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Obe T, Kiess AS, Nannapaneni R. Antimicrobial Tolerance in Salmonella: Contributions to Survival and Persistence in Processing Environments. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38396546 PMCID: PMC10886206 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains a top bacterial pathogen implicated in several food-borne outbreaks, despite the use of antimicrobials and sanitizers during production and processing. While these chemicals have been effective, Salmonella has shown the ability to survive and persist in poultry processing environments. This can be credited to its microbial ability to adapt and develop/acquire tolerance and/or resistance to different antimicrobial agents including oxidizers, acids (organic and inorganic), phenols, and surfactants. Moreover, there are several factors in processing environments that can limit the efficacy of these antimicrobials, thus allowing survival and persistence. This mini-review examines the antimicrobial activity of common disinfectants/sanitizers used in poultry processing environments and the ability of Salmonella to respond with innate or acquired tolerance and survive exposure to persists in such environments. Instead of relying on a single antimicrobial agent, the right combination of different disinfectants needs to be developed to target multiple pathways within Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA;
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2
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Olsen JE, Frees D, Kyvsgaard NC, Barco L. Lack of correlation between growth, stress, and virulence phenotypes in strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium DT104, S. 4,12, b:- and S. Liverpool. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae015. [PMID: 38366187 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Strains of Salmonella Enteritidis (SEnt, n = 10) and S. Typhimurium (STm, n = 11), representing clones with high impact on human health, and strains of S. 4,12: b:- (S412B n = 11) and S. Liverpool (SLiv, n = 4), representing clones with minor impact on human health were characterized for 16 growth, stress, and virulence phenotypes to investigate whether systematic differences exist in their performance in these phenotypes and whether there was correlation between performance in different phenotypes. The term serotype was not found to be predictive of a certain type of performance in any phenotype, and surprisingly, on average, strains of SEnt and STm were not significantly better in adhering to and invading cultured intestinal cells than the less pathogenic types. Forest analysis identified desiccation tolerance and the ability to grow at 42°C with high salt as the characters that separated serovars with low human health impact (S412B/SLiv) from serovars with high human health impact (SEnt/STm). The study showed that variation in phenotypes was high even within serovars and correlation between phenotypes was low, i.e. the way that a strain performed phenotypically in one of the tested conditions had a low predictive value for the performance of the strain in other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Dorte Frees
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Niels Christian Kyvsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- WOAH, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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3
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Obe T, Boltz T, Kogut M, Ricke SC, Brooks LA, Macklin K, Peterson A. Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103086. [PMID: 37839165 PMCID: PMC10587538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mike Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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4
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Hong Y, Wu Y, Xie Y, Ben L, Bu X, Pan X, Shao J, Dong Q, Qin X, Wang X. Effects of antibiotic-induced resistance on the growth, survival ability and virulence of Salmonella enterica. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104331. [PMID: 37567636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen that constitutes a major health hazard. The emergence and aggravation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has drawn attention widely around the world. Conducting a risk assessment of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens throughout the food chain is a pressing requirement for ensuring food safety. The growth, survival capability, and virulence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella represent crucial biological characteristics that play an important role in microbial risk assessment. In this study, eight antibiotic-sensitive S. enterica strains were induced by Ampicillin (Amp) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP), respectively, and AMP-resistant and CIP-resistant mutants were obtained. The growth characteristics under different temperatures (25, 30, 35 °C), viability after exposure to heat (55, 57.5, 60 °C) and acid (HCl, pH = 3.0), the virulence potential (adhesion and invasion to Caco-2 cells, biofilm formation and motility) and the lethality in a model species (Galleria mellonella) were evaluated and compared for S. enterica strains before and after antibiotic exposure. The induction by AMP and CIP are likely to promote cross-antibiotic resistance to their antibiotic classes, β-lactams and quinolones, as well as some compound antibiotics. It was observed that generally the antibiotic-induction-resistant strains showed decreased growth ability and lower heat resistance, although the differences were not significant at all the conditions tested. The AMP-resistant strains were significantly less acid resistance than the sensitive and the CIP-resistant ones, while exhibiting increased biofilm formation ability. In general, the antibiotic-induced resistance did not significantly affect the motility, adherence, or invasion ability of Caco-2 cells. However, CIP-resistant strains displayed lower lethality in G. mellonella infection, whereas AMP-resistant strains did not, and even two strains improved lethality. The study of the biological characteristics of antibiotic-resistant S. enterica is essential in better understanding the microbial risks to both the food chain and human health, thereby facilitating a more accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufan Wu
- Centre of Analysis and Test, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yani Xie
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Leijie Ben
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangfeng Bu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinye Pan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingdong Shao
- Technology Center of Zhangjiagang Customs, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Carvalho D, Chitolina GZ, Wilsmann DE, Lucca V, Dias de Emery B, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Salle CTP, Moraes HLDS, do Nascimento VP. Adhesion capacity of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni on polystyrene, stainless steel, and polyethylene surfaces. Food Microbiol 2023; 114:104280. [PMID: 37290865 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poultry products are recognized as the main source of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni infections in humans, while avian pathogenic Escherichia coli may have zoonotic potential and can be transmitted from chicken meat to humans. Biofilm formation contributes to their spread through the food chain. This study aimed to compare the adhesion of Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli, and C. jejuni strains isolated from poultry, food implicated in outbreaks, and poultry slaughterhouses on three surfaces widely used in poultry production (polystyrene, stainless steel, and polyethylene). S. Enteritidis and E. coli adhesion on the three surfaces tested were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the number of C. jejuni cells on stainless steel (4.51-4.67 log10 CFU/cm.-2) was significantly higher (p = 0.0004) than that on polystyrene (3.80-4.25 log10 CFU/cm.-2), but similar (p > 0.05) to that on polyethylene (4.03-4.36 log10 CFU/cm.-2). However, C. jejuni adhesion was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than S. Enteritidis and E. coli adhesion, regardless of the surface evaluated. In addition, scanning electron microscopy analyses have shown an increased irregularity of the stainless steel surface when compared to polyethylene and polystyrene. These irregularities form small spaces ideal for microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Carvalho
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Zottis Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Elisa Wilsmann
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vivian Lucca
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Brunna Dias de Emery
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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Abdo A, McWhorter A, Hasse D, Schmitt-John T, Richter K. Efficacy of Plasma-Treated Water against Salmonella Typhimurium: Antibacterial Activity, Inhibition of Invasion, and Biofilm Disruption. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1371. [PMID: 37760668 PMCID: PMC10525256 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma-treated water (PTW) has emerged as a potential sanitizing agent. This study evaluated antibacterial activity, inhibition of invasion, and biofilm disruption effects of PTW against Salmonella Typhimurium. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined for different PTW types. Time-kill assays were conducted to assess bactericidal effects, while polarized Caco-2 cells were used to evaluate invasion inhibition. Biofilm formation and cell viability were examined following PTW treatment using Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, while biofilm disruption and regrowth prevention were investigated using the Bioflux system. PTW exhibited antibacterial activity against all Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, with MICs of 25% for PTW1 and PTW2, and 50% for PTW3, PTW4, and PTW5. MBCs of 50% in media were observed for all PTW types. Undiluted PTW1 and PTW2 showed the highest bactericidal capacity, significantly reduced Salmonella viability, and completely inhibited bacterial invasion, while PTW3 and PTW5 also showed significant invasion reduction. Bioflux experiments confirmed the eradication of biofilms by PTW1 and PTW2, with no regrowth observed 72 h after PTW was removed. PTW demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, inhibition of invasion, biofilm disruption, and reduction of bacterial viability against Salmonella Typhimurium. This highlights PTW's potential as an effective sanitizer for reducing Salmonella contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Abdo
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia;
| | - Andrea McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
| | | | | | - Katharina Richter
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia;
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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7
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Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Commonly Used Disinfectants on Salmonella Infantis Isolates. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020301. [PMID: 36838265 PMCID: PMC9958858 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is the most prevalent serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. The aim of our study was to test the biofilm formation and antimicrobial effect of disinfectants on genetically characterized S. Infantis isolates from poultry, food, and humans. For the biofilm formation under various temperature conditions (8 °C, 20 °C, and 28 °C) and incubation times (72 h and 168 h), the crystal violet staining method was used. The evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Ecocid® S, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm effect of subinhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) of disinfectants was then tested on S. Infantis 323/19 strain that had the highest biofilm formation potential. Our results showed that the biofilm formation was strain-specific; however, it was higher at 20 °C and prolonged incubation time. Moreover, strains carrying a pESI plasmid showed higher biofilm formation potential. The antibiofilm potential of disinfectants on S. Infantis 323/19 strain at 20 °C was effective after a shorter incubation time. As shown in our study, more effective precautionary measures should be implemented to ensure biofilm prevention and removal in order to control the S. Infantis occurrence.
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9
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Antibiofilm Action of Plant Terpenes in Salmonella Strains: Potential Inhibitors of the Synthesis of Extracellular Polymeric Substances. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010035. [PMID: 36678383 PMCID: PMC9864247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can form biofilms that contribute to its resistance in food processing environments. Biofilms are a dense population of cells that adhere to the surface, creating a matrix composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) consisting mainly of polysaccharides, proteins, and eDNA. Remarkably, the secreted substances, including cellulose, curli, and colanic acid, act as protective barriers for Salmonella and contribute to its resistance and persistence when exposed to disinfectants. Conventional treatments are mostly ineffective in controlling this problem; therefore, exploring anti-biofilm molecules that minimize and eradicate Salmonella biofilms is required. The evidence indicated that terpenes effectively reduce biofilms and affect their three-dimensional structure due to the decrease in the content of EPS. Specifically, in the case of Salmonella, cellulose is an essential component in their biofilms, and its control could be through the inhibition of glycosyltransferase, the enzyme that synthesizes this polymer. The inhibition of polymeric substances secreted by Salmonella during biofilm development could be considered a target to reduce its resistance to disinfectants, and terpenes can be regarded as inhibitors of this process. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these compounds against Salmonella enzymes that produce extracellular polymeric substances.
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10
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Regional Salmonella Differences in United States Broiler Production from 2016 to 2020 and the Contribution of Multiserovar Populations to Salmonella Surveillance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0020422. [PMID: 35384708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00204-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry remains a considerable source of foodborne salmonellosis despite significant reduction of Salmonella incidence during processing. There are multiple entry points for Salmonella during production that can lead to contamination during slaughter, and it is important to distinguish the serovars present between the different stages to enact appropriate controls. National Salmonella data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) monitoring of poultry processing was analyzed from 2016 to 2020. The overall Salmonella incidence at processing in broiler carcasses and intact parts (parts) decreased from 9.00 to 6.57% over this period. The incidence in parts was higher (11.15%) than in carcasses (4.78%). Regional differences include higher proportions of serovars Infantis and Typhimurium in the Atlantic and higher proportion of serovar Schwarzengrund in the Southeast. For Georgia, the largest broiler-producing state, USDA-FSIS data were compared to Salmonella monitoring data from breeder flocks over the same period, revealing serovar Kentucky as the major serovar in breeders (67.91%) during production but not at processing, suggesting that it is more effectively removed during antimicrobial interventions. CRISPR-SeroSeq was performed on breeder samples collected between 2020 and 2021 to explain the incongruence between pre- and postharvest and showed that 32% of samples contain multiple serovars, with up to 11 serovars found in a single flock. High-resolution sequencing identifies serovar patterns at the population level and can provide insight to develop targeted controls. The work presented may apply to other food production systems where Salmonella is a concern, since it overcomes limitations associated with conventional culture. IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, with poultry as a significant Salmonella reservoir. We show the relative decrease in Salmonella over a 5-year period from 2016 to 2020 in processed chicken parts and highlight regional differences with respect to the prevalence of clinically important Salmonella serovars. Our results show that the discrepancy between Salmonella serovars found in pre- and postharvest poultry during surveillance are due in part by the limited detection depth offered by traditional culture techniques. Despite the reduction of Salmonella at processing, the number of human salmonellosis cases has remained stable, which may be attributed to differences in virulence among serovars and their associated risk. When monitoring for Salmonella, it is imperative to identify all serovars present to appropriately assess public health risk and to implement the most effective Salmonella controls.
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11
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Obe T, Berrang ME, Cox NA, House SL, Shariat NW. Comparison of selective enrichment and plating media for
Salmonella
isolation from broiler carcasses. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Mark E. Berrang
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service U. S. National Poultry Research Center Athens Georgia USA
| | - Nelson A. Cox
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service U. S. National Poultry Research Center Athens Georgia USA
| | - Sandra L. House
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service U. S. National Poultry Research Center Athens Georgia USA
| | - Nikki W. Shariat
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
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