hospital-acquired hypocholesterolaemia had a higher mortality rate than those presenting with hypocholesterolaemia. Disease of hepatic, gastrointestinal and lymphoreticular systems were most commonly associated with hypocholesterolaemia, and infectious and neoplastic disease were the most commonly associated pathophysiologic processes in both species. Lymphoma was over-represented in dogs with neoplasia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hypocholesterolaemia is not a frequent abnormality but was associated with mortality in this study and may be a negative prognostic indicator. It is not known if hypocholesterolaemia is simply a marker for disease severity, or if it is has active physiologic effects contributing to poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W K Tan
- William R. Pritchard, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S E Epstein
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - K Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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12
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Abstract
In recent years, increased awareness of feline pancreatitis by the veterinary profession and improved diagnostic modalities have led to an increased frequency of diagnosis of pancreatitis in this species. Consequently, pancreatic diseases, especially chronic pancreatitis, are considered highly prevalent, even in populations of apparently healthy individuals. This prevalence has led to the suspicion that the condition may be overdiagnosed. This article summarizes the difficulties of diagnosis of acute and chronic pancreatitis, assesses the reasons why this is a challenging disease to recognize, and considers whether these difficulties could result in either overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis.
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13
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Winzelberg Olson S, Hohenhaus AE. Feline non-regenerative anemia: Diagnostic and treatment recommendations. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:615-631. [PMID: 31234748 PMCID: PMC10814193 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19856178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Non-regenerative anemia, or anemia with reticulocytopenia, is a daily diagnosis in feline practice. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The disease processes underlying non-regenerative anemia are many and diverse. A major diagnostic evaluation may be required to correctly diagnose and treat the underlying cause. AUDIENCE All veterinarians caring for cats will face the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge of non-regenerative anemia. Readers will benefit from the review of diagnostic testing and therapeutic options for non-regenerative anemia. EVIDENCE BASE This review summarizes the currently available literature informing diagnostic and treatment recommendations related to non-regenerative anemia. The evidence available to support the recommendations in this review is graded as low and includes predominantly expert opinion, case reports and cases series, on which the authors' interpretation/consensus is based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Winzelberg Olson
- DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Hohenhaus
- DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Pavlick M, Webster CRL, Penninck DG. Bleeding risk and complications associated with percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:529-536. [PMID: 30099964 PMCID: PMC10814532 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18788883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver biopsy is necessary for a diagnosis of liver disease; however, post-biopsy bleeding is a concern. The aim of this study was to describe the extent of bleeding and the occurrence of complications after percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (PUGLB) in cats. METHODS The medical records of 30 cats that had a PUGLB were retrospectively reviewed. Using human guidelines, bleeding was classified as minor or major when the absolute change in packed cell volume (ΔPCV) was <0 and >-6% or ≤-6%, respectively. Complications were defined as physiologic compromise necessitating an intervention, or death. The relationship between ΔPCV and the occurrence of complications and the signalment, initial PCV, coagulation parameters, serum liver enzymes and bilirubin, number of biopsies, histological diagnosis, ultrasound findings, radiologist experience, concurrent procedures and vitamin K administration were assessed using Fisher's exact test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient, with a P value <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS All cats had a decrease in PCV after biopsy. The mean ΔPCV was -6.9% ± 4.1%. Minor and major bleeding occurred in 13/30 (43.3%) and 17/30 (56.7%) cats, respectively, and non-lethal bleeding complications occurred in 5/30 (16.7%). Cats with complications had a lower pre-biopsy PCV ( P <0.003). Major bleeding was more likely with a diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis ( P = 0.03). There was no correlation between ΔPCV or complications and signalment, coagulation parameters, serum parameters, number of biopsies, ultrasound findings, radiologist experience, concurrent procedures and vitamin K administration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE PUGLB is a relatively safe procedure in cats, although many cats have a subclinical decrease in PCV. As conventional coagulation tests did not predict complications or the magnitude of ΔPCV, there is a need for more sensitive indicators of bleeding risk in cats undergoing PUGLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pavlick
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia RL Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
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15
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Valtolina C, Robben JH, Favier RP, Rothuizen J, Grinwis GC, Schotanus BA, Penning LC. Immunohistochemical characterisation of the hepatic stem cell niche in feline hepatic lipidosis: a preliminary morphological study. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:165-172. [PMID: 29741464 PMCID: PMC6357173 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18765922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the cellular and stromal components of the hepatic progenitor cell niche in feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for the progenitor/bile duct marker (K19), activated Kupffer cells (MAC387), myofibroblasts (alpha-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) and the extracellular matrix component laminin were used on seven liver biopsies of cats with FHL and three healthy cats. Double immunofluorescence stainings were performed to investigate co-localisation of different cell types in the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) niche. RESULTS HPCs, Kupffer cells, myofibroblasts and laminin deposition were observed in the liver samples of FHL, although with variability in the expression and positivity of the different immunostainings between different samples. When compared with the unaffected cats where K19 positivity and minimal α-SMA and laminin positivity were seen mainly in the portal area, in the majority of FHL samples K19 and α-SMA-positive cells and laminin positivity were seen also in the periportal and parenchymatous area. MAC387-positive cells were present throughout the parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is a preliminary morphological study to describe the activation and co-localisation of components of the HPC niche in FHL. Although the HPC niche in FHL resembles that described in hepatopathies in dogs and in feline lymphocytic cholangitis, the expression of K19, α-SMA, MAC387 and lamin is more variable in FHL, and a common pattern of activation could not be established. Nevertheless, when HPCs were activated, a spatial association between HPCs and their niche could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris H Robben
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Favier
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2 Evidensia Dierenziekenhuis Nunspeet, Nunspeet, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Cm Grinwis
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baukje A Schotanus
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,4 Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Hepatic lipidosis (HL) is the most common form of liver dysfunction in cats. If recognized early and treated appropriately, the prognosis is good; if not, the prognosis is grave. Clinical challenges: Distinguishing HL as idiopathic or secondary is critical since the presence of a concurrent disease affects the therapeutic plan and the prognosis. AUDIENCE Despite the unique and severe nature of a cat's response to anorexia and the complexity of the metabolic changes underlying this condition, the clinical acumen and technical ability to effectively diagnose and treat HL are readily available to all small animal practitioners. Patient group: Although many species develop a 'fatty liver', the cat is one of relatively few species that suffer from HL. The classic presentation is that of an overweight cat that stops eating for days to weeks, losing weight in the process. Equipment: Abdominal ultrasound is frequently employed in the diagnostic work-up of an anorectic cat; ultrasonographic findings often support a presumptive diagnosis, provide samples for cytology and, perhaps most importantly, help identify concurrent conditions that must be addressed for therapeutic success. All of the equipment necessary for essential nutritional intervention in an anorectic cat is readily available and easily affordable. Evidence base: The material for this review draws heavily on a relatively large number of original studies, excellent reviews by recognized experts, and informative communication with experienced clinicians, hence the term 'collective effort'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Webb
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Small Animal Medicine, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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17
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Kuzi S, Segev G, Kedar S, Yas E, Aroch I. Prognostic markers in feline hepatic lipidosis: a retrospective study of 71 cats. Vet Rec 2017; 181:512. [PMID: 28978714 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Feline hepatic lipidosis (HL) is a common, potentially life-threatening disease resulting from prolonged anorexia and increased catabolism. This retrospective study included cats diagnosed with HL based on liver cytology or histopathology (years 2004-2015), and aimed to identify clinical and laboratory parameters associated with mortality. The study included 71 cats (47 females and 24 males) and 85 control cats with non-HL diseases. Most HL cats (90 per cent) were mixed breed, neutered (70; 99 per cent), female (47; 66 per cent), indoor cats (56; 79 per cent), fed dry commercial diets (44 cats; 62 per cent), and with a median age of 7.5 years (range 1.5-16.0). Common primary conditions included gastrointestinal diseases, pancreatitis and cholangiohepatitis (31 cats; 44 per cent) and stressful events (14; 20 per cent). HL was idiopathic in 20 cats (28 per cent). The overall mortality was 38 per cent (27/71 cats). Older age, as well as dullness, weakness, ptyalism, hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, increased serum creatine kinase activity, hypocholesterolaemia and hepatic failure at presentation were significantly (P≤0.033) associated with mortality. The primary disease was unassociated with mortality. Worsening hypoalbuminaemia, hyperammonaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, electrolyte disorders, and occurrence of cavitary effusions or hypotension during hospitalisation were significantly (P≤0.045) associated with mortality. A decrease of serum β-hydroxybutyrate during hospitalisation was significantly (P=0.01) associated with survival, likely reflecting improvement in the catabolic state. The identified risk factors may be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kuzi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shay Kedar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Yas
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Valtolina C, Vaandrager AB, Favier RP, Tuohetahuntila M, Kummeling A, Jeusette I, Rothuizen J, Robben JH. Sex specific differences in hepatic and plasma lipid profiles in healthy cats pre and post spaying and neutering: relationship with feline hepatic lipidosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:231. [PMID: 28789691 PMCID: PMC5549355 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A link between lipid metabolism and disease has been recognized in cats. Since hepatic lipidosis is a frequent disorder in cats, the aim of the current study was to evaluate liver and plasma lipid dimorphism in healthy cats and the effects of gonadectomy on lipid profiling. From six female and six male cats plasma and liver lipid profiles before and after spaying/neutering were assessed and compared to five cats (three neutered male and two spayed female) diagnosed with hepatic lipidosis. RESULTS Intact female cats had a significantly lower level of plasma triacylglycerides (TAG) and a higher liver level of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) compared to their neutered state. Both male and female cats with lipidosis had a higher liver, but not plasma TAG level and an increased level of plasma and liver sphingomyelin compared to the healthy cats. CONCLUSION Although lipid dimorphism in healthy cats resembles that of other species, intact female cats show differences in metabolic configuration that could predispose them to develop hepatic lipidosis. The increased sphingomyelin levels in cats with lipidosis could suggest a potential role in the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arie B Vaandrager
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maidina Tuohetahuntila
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Kummeling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Jeusette
- Research and Development, Affinity Petcare, Pl. Xavier Cugat, 2 Edificio D, 3ª, Planta, 08174 St. Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris H Robben
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Webster CR. Hemostatic Disorders Associated with Hepatobiliary Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 47:601-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Kruitwagen HS, Oosterhoff LA, Vernooij IGWH, Schrall IM, van Wolferen ME, Bannink F, Roesch C, van Uden L, Molenaar MR, Helms JB, Grinwis GCM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW, Huch M, Geijsen N, Vries RG, Clevers H, Rothuizen J, Schotanus BA, Penning LC, Spee B. Long-Term Adult Feline Liver Organoid Cultures for Disease Modeling of Hepatic Steatosis. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:822-830. [PMID: 28344000 PMCID: PMC5390114 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a highly prevalent liver disease, yet research is hampered by the lack of tractable cellular and animal models. Steatosis also occurs in cats, where it can cause severe hepatic failure. Previous studies demonstrate the potential of liver organoids for modeling genetic diseases. To examine the possibility of using organoids to model steatosis, we established a long-term feline liver organoid culture with adult liver stem cell characteristics and differentiation potential toward hepatocyte-like cells. Next, organoids from mouse, human, dog, and cat liver were provided with fatty acids. Lipid accumulation was observed in all organoids and interestingly, feline liver organoids accumulated more lipid droplets than human organoids. Finally, we demonstrate effects of interference with β-oxidation on lipid accumulation in feline liver organoids. In conclusion, feline liver organoids can be successfully cultured and display a predisposition for lipid accumulation, making them an interesting model in hepatic steatosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid G W H Vernooij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Schrall
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Farah Bannink
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Camille Roesch
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa van Uden
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn R Molenaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert G Vries
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Baukje A Schotanus
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL) is a common and potentially fatal liver disorder. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of FHL remain elusive, there is an imbalance between the influx of fatty acids from peripheral fat stores into the liver, de novo liposynthesis, and the rate of hepatic oxidation and dispersal of hepatic TAG via excretion of very-low density lipoproteins. The diagnosis of FHL is based on anamnestic, clinical, and clinicopathologic findings, associated with diagnostic imaging of the liver, and cytology, or histological examination of liver biopsies. Fluid therapy, electrolyte correction and adequate early nutrition are essential components of the therapy for FHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Acute liver injury and acute liver failure are syndromes characterized by a rapid loss of functional hepatocytes in a patient with no evidence of pre-existing liver disease. A variety of inciting causes have been identified, including toxic, infectious, neoplastic, and drug-induced causes. This article reviews the pathophysiology and clinical approach to the acute liver injury/acute liver failure patient, with a particular emphasis on the diagnostic evaluation and care in the acute setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Thawley
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kathrani
- School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of BristolLangford HouseLangfordBristolBS40 5DUUK
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24
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Metabolic Effects of Obesity and Its Interaction with Endocrine Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:797-815. [PMID: 27297495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in pet dogs and cats is a significant problem in developed countries, and seems to be increasing in prevalence. Excess body fat has adverse metabolic consequences, including insulin resistance, altered adipokine secretion, changes in metabolic rate, abnormal lipid metabolism, and fat accumulation in visceral organs. Obese cats are predisposed to endocrine and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and hepatic lipidosis. A connection likely also exists between obesity and diabetes mellitus in dogs. No system has been developed to identify obese pets at greatest risk for development of obesity-associated metabolic diseases, and further study in this area is needed.
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25
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Lidbury JA, Cook AK, Steiner JM. Hepatic encephalopathy in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:471-87. [PMID: 27060899 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comparatively review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in dogs and cats. DATA SOURCES The Medline database was searched for articles related to HE in people, dogs, and cats. Articles published within the last 5 years were given special importance. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS The pathogenesis of HE is complex and incompletely understood, but ammonia appears to play a central role. Hyperammonemia leads to accumulation of glutamine in astrocytes, with subsequent astrocyte swelling and neurological dysfunction. The development of HE in patients with hepatic cirrhosis is a poor prognostic indicator. The fermentable disaccharide lactulose and the antimicrobial rifaximin are US Food and Drug Administration approved treatments for human HE. Severe protein restriction is no longer recommended for patients with this condition. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS HE is often associated with portosystemic shunting in dogs and cats. Ammonia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HE in dogs and cats, but other factors such as manganese and endogenous benzodiazepines may also contribute. Recently, a soy protein-based diet was found to be beneficial in treating canine HE. Severe dietary protein restriction is likely to be detrimental in affected animals. There have been no clinical trials of drugs routinely used in the management HE in veterinary medicine, but lactulose and antimicrobials such as metronidazole are well-established treatments. CONCLUSIONS HE is a potentially life-threatening condition that is probably underdiagnosed in companion animals. Although various treatment recommendations have been proposed, there is a lack of evidence in the veterinary literature regarding optimal strategies for the management of this condition. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of HE in dogs and cats evolves, novel diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents may become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Lidbury
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Audrey K Cook
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
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Anholt H, Himsworth C, Britton A. Polioencephalomalacia and Heart Failure Secondary to Presumptive Thiamine Deficiency, Hepatic Lipidosis, and Starvation in 2 Abandoned Siamese Cats. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:840-3. [PMID: 26792845 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815620836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two 4-year-old spayed female Siamese cats were seized by the British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals after confinement to an abandoned housing unit without food for 9 weeks. One cat was found dead, and the second was euthanized within 24 hours due to neurologic deterioration despite therapy. Polioencephalomalacia of the caudal colliculus, hepatic lipidosis, cachexia, and congestive heart failure with cardiomyocyte atrophy were identified in both cats through postmortem examination and attributed to a prolonged period of starvation. Brain lesions were likely the result of thiamine deficiency (Chastek paralysis), which can be associated with both malnutrition and liver disease. This case highlights the importance of thiamine supplementation during realimentation of cats with hepatic lipidosis. Heart failure resulting from cachexia may have contributed to the death of the first cat and the morbidity of the second cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Anholt
- Animal Health Centre, Abbotsford, Canada
| | | | - A Britton
- Animal Health Centre, Abbotsford, Canada
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Valtolina C, Vaandrager AB, Favier RP, Robben JH, Tuohetahuntila M, Kummeling A, Jeusette I, Rothuizen J. No up-regulation of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway and choline production by sex hormones in cats. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:280. [PMID: 26552767 PMCID: PMC4640414 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL) is a common cholestatic disease affecting cats of any breed, age and sex. Both choline deficiency and low hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity are associated with hepatic lipidosis (HL) in humans, mice and rats. The PEMT expression is known to be upregulated by oestrogens, protecting the females in these species from the development of HL when exposed to choline deficient diets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex hormones on choline synthesis via the PEMT pathway in healthy male and female cats before and after spaying/neutering, when fed a diet with recommended dietary choline content. RESULTS From six female and six male cats PEMT activity was assayed directly in liver biopsies taken before and after spaying/neutering, and assessed indirectly by analyses of PEMT-specific hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) species and plasma choline levels. Hepatic PEMT activity did not differ between intact female and male cats and no changes upon spaying/neutering were observed. Likewise, no significant differences in liver PC content and PEMT-specific polyunsaturated PC species were found between the sexes and before or after spaying/neutering. CONCLUSION These results suggest that choline synthesis in cats differs from what is observed in humans, mice and rats. The lack of evident influence of sex hormones on the PEMT pathway makes it unlikely that spaying/neutering predisposes cats for HL by causing PC deficiency as suggested in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arie B Vaandrager
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris H Robben
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maidina Tuohetahuntila
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne Kummeling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabelle Jeusette
- Research and Development, Affinity Petcare, Pl. Xavier Cugat, 2 Edificio D, 3ª, Planta, 08174 St. Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Weingarten MA, Sande AA. Acute liver failure in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:455-73. [PMID: 25882813 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define acute liver failure (ALF), review the human and veterinary literature, and discuss the etiologies and current concepts in diagnostic and treatment options for ALF in veterinary and human medicine. ETIOLOGY In veterinary medicine ALF is most commonly caused by hepatotoxin exposure, infectious agents, inflammatory diseases, trauma, and hypoxic injury. DIAGNOSIS A patient may be deemed to be in ALF when there is a progression of acute liver injury with no known previous hepatic disease, the development of hepatic encephalopathy of any grade that occurs within 8 weeks after the onset of hyperbilirubinemia (defined as plasma bilirubin >50 μM/L [>2.9 mg/dL]), and the presence of a coagulopathy. Diagnostic testing to more specifically characterize liver dysfunction or pathology is usually required. THERAPY Supportive care to aid the failing liver and compensate for the lost functions of the liver remains the cornerstone of care of patients with ALF. Advanced therapeutic options such as extracorporeal liver assist devices and transplantation are currently available in human medicine. PROGNOSIS The prognosis for ALF depends upon the etiology, the degree of liver damage, and the response to therapy. In veterinary medicine, the prognosis is generally poor.
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Pancreatitis is a frequent finding in cats, the chronic form being more common than the acute form. Despite the large number of diseases or conditions that may be associated with feline pancreatitis, in most cases no cause is diagnosed and the pancreatitis is said to be idiopathic. The chronic form can be mild and asymptomatic, and has a high prevalence in apparently healthy cats. This has generated debate concerning the clinical significance of chronic feline pancreatitis. However, several reports have demonstrated the severity of clinical signs in certain forms of acute feline pancreatitis, while other studies have reported a strong association between chronic pancreatitis and the development of comorbidities such as hepatic lipidosis, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. This suggests that feline pancreatitis should not be overlooked. Clinical challenges: Diagnosis of feline pancreatitis is complicated by the non-specific clinical signs and poor diagnostic value of basic biochemistry and haematology or imaging techniques. Development of a feline-specific pancreatic lipase immunoassay has improved our diagnostic ability in the past decade, but may have more limited application for mild and chronic forms of pancreatitis. Moreover, histopathology (the ‘gold standard’ diagnostic test) can be associated with false-negative results due to multifocal distribution of lesions or mild forms of the disease. With respect to treatment, it is important to take into account the idiosyncrasies of the feline species when considering medical therapies. Evidence base: This article reviews the literature on feline pancreatitis, focusing on the different forms and their relative clinical significance, while explaining difficulties inherent in the diagnosis of this disease. An overview of current recommendations for the management of cats with pancreatitis is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bazelle
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
| | - Penny Watson
- Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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30
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Hirose N, Uchida K, Kanemoto H, Ohno K, Chambers JK, Nakayama H. A retrospective histopathological survey on canine and feline liver diseases at the University of Tokyo between 2006 and 2012. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1015-20. [PMID: 24717415 PMCID: PMC4143642 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the incidence of
hepatic diseases in dogs and cats in Japan, a retrospective study was performed using data
of 463 canine and 71 feline liver biopsies at the Veterinary Medical Center of the
University of Tokyo. The most common canine hepatic disease was microvascular dysplasia
(MVD) and occupied 29.4% of all diagnoses. This terminology might contain “real” MVD and
primary portal vein hypoplasia, because these two conditions were difficult to be clearly
distinguished histopathologically. Parenchymal and interstitial hepatitis and primary
hepatic tumors accounted for 23.5% and 21.0% of the diagnoses, respectively. Parenchymal
and interstitial hepatitis occupied 34.1% of non-proliferative canine hepatic diseases,
while hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were 26.6% and 24.5% of proliferative hepatic
diseases, respectively. Breed-specificity was seen in MVD for Yorkshire terrier, Papillon
and Toy poodle, in hepatitis for Doberman pinscher and Labrador retriever, in
cholangiohepatitis for American cocker spaniel, Miniature schnauzer and Pomeranian, in
hepatocellular adenoma for Golden retriever and Shiba and in hepatocellular carcinoma for
Shih Tzu. The most common feline liver disease was parenchymal and interstitial hepatitis
(45.1% of all diagnoses). Among feline hepatitis, neutrophilic cholangiohepatitis (23.9%),
lymphocytic cholangiohepatitis (14.1%) and chronic hepatitis (5.6%) were recorded. Adult
polycystic liver disease was 5.6%. Among proliferative diseases in the feline liver (11.3%
of the all), lymphoma (4.2%) and primary epithelial tumors (4.2%) including hepatocellular
carcinoma, cholangiocellular adenoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma were observed.
Hepatic degeneration was 14.1%, and MVD was 12.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hirose
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Lam R, Niessen SJ, Lamb CR. X-RAY ATTENUATION OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEY IN CATS CONSIDERED AT VARYING RISK OF HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:141-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Stijn J. Niessen
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
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Verbrugghe A, Bakovic M. Peculiarities of one-carbon metabolism in the strict carnivorous cat and the role in feline hepatic lipidosis. Nutrients 2013; 5:2811-35. [PMID: 23877091 PMCID: PMC3739000 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in various species has indicated that diets deficient in labile methyl groups (methionine, choline, betaine, folate) produce fatty liver and links to steatosis and metabolic syndrome, but also provides evidence of the importance of labile methyl group balance to maintain normal liver function. Cats, being obligate carnivores, rely on nutrients in animal tissues and have, due to evolutionary pressure, developed several physiological and metabolic adaptations, including a number of peculiarities in protein and fat metabolism. This has led to specific and unique nutritional requirements. Adult cats require more dietary protein than omnivorous species, maintain a consistently high rate of protein oxidation and gluconeogenesis and are unable to adapt to reduced protein intake. Furthermore, cats have a higher requirement for essential amino acids and essential fatty acids. Hastened use coupled with an inability to conserve certain amino acids, including methionine, cysteine, taurine and arginine, necessitates a higher dietary intake for cats compared to most other species. Cats also seemingly require higher amounts of several B-vitamins compared to other species and are predisposed to depletion during prolonged inappetance. This carnivorous uniqueness makes cats more susceptible to hepatic lipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; E-Mail:
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Murphy K, Hibbert A. The flat cat: 2. the emergency database and management of common metabolic abnormalities. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:189-99. [PMID: 23422363 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13477539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Detailed information regarding the causes and treatment of acute collapse in the cat can be difficult to locate in a single published source. This two-part review aims to provide a logical approach to the clinical assessment and stabilisation of the critically ill collapsed cat. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Laboratory evaluation, in the form of an emergency database, is an important part of the initial assessment of a collapsed patient and should be considered in conjunction with physical abnormalities. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Rapid identification and correction of life-threatening metabolic abnormalities, including hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia, is essential in stabilising this group of patients. Clinicians often lack confidence if they are not dealing with these problems regularly. AUDIENCE The information provided in this article will be of use to any veterinarian working with feline patients and particularly those dealing with emergencies on a regular basis. EVIDENCE BASE There is an extensive body of published literature, both original studies and textbook chapters, pertaining to the causes and treatment of the important metabolic abnormalities covered in this article. The authors draw on information from original articles, reviews and their clinical experience to provide simple but detailed practical information to guide interpretation of the emergency database and its application to therapy in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Murphy
- Bath Veterinary Referrals, Rosemary Lodge, Wellsway, Bath BA2 5RL, UK.
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35
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Abstract
Aim: Detailed information regarding the causes and treatment of acute collapse in the cat can be difficult to locate in a single published source. This two-part review aims to provide a logical approach to the clinical assessment and stabilisation of the critically ill collapsed cat. Practical relevance: Cats are particularly challenging when presented as emergency patients, often in the later stages of an illness or with a vague history and non-specific signs. The nuances of the critically ill cat are considered, especially for shock and its management. Clinical challenges: Shocked cats do not present in the classic stages typically seen in dogs, and the signs are more subtle. Therefore, the clinician must consider whether physical parameters are appropriate for the state and environment of the patient; for example, a normal heart rate in a shocked cat would be considered inappropriate. Audience: This review is directed at any veterinarian working with feline patients, and particularly those dealing with emergencies on a regular basis. Evidence base: There is an extensive body of published literature, both original studies and textbook chapters, pertaining to the causes and treatment of collapse in the cat. In this article the authors draw on information from original publications, reviews and their clinical experience to provide practical guidance to assist in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Murphy
- Bath Veterinary Referrals, Rosemary Lodge, Wellsway, Bath BA2 5RL, UK
| | - Angie Hibbert
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Batchelor DJ, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Elwood CM, Freiche V, Gualtieri M, Hall EJ, Den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K, German AJ. Mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting disorders in cats: a literature review. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:237-65. [PMID: 23403690 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12473466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vomiting is a common presenting complaint in feline practice. This article differs from previous reviews in that it is an evidence-based review of the mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting in the domestic cat. Published evidence was reviewed, and then used to make recommendations for clinical assessment, diagnosis, antiemetic drug treatment, dietary management and monitoring of cats presenting with vomiting. The strength of the evidence on which recommendations are made (and areas where evidence is lacking for cats) has been highlighted throughout.
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Liver. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161409 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Hemochromatosis and fatty liver disease: building evidence for insulin resistance in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:S35-47. [PMID: 23156704 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0146.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hemochromatosis in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) is associated with high postprandial plasma insulin levels, suggestive of insulin resistance. In humans, insulin resistance is associated with liver pathologies, including excessive iron deposition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dolphin liver tissues, in addition to excessive iron storage, were evaluated for other pathologies supportive of underlying insulin resistance. Archived liver tissues collected postmortem during 1985-2010 from 18 dolphins (median age 27.9 yr, range 0.7-51.4) that were part of the Navy Marine Mammal Program's managed collection were assessed for the presence and severity of hemosiderin deposition, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis. Demographics, clinical pathology values, and percentage weight loss were compared among dolphins with and without these changes. Twelve (66.7%) dolphins had mild to moderate hemosiderin deposition, 7 (38.9%) had mild to severe fatty liver disease, and 11 (61.1%) had mild to moderate hepatitis. Of the 12 dolphins with hemosiderosis, deposition occurred in the Kupffer cells among 11 (91.7%). Dolphins with fatty liver disease were more likely to have higher postprandial serum hyperglycemia (>140 mg/dl), leukocytosis (>11,000 cells/microl), and hyperglobulinemia (>3.5 g/dl). Unlike in many nonhuman terrestrial animals, fatty liver disease was not associated with rapid weight loss or hypoglycemia. Interestingly, there were no significant associations among dolphins with hemosiderosis, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis. This study supports that both hemochromatosis and fatty liver disease were present in the dolphin study population, and histopathology and clinical pathology among these animals suggest a nonhereditary, metabolic etiology. KEYWORDS Bottlenose dolphin, fatty liver disease, hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, hepatic lipidosis, hepatitis, Tursiops truncatus.
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Kavanagh C, Shaw S, Webster CRL. Coagulation in hepatobiliary disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 21:589-604. [PMID: 22316251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of coagulation abnormalities accompanying hepatobiliary disorders and to highlight the need for further studies to characterize these derangements and their treatment options in small animal patients. DATA SOURCES Veterinary and human medical literature: original research articles, scientific reviews, consensus statements, and recent texts. SUMMARY The liver plays an important role in the production and clearance of many components of coagulation. A wide range of hemostatic derangements can occur in patients with hepatobiliary disease including alterations in platelet number and function, coagulation factor levels, anticoagulants, vascular endothelial function, and fibrinolysis. As these hemostatic alterations include both pro- and anticoagulation pathways, the net result is often a rebalanced hemostatic system that can be easily disrupted by concurrent conditions resulting in either clinical bleeding or thrombosis. Conventional coagulation tests are inadequate at identifying the spectrum of coagulation alterations occurring in patients with hepatobiliary disease, but their evaluation is necessary to assess bleeding risk and provide prognostic information. A paucity of information exists regarding the treatment of the coagulation derangements in small animals with hepatobiliary disease. Extrapolation from human studies provides some information about potential treatment options, but further studies are warranted in this area to elucidate the best management for coagulation abnormalities in dogs and cats with hepatobiliary disease. CONCLUSION Hepatobiliary disease can have profound effects on coagulation function leading to hypercoagulable or hypocoagulable states. Overall coagulation status with hepatobiliary disease depends on both the type and severity of disease and the presence of associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Kavanagh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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40
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Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lessa AS, Paredes BD, Dias JV, Carvalho AB, Quintanilha LF, Takiya CM, Tura BR, Rezende GFM, Campos de Carvalho AC, Resende CMC, Goldenberg RCS. Ultrasound imaging in an experimental model of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis in rats. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:6. [PMID: 20113491 PMCID: PMC2835689 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic dogs and cats are very well known to develop chronic hepatic diseases, including hepatic lipidosis and cirrhosis. Ultrasonographic examination is extensively used to detect them. However, there are still few reports on the use of the ultrasound B-mode scan in correlation with histological findings to evaluate diffuse hepatic changes in rodents, which represent the most important animal group used in experimental models of liver diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of ultrasound findings in the assessment of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis when compared to histological results in Wistar rats by following up a murine model of chronic hepatic disease. RESULTS Forty Wistar rats (30 treated, 10 controls) were included. Liver injury was induced by dual exposure to CCl4 and ethanol for 4, 8 and 15 weeks. Liver echogenicity, its correlation to the right renal cortex echogenicity, measurement of portal vein diameter (PVD) and the presence of ascites were evaluated and compared to histological findings of hepatic steatosis and cirrhosis. Liver echogenicity correlated to hepatic steatosis when it was greater or equal to the right renal cortex echogenicity, with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 76.9% respectively, and accuracy of 92.5%. Findings of heterogeneous liver echogenicity and irregular surface correlated to liver cirrhosis with a sensitivity of 70.6%, specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 82.1% respectively, and accuracy of 87.5%. PVD was significantly increased in both steatotic and cirrhotic rats; however, the later had greater diameters. PVD cut-off point separating steatosis from cirrhosis was 2.1 mm (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90.5%). One third of cirrhotic rats presented with ascites. CONCLUSION The use of ultrasound imaging in the follow-up of murine diffuse liver disease models is feasible and efficient, especially when the studied parameters are used in combination. The potential implication of this study is to provide a non-invasive method that allows follow-up studies of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis of individual rats for pre-clinical drug or cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia S Lessa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Bruno D Paredes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Juliana V Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Adriana B Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Quintanilha
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Christina M Takiya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco F2-024, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Bernardo R Tura
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22240-006, Brasil
| | - Guilherme FM Rezende
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22240-006, Brasil
| | - Célia MC Resende
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Regina CS Goldenberg
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jane Armstrong
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Oligofructose and inulin modulate glucose and amino acid metabolism through propionate production in normal-weight and obese cats. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:694-702. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509288982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary oligofructose and inulin supplementation on glucose metabolism in obese and non-obese cats was assessed. Two diets were tested in a crossover design; a control diet high in protein (46 % on DM basis), moderate in fat (15 %), low in carbohydrates (27 %), but no soluble fibres added; and a prebiotic diet, with 2·5 % of a mixture of oligofructose and inulin added to the control diet. Eight non-obese and eight obese cats were allotted to each of two diets in random order at intervals of 4 weeks. At the end of each testing period, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed. Area under the glucose curve (AUCgluc) was increased (P = 0·022) and the second insulin peak was delayed (P = 0·009) in obese compared to non-obese cats. Diets did not affect fasting plasma glucose concentrations, blood glucose response at each glucose time-point after glucose administration, AUCgluc, fasting serum insulin concentrations, area under the insulin curve, and height and appearance time of insulin response. Yet, analysis of acylcarnitines revealed higher propionylcarnitine concentrations (P = 0·03) when fed the prebiotic diet, suggesting colonic fermentation and propionate absorption. Prebiotic supplementation reduced methylmalonylcarnitine (P = 0·072) and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations (P = 0·025), both indicating reduced gluconeogenesis from amino acids. This trial evidenced impaired glucose tolerance and altered insulin response to glucose administration in obese compared to non-obese cats, regardless of dietary intervention; yet modulation of glucose metabolism by enhancing gluconeogenesis from propionate and inhibition of amino acid catabolism can be suggested.
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Klaus JA, Rudloff E, Kirby R. Nasogastric tube feeding in cats with suspected acute pancreatitis: 55 cases (2001-2006). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:337-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Esophagostomy feeding tubes may be used to provide nutrition to animals with insufficient calorie intake. This column describes tube placement and use in the feline patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anthony Kahn
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, 197 Hance Ave., Tinton Falls, NJ 07722, USA.
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46
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Abstract
We have come a long way in understanding and managing the FHL syndrome since it was first described nearly 30 years ago. Increased sensitivity of clinicians for recognizing the syndrome has improved case outcome by arresting this metabolic syndrome in its earliest stages. Simply ensuring adequate intake of a complete and balanced feline diet can rescue cats just developing clinical signs; however, full metabolic support as described herein provides the best chance for recovery of cats demonstrating the most severe clinicopathologic features. It remains possible that adjustments in recommended micronutrient and vitamin intake for healthy cats may pivotally change feline susceptibility to FHL over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Center
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, PO Box 33, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Blanchard G, Paragon BM, Sérougne C, Férézou J, Milliat F, Lutton C. Plasma lipids, lipoprotein composition and profile during induction and treatment of hepatic lipidosis in cats and the metabolic effect of one daily meal in healthy cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004; 88:73-87. [PMID: 15059230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2003.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia in obese cats may result in feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL). This study was designed to determine plasma lipids and lipoprotein profiles in queens at different stages during experimental induction of FHL (lean, obese, FHL), and after 10 weeks of treatment. Results were compared with those obtained from lean queens of same age fed the same diet but at a maintenance level, once a day. Hepatic lipidosis led to an increase in plasma triacylglycerol (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), and an enrichment of LDL with TG and of high density lipoprotein (HDL) with cholesterol, suggesting that VLDL secretion is enhanced, VLDL and LDL catabolism is lowered, and lipoprotein exchanges are impaired in FHL. This study also showed that cholesterolaemia is increased in cats fed at a dietary rhythm of one meal per day compared to ad libitum feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Blanchard
- UP de Nutrition, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France.
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Ireland LM, Hohenhaus AE, Broussard JD, Weissman BL. A comparison of owner management and complications in 67 cats with esophagostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding tubes. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003; 39:241-6. [PMID: 12755196 DOI: 10.5326/0390241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophagostomy feeding tubes were placed in 46 cats. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes were placed in 21 cats. Owner management and complications and facility of use were evaluated retrospectively by review of medical records and owner survey. Both tube types were equally effective for maintenance of body weight, ease of owner management, and complication rates. All of 12 owners surveyed were comfortable with PEG tube management. Ninety-six percent of 24 owners surveyed were comfortable with esophagostomy tube management. The esophagostomy tube can be placed less invasively, without specialized equipment, making it an excellent alternative to the PEG tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ireland
- Department of Medicine, The Bobst Hospital of The Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, New York 10021, USA
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