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Roy PK, Roy A, Jeon EB, DeWitt CAM, Park JW, Park SY. Comprehensive analysis of predominant pathogenic bacteria and viruses in seafood products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13410. [PMID: 39030812 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Given the growing global demand for seafood, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive study on the prevalence and persistence patterns of pathogenic bacteria and viruses associated with specific seafood varieties. This assessment thoroughly examines the safety of seafood products, considering the diverse processing methods employed in the industry. The importance of understanding the behavior of foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes, human norovirus, and hepatitis A virus, is emphasized by recent cases of gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to contaminated seafood. This analysis examines outbreaks linked to seafood in the United States and globally, with a particular emphasis on the health concerns posed by pathogenic bacteria and viruses to consumers. Ensuring the safety of seafood is crucial since it directly relates to consumer preferences on sustainability, food safety, provenance, and availability. The review focuses on assessing the frequency, growth, and durability of infections that arise during the processing of seafood. It utilizes next-generation sequencing to identify the bacteria responsible for these illnesses. Additionally, it analyzes methods for preventing and intervening of infections while also considering the forthcoming challenges in ensuring the microbiological safety of seafood products. This evaluation emphasizes the significance of the seafood processing industry in promptly responding to evolving consumer preferences by offering current information on seafood hazards and future consumption patterns. To ensure the continuous safety and sustainable future of seafood products, it is crucial to identify and address possible threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantu Kumar Roy
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Anamika Roy
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Jeon
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae W Park
- OSU Seafood Lab, Oregon State University, Astoria, Oregon, USA
| | - Shin Young Park
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
- OSU Seafood Lab, Oregon State University, Astoria, Oregon, USA
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2
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Rivadulla M, Lois M, Elena AX, Balboa S, Suarez S, Berendonk TU, Romalde JL, Garrido JM, Omil F. Occurrence and fate of CECs (OMPs, ARGs and pathogens) during decentralised treatment of black water and grey water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169863. [PMID: 38190906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Decentralised wastewater treatment is becoming a suitable strategy to reduce cost and environmental impact. In this research, the performance of two technologies treating black water (BW) and grey water (GW) fractions of urban sewage is carried out in a decentralised treatment of the wastewater produced in three office buildings. An Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) treating BW and a Hybrid preanoxic Membrane Bioreactor (H-MBR) containing small plastic carrier elements, treating GW were operated at pilot scale. Their potential on reducing the release of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as Organic Micropollutants (OMPs), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and pathogens was studied. After 226 d of operation, a stable operation was achieved in both systems: the AnMBR removed 92.4 ± 2.5 % of influent COD, and H-MBR removed 89.7 ± 3.5 %. Regarding OMPs, the profile of compounds differed between BW and GW, being BW the matrix with more compounds detected at higher concentrations (up to μg L-1). For example, in the case of ibuprofen the concentrations in BW were 23.63 ± 3.97 μg L-1, 3 orders of magnitude higher than those detected in GW. The most abundant ARGs were sulfonamide resistant genes (sul1) and integron class 1 (intl1) in both BW and GW. Pathogenic bacteria counts were reduced between 1 and 3 log units in the AnMBR. Bacterial loads in GW were much lower than in BW, being no bacterial re-growth observed for the GW effluents after treatment in the H-MBR. None of the selected enteric viruses was detected in GW treatment line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rivadulla
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - M Lois
- CRETUS, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A X Elena
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Balboa
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - S Suarez
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - T U Berendonk
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - J L Romalde
- CRETUS, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J M Garrido
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - F Omil
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Cantelli CP, Tavares GCL, Sarmento SK, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, da Silva EDSRF, Horta MAP, Miagostovich MP, Yang Z, Leite JPG. Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:317. [PMID: 38543684 PMCID: PMC10974528 DOI: 10.3390/v16030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P[8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zhihui Yang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Kim SH, Roy PK, Jeon EB, Kim JS, Heu MS, Lee JS, Park SY. Inactivation of Human Norovirus GII.4's Infectivity in Fresh Oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) through Thermal Treatment in Association with Propidium Monoazide. Viruses 2024; 16:110. [PMID: 38257810 PMCID: PMC10821128 DOI: 10.3390/v16010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of heat treatment (85 °C or 100 °C for 5-20 min) on human norovirus (HuNoV) GII.4's capsid stability in fresh oysters. In addition, propidium monoazide (PMA) was used in viral samples to distinguish infectious viruses and evaluated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Further, we explored the effect of the heat treatment on oyster quality (Hunter color and hardness). The titer of HuNoV for oysters significantly (p < 0.05) decreased to 0.39-1.32 and 0.93-2.27 log10 copy number/μL in the non-PMA and PMA-treated groups, respectively, after heat treatment. HuNoV in oysters not treated with PMA showed a decrease of <1.5 - log10, whereas in PMA-treated oysters, a decrease of >1 - log10 was observed after treatment at 85 °C for 10 min. Treatments for both 15 min and 20 min at 100 °C showed a >99% log10 reduction using PMA/RT-qPCR. In the Hunter color, an increase in heat temperature and duration was associated with a significant decrease in 'L' (brightness+, darkness-) and an increase in 'a' (redness+, greenness-) and 'b' (yellowness+, blueness-) (p < 0.05). Our findings confirmed that the hardness of oyster meat significantly increased with increasing temperature and time (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that PMA/RT-qPCR was effective in distinguishing HuNoV viability in heat-treated oysters. The optimal heat treatment for oysters was 10 min at 85 °C and 5 min at 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Kim
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (P.K.R.); (E.B.J.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Pantu Kumar Roy
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (P.K.R.); (E.B.J.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Eun Bi Jeon
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (P.K.R.); (E.B.J.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (P.K.R.); (E.B.J.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Min Soo Heu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Suck Lee
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (P.K.R.); (E.B.J.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Shin Young Park
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (P.K.R.); (E.B.J.); (J.-S.K.)
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Fallucca A, Restivo V, Sgariglia MC, Roveta M, Trucchi C. Hepatitis a Vaccine as Opportunity of Primary Prevention for Food Handlers: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1271. [PMID: 37515087 PMCID: PMC10383099 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still a leading cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. After a long incubation period, the clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to acute liver failure. The severity of the disease increases with age and pre-existing liver disease. The transmission is mainly via person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Food contamination can occur at any step of the food chain, especially when infected people handle not-heated or otherwise-treated food. HAV is endemic in low-income countries because of poor sanitary and sociodemographic conditions. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible, and large outbreaks occur when HAV is introduced from endemic countries due to globalization, travel, and movement of foodstuffs. HAV prevention includes hygiene practices, immunoglobulins, and vaccination. Safe and effective inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available and provide long-term protection. The vaccine targets are children and subjects at increased risk of HAV exposure or serious clinical outcomes. This review discusses the critical role of food handlers in the spread of HAV and the opportunity for food industry employers to consider food handler immunization a tool to manage both food safety in compliance with HACCP principles and food operators' biologic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fallucca
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Roveta
- Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 3, 16142 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Trucchi
- Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 3, 16142 Genoa, Italy
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Zhao Z, Hossain MI, Jung S, Wang Z, Yeo D, Song M, Min A, Park S, Choi C. Survival of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus in bottled drinking water, strawberries, and oysters. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish along the Production and Distribution Chain in Sicily, Italy. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061384. [PMID: 34203938 PMCID: PMC8232761 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve mollusks with human pathogenic viruses represents a recognized food safety risk. Thus, monitoring programs for shellfish quality along the entire food chain could help to finally preserve the health of consumers. The aim of the present study was to provide up-to-date data on the prevalence of enteric virus contamination along the shellfish production and distribution chain in Sicily. To this end, 162 batches of mollusks were collected between 2017 and 2019 from harvesting areas, depuration and dispatch centers (n = 63), restaurants (n = 6) and retail stores (n = 93) distributed all over the island. Samples were processed according to ISO 15216 standard method, and the presence of genogroup GI and GII norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV, HEV), rotavirus and adenovirus was investigated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time-RT PCR), nested (RT)-PCR and molecular genotyping. Our findings show that 5.56% of samples were contaminated with at least one NoV, HAV and/or HEV. Contaminated shellfish were sampled at production sites and retail stores and their origin was traced back to Spain and several municipalities in Italy. In conclusion, our study highlights the need to implement routine monitoring programs along the whole food chain as an effective measure to prevent foodborne transmission of enteric viruses.
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Fuentes C, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Sabrià A, Beguiristain N, Pintó RM, Guix S, Bosch A. Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus and Human Norovirus in Clams Subjected to Heat Treatment. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:578328. [PMID: 33510715 PMCID: PMC7835484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve mollusk contamination by enteric viruses, especially human noroviruses (HuNoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), is a problem with health and economic implications. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the effect of heat treatment in clams (Tawera gayi) experimentally contaminated with HuNoV using a PMA-viability RTqPCR assay to minimize measurement of non-infectious viruses, and used HAV as a model to estimate infectivity loss. Spiked clams were immersed in water at 90°C to ensure that internal meat temperature was maintained above 90°C for at least 5 min. The treatment resulted in >3.89 ± 0.24 log10 TCID50/g reduction of infectious HAV, confirming inactivation. For HuNoV, RTqPCR assays showed log10 reductions of 2.96 ± 0.79 and 2.56 ± 0.56, for GI and GII, respectively, and the use of PMA resulted in an additional log10 reduction for GII, providing a better correlation with risk reduction. In the absence of a cell culture system which could be used to determine HuNoV infectivity reduction, a performance criteria based on PMA-RTqPCR log reduction could be used to evaluate food product safety. According to data from this study, heat treatments of clams which cause reductions >3.5 log10 for GII as measured by PMA-RTqPCR assay may be regarded as an acceptable inactivation treatment, and could be set as a performance criterion to test the effectiveness of other time-temperature inactivation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fuentes
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Sabrià
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Beguiristain
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA⋅UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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López Cabo M, Romalde JL, Simal-Gandara J, Gago Martínez A, Giráldez Fernández J, Bernárdez Costas M, Pascual del Hierro S, Pousa Ortega Á, Manaia CM, Abreu Silva J, Rodríguez Herrera J. Identification of Emerging Hazards in Mussels by the Galician Emerging Food Safety Risks Network (RISEGAL). A First Approach. Foods 2020; 9:E1641. [PMID: 33182842 PMCID: PMC7697966 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging risk identification is a priority for the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The goal of the Galician Emerging Food Safety Risks Network (RISEGAL) is the identification of emerging risks in foods produced and commercialized in Galicia (northwest Spain) in order to propose prevention plans and mitigation strategies. In this work, RISEGAL applied a systematic approach for the identification of emerging food safety risks potentially affecting bivalve shellfish. First, a comprehensive review of scientific databases was carried out to identify hazards most quoted as emerging in bivalves in the period 2016-2018. Then, identified hazards were semiquantitatively assessed by a panel of food safety experts, who scored them accordingly with the five evaluation criteria proposed by EFSA: novelty, soundness, imminence, scale, and severity. Scores determined that perfluorinated compounds, antimicrobial resistance, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, hepatitis E virus (HEV), and antimicrobial residues are the emerging hazards that are considered most imminent and severe and that could cause safety problems of the highest scale in the bivalve value chain by the majority of the experts consulted (75%). Finally, in a preliminary way, an exploratory study carried out in the Galician Rías highlighted the presence of HEV in mussels cultivated in class B production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López Cabo
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Jesús L. Romalde
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Faculty of Biology & Institute CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Ana Gago Martínez
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.G.M.); (J.G.F.)
| | - Jorge Giráldez Fernández
- Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.G.M.); (J.G.F.)
| | - Marta Bernárdez Costas
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Santiago Pascual del Hierro
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Ánxela Pousa Ortega
- Direccion Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, 15781 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Joana Abreu Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Juan Rodríguez Herrera
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.C.); (S.P.d.H.); (J.R.H.)
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10
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Randazzo W, Sánchez G. Hepatitis A infections from food. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1120-1132. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies IATA‐CSIC Valencia Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - G. Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies IATA‐CSIC Valencia Spain
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11
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Amoroso MG, Langellotti AL, Russo V, Martello A, Monini M, Di Bartolo I, Ianiro G, Di Concilio D, Galiero G, Fusco G. Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:48-57. [PMID: 31691900 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks as filter-feeders concentrate in their digestive tissue microorganisms likely present in the harvesting water, thus becoming risky food especially if consumed raw or poorly cooked. To eliminate bacteria and viruses eventually accumulated, they must undergo a depuration process which efficacy on viruses is on debate. To better clarify the worth of the depuration process on virus elimination from mussels, in this study we investigated rotavirus kinetics of accumulation and depuration in Mytilus galloprovincialis experimentally contaminated. Depuration process was monitored for 9 days and virus residual presence and infectivity were evaluated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell culture and electron microscopy at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 of depuration. Variables like presence of ozone and of microalgae feeding were also analyzed as possible depuration enhancers. Results showed a two-phase virus removal kinetic with a high decrease in the first 24 h of depuration and 5 days necessary to completely remove rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Antonio Luca Langellotti
- Aquaculture Division, CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Salute, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 2, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Martello
- Aquaculture Division, CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Salute, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Di Concilio
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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12
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Suffredini E, Le Q, Di Pasquale S, Pham T, Vicenza T, Losardo M, To K, De Medici D. Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in bivalve shellfish marketed in Vietnam. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Santos-Ferreira N, Mesquita JR, Rivadulla E, Inácio ÂS, Martins da Costa P, Romalde JL, Nascimento MSJ. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in echinoderms: First report of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) contamination. Food Microbiol 2020; 89:103415. [PMID: 32138985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) deriving from manure application runoffs and faecal waste spill over of swine and human origin bypass wastewater treatment plants and contaminate coastal waters. Shellfish bioaccumulate enteric viruses such as HEV from fecally contaminated coastal waters and under current European Regulations, shellfish sanitary status surveillance is mandatory but only by means of bacterial faecal indicators. The sea urchins are under the same regulations and their vulnerability to fecal contamination has been pointed out. Since they are consumed raw and with no steps to control/reduce hazards, sea urchin contamination with enteric viruses can represent a food safety risk. Hence, the aim of the present study was to screen sea urchin gonads destined for human consumption for the presence of HEV. HEV was detected and quantified in gonads of sea urchins collected in north Portugal by a reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay targeting the ORF3 region, followed by genotyping by a nested RT-PCR targeting the ORF2 region. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis clustered the HEV sequence within genotype 3, subgenotype e. This the first study reporting HEV contamination of sea urchins. We hypothesize that like shellfish, sea urchins can also be a food vehicle for HEV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nânci Santos-Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - João Rodrigo Mesquita
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Portugal.
| | - Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ângela S Inácio
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jesus L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Maria São José Nascimento
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Epidemiology of Aichi virus in fecal samples from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Northwestern Spain. J Clin Virol 2019; 118:14-19. [PMID: 31382225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Aichi virus (AiV) has been involved in acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. However, the common pathogenesis of AiV releases more in subclinical infections underestimating the impact of AiV in human health. OBJECTIVES The present study describes the presence and genetic diversity of AiV in patients with gastroenteritis in Northwestern Spain. STUDY DESIGN A total of 2667 stool samples, obtained between July 2010 and June 2011, from diarrheic outpatients were studied for detection and molecular characterization of AiV using PCR techniques followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS The virus was detected in 124 (5.0%) of the samples among all age groups. Coinfections were also detected, from the 124 positive samples, 72 (58.1%) were positive only for AiV, whereas mixed contaminations with Norovirus genogroup I or genogroup II, Sapovirus, or other enteric pathogens were detected in 52 (41.9%) samples. A total of 70 positive samples could be genotyped, being characterized as genotype A (58.6%) or B (41.4%). AiV was detected from August to April, being the highest number of AiV positive samples detected during autumn and winter seasons. CONCLUSIONS This survey remarks the importance of emerging enteric viruses in patients who require medical assistance, and offers more information about the real importance of AiV as gastroenteritis agent.
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15
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Horvatits T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Lütgehetmann M, Lohse AW, Pischke S. The Clinical Perspective on Hepatitis E. Viruses 2019; 11:E617. [PMID: 31284447 PMCID: PMC6669652 DOI: 10.3390/v11070617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, there are an estimated 20 million hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections worldwide, leading to an estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases of hepatitis E. HEV is largely circulating in the west and is associated with several hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. HEV Genotype 1 and 2 infections are waterborne and causative for epidemics in the tropics, while genotype 3 and 4 infections are zoonotic diseases and are mainly transmitted by ingestion of undercooked pork in industrialized nations. The clinical course of these infections differs: genotype 1 and 2 infection can cause acute illness and can lead to acute liver failure (ALF) or acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) with a high mortality rate of 20% in pregnant women. In contrast, the majority of HEV GT-3 and -4 infections have a clinically asymptomatic course and only rarely lead to acute on chronic liver failure in elderly or patients with underlying liver disease. Immunosuppressed individuals infected with genotype 3 or 4 may develop chronic hepatitis E, which then can lead to life-threatening cirrhosis. Furthermore, several extra-hepatic manifestations affecting various organs have been associated with ongoing or previous HEV infections but the causal link for many of them still needs to be proven. There is no approved specific therapy for the treatment of acute or chronic HEV GT-3 or -4 infections but off-label use of ribavirin has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the majority of patients. However, in approximately 15% of chronically HEV infected patients, cure is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horvatits
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner sites, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner sites, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner sites, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner sites, 22527 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Pischke
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22527 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner sites, 22527 Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, Valdazo-González B, Della Libera S, Divizia M, La Rosa G. Molecular characterization of human Sapovirus in untreated sewage in Italy by amplicon-based Sanger and next-generation sequencing. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:324-331. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - G. Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - M. Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - E. Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - B. Valdazo-González
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency; Hertfordshire UK
| | - S. Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - M. Divizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - G. La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
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17
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Yeargin T, Gibson KE. Key characteristics of foods with an elevated risk for viral enteropathogen contamination. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:996-1010. [PMID: 30244501 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral enteropathogens are one of the leading causative agents of foodborne illnesses in both the United States and the European Union. While human noroviruses and hepatitis A virus cause the vast majority of outbreaks and illnesses, there are handful of human enteric viruses that contribute to sporadic outbreaks worldwide including astrovirus, sapovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus and Aichi virus. In addition, hepatitis E virus is increasingly being recognized as an emerging zoonotic threat within the food supply. This review aims to briefly describe the primary human enteric viruses of concern with respect to foodborne transmission. Next, we focus on the contamination and persistence of these viruses within three high-risk food commodities-leafy greens, soft red fruits and bivalve mollusks. As opposed to detailing the specific routes by which these foods can be contaminated with enteric viruses, we have chosen to focus on their persistence and specific interactions within the food itself. Therefore, the processes of attachment and internalization of the viruses in foods have been emphasized. Looking forward, the implications of these specific interactions of human enteric viruses with leafy greens, soft red fruits and bivalve mollusks are briefly considered within the context of future prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yeargin
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - K E Gibson
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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18
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Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Bivalve Shellfish in Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02754-17. [PMID: 29352084 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02754-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been shown to be a common cause of respiratory infections and gastroenteritis in children. Recently, HBoVs have been detected in sewage and river waters in Italy and worldwide. However, studies on their presence in other water environments and in bivalve mollusks are not yet available. In this study, 316 bivalve shellfish samples collected in three Italian regions over a 6-year period (2012 to 2017) were analyzed by nested PCR and sequencing using broad-range primer pairs targeting the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of HBoV. The virus was detected in 27 samples (8.5% of the total samples), and a statistically significant difference was found within the three regions. A further 13 samples, collected in geographic and temporal proximity to positive samples, were included in the study to assess the spread of HBoV in shellfish production areas at the time of contamination. Twelve of these additional samples were found to be positive for HBoV. All positive samples in this study were characterized as HBoV species 2 (17 samples; 8 different sequences) or species 3 (22 samples; 4 different sequences). This study reports the occurrence of HBoV in bivalve shellfish and shows evidence of considerable spatial spread of the virus throughout shellfish production areas. Further studies are needed to elucidate both the role of HBoV as an agent of gastroenteritis and the risk for foodborne transmission of this virus.IMPORTANCE Human bocavirus is recognized as an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections and has recently been considered an etiological agent of gastroenteritis in the pediatric population. Our findings document that HBoVs are detected in bivalve shellfish with a relevant prevalence and suggest that an assessment of the risk for foodborne transmission of these viruses should be undertaken.
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