1
|
Nivy R, Chaim N, Hanael E, Sutton GA, Bruchim Y, Aroch I, Segev G. Prospective evaluation of 5 urinary biomarkers as predictors of acute kidney injury in nonazotemic, hospitalized dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2812-2820. [PMID: 34738653 PMCID: PMC8692222 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early recognition of acute kidney injury (AKI) is hindered by current definitions and use of traditional, insensitive markers. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Urinary (u) activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and concentrations of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and interleukins (ILs) -6 and -18, are predictive biomarkers for AKI and survival. ANIMALS Nonazotemic, hospitalized dogs (n = 118) and healthy controls (n = 20). METHODS A prospective observational study. Nonazotemic dogs at risk of AKI were recruited and their urinary biomarker concentrations were measured at presentation. Serum creatinine (sCr) and symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA) were measured daily until discharge/death. RESULTS The overall case fatality rate was 18.6%. Fifteen dogs (12.7%) developed AKI, which was associated with death (relative risk, 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-6.55). All 5 urinary biomarkers were significantly higher in hospitalized dogs compared to controls, with minimal overlap. uHSP70/uCr, uGGT/uCr, and uIL-6/uCr at presentation were higher in dogs which later developed AKI. Areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) (95% CI) for the 3 biomarkers as predictors of AKI were 0.67 (0.51-0.83), 0.68 (0.55-0.81), and 0.78 (0.65-0.91), respectively. When they were categorically classified as elevated/normal, each additional elevated biomarker increased the odds for AKI (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.23-6.52, P = .01). Agreement between sCr and sSDMA was poor (Cohen's kappa = .071). The AUROC of SDMA at presentation for AKI prediction was 0.73 (0.51-0.95). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Kidney injury was common, irrespective of subsequent worsening of azotemia or death. The predictive value of individual urinary biomarkers was reduced by moderate sensitivities and specificities. SDMA showed moderate discriminatory utility for AKI prediction, and often displayed discordant results with sCr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Nivy
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Netanel Chaim
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erez Hanael
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Abells Sutton
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Bruchim
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Internal Medicine, Small Animals, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Internal Medicine, Small Animals, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Athanasiou LV, Katsogiannou EG, Spanou VM, Dedousi A, Katsoulos PD. Potential Acute Renal Injury in Sheep with Bluetongue Serotype 4. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020159. [PMID: 33546448 PMCID: PMC7913749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a vector-borne disease with epidemic potential. Recently, outbreaks of Bluetongue were reported across Greece, caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 4. Regarding its pathogenesis, BTV infection involves various target organs with limited data referring to the kidneys. The objective of this study was to identify the possible impact of BTV infection on kidneys using common renal biomarkers. Urine and blood samples collected from 30 sheep with clinical signs of bluetongue (BTV sheep) and 30 clinically healthy sheep (normal sheep) from the same farms were finally selected and included in the study from an initial population of 47 sheep per group, based on the absence of active urine sediment. Complete urinalysis was performed and urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine gamma-glutamyl transferase to creatinine (UGGTC) ratio were determined. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total proteins, albumin (ALB), and inorganic phosphate (P) were determined in serum samples. UPC and UGGTC were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in BTV sheep compared to normal, whereas urine specific gravity (USG) was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Cylindruria was also detected in BTV sheep, and absence of azotemia in BTV and normal sheep. All these findings are indicative of renal tubular injury and/or dysfunction and suggestive of an association between BTV infection and acute damage of renal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Labrini V. Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (E.G.K.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Eleni G. Katsogiannou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (E.G.K.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Victoria M. Spanou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (E.G.K.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Anna Dedousi
- Veterinary Research Institute, HAO-Demeter, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis D. Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-231-099-4455
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kongara K, Cave N, Weidgraaf K, Rao Dukkipati VS. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on glomerular filtration rate and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in cats after dental surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:631-636. [PMID: 32792267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of meloxicam or carprofen on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, of cats after dental surgery. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. ANIMALS A total of 24 mixed breed cats. METHODS Cats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): meloxicam (0.2 mg kg-1); carprofen (4 mg kg-1); or saline (2 mL). Acepromazine (0.04 mg kg-1) and buprenorphine (0.02 mg kg-1) were administered intramuscularly as preanaesthetic medication. Test drugs were injected subcutaneously at the time of preanaesthetic medication. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation values (SpO2) were recorded. All cats underwent ultrasonic dental scaling with polishing. Teeth extraction involved mucosal flap creation, removal of alveolar bone and flap closure. Plasma iohexol clearance (ICL), a measure of GFR, was estimated before and 24 hours after anaesthesia induction in all cats. Urinary NAG index was estimated in saline and meloxicam groups at the same time points as GFR. Between-group and -time point differences in GFR and NAG index were compared using mixed model analyses. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (p < 0.05). RESULTS There was no significant difference in plasma ICL rate (range: from 1.22 ± 0.05 to 1.27 ± 0.04 mL kg minute-1) between groups or between time points. Urinary NAG index (range: from 1.0 ± 0.19 to 1.36 ± 0.29 Units gram-1) was not significantly different between meloxicam and saline groups. MAP, HR, fR and SpO2 did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Meloxicam and carprofen appeared to produce nonsignificant effects on GFR, and meloxicam did not affect the urinary NAG activity, of cats after dental surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kongara
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Nick Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karin Weidgraaf
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
COMPARATIVE RENAL DISPOSITION OF CREATINE, AND TECHNETIUM DIAGNOSTIC CONTRAST AGENTS IN THE PIGEON ( COLUMBA LIVIA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:891-896. [PMID: 31926520 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical assessment of renal function in avian species often involves the measurement of plasma uric acid and blood urea nitrogen, relatively insensitive markers of renal dysfunction and dehydration. In mammals, endogenous creatinine is widely used as an indicator of renal glomerular dysfunction. However, avian species produce primarily creatine. Here, renal creatine, 99mTc99-DTPA (diethylenepentaacetic acid, DTPA) and 99mTc-MAG3 (mercaptoacetyl triglycine, MAG3) renal clearances are characterized in the pigeon avian model by infusing DTPA with inulin and creatine with each tracer and examining the slope of their blood disappearance curves. Clearance curves for inulin and DTPA were parallel, suggesting DTPA is cleared by renal filtration. MAG3 clearance (slope: -2.74 × 105, r2 = 0.97) had a slope almost 10-fold steeper than for DTPA (slope: -6.29 × 104, r2 = 0.90), and orders of magnitude steeper than for creatine (slope: -1.4, r2 = 1.0). These results suggest that DTPA is cleared by glomerular filtration like inulin, while MAG3 is filtered and actively excreted in a manner similar to mammals. In contrast, creatine is filtered and resorbed, has a larger volume of distribution (Vd), or exhibits a greater blood protein binding, making it more complex as a renal marker, when compared with creatinine handling in mammals. The two radiotracers can be readily adapted for use in birds, inviting both qualitative and semiquantitative functional evaluation of avian renal function for research and clinical purposes. The elimination of creatine appears to be more complex requiring further study.
Collapse
|
5
|
Katayama M, Miyazaki T, Ohata K, Oikawa T, Kamiie J, Sugaya T, Miyazaki M. Temporal changes in urinary excretion of liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in acute kidney injury model of domestic cats: a preliminary study. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1868-1872. [PMID: 31645505 PMCID: PMC6943323 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-type fatty acid–binding protein (L-FABP) is a biomarker for the early detection of
renal diseases in humans. It is secreted along with cytotoxic oxidation products from
proximal tubular epithelial cells under conditions of ischemia and/or oxidative stress.
This study examined urinary L-FABP excretion under renal ischemia in feline acute kidney
injury (AKI) model. L-FABP excretion increased immediately after renal
ischemia/reperfusion, despite the absence of obvious structural damage to the kidneys, in
the two AKI model cats studied. L-FABP was detected in the renal tubular lumen immediately
after renal ischemia/reperfusion in the two cats, but not in a sham surgery cat. These
results suggested that high L-FABP excretion is a pathophysiological response associated
with antioxidant defense in proximal tubules with renal ischemia and/or oxidative stress
in a feline model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Katayama
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tamako Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | | | | | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | | | - Masao Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perondi F, Lippi I, Ceccherini G, Marchetti V, Guidi G. Evaluation of urinary γ-glutamyl transferase and serum creatinine in non-azotaemic hospitalised dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 185:52. [PMID: 31076519 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Urinary and blood biomarkers for diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalised dogs were evalueted. This prospective study included 97 dogs, classified according to the International Renal Interest Society classification into no AKI and AKI grade 1 (48-hour increase in serum creatinine≥0.3 mg/dl and/or urinary production <1 ml/kg/hour for at least six hours). A total of 62 of 97 dogs (64 per cent) were classified as AKI 1. A statistically significant difference was found between no AKI and AKI 1 in urine protein to creatinine ratio, urinary γ-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) and uGGT/cu (P<0.0001). Thirteen of 97 dogs (13.4 per cent) that developed increased creatinine and change in AKI grade showed high mortality (n=9/13; 69.2 per cent). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of uGGT/cu index as a marker for AKI grade 1 had an area under the ROC curve of 0.78; optimal cut-off point was 57.50 u/g, with sensitivity and specificity of 75.4 per cent and 75.6 per cent, respectively. Overall intensive care unit mortality was 23.7 per cent (23/97), 13.4 per cent (13/97) of which died during hospitalisation and 10.3 per cent (10/97) within 28 days after discharge. uGGT is an acceptable marker for distinguishing between AKI 1 and no AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianila Ceccherini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Grazia Guidi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nivy R, Avital Y, Aroch I, Segev G. Utility of urinary alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in diagnosing acute kidney injury in dogs. Vet J 2016; 220:43-47. [PMID: 28190493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic utility of urinary alkaline phosphatase (uALP) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (uGGT) activities in naturally occurring acute kidney injury (AKI) was investigated in a heterogeneous group of dogs. The study included client-owned dogs with AKI (n = 32), chronic kidney disease (CKD, n = 13), lower urinary tract infection (LUTI, n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 24). uGGT and uALP activities were normalised to urinary creatinine (uCr) concentrations (uGGT/uCr and uALP/uCr, respectively). uALP/uCr and uGGT/uCr were positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.619, P <0.001), and differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among groups, as well as between AKI and LUTI or CKD groups (P < 0.05), but not between the AKI and control groups. Areas under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve for uALP/uCr and uGGT/uCr as predictors of AKI were 0.75 and 0.65, respectively, with optimal cut-off points showing poor to moderate sensitivity (59% for uALP/uCr and 79% for uGGT/uCr) and specificity (59% for uALP/uCr and 75% for uGGT/uCr). Higher cut-off points, with 90% specificity, showed low sensitivity (41% for both uALP/uCr and uGGT/uCr). In conclusion, uALP/uCr is superior to uGGT/uCr as a marker of AKI, but both uGGT/uCr and uALP/uCr have unsatisfactory discriminatory power for diagnosing naturally occurring AKI in dogs and therefore cannot be recommended as sole screening tests for canine AKI. However, both may serve as ancillary, confirmatory, biomarkers for detecting AKI in dogs if appropriate cut-off points with high specificities are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Nivy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel.
| | - Yochai Avital
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cianciolo R, Hokamp J, Nabity M. Advances in the evaluation of canine renal disease. Vet J 2016; 215:21-9. [PMID: 27198066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many recent advances in the evaluation of dogs with kidney disease have improved our diagnostic algorithms and have impacted our therapeutic strategies. Non-invasive techniques, such as urinary and serologic biomarker evaluation, can help a clinician diagnose and treat a patient that cannot undergo a renal biopsy for clinical or financial reasons. Some biomarkers might help localize the affected structure (glomerulus vs. tubule) and indicate the type or severity of injury present. Although more research is needed, studies indicate that some biomarkers (e.g. urine protein to creatinine ratio and urinary immunoglobulins) can be useful in predicting adverse outcomes. Importantly, the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for renal injury should be established and clinicians need to understand the limitations of these assays. If a renal biopsy is performed, then it should be evaluated by a specialty diagnostic service with expertise in nephropathology. A panel of special stains, immunofluorescence for the detection of immunoglobulins and complement factors, and transmission electron microscopy can be routinely employed in cases of glomerular disease. These advanced diagnostics can be used to detect immune deposits in order to definitively diagnose immune complex mediated glomerular disease. Integrating the results of biomarker assays and comprehensive renal biopsy evaluation, the clinician can make informed therapeutic decisions, such as whether or not to immunosuppress a patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jessica Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mary Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palm CA, Segev G, Cowgill LD, LeRoy BE, Kowalkowski KL, Kanakubo K, Westropp JL. Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin as a Marker for Identification of Acute Kidney Injury and Recovery in Dogs with Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:200-5. [PMID: 26725776 PMCID: PMC4913669 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high mortality rates in dogs, which may be a consequence of late recognition using traditional diagnostic tests. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a protein-induced during kidney injury that may identify AKI earlier than traditional tests. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate urinary NGAL (uNGAL) and uNGAL-to-urinary creatinine ratio (UNCR) as early markers of kidney injury and recovery in an AKI model in dogs. It was hypothesized that these markers would document AKI earlier than serum creatinine concentration. ANIMALS Five purpose-bred dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Acute kidney injury, defined as a > 50% increase in serum creatinine concentration above baseline, was induced in dogs by gentamicin administration (8-10 mg/kg SC q8h). Blood and urine collected for biochemical analyses and uNGAL and urinary creatinine concentrations, respectively, during AKI induction and recovery. RESULTS Acute kidney injury was diagnosed significantly earlier based on a 7-fold increase in UNCR compared to a > 50% increase in serum creatinine concentration (day 8; range, 2-10 mg/dl vs day 16; range, 14-19 mg/dl; P = .009). During recovery, the initial decrease in UNCR preceded the decrease in serum creatinine concentration by a median of 2 days. The uNGAL changes paralleled UNCR changes, but the increase in uNGAL was triphasic; the initial peak occurred earlier than UNCR (median, day 11 versus median, day 19). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The UNCR was early marker of gentamicin-induced AKI and its decrease documented onset of renal recovery. Additional studies are needed to validate this marker in dogs with naturally occurring renal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Palm
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - G Segev
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - L D Cowgill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | | | - K Kanakubo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J L Westropp
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hulsebosch SE, Palm CA, Segev G, Cowgill LD, Kass PH, Marks SL. Evaluation of Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase Activity, Lipase Activity, and Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity in an Experimental Model of Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:192-9. [PMID: 26678019 PMCID: PMC4913627 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs is complicated by extrapancreatic disorders that can alter the results of laboratory tests. Extrapancreatic disorders can also affect the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The effects of acute kidney injury (AKI) on pancreas‐specific lipase activity (Spec cPL® Test), serum lipase activity and trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (TLI) in dogs have not been evaluated. Hypothesis/Objectives Serum Spec cPL, lipase activity, and TLI concentrations will increase secondary to decreased kidney function. Animals Five purpose‐bred dogs. Methods Experimental prospective study. Gentamicin was used to induce AKI in 5 purpose‐bred dogs. Serum samples were collected for measurement of creatinine, Spec cPL, lipase activity and TLI over 60 days, during both induction of, and recovery from, AKI. Results All dogs developed and recovered from AKI. Six of 52 (12%) serum Spec cPL concentrations were increased (2 in the equivocal zone and 4 consistent with pancreatitis) in 2 of 5 (40%) dogs. Two of 51 (4%) serum lipase activity values were increased in 2 of 5 dogs. Serum TLI was increased above the reference range in 17 of 50 (34%) samples in 3 of 5 dogs. For all biomarkers, there was no consistent correlation with increases in serum creatinine concentration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased renal excretion during experimental AKI did not cause consistent and correlated increases in serum Spec cPL, lipase activity, or TLI in this cohort of dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Hulsebosch
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - C A Palm
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - G Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L D Cowgill
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population, Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - S L Marks
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dijkstra B, Guzman DSM, Gustavsen K, Owens SD, Hass C, Kass PH, Paul-Murphy JR. Renal, gastrointestinal, and hemostatic effects of oral administration of meloxicam to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:308-17. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Cobrin AR, Blois SL, Kruth SA, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dewey C. Biomarkers in the assessment of acute and chronic kidney diseases in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:647-55. [PMID: 24152019 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In both human and veterinary medicine, diagnosing and staging renal disease can be difficult. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate is considered the gold standard for assessing renal function but methods for its assessment can be technically challenging and impractical. The main parameters used to diagnose acute and chronic kidney disease include circulating creatinine and urea concentrations, and urine-specific gravity. However, these parameters can be insensitive. Therefore, there is a need for better methods to diagnose and monitor patients with renal disease. The use of renal biomarkers is increasing in human and veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney diseases. An ideal biomarker would identify site and severity of injury, and correlate with renal function, among other qualities. This article will review the advantages and limitations of renal biomarkers that have been used in dogs and cats, as well as some markers used in humans that may be adapted for veterinary use. In the future, measuring a combination of biomarkers will likely be a useful approach in the diagnosis of kidney disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Cobrin
- Ontario Veterinary College Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Loor J, Daminet S, Smets P, Maddens B, Meyer E. Urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:998-1010. [PMID: 23952327 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Routinely, kidney dysfunction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are diagnosed by the evaluation of changes in the serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. However, neither of these tests is sensitive or specific enough for the early diagnosis of impaired kidney function because they are both affected by other renal and nonrenal factors. Furthermore, kidney injury can be present in the absence of kidney dysfunction. Renal reserve enables normal GFR even when nephrons are damaged. Renal biomarkers, especially those present in urine, may be useful for the study of both acute and chronic nephropathies. The aim of this review is to describe the current status of urinary biomarkers as diagnostic tools for kidney injury in dogs with particular focus on acute kidney injury (AKI). The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) canine AKI grading system and the implementation of urinary biomarkers in this system also are discussed. The discovery of novel urinary biomarkers has emerged from hypotheses about the pathophysiology of kidney injury, but few proteomic urine screening approaches have been described in dogs. Lack of standardization of biomarker assays further complicates the comparison of novel canine urinary biomarker validation results among studies. Future research should focus on novel biomarkers of renal origin and evaluate promising biomarkers in different clinical conditions. Validation of selected urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of canine kidney diseases must include dogs with both renal and nonrenal diseases to evaluate their sensitivity, specificity as well as their negative and positive predictive values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J De Loor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mancinelli E, Shaw DJ, Meredith AL. γ
-Glutamyl-transferase (GGT) activity in the urine of clinically healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus
). Vet Rec 2012; 171:475. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mancinelli
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies … Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG Scotland
| | - D. J. Shaw
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies … Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG Scotland
| | - A. L. Meredith
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies … Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kirberger RM, Cassel N, Carstens A, Goddard A. The effects of repeated intravenous iohexol administration on renal function in healthy beagles--a preliminary report. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:47. [PMID: 22892108 PMCID: PMC3533856 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) is a well described syndrome in humans undergoing contrast medium examinations. To date CIN has received minimal attention in the veterinary literature despite increasing use of contrast medium examinations in computed tomographic studies. METHODS This prospective study evaluated the effect of 1290 mg/kg iohexol given intravenously to 5 normal beagle dogs in a divided dose at an interval of 6-8 weeks. Renal function was evaluated by means of scintigraphically determined glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a variety of laboratory assays. RESULTS Only GFR showed a significant decrease (17%) after the second injection but not to a clinically or pathologically significant level. CONCLUSIONS No clinically significant effect of repeated contrast medium administration was determined in this limited study. However in dogs with reduced renal function the risk of CIN is likely to increase dramatically post contrast administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Nicolette Cassel
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ann Carstens
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leinonen MR, Raekallio MR, Vainio OM, Sankari S, O’Brien RT. The effect of contrast-enhanced ultrasound on the kidneys in eight cats. Vet J 2011; 190:109-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Critically ill animals may have preexisting renal disease or develop acute kidney injury as a consequence of their presenting complaint. Age, concurrent medical therapy, electrolyte and fluid imbalances, and exposure to potential nephrotoxicants are factors that predispose to acute kidney injury. Many risk factors are correctable or manageable, and these should be addressed whenever possible. Measurement of serum creatinine is insensitive for the detection of acute kidney injury, and clinicians should consider assessment of other parameters such as urine output, urinalysis, and urine chemistry results. A stepwise approach for management of acute kidney injury in small animal patients is outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine F Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maddens B, Daminet S, Smets P, Meyer E. Escherichia coli Pyometra Induces Transient Glomerular and Tubular Dysfunction in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1263-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
20
|
Jepson RE, Vallance C, Syme HM, Elliott J. Assessment of urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in geriatric cats with variable plasma creatinine concentrations with and without azotemia. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:241-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Smets P, Meyer E, Maddens B, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Urinary Markers in Healthy Young and Aged Dogs and Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:65-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
22
|
Assessment of novel avian renal disease markers for the detection of experimental nephrotoxicosis in pigeons (Columba livia). J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:487-94. [PMID: 19746864 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0169.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal disease is a major cause of illness in captive and wild avian species. Current renal disease markers (e.g., uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) are insensitive. Two endogenous markers, creatine and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), were selected for study in the pigeon (Columba livia). Representative organs from four pigeons were surveyed to determine those exhibiting the highest level of each marker. In a separate study, NAG and creatine from plasma and urine were assayed before and after gentamicin (50 mg/kg twice daily), administration for up to 9 days. Observer-blinded pathologic scoring (five saline solution controls, 17 treated birds) was used to verify the presence of renal disease that corresponded to marker increases. The first study revealed that kidney tissue had the highest NAG activity (by approximately six times), and pectoral muscle had the most creatine (>900 times). In response to gentamicin, plasma creatine (>five times) and NAG increased (approximately six times), which paralleled uric acid (>10 times). Urine creatine (approximately 60 times) and NAG increased dramatically (approximately 50 times) in response to gentamicin. In conclusion, NAG, especially in the urine, may be of value to noninvasively detect renal toxin exposures and to monitor potentially nephrotoxic drugs, and might be of value to screen free-ranging birds in large exhibits or in the wild by assaying fresh urate samples at feeding stations.
Collapse
|
23
|
Brunker JD, Ponzio NM, Payton ME. Indices of urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in clinically normal adult dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:297-301. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.2.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Lapointe C, Bélanger MC, Dunn M, Moreau M, Bédard C. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase index as an early biomarker for chronic kidney disease in cats with hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1103-10. [PMID: 18700858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroid cats are at risk of developing azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diagnostic tools currently used to screen for CKD in hyperthyroid cats are either unreliable or impractical. HYPOTHESIS Urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase index (NAG(i)) is a good biomarker for azotemic CKD in hyperthyroid cats. ANIMALS Twenty-four newly diagnosed nonazotemic hyperthyroid cats and 10 healthy cats. METHODS All cats were evaluated for hyperthyroidism at baseline. Hyperthyroid cats were treated with methimazole and reevaluated once euthyroid. At the end of the study, cats were divided into 3 groups: healthy cats, nonazotemic, and azotemic euthyroid cats. Baseline group characteristics were compared to predict azotemic CKD. The influence of treatment on NAG(i) was evaluated. RESULTS Baseline NAG(i) was significantly different among groups (P= .004). Azotemic cats had a higher median value (13.12 U/g) when compared with healthy cats (1.38 U/g). With NAG(i) >2.76 U/g, negative and positive predictive values for development of azotemia were 77.7 and 50%, whereas the combination of a urine specific gravity (USG) <or=1.035 and T(4) >7.80 microg/dL enhanced predictive values to 88.9 and 83.3%, respectively. NAG(i) values decreased significantly over time in treated nonazotemic cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Baseline NAG(i) did not differentiate azotemic from nonazotemic euthyroid cats. NAG(i) could be used to assess renal function during medical therapy allowing the clinician to adjust methimazole dosage accordingly. The combination of USG and T(4) could optimize identification of appropriate candidates for permanent treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lapointe
- Companion Animal Research Group of the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The ICH S7A (Safety Pharmacology for Human Pharmaceuticals) guidelines specify that potential adverse pharmacologic effects of a test substance on renal function should be evaluated in supplemental studies when there is a cause for concern (ICH, 2001). For the most part, this can easily be accomplished by examination of the appropriate analytes in urine and blood collected as part of the routine preclinical safety studies. This review will serve as an overview of the selection, interpretation and limitations of standard clinical pathology methods (serum chemistry and urinalysis) for assessment of renal function in such studies, as well as provide some information on emerging biomarkers of renal function.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tassi C, Mancuso F, Feligioni L, Marangi M, Capodicasa E. Expression modes of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 346:129-33. [PMID: 15256313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity has emerged as potentially useful early marker of renal tubular injury. This activity is usually evaluated in random urine samples and is related to urinary creatinine concentration. Reports about the lack of correlation between NAG activity of 24-h urines and activity of random urine samples in some clinical and experimental situations led us to study the correlation existing between different procedures for expressing urinary NAG in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. METHODS Thirty samples of 24-h urine and 30 random urine samples from chronic renal insufficiency patients were collected. The activity of urinary NAG was examined fluorimetrically. RESULTS The following correlations were observed: (1) r = 0.431 (P = 0.017) for activity in random urine samples and total activity in 24-h urines); (2) r = 0.281 (P = 0.005) for activity in random samples and activity, expressed as U/l, in 24-h urines. CONCLUSIONS The data show that collection of urine excreted over the whole day and evaluation of total daily excretion of NAG seems the method of choice, at least for patients with chronic renal insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 6100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ulutas B, Sahal M. Urinary GGT/creatinine ratio and fractional excretion of electrolytes in diarrhoeic calves. Acta Vet Hung 2005; 53:351-9. [PMID: 16156130 DOI: 10.1556/avet.53.2005.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor renal function in diarrhoeic calves and to determine the effectiveness of an applied fluid therapy. A total of 28 diarrhoeic (n = 18) and healthy (n = 10) Holstein-Friesian calves of different sexes, between 1 and 30 days of age, were used. Blood and urine samples were obtained from diarrhoeic calves before the treatment and then three more times at 24-h intervals during the treatment. From healthy calves, samples were taken only once. Therapy was started by the intravenous administration of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions for the first 24 h, followed by the oral application of a commercial electrolyte solution (sodium chloride 3.5 g, trisodium citrate 2.9 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g and glucose anhydrous 20 g in 1 litre H2O) up to the 48th h of therapy. Before the therapy, the average levels of pH (7.10 +/- 0.12), bicarbonate (HCO3-) (16.48 +/- 3.80 mmol/l), base deficit (-12.65 +/- 5.97 mmo/l) and fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (0.16 +/- 0.11%) and potassium (15.07 +/- 8.56%) were significantly lower while serum urea (17.48 +/- 10.32 mmol/l) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations (169.72 +/- 98.12 micromol/l), haematocrit levels (45.13 +/- 13.60%) and urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)/Cr ratio (8.6 +/- 4.3 x 1/10(3) U/micromol) were significantly higher in diarrhoeic calves than in healthy calves. Alterations in parameters indicating the presence of renal dysfunction were normalised in the diarrhoeic calves that survived (83.3%). Three calves with severe metabolic acidosis and azotaemia died at the beginning of therapy. It was concluded that the FE of Na and K (FENa, FEK) and urine GGT/Cr ratio may have an important role in assessing renal function in diarrhoeic calves and in evaluating the effectiveness of an applied fluid therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ulutas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, 09016 Aydm, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Renal damage and disease can be caused by acute or chronic insults to the kidney. Acute renal damage often results from ischemic or toxic insults and usually affects the tubular portion of the nephron. In contrast, chronic renal disease can be caused by diseases and/or disorders that affect any portion of the nephron, including its blood supply and supporting interstitium. Early detection of acute renal disease facilitates appropriate intervention that can arrest or at least attenuate tubular cell damage and the development of established acute renal failure. Similarly,early detection of chronic renal disease, before the onset of renal azotemia and chronic renal failure, should facilitate appropriate intervention that stabilizes renal function or at least slows its progressive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Grauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 111B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Narita T, Tomizawa N, Sato R, Goryo M, Hara S. Effects of Long-Term Oral Administration of Ketoprofen in Clinically Healthy Beagle Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:847-53. [PMID: 16210794 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the adverse effects of long-term administration of ketoprofen in dogs, ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) was administered to five clinically healthy beagle dogs (ketoprofen group) and gelatin capsules (control group) were administered to four clinically healthy beagle dogs for 30 days. We monitored the dogs through periodic physical examination, blood analyses, endoscopic examinations, fecal occult blood tests, renal function tests, urinalysis, urinary enzyme indices and cuticle bleeding time analysis. The lesions in the stomach, especially in the pyloric antrum, and fecal occult blood progressively worsened in the ketoprofen group. However, the differences between the ketoprofen group and the control group were not statistically significant. One dog in the ketoprofen group temporarily exhibited a decrease in renal plasma flow and two dogs exhibited enzymuria. However, these changes did not persist and the other examinations showed no significant difference between premedication and postmedication in the ketoprofen group. Therefore, the adverse effects of long-term administration of ketoprofen observed in this study were not clinically important in healthy dogs. Nevertheless, further investigation of adverse renal effects from long-term administration of ketoprofen is necessary in the dogs with subclinical renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Narita
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sato R, Soeta S, Miyazaki M, Syuto B, Sato J, Miyake YI, Yasuda J, Okada K, Naito Y. Clinical availability of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase index in dogs with urinary diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:361-5. [PMID: 12014583 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was examined in healthy dogs and dogs with urinary diseases, and its clinical usefulness as an indicator of urinary diseases was discussed. Twenty-eight healthy dogs and 20 dogs with urinary diseases were used. Urinary NAG activity was measured using p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide as substrate, and expressed as units per gram of urinary creatinine (NAG index). Urinary NAG index in urine of healthy dogs was 3.2+/-2.4 U/g, and NAG index in the dogs with chronic renal failure or lower urinary tract infection accompanied by pyelonephritis was higher than that in healthy dogs. However, the dogs with lower urinary tract infection without pyelonephritis showed normal values of NAG index. Some dogs with diabetic mellitus showed elevated values of NAG index when control of blood sugar was not successful. Increase of NAG index was observed in some dogs with pyometra before increases of BUN and serum creatinine concentration. Therefore, NAG index in urine seems to be a good indicator for urinary diseases in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reeko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sato R, Soeta S, Syuto B, Yamagishi N, Sato J, Naito Y. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and its isoenzymes in cats with urinary disease. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:367-71. [PMID: 12014584 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the clinical usefulness of measurement of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and its isoenzymes in cats with urinary disease. Thirty-five healthy cats and 9 cats with renal disease were used. Furthermore, a 5-year-old female cat was administered a large amount of sulfonamide in order to induce acute renal failure, and urine samples were collected for the assay of NAG activity and its isoenzymes. Urinary NAG activity was measured using p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide, and expressed as units per gram of urinary creatinine (NAG index). Urinary NAG isoenzymes were assayed by use of the mini-column method and electrophoresis. The overall mean value of urinary NAG index in healthy cats was 1.6+/-1.5 U/g. Urinary NAG index varied from 6.2 to 35.5 U/g in cats with chronic renal failure. There was no significant correlation between BUN, serum creatinine concentration and urinary NAG index. In cats with feline lower urinary tract disease, normal values of urinary NAG index were observed. In the urine samples of healthy cats, the proportions of NAG isoenzyme A (NAG-A) and isoenzyme B (NAG-B) were 79.1+/-4.4% and 21.0+/-4.4%, respectively, as assayed by the mini-column method. In the assay of NAG isoenzymes by electrophoresis, the proportions of NAG-A and NAG-B in healthy cats were 66.6+/-5.8% and 33.4+/-5.8%, respectively. The proportion of NAG-B as measured by electrophoresis was significantly larger (p<0.05) than that obtained with the mini column method. A feline case of acute renal failure experimentally-induced by sulfonamide showed elevation of urinary NAG index, NAG-A and NAG-B after injection of sulfonamide. The increase in NAG-B was larger than that of NAG-A. From the results reported here, measurement of urinary NAG and its isoenzymes seems to yield information about tubular damage at an early stage in cats with urinary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reeko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Over the past 20 yr, increased attention has been directed toward evaluation of urinary enzymes as markers of nephrotoxicity in dogs because the technique is noninvasive and considered to be more sensitive than the more commonly used conventional tests of renal function. Urinary enzymes also have the potential of determining the primary site of renal damage because different sections of the nephron have a characteristic complement of enzymes. In dogs, increases in brush border enzymes, including gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase, have been associated with renal proximal tubular damage, while increases in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase have been observed in the early stage of renal papillary necrosis. Urinary enzymes have been particularly useful in detection of acute renal damage in dogs, specifically tubular damage: however, their corresponding value in providing information about chronic renal damage remains to be established. Although elevation of certain enzymes appears to be a relatively sensitive measure of nephrotoxicity in the dog, there is no current agreement regarding which enzyme assays are the most appropriate for routine use in safety assessment studies. In addition, elevation of a single enzyme is of limited diagnostic value in detection of renal damage because spurious increases in urinary enzymes sometimes occur in normal dogs. Therefore, if one wishes to conduct special assessment of nephrotoxicity in dogs, evaluation of several enzymes at multiple time points is needed to compensate for normal enzyme variation and to identify potential anatomic site selectivity of the toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Clemo
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06342, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) induced by therapeutic agents that are nephrotoxic (e.g., gentamicin, cisplatin, amphotericin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or hypotension associated with anesthesia and surgery unfortunately occur with some regularity in small animal practice. Several clinical conditions have been identified that can increase the risk of hospital-acquired ARF in dogs. Recognition of these risk factors allows the clinician to assess the risk/benefit ratio for various drugs and/or procedures. Additionally, initiating protective measures and increasing the monitoring of renal function in those patients that require potentially harmful treatment may decrease the incidence of hospital-acquired ARF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Grauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| |
Collapse
|