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Manchester AC, Ammons DT, Lappin MR, Dow S. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of the canine duodenum in chronic inflammatory enteropathy and health. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397590. [PMID: 38933260 PMCID: PMC11199541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is a common condition in dogs causing recurrent or persistent gastrointestinal clinical signs. Pathogenesis is thought to involve intestinal mucosal inflammatory infiltrates, but histopathological evaluation of intestinal biopsies from dogs with CIE fails to guide treatment, inform prognosis, or correlate with clinical remission. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing to catalog and compare the diversity of cells present in duodenal mucosal endoscopic biopsies from 3 healthy dogs and 4 dogs with CIE. Through characterization of 35,668 cells, we identified 31 transcriptomically distinct cell populations, including T cells, epithelial cells, and myeloid cells. Both healthy and CIE samples contributed to each cell population. T cells were broadly subdivided into GZMAhigh (putatively annotated as tissue resident) and IL7Rhigh (putatively annotated as non-resident) T cell categories, with evidence of a skewed proportion favoring an increase in the relative proportion of IL7Rhigh T cells in CIE dogs. Among the myeloid cells, neutrophils from CIE samples exhibited inflammatory (SOD2 and IL1A) gene expression signatures. Numerous differentially expressed genes were identified in epithelial cells, with gene set enrichment analysis suggesting enterocytes from CIE dogs may be undergoing stress responses and have altered metabolic properties. Overall, this work reveals the previously unappreciated cellular heterogeneity in canine duodenal mucosa and provides new insights into molecular mechanisms which may contribute to intestinal dysfunction in CIE. The cell type gene signatures developed through this study may also be used to better understand the subtleties of canine intestinal physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Manchester
- Colorado State University, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dylan T. Ammons
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Colorado State University, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Dow
- Colorado State University, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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2
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Fietz SA, Kalusa M, Jergens AE, Sahoo DK, Stewart T, Heilmann RM. Ultrastructural changes in chronic inflammatory enteropathies-a comparison between dogs and humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1379714. [PMID: 38872928 PMCID: PMC11173093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1379714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIEs) are an important group of diseases in dogs and involve complex pathogenetic aspects. Endoscopy and histopathology are vital for documenting the disease but are less useful for subclassifying CIEs and predicting the response to treatment. However, healing of the mucosal disease process (deep remission) and ultrastructural evaluation of the mucosa have received little attention in canine CIE. Given that canine CIE shares many similarities with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in human patients-and presents a good spontaneous disease model for human IBD-this perspective article evaluates the literature on ultrastructural lesions in canine CIE and human IBD and offers future directions for the study of ultrastructural mucosal lesions in canine CIE. Such lesions might have a higher sensitivity of detection than structural changes revealed upon light microscopy and may even precede or remain after the resolution of the clinical signs and histologic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Fietz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Mirjam Kalusa
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tracey Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
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3
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Jergens AE, Heilmann RM. Canine chronic enteropathy—Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923013. [PMID: 36213409 PMCID: PMC9534534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs have received great attention in the basic and clinical research arena. The 2010 ACVIM Consensus Statement, including guidelines for the diagnostic criteria for canine and feline CIE, was an important milestone to a more standardized approach to patients suspected of a CIE diagnosis. Great strides have been made since understanding the pathogenesis and classification of CIE in dogs, and novel diagnostic and treatment options have evolved. New concepts in the microbiome-host-interaction, metabolic pathways, crosstalk within the mucosal immune system, and extension to the gut-brain axis have emerged. Novel diagnostics have been developed, the clinical utility of which remains to be critically evaluated in the next coming years. New directions are also expected to lead to a larger spectrum of treatment options tailored to the individual patient. This review offers insights into emerging concepts and future directions proposed for further CIE research in dogs for the next decade to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Albert E. Jergens
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
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4
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Ivasovic F, Ruetten M, Kook P. Prevalence of inflammatory versus neoplastic lesions in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal signs undergoing gastroduodenoscopy: 195 cases (2007–2015). Res Vet Sci 2022; 146:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galler AI, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Sung CH, Hittmair KM, Richter B, Burgener IA. Microbial dysbiosis and fecal metabolomic perturbations in Yorkshire Terriers with chronic enteropathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12977. [PMID: 35902689 PMCID: PMC9334271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis and perturbations of fecal metabolic profiles have been reported in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently the incidence of dysbiosis and the fecal metabolomic profile in Yorkshire Terriers with chronic enteropathy (YTE) and the effects of treatment are unknown. This prospective observational study analyzed the dysbiosis index (DI) and fecal bile acid, sterol and fatty acid profiles in 14 Yorkshire Terriers with active YTE, 11 dogs in clinical remission, and 26 healthy Yorkshire Terriers. YTE was associated with dysbiosis and a significant increase in fatty acids (docosanoate, p = 0.002; gondoate, p = 0.026; erucate, p < 0.001; nervonate, p < 0.001; linolenate, p < 0.001), and plant sterols (campesterol, p < 0.001; brassicasterol, p = 0.024). The abundances of Fusobacterium (p < 0.001) and Cl. hiranonis (p = 0.018) and the concentrations of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (p = 0.033) and the plant sterol sitostanol (p = 0.003) were significantly decreased compared to healthy dogs. Dysbiosis, abundances of Fusobacterium, Cl. hiranonis and fecal concentrations of bile acids and sterols did not recover after treatment, while fecal fatty acid concentrations decreased in treated dogs. YTE is associated with dysbiosis and changes in bile acid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism. These changes only recovered partially despite clinical remission. They might be breed-specific and involved in the pathogenesis of YTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Galler
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Pérez-Merino EM, Cristóbal-Verdejo I, Duque-Carrasco FJ, Espadas-González L, Pastor-Sirvent N, Usón-Casaús JM. Relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and endoscopic ileal appearance and histology in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:957-965. [PMID: 35475525 PMCID: PMC9151464 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has not been determined whether ileal appearance differs among dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and different serum concentrations of cobalamin. Objective To compare endoscopic and histologic ileal findings in dogs with CIE and different serum cobalamin concentrations and then evaluate the correlation of ileal changes to cobalamin serum concentration using updated scoring systems to assess the ileum. Animals Sixty‐eight dogs with CIE. Methods Retrospective study. Frequency of ileal features and ileal histologic and endoscopic scores (IHS and IES) were obtained and compared among CIE dogs with severe hypocobalaminemia (SHC; <200 ng/L), hypocobalaminemia (HC; 200‐350 ng/L), or normocobalaminemia (NC; >350 ng/L). The correlation of IHS and IES with cobalamin was evaluated. Results Friability, villus atrophy, crypt dilatation, epithelial injury, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were more frequent in SHC than in NC dogs (all P ≤ .01). Median SHC‐IES (2; range, 0‐4) was higher than NC‐IES (1; range, 0‐5; P = .004). Median SHC‐IHS (6; range, 3‐9) was higher than HC‐IHS (4; range, 1‐7; P < .001) and NC‐IHS (3; range, 1‐8; P < .001). Cobalamin concentration correlated negatively with IES (ρ = −.34, P = .005) and IHS (ρ = −.58, P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ileal features and involvement degree markedly differed when cobalamin was <200 or >350 ng/L in CIE dogs. With updated scales to assess the mucosa, greater ileal damage was associated with lower serum cobalamin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Nieves Pastor-Sirvent
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús M Usón-Casaús
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Hernandez J, Rouillé E, Chocteau F, Allard M, Haurogné K, Lezin F, Hervé JM, Bach JM, Abadie J, Lieubeau B. Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1975-1985. [PMID: 33783501 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease's physiopathology. METHODS We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Marie Allard
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Haurogné
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Julie M Hervé
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Blandine Lieubeau
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
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8
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Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Current diagnostics for chronic enteropathies in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50 Suppl 1:18-28. [PMID: 34699081 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs describe a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Three major subgroups of CE can be identified by their response to treatment: Food-responsive disease (FRD), antibiotic-responsive disease (ARD), and steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The clinical diagnosis of CE is made by exclusion of all other possible causes of chronic diarrhea and includes histologic assessment of intestinal biopsies. The process of diagnosing canine CE can therefore be very time-consuming and expensive, and in most cases, does not help to identify dogs that will respond to a specific treatment. The development of novel diagnostic tests for canine CE has therefore focused on the accuracy of such tests to predict treatment responses. In this article, several novel assays that have the potential to become commercially available will be discussed, such as genetic tests, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA), antibodies against transglutaminase/gliadin, antibodies against E coli OmpC/flagellin, and micro RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,SMART Translational Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Translational Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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9
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Glanemann B, Seo YJ, Priestnall SL, Garden OA, Kilburn L, Rossoni-Serao M, Segarra S, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Clinical efficacy of prebiotics and glycosaminoglycans versus placebo In dogs with food responsive enteropathy receiving a hydrolyzed diet: A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250681. [PMID: 34673776 PMCID: PMC8530283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of remission is easily achieved with dietary treatment in dogs diagnosed with Food Responsive Chronic Diarrhea (FRD). Administration of prebiotics and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may improve epithelial cell integrity and therefore be useful as adjunct treatment. This study evaluated whether the relapse rate of FRD dogs that are switched back to a normal diet can be influenced using supplemental treatment with prebiotics and GAGs. A randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCCT) was performed in dogs diagnosed with FRD. Dogs were diagnosed based on clinical exclusion diagnosis, endoscopic biopsies showing predominantly lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and response to dietary treatment. Dogs were randomized to be fed a combination of prebiotics and GAGs (group 1) or placebo (group 2) in addition to a hydrolyzed diet. At week 10, a second endoscopy was performed and dogs were switched back to normal diet. Relapse rate was monitored every 2 weeks after that until week 18. Statistical analysis was performed for each outcome (Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI), clinicopathological data, endoscopic scoring, mWSAVA histological scoring index (mWSAVA), and number of relapses following switch to normal diet) using a linear mixed effects model for group comparison. Time, group, and their interactions were included as a fixed effect, whereas each dog was treated as a random effect. Of the 35 dogs enrolled into the clinical trial, 10 in each group reached the point of second endoscopy. A total of 13 dogs (n = 8 in group 1 and n = 5 in group 2) reached the trial endpoint of 18 weeks. After switching back to normal diet, none of the dogs in either group relapsed. No significant differences were found over time or between groups for CCECAI, endoscopy scoring and histological scoring. Although there was a clinical worsening in the placebo group after switching back to the original diet, this was not statistically significant (CCECAI p = 0.58). Post-hoc power calculation revealed that 63 dogs per group would have been needed to detect statistically significant differences in CIBDAI between treatment groups. Standard dietary treatment induced rapid clinical response in all cases, however, additional supplementation with prebiotics and GAGs did not significantly improve clinical outcome within 4 months after switching back to normal diet. Since there are very few RCCT published in CE in dogs, this pilot study provides important power analyses for planning of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Glanemann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Garden
- Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania College of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Logan Kilburn
- Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Long-Term Recovery of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092498. [PMID: 34573464 PMCID: PMC8468387 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive enteropathy (SRE) on the fecal microbiome and metabolome has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fecal microbiome and metabolome of dogs with SRE before, during, and following treatment with standard immunosuppressive therapy and an elimination diet. We retrospectively selected samples from 9 dogs with SRE enrolled in a previous clinical trial, which received treatment for 8 weeks, and had achieved remission as indicated by the post-treatment clinical scores. Long-term (1 year) samples were obtained from a subset (5/9) of dogs. Samples from 13 healthy dogs were included as controls (HC). We evaluated the microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR. To evaluate the recovery of gut function, we measured fecal metabolites using an untargeted approach. While improvement was observed for some bacterial taxa after 8 weeks of treatment, several bacterial taxa remained significantly different from HC. Seventy-five metabolites were altered in dogs with SRE, including increased fecal amino acids and vitamins, suggesting malabsorption as a component of SRE. One year after treatment, however, all bacterial species were evaluated by qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and all but thirteen metabolites were no longer different from healthy controls.
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Nakazawa M, Miyamae J, Okano M, Kanemoto H, Katakura F, Shiina T, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H, Moritomo T, Watari T. Dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genotypes associated with chronic enteropathy in French bulldogs and miniature dachshunds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110271. [PMID: 34044267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine chronic enteropathy (CE) is a group of immunogenetic disorders of unclear etiology characterized by chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal signs and inflammation. Diagnosis of CE subtypes by treatment response is a lengthy and challenging process, particularly in refractory cases of the disease. Given known association of dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genotype and various immunogenetic disorders between and across breeds, this study was designed to examine the potential of determining susceptibility to refractory CE through identification of risk and protective genotypes in French bulldogs and miniature dachshunds-two popular dog breeds in Japan. Sequence-based genotyping of three DLA class II genes in 29 French bulldogs and 30 miniature dachshunds with refractory CE revealed a protective haplotype DLA-DRB1*002:01-DQA1*009:01-DQB1*001:01 against CE in French bulldogs (OR 0.09, 95 % CI 0.01-0.71, p = 0.0084). No statistical difference was noted between miniature dachshund cases and controls. These findings, largely disparate from a previous study on German shepherd dogs in the UK, were taken as possible indication of etiological differences in the refractory CE noted between and within breeds, and by extension, the potential of identifying such disease heterogeneity by DLA typing. The DLA-DQA1/DQB1 haplotype, protective against CE in our French bulldogs, has been reported as protective in various immune-mediated disorders such as Doberman hepatitis (Dyggve et al., 2011). Likewise, the DLA-DRB1*006:01 risk allele for Doberman hepatitis was noted in more French bulldogs with CE compared to controls, in line with reports on genotypes associated with both risk and protection being shared across various autoimmune diseases and breeds. These findings support an immunogenetic basis to the French bulldog-CE in our analysis, calling for further DLA studies working with larger samples and different breeds towards phenotypic clarification that may aid in early diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis through epigenetic approaches and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Nakazawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Okano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanemoto
- DVMs Animal Medical Center Yokohama, 966-5 Kawamuko, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-0044, Japan; Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1143, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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12
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Economu L, Chang YM, Priestnall SL, Kathrani A. The effect of assisted enteral feeding on treatment outcome in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1297-1305. [PMID: 33931908 PMCID: PMC8163126 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of assisted enteral feeding on treatment outcome in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine if dogs with inflammatory PLE that had an enteral feeding tube placed had better outcome vs dogs with inflammatory PLE without a feeding tube. ANIMALS Fifty-seven dogs with inflammatory PLE. METHODS A retrospective study at a UK referral hospital identified dogs with inflammatory PLE using a standard diagnostic criterion. Positive outcome was defined as survival greater than 6 months or death unrelated to PLE and negative outcome as death related to PLE within 6 months of diagnosis. Several variables were assessed to identify factors for positive outcome using logistic regression. RESULTS Thirty-five (61%) and 22 (39%) dogs had a positive and negative outcome at 6 months, respectively. Of the 21 dogs that had a feeding tube placed within 5 days of gastrointestinal biopsy, 16 (76%) had a positive outcome and 5 (24%) had a negative outcome. Dogs treated with dietary treatment alone (P = .002) and dogs with an enteral feeding tube (P = .006) were significantly associated with a positive outcome. When stratified by treatment, assisted enteral feeding was significantly associated with a positive outcome in dogs treated with concurrent immunosuppressive treatment (P = .006), but there was insufficient data to evaluate dogs treated with dietary treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Assisted enteral feeding in dogs with inflammatory PLE could be associated with improved treatment outcome, especially in those receiving immunosuppressive treatment, and should be considered in the treatment plan of these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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13
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Konstantinidis AO, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Pardali D, Dovas CI, Brellou GD, Papadopoulos T, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Rallis TS. Colonic mucosal and cytobrush sample cytokine mRNA expression in canine inflammatory bowel disease and their correlation with disease activity, endoscopic and histopathologic score. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245713. [PMID: 33471872 PMCID: PMC7817028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, the pathogenesis of which remains elusive, but it possibly involves the interaction of the intestinal immune system with luminal microbiota and food-derived antigens. Mucosal cytokines profiles in canine IBD have been investigated mainly in small intestinal disease, while data on cytokine profiles in large intestinal IBD are limited. The objective of this study was to measure colonic mucosal and cytobrush sample messenger (m)RNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-23p19, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL28) in dogs with IBD and healthy controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and assess their correlation with clinical disease activity, endoscopic and histopathologic score. Dogs with IBD had a significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-23p19 and CCL28 in the colonic mucosa, compared to healthy controls. None of the selected cytokines had significantly different mRNA expression in the colonic cytobrush samples between the two groups or between the colonic mucosa and cytobrush samples of dogs with IBD. Finally, there was a statistically significant correlation of clinical disease activity with endoscopic activity score and fibrosis and atrophy of the colonic mucosa in dogs with large intestinal IBD. IL-1β, IL-23p19 and CCL28 could play a role in the pathogenesis of canine large intestinal IBD. Colonic cytokine expression does not correlate with clinical disease activity and/or endoscopic score. However, clinical signs reflect the severity of endoscopic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros O. Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia D. Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theologos Papadopoulos
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Timoleon S. Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Immunohistochemical Findings in Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Nine Cats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6209185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a term referring to a clinical condition characterized by recurrent/persistent gastrointestinal signs, which cannot be diagnosed only through histological findings, being an elimination diagnosis and needing therefore the previous exclusion of all other possible causes of gastrointestinal signs. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of different cytokines on endoscopic biopsy samples of the small and large intestine of cats suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and healthy controls, by immunohistochemistry evaluation. Nine cats referred for chronic gastrointestinal signs to the Gastroenterology Service, Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, were included. After being administered with antiparasitic drugs and after running complete laboratory exams, abdominal ultrasonography, etc., upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy samplings for histopathology and immunohistochemistry was then performed. Controls were represented by archived samples from healthy cats (University of Camerino, Italy, Veterinary Pathology Unit Archive). On biopsy samples, the immunohistochemistry expression of the following antibodies was evaluated: TGF-β, CD3+, FoxP3+, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, and Th-17+. Statistic analysis was performed with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test and with Spearman test, considering significant
. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and CD3+ were significantly differently expressed between cats suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and controls, while no differences were found regarding TGF-β, IL-10, and FOXP3. A positive correlation was also found between proinflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory cytokines plus lymphocytes that were at the same time related to IL-10 and TGF-β. On the other hand, a negative correlation was found between proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Our results suggest an imbalance in the immune response which may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of feline inflammatory bowel disease.
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Gianella P, Roncone S, Ala U, Bottero E, Cagnasso F, Cagnotti G, Bellino C. Upper digestive tract abnormalities in dogs with chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1845-1852. [PMID: 32618401 PMCID: PMC7517503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (CILPR) is a common inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the nasal cavity of dogs. The diagnosis is made by exclusion of other causes of nasal disease and specific therapeutic protocols are lacking. In human medicine, a relationship between CILPR and gastrointestinal clinical signs has been postulated, and remission of respiratory signs after clinical trials with medications for gastrointestinal disorders has been observed. OBJECTIVES To describe history, clinical presentation, endoscopic and histopathologic concurrent respiratory and digestive tract abnormalities, and to evaluate improvement of respiratory signs after treatment for gastrointestinal signs. ANIMALS Twenty-five dogs with CILPR. METHODS Prospective study. For inclusion, following information had to be available: respiratory and digestive clinical signs, airway and digestive tract endoscopic abnormalities, histologic evaluation of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, and clinical response to different treatment strategies. RESULTS Twenty-two dogs had endoscopic gastrointestinal lesions, whereas 13 dogs had concurrent gastrointestinal signs. Most esophageal and duodenal endoscopic abnormalities were classified as moderate or severe. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Remission or marked improvement of respiratory signs was observed in the majority of dogs treated only for gastrointestinal signs up to 12 months after endoscopy. No significant associations between treatments and follow-up information were found. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Nasal and upper digestive tract abnormalities coexist in some dogs with CILPR. Lack of standardized therapeutic protocols suggests caution when interpreting improvement in nasal clinical signs. Additional studies are needed to explore the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between the 2 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Roncone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cagnasso
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Karlovits S, Manz A, Allenspach K, Walter I, Kummer S, Tichy A, Richter B, Burgener IA, Luckschander-Zeller N. Ki-67/CD3 ratio in the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:92-97. [PMID: 31825538 PMCID: PMC6979107 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) in dogs. Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) antigen serves as a marker for T cells. In human medicine, Ki-67 is an indicator for cell growth but there are only a few studies in dogs with CIE. OBJECTIVE To investigate Ki-67 in relation to T cells as a marker for CIE in dogs. ANIMALS Eleven dogs with CIE and 6 healthy beagle controls (CO). METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Dogs were clinically assessed by the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI). Duodenal mucosal biopsy samples were endoscopically obtained for histopathologic examination by means of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association score. Double-labeled immunofluorescence was used to investigate colocalization of Ki-67 and CD3 in epithelium and lamina propria (LP) of villi and crypts. RESULTS Dogs with CIE had significantly higher clinical score (median, 5.0; interquartile range [IQR], 3-7) compared to CO (all 0; P < .001). The Ki-67/CD3 double-positive cells were significantly increased in the LP of the crypt region of CIE dogs (0.63 cells/mm2 ; IQR, 0-0.54) versus CO (0.08 cells/mm2 ; IQR, 0-0.26; P = .044). A significant correlation was found between CCECAI and the Ki-67/CD3 ratio in the LP of the crypt region (r = 0.670; P = .012) in dogs with CIE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The Ki-67/CD3 ratio is upregulated in the LP crypt region of dogs with CIE and it correlates with clinical severity. Therefore, Ki-67/CD3 could be a useful tool for detection of CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Karlovits
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Manz
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Campbell S, Gow A, Bommer NX, Salavati S, Mellanby RJ. Investigation of the efficacy of a dietetic food in the management of chronic enteropathies in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 186:26. [PMID: 31662575 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic enteropathies (CEs) are a common cause of morbidity in dogs. CEs are diagnosed in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal clinical signs (>3 weeks), inflammatory changes on intestinal biopsies and where no other underlying cause is determined based on a thorough, standardised diagnostic work-up. Based on response to therapy, CEs are subclassified into food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive or steroid-responsive enteropathies. A significant proportion of dogs with a CE are food-responsive; however, there are limited peer-reviewed publications describing the clinical efficacy of the commercially available diets used to treat CE. METHODS In this study, the authors evaluated the response of 15 dogs with a CE to a commercially available dietetic food (Hill's Prescription Diet i/d Sensitive Canine Dry). The dogs underwent a standard diagnostic evaluation and did not receive concurrent anthelmintic, antibiotic, glucocorticoid or gastroprotectant therapies. The clinical efficacy of the dietary treatment was assessed by comparing the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) before and a median of 13 days after dietary therapy. RESULTS The authors found that the CIBDAI significantly decreased following the introduction of the dietetic food (median CIBDAI score pretreatment 9, post-treatment 2; P<0.0005). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that this dietetic food can be used to successfully manage CE in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tørnqvist-Johnsen
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Susan Campbell
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Adam Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Nick X Bommer
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Silke Salavati
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
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18
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The role of Campylobacter spp. in chronic enteropathy in dogs. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identifyCampylobacterspecies in a group of patients with chronic gastrointestinal problems and to investigate the relationship between the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in stool samples and as well as the severity of chronic enteropathy. Twenty-six dogs with chronic gastrointestinal problems were included in the prospective study. Each research subject had their stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon examined endoscopically. A histopathological examination of the obtained biopsy samples was then performed, excluding other potential diseases. Stool samples were collected and then examined for the presence ofCampylobacterspp. To evaluate the relationship betweenCampylobacterspp. occurrence and the intensity of chronic enteropathy, patients were divided into two groups; animals in the first group presented with no to mild inflammation whereas research subjects in the second group suffered from moderate to severe inflammation. Subsequently, the patients were divided based on positive or negative test results forCampylobacterspp. cultures. No significant relationship between the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in stool samples and chronic enteropathy was found. In contrast to other previously published papers, our study showed a lower occurrence ofCampylobacter upsaliensis.
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Kathrani A, Hall E. A preliminary study assessing cytokine production following ex vivo stimulation of whole blood with diet in dogs with chronic enteropathy. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:185. [PMID: 31164117 PMCID: PMC6549371 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ex vivo whole blood stimulation assays (WBSA) have been used to characterize the cytokine response to diet in cats. The present study aimed to use this assay to determine the cytokine response to diets being fed at the time of diagnosis to dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) and to compare this to a control group of dogs presented for non-gastrointestinal (GI) causes. Results Dogs with chronic GI signs and dogs presented for non-GI causes were prospectively recruited. For each case, residual blood following diagnostic sampling was placed into heparin. WBSAs were performed using crude extracts of the diet currently being fed and provided by the owner. Supernatants were collected and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The case group consisted of 22 dogs with CE diagnosed on histopathology of GI biopsy and 9 with suspected CE. The non-GI group consisted of 18 dogs. Of the diets being fed at or prior to diagnosis, hydrolyzed protein diets elicited significantly lower IL-10 and TNF-alpha concentrations compared to commercial intact protein diets in dogs with confirmed or suspected CE (P-value 0.004 and < 0.001, respectively). Six out of 15 dogs with detectable IL-4 concentrations in the confirmed CE group had IL-4 to IL-10 ratios that exceeded the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the mean of the non-GI group (non-GI: 95% CI of IL-4:IL-10 = 0.64–2.71; confirmed CE: IL-4:IL-10 in 6 dogs = mean 22.40, range 2.77–89.11). Conclusions Hydrolyzed protein diets elicited a significantly reduced cytokine response when incubated with patient whole blood ex vivo compared to commercial intact protein diets in dogs with CE. The IL-4 to IL-10 ratio as a marker of dietary responsiveness warrants further investigation, together with assessment of the cytokine response to diet at the intestinal mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kathrani
- Present address: Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Edward Hall
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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20
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Guard BC, Honneffer JB, Jergens AE, Jonika MM, Toresson L, Lawrence YA, Webb CB, Hill S, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1295-1305. [PMID: 30957301 PMCID: PMC6524081 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence from human studies suggests that bile acid dysmetabolism might play a role in various human chronic gastrointestinal diseases. It is unknown whether fecal bile acid dysmetabolism occurs in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CE). Objective To assess microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acids (fUBA), and disease activity in dogs with steroid‐responsive CE. Animals Twenty‐four healthy control dogs and 23 dogs with steroid‐responsive CE. Methods In this retrospective study, fUBA were measured and analyzed. Fecal microbiota were assessed using a dysbiosis index. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index was used to evaluate remission of clinical signs. This was a multi‐institutional study where dogs with steroid‐responsive CE were evaluated over time. Results The dysbiosis index was increased in dogs with CE (median, 2.5; range, −6.2 to 6.5) at baseline compared with healthy dogs (median, −4.5; range, −6.5 to −2.6; P = .002) but did not change in dogs with CE over time. Secondary fUBA were decreased in dogs with CE (median, 29%; range, 1%‐99%) compared with healthy dogs (median, 88%; 4%‐96%; P = .049). The percent of secondary fUBA in dogs with CE increased from baseline values (median, 28%; range, 1%‐99%) after 2‐3 months of treatment (median, 94%; range, 1%‐99%; P = 0.0183). Conclusions and Clinical Importance These findings suggest that corticosteroids regulate fecal bile acids in dogs with CE. Additionally, resolution of clinical activity index in dogs with therapeutically managed CE and bile acid dysmetabolism are likely correlated. However, subclinical disease (i.e., microbial dysbiosis) can persist in dogs with steroid‐responsive CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Julia B Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michelle M Jonika
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Linda Toresson
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden.,Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuri A Lawrence
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Craig B Webb
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steve Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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21
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Allenspach KA, Mochel JP, Du Y, Priestnall SL, Moore F, Slayter M, Rodrigues A, Ackermann M, Krockenberger M, Mansell J, Luckschander N, Wang C, Suchodolski J, Berghoff N, Jergens AE. Correlating Gastrointestinal Histopathologic Changes to Clinical Disease Activity in Dogs With Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:435-443. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818813090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have failed to detect a convincing association between histologic lesions of inflammation and clinical activity in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesized that use of a simplified histopathologic scoring system would improve the consistency of interpretation among pathologists when describing histologic lesions of gastrointestinal inflammation. Our aim was to evaluate the correlation of histopathologic changes to clinical activity in dogs with IBD using this new system. Forty-two dogs with IBD and 19 healthy control dogs were enrolled in this retrospective study. Endoscopic biopsies from the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon were independently scored by 8 pathologists. Clinical disease activity was scored using the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) or the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI), depending on the individual study center. Summative histopathological scores and clinical activity were calculated for each tissue (stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon) and each tissue histologic score (inflammatory/morphologic feature). The correlation between CCECAI/CIBDAI and summative histopathologic score was significant ( P < .05) for duodenum ( r = 0.42) and colon ( r = 0.33). In evaluating the relationship between histopathologic scores and clinical activity, significant ( P < .05) correlations were observed for crypt dilation ( r = 0.42), lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes ( r = 0.40), LP neutrophils ( r = 0.45), mucosal fibrosis ( r = 0.47), lacteal dilation ( r = 0.39), and villus stunting ( r = 0.43). Compared to earlier grading schemes, the simplified scoring system shows improved utility in correlating histopathologic features (both summative histology scores and select histologic scores) to IBD clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A. Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yingzhou Du
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Aline Rodrigues
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mark Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Joanne Mansell
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nora Berghoff
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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22
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Mueller RS, Olivry T. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (6): prevalence of noncutaneous manifestations of adverse food reactions in dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:341. [PMID: 30419909 PMCID: PMC6233561 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many reports describe the cutaneous signs of adverse food reactions (AFR) in the dog and cat. However, various non-cutaneous clinical signs are less well described. Our objective was to systematically evaluate these non-cutaneous signs of AFR in small animals. RESULTS We searched two databases (MEDLINE and Web of Science) for pertinent references on non-cutaneous signs of adverse food reactions. Among 117 and 764 articles found in the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases, respectively, we selected 47 articles that reported data related to non-cutaneous clinical signs of AFR. Gastrointestinal signs, symmetrical lupoid onychitis, conjunctivitis, sneezing, and anaphylaxis were reported to be associated with AFR in dogs and gastrointestinal and respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, and hyperactive behaviour in cats. In Border terriers with paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia, an underlying AFR should be considered. Of these clinical signs diarrhoea and frequent defecation were most frequently reported to be diet-responsive in dogs; in the cat, these were vomiting and diarrhoea. CONCLUSIONS An elimination diet should be considered early in the work-up of dogs and cats with chronic vomiting and diarrhoea. Other non-cutaneous signs occur less commonly because of AFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S. Mueller
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
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23
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Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1495-1508. [PMID: 30222209 PMCID: PMC6189362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histologic evidence of mucosal inflammation. These CIEs are classified as either food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive, or immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Patients not clinically responding to immunomodulatory treatment are grouped as nonresponsive enteropathy and dogs with intestinal protein loss as protein-losing enteropathy. Disease-independent clinical scoring systems were established in dogs for assessment of clinical disease severity and patient monitoring during treatment. Histopathologic and routine clinicopathologic findings are usually not able to distinguish the subgroups of CIE. Treatment trials are often lengthy and further diagnostic tests are usually at least minimally invasive. Biomarkers that can aid in defining the presence of disease, site of origin, severity of the disease process, response to treatment, or a combination of these would be clinically useful in dogs with CIE. This article summarizes the following biomarkers that have been evaluated in dogs with CIE during the last decade, and critically evaluates their potential clinical utility in dogs with CIE: functional biomarkers (cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, folate, α1 -proteinase inhibitor, immunoglobulin A), biochemical biomarkers (C-reactive protein, perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, 3-bromotyrosine, N-methylhistamine, calprotectin, S100A12, soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products, cytokines and chemokines, alkaline phosphatase), microbiomic biomarkers (microbiome changes, dysbiosis index), metabolomic biomarkers (serum metabolome), genetic biomarkers (genomic markers, gene expression changes), and cellular biomarkers (regulatory T cells). In addition, important performance criteria of diagnostic tests are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
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Mueller R, Unterer S. Adverse food reactions: Pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and alternatives to elimination diets. Vet J 2018; 236:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ogawa M, Osada H, Hasegawa A, Ohno H, Yanuma N, Sasaki K, Shimoda M, Shirai J, Kondo H, Ohmori K. Effect of interleukin-1β on occludin mRNA expression in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1019-1025. [PMID: 29572935 PMCID: PMC5980446 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal imbalance of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra) has been reported in the duodenal mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the imbalance in the colonic mucosa and its role in duodenitis and colitis in IBD of dogs remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To measure the expression of IL-1β and IL-1Ra proteins in the colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD, and to determine the effect of IL-1β on expression of occludin (ocln) mRNA, a tight junction component, in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD. ANIMALS Twelve dogs with IBD and 6 healthy dogs. METHODS IL-1β and IL-1 Ra proteins in the colonic mucosa were quantified by ELISA in 7 of the 12 dogs with IBD. Expression of ocln mRNA in the duodenal and colonic mucosa was examined in the 12 dogs by real-time PCR. RESULTS The ratio of IL-1β to IL-1Ra in the colonic mucosa was significantly higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. The ex vivo experiment determined that IL-1β suppressed expression of ocln mRNA in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, of healthy dogs. Expression of ocln mRNA in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A relative increase in IL-1β may attenuate ocln expression, leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction and promotion of intestinal inflammation in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, of dogs with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ogawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Osada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayana Hasegawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ohno
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako Yanuma
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Shimoda
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Heilmann RM, Berghoff N, Mansell J, Grützner N, Parnell NK, Gurtner C, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:679-692. [PMID: 29460444 PMCID: PMC5866976 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin is a marker of inflammation, but its clinical utility in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) is unknown. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of fecal calprotectin in dogs with biopsy-confirmed CIE. ANIMALS 127 dogs. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Dogs were assigned a canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) score, and histologic lesions severity was assessed. Fecal calprotectin, fecal S100A12, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Food- or antibiotic-responsive cases (FRE/ARE, n = 13) were distinguished from steroid-/immunosuppressant-responsive or -refractory cases (SRE/IRE, n = 20). Clinical response to treatment in SRE/IRE dogs was classified as complete remission (CR), partial response (PR), or no response (NR). RESULTS Fecal calprotectin correlated with CCECAI (ρ = 0.27, P = .0065) and fecal S100A12 (ρ = 0.90, P < .0001), some inflammatory criteria, and cumulative inflammation scores, but not serum CRP (ρ = 0.16, P = .12). Dogs with SRE/IRE had higher fecal calprotectin concentrations (median: 2.0 μg/g) than FRE/ARE dogs (median: 1.4 μg/g), and within the SRE/IRE group, dogs with PR/NR had higher fecal calprotectin (median: 37.0 μg/g) than dogs with CR (median: 1.6 μg/g). However, both differences did not reach statistical significance (both P = .10). A fecal calprotectin ≥15.2 μg/g separated both groups with 80% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 28%-100%) and 75% specificity (95%CI: 43%-95%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Fecal calprotectin could be a useful surrogate marker of disease severity in dogs with CIE, but larger longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate its utility in predicting the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Nora Berghoff
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Joanne Mansell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Nolie K. Parnell
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and PathobiologyVetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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Volkmann M, Steiner JM, Fosgate GT, Zentek J, Hartmann S, Kohn B. Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs - Retrospective Study in 136 Cases. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 31:1043-1055. [PMID: 28703447 PMCID: PMC5508351 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic diarrhea (CD) is common in dogs, and information on frequency and distribution of primary and secondary causes is lacking. Objectives To evaluate underlying causes and predictors of outcome in dogs with CD. Animals One hundred and thirty‐six client‐owned dogs with CD (≥3 weeks duration). Methods Retrospective review of medical records (Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 09/2009‐07/2011). Quantification of final diagnoses and comparison of clinical aspects including disease severity and clinicopathological abnormalities among dogs with clinical remission (either complete [gastrointestinal signs absent] or partial [clinical improvement of gastrointestinal signs and reduced episodes with shortened duration]), and those without recovery. Results Ninety percent of dogs were diagnosed with a primary enteropathy: inflammatory (71%; of those 66% dietary responsive, 23% idiopathic, 11% antibiotic responsive), infectious (13%), neoplastic (4%), and in one dog each mechanical disease or systemic vasculitis. Secondary causes were diagnosed in 10% of dogs: exocrine pancreatic (6%), endocrine (2%), and in one dog each hepatic, renal, and cardiac disease. In total, 87% of dogs had clinical remission, whereas 13% died or did not respond to treatment: Lack of recovery was frequently recorded for dogs with primary inflammatory (idiopathic) or neoplastic disease and was significantly associated with increased disease severity scores (P = .005), anemia (hematocrit < 40%, P < .001), severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <2.0 g/dL, P = .008), and severe hypocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentration <200 pg/mL, P = .006). Conclusions and clinical importance Inflammatory enteropathies and particularly those of dietary origin were the most common causes of CD in dogs. Findings support the usefulness of hematocrit, and serum albumin and cobalamin concentration as prognostic markers in dogs with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volkmann
- Clinic for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - G T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Kohn
- Clinic for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Galler A, Rütgen BC, Haas E, Saalmüller A, Hirt RA, Gerner W, Schwendenwein I, Richter B, Thalhammer JG, Luckschander-Zeller N. Immunophenotype of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1730-1739. [PMID: 28862348 PMCID: PMC5697185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is common in dogs. Despite the known importance of intestinal lymphocytes in its pathogenesis, little is known about the role of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in IBD. Objectives The aims of this study were (1) comparison of PBLs analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) in IBD dogs and healthy controls and (2) comparison of PBLs in IBD dogs at the time of diagnosis and in dogs in clinical remission. Animals Whole blood samples of 19 IBD dogs at the time of diagnosis and blood samples of 6 dogs in clinical remission were collected. Ten healthy dogs served as controls. Methods In this prospective observational study, PBLs were analyzed with multicolor FCM by staining with a panel of anticanine and cross‐reactive monoclonal antibodies against T‐ and B‐cell differentiation antigens, including CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8α, CD8β, TCRαβ, TCRγδ, CD79αcy, and CD21. Results The IBD patients’ PBLs had significantly decreased percentages of TCRγδ+ T lymphocytes (median: healthy dogs, 3.32; IBD dogs, 0.97; P = 0.03) and CD21+ B cells (median: healthy dogs, 27.61; IBD dogs, 17.26; P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in PBLs between pretreatment and follow‐up samples. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The differences between PBLs in healthy and IBD dogs analyzed by FCM indicate an imbalance of lymphocytes with different immunologic functions and emphasize the potential value of this technique in a larger cohort of dogs. The PBLs did not differ between IBD dogs before treatment and clinically well‐controlled dogs after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galler
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - B C Rütgen
- Department of Pathobiology, Clinical Pathology Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Haas
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - R A Hirt
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - W Gerner
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Schwendenwein
- Department of Pathobiology, Clinical Pathology Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Richter
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J G Thalhammer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Luckschander-Zeller
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Sattasathuchana P, Allenspach K, Lopes R, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Evaluation of Serum 3-Bromotyrosine Concentrations in Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Diarrhea and Food-Responsive Diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 2017. [PMID: 28626891 PMCID: PMC5508308 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical usefulness of serum 3‐BrY concentrations for subclassifying dogs with food‐responsive diarrhea (FRD) and steroid‐responsive diarrhea (SRD) has not been studied. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare serum 3‐BrY concentrations in dogs with FRD, dogs with SRD, and healthy control dogs. Animals 38 dogs with FRD, 14 dogs with SRD, and 46 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective study. Measurement of 3‐BrY concentration in serum samples was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results There was no association of peripheral eosinophilia in dogs with FRD, SRD, and healthy control dogs (P = 0.069). There was no significant correlation between peripheral eosinophil counts and serum 3‐BrY concentrations (ρ = −0.15, P = 0.13). Serum 3‐BrY concentrations in dogs with SRD (median [range] = 3.27, 0.9–26.23 μmol/L) were significantly higher than in dogs with FRD (median [range] = 0.99, 0.62–8.82 μmol/L; P = 0.007) or in healthy dogs (median [range] = 0.62, 0.62–1.79 μmol/L; P < 0.001). Also, serum 3‐BrY concentrations in dogs with FRD were significantly higher than in healthy dogs (P = 0.025). There was no significant correlation between the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index and serum 3‐BrY concentrations (ρ = 0.17, P = 0.23). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Measurement of serum 3‐BrY concentrations, but not the peripheral eosinophil count, is helpful for detecting dogs with SRD and FRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sattasathuchana
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - R Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Jeong JH, Kim BH, Kim DH, Kim BK, Pak CS, Kim EH, Heo CY. Cartilage suspension using a poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid system. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2017; 70:937-945. [PMID: 28291689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine whether a bar-like implant made of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) could be used for cartilage suspension and whether the implant would be suitable for rhinoplasty. METHODS Three types of in vivo animal experiments were performed. First, the ear cartilage was incised in a full-thickness pattern, and the PLGA system was placed between the upper and lower cartilage to offer support to the tissue. Second, after the ear cartilage was forcibly bent, an implant was placed in the cartilage. For these rabbits, the outer aspect of the ear cartilage was assessed at 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 weeks postoperatively. In addition, tissue samples were collected for histological evaluation 12 weeks after surgery. Third, the bar-like nasal implant was used for nasal septal suspension. We obtained micro-computed tomography (CT) images and evaluated the inflammatory reaction at 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS The results of both the ear suspension and bending retention tests revealed that the characteristic shapes of the cartilage were well preserved at 12 weeks postoperatively. Moreover, no abnormal inflammatory reaction was present in any site in the experimental group. We successfully implanted the bar-like nasal implant in the rabbit's septum, and no complications occurred. Furthermore, the physical examination and the micro-CT images did not reveal any nasal obstruction or inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that an implant made of PLGA can be maintained in the cartilage tissue and believe that this can be applied in rhinoplasty as an alternative to autologous cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Jeong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwi Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Kyu Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Pak
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Dandrieux JRS. Inflammatory bowel disease versus
chronic enteropathy in dogs: are they one and the same? J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:589-599. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. S. Dandrieux
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group; The University of Melbourne; Werribee 3030 Victoria Australia
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32
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Maximizing the diagnostic utility of endoscopic biopsy in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal disease. Vet J 2016; 214:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kawano K, Shimakura H, Nagata N, Masashi Y, Suto A, Suto Y, Uto S, Ueno H, Hasegawa T, Ushigusa T, Nagai T, Arawatari Y, Miyaji K, Ohmori K, Mizuno T. Prevalence of food-responsive enteropathy among dogs with chronic enteropathy in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1377-80. [PMID: 27150023 PMCID: PMC5053946 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been limited reports on the prevalence of adverse food reactions among dogs
suffering from chronic enteropathy (CE) in Japan. We examined the prevalence and
histological features of food-responsive enteropathy (FRE) in a total of 32 dogs with
history of CE. Fourteen of 18 cases (56.2%) diagnosed as FRE had lymphocytic-plasmacytic
enteritis or eosinophilic enteritis by histopathological examination. Characteristic
histopathological changes indicating FRE were not identified in 18 cases, though 4 cases
did not show any abnormalities. Results collected from this study provided important
information that can help to change the way dogs with CE are treated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawano
- Primo Animal Hospital Nerima Animal Allergy Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Heilmann RM, Volkmann M, Otoni CC, Grützner N, Kohn B, Jergens AE, Steiner JM. Fecal S100A12 concentration predicts a lack of response to treatment in dogs affected with chronic enteropathy. Vet J 2016; 215:96-100. [PMID: 27017054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
S100A12 is a potential biomarker of gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs and fecal S100A12 concentrations are correlated with disease severity and outcome. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there was any association between pre-treatment fecal S100A12 concentrations in dogs affected with chronic enteropathy (CE) and the response to treatment. Dogs affected with CE were recruited into the study and were classified as antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD; n = 9), food-responsive diarrhea (FRD; n = 30) or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; n = 25). They were also grouped based on their response to treatment as complete remission (n = 35), partial response (n = 25) or no response (n = 4). Fecal S100A12 concentrations, measured by ELISA, were elevated in dogs affected with IBD compared with those from dogs affected with FRD (P = 0.010) or ARD (P = 0.025). Dogs with IBD that did not respond to treatment (n = 4) had significantly greater fecal S100A12 concentrations than dogs in complete remission (P = 0.009). Measurement of fecal S100A12 at the time of diagnosis discriminated between dogs with IBD that were refractory to therapy (≥2700 ng/g fecal S100A12) from those with at least a partial response (<2700 ng/g fecal S100A12), with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 76%. These preliminary results suggest that testing of fecal S100A12 may be useful for predicting the lack of response to treatment in dogs affected with CE. The utility of serial fecal S100A12 measurements for monitoring dogs undergoing treatment for CE warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Maria Volkmann
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, DE-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristiane C Otoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Niels Grützner
- Farm Animal Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, DE-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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36
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Association between lymphocyte antigen receptor gene rearrangements and histopathological evaluation in canine chronic enteropathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 165:138-44. [PMID: 25912485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although definitive diagnosis of chronic enteropathy (CE) and gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma requires histopathological evaluation of the GI tract, these conditions are often still difficult to differentiate from each other. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor gene rearrangements (PARR) has been applied recently as an adjunctive for diagnosis of lymphoid tumors; however, its clinical value in canine CE and GI lymphoma remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between PARR and histopathological diagnosis, degree of enteritis or lymphoma, and long-term prognosis in dogs, in order to evaluate the clinical significance of PARR. Endoscopic biopsy specimens obtained from 96 dogs with chronic enteritis (mild, n=14; moderate, n=20; marked, n=62) and 21 dogs with GI lymphoma were used. Clonality was observed in 51% of the animals with chronic enteritis; interestingly, it was found in 29% of those with only mild enteritis. In dogs with marked enteritis, the rate of PARR was higher in those with lymphocyte epitheliotropism than in those without epitheliotropism. The sensitivity of PARR in animals with GI lymphoma was 76%. There was no significant prognostic difference between chronic enteritis with or without clonal rearrangements. In contrast, dogs histopathologically diagnosed with marked enteritis had a significantly shorter survival time than did those with mild or moderate enteritis. While the significance of PARR in the diagnosis of GI lymphoma remains uncertain, the pathological roles of clonally expanding lymphocytes in canine CE should be investigated further.
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Schmitz S, Glanemann B, Garden OA, Brooks H, Chang YM, Werling D, Allenspach K. A prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study on the effect of Enterococcus faecium on clinical activity and intestinal gene expression in canine food-responsive chronic enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:533-43. [PMID: 25776251 PMCID: PMC4895498 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine chronic enteropathies (CE) are believed to be caused by an aberrant immune response towards the intestinal microbiome. Administration of probiotics can alleviate colitis in people. In vitro effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 E1707 (EF) previously have been evaluated using canine cells (e.g., whole blood, intestinal biopsies), but data on in vivo efficacy are lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives Administration of EF to dogs with food‐responsive CE will improve clinical outcome and decrease the intestinal inflammatory profile. Animals Dogs diagnosed with CE were prospectively recruited to receive a hydrolyzed elimination diet plus either a synbiotic product containing EF or placebo for 6 weeks. Both veterinary staff and owners were blinded to the treatment. Methods Clinical severity index (CCECAI), clinicopathological data and gene expression using intestinal biopsies (TLR2/4/5/9, IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐23p19, RORC, IL‐2, IL‐12p35, TNFα, IL‐4, IFNy, IL‐10, TGFβ, IL‐1β, IL‐18, NLRP3, casp‐1, TFF1, TFF3 and PPARy) before and after 6 weeks of treatment were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Results Of the 45 cases recruited, 12 finished the clinical trial. Seven received the synbiotic and 5 the placebo product. There was no difference between groups or treatments regarding clinical efficacy, histology scores or expression of any of the investigated genes. Conclusions and clinical importance Standard dietary treatment induced rapid clinical response in all cases. Because the study was underpowered, it was not possible to determine whether or not EF had an additional effect within the time period of 6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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Anfinsen KP, Berghoff N, Priestnall SL, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Allenspach K. Urinary and faecal N-methylhistamine concentrations do not serve as markers for mast cell activation or clinical disease activity in dogs with chronic enteropathies. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:90. [PMID: 25528646 PMCID: PMC4288550 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study sought to correlate faecal and urinary N-methylhistamine (NMH) concentrations with resting versus degranulated duodenal mast cell numbers in dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE), and investigate correlations between intestinal mast cell activation and clinical severity of disease as assessed by canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI), and between urinary and faecal NMH concentrations, mast cell numbers, and histopathological scores. Twenty-eight dogs with CE were included. Duodenal biopsies were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), toluidine blue, and by immunohistochemical labelling for tryptase. Duodenal biopsies were assigned a histopathological severity score, and duodenal mast cell numbers were counted in five high-power fields after metachromatic and immunohistochemical staining. Faecal and urinary NMH concentrations were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results There was no correlation between the CCECAI and faecal or urinary NMH concentrations, mast cell numbers, or histopathological score – or between faecal or urinary NMH concentration and mast cell numbers. Post hoc analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in toluidine blue positive mast cells between two treatment groups (exclusion diet with/without metronidazole versus immunosuppression (IS)), with higher numbers among dogs not requiring IS. Conclusion Faecal and urinary NMH concentrations and duodenal mast cell numbers were not useful indicators of severity of disease as assessed by the CCECAI or histological evaluation. The number of duodenal mast cells was higher in dogs that did not need IS, i.e. in dogs responding to an exclusion diet (with/without metronidazole), than in dogs requiring IS. Further studies comparing the role of mast cells in dogs with different forms of CE are needed.
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Marsilio S, Kleinschmidt S, Nolte I, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of intestinal full-thickness biopsy samples from cats with lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory bowel disease. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:416-23. [PMID: 24612766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and numbers of CD3(+) T lymphocytes, immunoglobulin(+) plasma cells and calprotectin (L1)(+) macrophages was analyzed in full-thickness, formalin-fixed biopsy samples from the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and from the colon from nine cats with clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). All animals had lymphoplasmacytic enteritis or lymphoplasmacytic enterocolitis. Equivalent samples from the same intestinal regions from 12 healthy pet cats served as controls. Labelled cells in the lamina propria were counted by computer-aided morphometry. The different cell types were similarly distributed in both groups, but there were differences in their numbers. There were more CD3(+) T cells in the duodenum and jejunum of cats with IBD; however, the difference was only significant for the duodenum. There were significantly more IgA(+) cells in the duodenal crypt region. There were significantly more IgG(+) cells in the lower jejunal crypt region. Plasma cells expressing IgM were decreased in cats with IBD, but the difference was not significant. L1(+) macrophages were significantly decreased in the lower crypt area of the colon in cats with IBD and there was a trend to decreased L1(+) cells in the upper crypt area of the duodenum and jejunum. Comparison of the results of this study with previous findings on endoscopically-obtained duodenal biopsy samples from cats with IBD revealed some differences. These discrepancies might relate to differences between control cat populations, types of biopsy samples, methodological factors such as different counting techniques and the activity of the disease at the time of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marsilio
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Kleinschmidt
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - I Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Hewicker-Trautwein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Jergens AE, Evans RB, Ackermann M, Hostetter J, Willard M, Mansell J, Bilzer T, Wilcock B, Washabau R, Hall EJ, Minami T, Wang C, Day MJ. Design of a simplified histopathologic model for gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:946-50. [PMID: 24280943 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813511123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant interobserver variability in the diagnostic interpretation of endoscopic gastrointestinal (GI) specimens exists even with the use of World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) standardization criteria. Chi-square analyses compared the extent of pathologists' agreement for microarchitectural features of inflammation in endoscopic specimens obtained from 253 animals of the original WSAVA study. Patterns of agreement between pathologists were classified as broad (3/4 pathologists agreed), dichotomous (2/4 pathologists agreed), or divergent (no agreement between pathologists). The simplified model for GI inflammation was based on those parameters for which the pathologists had either broad or minimally divergent opinions of histopathologic significance. In this model, the parameters chosen were as follows: gastric parameters (intraepithelial lymphocytes [IELs], lamina propria [LP] infiltrates, and mucosal fibrosis), duodenal parameters (villus atrophy, epithelial injury, IELs, crypt changes, and LP infiltrates), and colonic parameters (epithelial injury, crypt dilation, fibrosis, LP infiltrates, and goblet cell depletion). Preliminary data using this simplified model showed excellent correlation between pathologists in defining the presence and extent of GI inflammation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Jergens
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - R B Evans
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M Ackermann
- Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Hostetter
- Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M Willard
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J Mansell
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T Bilzer
- Institut fur Neuropathologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - B Wilcock
- Histovet Surgical Pathology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Washabau
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - E J Hall
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - T Minami
- HistoVet Inc., Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - C Wang
- Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Abstract
Laboratory tests are an important part of the workup of small intestinal diseases in dogs and cats. Especially in chronic cases, when extragastrointestinal causes need to be ruled out, it is important to adhere to a systematic workup. This article details the newest available data on tests to aid this diagnostic process. Once the diagnosis of a chronic enteropathy is made, there are many laboratory tests that can help in monitoring the disease and providing prognostic information. Several new tests being evaluated for clinical usefulness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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Okanishi H, Kabeya H, Maruyama S, Kagawa Y, Watari T. Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and cell adhesion molecule mRNA expression in duodenal mucosa of dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Walker D, Knuchel-Takano A, McCutchan A, Chang YM, Downes C, Miller S, Stevens K, Verheyen K, Phillips A, Miah S, Turmaine M, Hibbert A, Steiner J, Suchodolski J, Mohan K, Eastwood J, Allenspach K, Smith K, Garden O. A Comprehensive Pathological Survey of Duodenal Biopsies from Dogs with Diet-Responsive Chronic Enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:862-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Walker
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - A. Knuchel-Takano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - A. McCutchan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - Y-M. Chang
- Research Office; The Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - C. Downes
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - S. Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - K. Stevens
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - K. Verheyen
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - A.D. Phillips
- Institute of Child Health; University College London; Royal Free Hospital; London UK
| | - S. Miah
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science; University College London; Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital; Stanmore UK
| | - M. Turmaine
- Division of Biosciences; Medical Sciences Building; University College London; London UK
| | - A. Hibbert
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Royal College Street; London UK
| | - J.M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
| | - J.S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
| | - K. Mohan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - J. Eastwood
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - K. Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - K. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; The Royal Veterinary Col-lege; Hatfield UK
| | - O.A. Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
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Procoli F, Mõtsküla P, Keyte S, Priestnall S, Allenspach K. Comparison of Histopathologic Findings in Duodenal and Ileal Endoscopic Biopsies in Dogs with Chronic Small Intestinal Enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:268-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Procoli
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms UK
| | - P.F. Mõtsküla
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms UK
| | - S.V. Keyte
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms UK
| | - S. Priestnall
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms UK
| | - K. Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms UK
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Wilke VL, Nettleton D, Wymore MJ, Gallup JM, Demirkale CY, Ackermann MR, Tuggle CK, Ramer-Tait AE, Wannemuehler MJ, Jergens AE. Gene expression in intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens obtained from dogs with chronic enteropathy. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1219-29. [PMID: 22849683 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize mucosal gene expression in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE). ANIMALS 18 dogs with CE and 6 healthy control dogs. PROCEDURES Small intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens were endoscopically obtained from dogs. Disease severity in dogs with CE was determined via inflammatory bowel index scores and histologic grading of biopsy specimens. Total RNA was extracted from biopsy specimens and microchip array analysis (approx 43,000 probe sets) and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays were performed. RESULTS 1,875 genes were differentially expressed between dogs with CE and healthy control dogs; 1,582 (85%) genes were downregulated in dogs with CE, including neurotensin, fatty acid-binding protein 6, fatty acid synthase, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1, metallothionein, and claudin 8, whereas few genes were upregulated in dogs with CE, including genes encoding products involved in extracellular matrix degradation (matrix metallopeptidases 1, 3, and 13), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-8, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and S100 calcium-binding protein G), iron transport (solute carrier family 40 member 1), and immunity (CD96 and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule [CEACAM] 18). Dogs with CE and protein-losing enteropathy had the greatest number of differentially expressed genes. Results of quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay for select genes were similar to those for microchip array analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Expression of genes encoding products regulating mucosal inflammation was altered in dogs with CE and varied with disease severity. Impact for Human Medicine-Molecular pathogenesis of CE in dogs may be similar to that in humans with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Wilke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Maeda S, Ohno K, Nakamura K, Uchida K, Nakashima K, Fukushima K, Tsukamoto A, Goto-Koshino Y, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. Quantification of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene expression in duodenal mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:290-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Simpson KW, Jergens AE. Pitfalls and progress in the diagnosis and management of canine inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:381-98. [PMID: 21486642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the collective term for a group of chronic enteropathies characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs and inflammation of the GI tract. The specific steps that lead to IBD and the basis for phenotypic variation and unpredictable responses to treatment are not known. This article examines IBD in dogs, focusing on the interaction between genetic susceptibility and the enteric microenvironment (bacteria, diet), the utility of recently developed histologic criteria, the prognostic indicators, and the standardized approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Simpson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, VMC2001, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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García-Sancho M, Sainz A, Villaescusa A, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Franco F. White spots on the mucosal surface of the duodenum in dogs with lymphocytic plasmacytic enteritis. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:165-9. [PMID: 21586876 PMCID: PMC3104171 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Distended lacteals, described as expanded white villi in duodenum, are strongly indicative of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. In the present study, we evaluated the significance of white spots present in the duodenal mucosa of dogs with lymphocytic plasmacytic enteritis (LPE). Fifty dogs with LPE were included in this study, and white spots were detected in the duodenal mucosa in 22 dogs during endoscopy. Hypoproteinemia was more frequent in dogs with white spots than in dogs without spots (p = 0.02). Serum protein and albumin concentration were significantly lower in LPE dogs with white spots (p = 0.038) compared to LPE dogs without white spots (p = 0.039). There was a significant correlation between white spots density and lymphatic dilatation histological scores (p = 0.023; ρ = 0.481). These results suggest that the presence of white spots in the duodenal mucosa of dogs is not a finding exclusive for intestinal lymphangiectasia. Low serum protein and albumin concentrations together with lymphatic dilatation seem to be related to the presence of white spots in the duodenal mucosa of LPE dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Kathrani A, Schmitz S, Priestnall SL, Smith KC, Werling D, Garden OA, Allenspach K. CD11c+ cells are significantly decreased in the duodenum, ileum and colon of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:359-66. [PMID: 21592490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD11c serves as a marker for human and murine dendritic cells (DCs) and cells expressing this marker have been shown to have similar morphological and functional characteristics in the canine immune system. The aim of this study was to quantify CD11c(+) cells in the duodenum, ileum and colon of healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Endoscopic biopsies from the duodenum (n=12 cases), ileum (n=8 cases) and colon (n=12 cases) were obtained from dogs diagnosed with IBD. Intestinal tissue from 10 healthy beagle dogs was used as control. Immunofluorescence microscopy was carried out using an anti-canine CD11c monoclonal antibody. Labelled cells were recorded as cells per 120,000 μm(2). The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) was calculated for all dogs with IBD. In addition, sections from all dogs with IBD were evaluated according to the guidelines of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group. The number of CD11c(+) cells in the duodenum, ileum and colon of dogs with IBD was significantly reduced compared with controls (P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between the number of CD11c(+) cells in the colon of dogs with IBD and the CCECAI (P=0.044, r(2)=-0.558). Chronic inflammation in canine IBD appears to involve an imbalance in the intestinal DC population. Future studies will determine whether reduced expression of CD11c could be a useful marker for the diagnosis and monitoring of canine IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kathrani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Willard M, Mansell J. Correlating Clinical Activity and Histopathologic Assessment of Gastrointestinal Lesion Severity: Current Challenges. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:457-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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