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Kaschina E, Lauer D, Lange C, Unger T. Angiotensin AT 2 receptors reduce inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular remodeling. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116062. [PMID: 38369211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R), an important member of the "protective arm" of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has been recently defined as a therapeutic target in different pathological conditions. The AT2R activates complex signalling pathways linked to cellular proliferation, differentiation, anti-inflammation, antifibrosis, and induction or inhibition of apoptosis. The anti-inflammatory effect of AT2R activation is commonly associated with reduced fibrosis in different models. Current discoveries demonstrated a direct impact of AT2Rs on the regulation of cytokines, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and synthesis of the extracellular matrix components. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the AT2R in regard to immunity, inflammation and fibrosis in the heart and blood vessels. In particular, the differential influence of the AT2R on cardiovascular remodeling in preclinical models of myocardial infarction, heart failure and aneurysm formation are discussed. Overall, these studies demonstrate that AT2R stimulation represents a promising therapeutic approach to counteract myocardial and aortic damage in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kaschina
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (MRC), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dilyara Lauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (MRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Lange
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (MRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abdalla AME, Miao Y, Ahmed AIM, Meng N, Ouyang C. CAR-T cell therapeutic avenue for fighting cardiac fibrosis: Roadblocks and perspectives. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3955. [PMID: 38379220 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Heart diseases remain the primary cause of human mortality in the world. Although conventional therapeutic opportunities fail to halt or recover cardiac fibrosis, the promising clinical results and therapeutic efficacy of engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy show several advancements. However, the current models of CAR-T cells need further improvement since the T cells are associated with the triggering of excessive inflammatory cytokines that directly affect cardiac functions. Thus, the current study highlights the critical function of heart immune cells in tissue fibrosis and repair. The study also confirms CAR-T cell as an emerging therapeutic for treating cardiac fibrosis, explores the current roadblocks to CAR-T cell therapy, and considers future outlooks for research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M E Abdalla
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Science, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yu Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ahmed I M Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Science, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ning Meng
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Chenxi Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Fatima N, Ali R, Faisal T, Kulkarni K, Patel S, Hussain T. Macrophage angiotensin AT 2 receptor activation is protective against early phases of LPS-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F552-F563. [PMID: 37615049 PMCID: PMC10878726 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00177.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by inflammation and infiltration of immune cells, mainly neutrophils and macrophages, and results in sudden renal dysfunction. Previously, we have reported the anti-inflammatory and renoprotective role of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), expressed on kidney tubular cells and immune cells, in LPS-induced AKI. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed macrophage AT2R activation shifts the cells to the anti-inflammatory M2 subtype. However, the protective role of the macrophage AT2R in a model of AKI is unknown. The present study addressed this question by adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in systemic macrophage-depleted mice. We acquired significant systemic macrophage depletion by two doses of liposomal clodronate (CLD), and the mice were repopulated with BMDMs (CD11b+F4/80+, double positive) primed with AT2R agonist C21 (CLD + MacC21 + LPS) or vehicle (CLD + Mac + LPS) in vitro for 60 min, followed by LPS (5 mg/kg body wt ip) challenge. We observed a gradual increase in the CD11b+ cells at 2 and 24 h after the LPS challenge. However, kidney CD11b+ cells in the CLD + Mac + LPS group were elevated compared with the CLD + MacC21 + LPS group at 2 h after the LPS challenge. The level of inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α) was elevated at 2 h, which was reduced significantly in CLD + MacC21 + LPS-treated animals. Also, CLD + MacC21 + LPS-treated animals had elevated plasma and renal IL-10, indicating an anti-inflammatory role of C21-treated BMDMs. Renal functional injury in CLD + MacC21 + LPS-treated animals was partially improved. Collectively, the data demonstrate that BMDM AT2R stimulation results in anti-inflammation and partial renoprotection against early stages of LPS-induced AKI.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endotoxin such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acute kidney injury (AKI), which is a risk factor for and often leads to chronic kidney diseases. The present study revealed that bone marrow-derived macrophage activation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) contributes to the anti-inflammation and partial renoprotection against early stages of LPS-induced AKI. Since AT2R is an emerging anti-inflammatory and organ-protective target, this study advances our understanding of AT2R's anti-inflammatory mechanisms associated with renoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Fatima
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Tahmid Faisal
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Kalyani Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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Scavello F, Piacentini L, Castiglione S, Zeni F, Macrì F, Casaburo M, Vinci MC, Colombo GI, Raucci A. Effects of RAGE Deletion on the Cardiac Transcriptome during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911130. [PMID: 36232442 PMCID: PMC9569842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac aging is characterized by increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial stiffness, and fibrosis, which enhance cardiovascular risk. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is involved in several age-related diseases. RAGE knockout (Rage−/−) mice show an acceleration of cardiac dimension changes and interstitial fibrosis with aging. This study identifies the age-associated cardiac gene expression signature induced by RAGE deletion. We analyzed the left ventricle transcriptome of 2.5-(Young), 12-(Middle age, MA), and 21-(Old) months-old female Rage−/− and C57BL/6N (WT) mice. By comparing Young, MA, and Old Rage−/− versus age-matched WT mice, we identified 122, 192, and 12 differently expressed genes, respectively. Functional inference analysis showed that RAGE deletion is associated with: (i) down-regulation of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen, adaptive immune response, and cellular responses to interferon beta and gamma in Young animals; (ii) up-regulation of genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cardiac structure remodeling and cellular response to hypoxia in MA mice; (iii) up-regulation of few genes belonging to complement activation and triglyceride biosynthetic process in Old animals. Our findings show that the age-dependent cardiac phenotype of Rage−/− mice is associated with alterations of genes related to adaptive immunity and cardiac stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scavello
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Piacentini
- Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Castiglione
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Zeni
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Macrì
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Casaburo
- Animal Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Vinci
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I. Colombo
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.I.C.); (A.R.); Tel.: +39-025-800-2464 (G.I.C.); +39-025-800-2802 (A.R.); Fax: +39-025-800-2342 (G.I.C. & A.R.)
| | - Angela Raucci
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Animal Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.I.C.); (A.R.); Tel.: +39-025-800-2464 (G.I.C.); +39-025-800-2802 (A.R.); Fax: +39-025-800-2342 (G.I.C. & A.R.)
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Walker SLM, Muthoo C, Sanchez J, Del Arroyo AG, Ackland GL. Sex-specific differences in cardiac function, inflammation and injury during early polymicrobial sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2022; 10:27. [PMID: 35723764 PMCID: PMC9209626 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-022-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in sepsis are underexplored and incompletely understood. Cardiac function in early sepsis is pivotal in determining survival; hyperdynamic left ventricular ejection fraction is associated with higher mortality. Female sex may be cardioprotective, but variable experimental findings have not controlled for hypovolaemia. Sex-specific local cardiac versus peripheral inflammation in causing cardiovascular dysfunction also remain unclear. We therefore examined whether there are sex-specific differences in cardiac function in early sepsis, controlling for volaemic status and sex-specific differences in the peripheral inflammatory response initiated by tumour necrosis factor (TNFα). METHODS We used an experimental polymicrobial sepsis (faecal slurry) model titrated to minimise hypovolaemia as a confounding factor. We quantified cardiac function (transthoracic cardiac echocardiography) 1 week before, and 18 h after, sepsis. Cardiac injury (troponin I), inflammation and immune cell infiltration (flow cytometry) were quantified in naïve and septic female and male mice 18 h after sepsis. To evaluate the sex-specific influence of TNFα derived from peripheral leukocytes, we repeated the experiments in iRHOM2-/- mice that are unable to shed TNFα exclusively from circulating leucocytes. RESULTS Serum troponin I increased to 1.39 ± 0.38 ng mL-1 (from undetectable levels in controls) 18 h after onset of normovolaemic sepsis to a similar extent in both sexes. Stroke volume in male mice increased by 8 µL [(3-13); p = 0.004], compared to individualised pre-sepsis values. By contrast, stroke volume remained at baseline levels in females [mean difference: 4 µL (- 1 to 9)]. Messenger RNA levels of markers for cardiac injury/inflammation after sepsis (real-time polymerase-chain reaction) were elevated in male wild-type mice compared to female wild types (n = 10/sex), with higher cardiac mRNA levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, inflammation (TNFα) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase-1), although serum troponin I values were similarly elevated. Flow cytometry analysis of cardiac tissue showed doubling of CD4 + leukocyte infiltration in male mice. Sex-specific cardiac physiologic differences were similar in iRHOM2-/- mice that are unable to shed TNFα exclusively from leucocytes. CONCLUSIONS In early normovolaemic polymicrobial sepsis, a relative hyperdynamic response develops in male mice. Myocardial stress/injury after early sepsis is limited in females, with less cardiac infiltration of CD4 + leukocytes but independent of shedding of TNFα from peripheral circulating leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L M Walker
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Chand Muthoo
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jenifer Sanchez
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ana Gutierrez Del Arroyo
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Shang N, Bhullar KS, Wu J. Tripeptide IRW Protects MC3T3-E1 Cells against Ang II Stress in an AT2R Dependent Manner. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123684. [PMID: 35744810 PMCID: PMC9230126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple strategies including the use of bioactive peptides and other nutraceuticals are being adopted to maintain bone health. This study provides an improved and deeper understanding of the pharmacological effects that a bioactive peptide IRW (Ile-Arg-Trp) extends on bone health. Our results showed that IRW treatment protects osteoblasts against Ang II induced decline in cell proliferation and restores protein levels of collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). Apart from augmentation of these mineralization factors, the angiotensin II (Ang II) induced apoptotic stress in osteoblasts was mitigated by IRW as well. At the molecular level, IRW abolished the cytochrome-c release via modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, IRW also increased cellular levels of cytoprotective local RAAS factors such as MasR, Ang (1−7), ACE2, and AT2R, and lowered the levels of Ang II effector receptor (AT1R). Further, our results indicated a lower content of inflammation and osteoclastogenesis biomarkers such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) following IRW treatment in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). The use of an antagonist-guided cell study indicated that IRW contributed to the process of cytoprotection and proliferation of osteoblasts via Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in face of Ang II stress in an AT2R dependent manner. The key findings of our study showed that IRW could potentially have a therapeutic role in the treatment and/or prevention of bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shang
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-6885; Fax: +1-780-492-8524
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8
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Evaluation of Relationship between fQRS and CD4/CD8 Ratio in Patients with HIV. MEDICAL BULLETIN OF SISLI ETFAL HOSPITAL 2021; 55:247-252. [PMID: 34349603 PMCID: PMC8298073 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2020.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Myocardial dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Decline in CD4 T-cell level and reversal of CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with cardiovascular events. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) can show myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of fQRS in HIV-infected patients and the factors affecting it. Methods: This case-control study included 153 outpatient HIV patients (97% male) and 141 healthy subjects (96% male). Patients with cardiac disease history, arrhythmia, diabetes, cancer disease, and thyroid dysfunction were excluded from the study. Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and biochemistry tests were performed to all participants. CD4 and CD8 T cell count, and HIV RNA level were measured in HIV-infected patients. Results: Both groups had similar basal characteristics. Mean CD4 T-cell level was 356 cell/cm3, HIV was under control in 48%, and the rate of antiretroviral treatment use was 64%. HIV-infected patients had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), higher Tei index, and more fQRS. HIV-infected patients with fQRS had lower nadir CD4 T-cell levels, lower CD4/CD8 ratio, and higher Tie index. In multivariate analysis, CD4/CD8 ratio and LVEF were found to be independent predictors of fQRS in HIV-infected patients. Conclusion: Myocardial dysfunction can be seen in HIV-infected patients. Caution should be exercised in terms of myocardial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients with low CD4/CD8 ratio.
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9
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Ali R, Patel S, Hussain T. Angiotensin type 2 receptor activation limits kidney injury during the early phase and induces Treg cells during the late phase of renal ischemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F814-F825. [PMID: 33719572 PMCID: PMC8424555 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00507.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney infiltrating immune cells such as monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells play critical roles in renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and repair. Recently, the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) has been implicated in protecting kidneys against injury and monocyte infiltration, particularly in chronic kidney disease. However, the role of AT2R in IR injury and repair phases and T cell modulation is unknown. To address this question, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to IR with or without AT2R agonist C21 treatment. IR caused early (2 h postreperfusion) renal functional injury (proteinuria, plasma urea, and creatinine) and enhanced immune cells (T cells and CD4 T cells) infiltration and levels of the proinflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TNF-α, and IL-6. C21 treatment reversed these changes but increased the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level. On day 3, C21 treatment increased CD4+FoxP3+ (regulatory T cells) and CD4+IL-10+ cells and reduced kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the kidney compared with the IR control, suggesting the involvement of AT2R in kidney repair. These data indicate that AT2R activation protects the kidney against IR injury and immune cell infiltration in the early phase and modulates CD4 T cells toward the regulatory T cell phenotype, which may have long-term beneficial effects on kidney function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist C21 has been known to have a renoprotective role in various kidney pathologies. C21 treatment (before renal ischemia) attenuated postischemic kidney injury, kidney dysfunction, and immune cell infiltration during the injury phase. Also, C21 treatment modulated the kidney microenvironment by enhancing anti-inflammatory responses mainly mediated by IL-10. During the repair phase, C21 treatment enhanced IL-10-secreting CD4 T cells and FoxP3-secreting regulatory T cells in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Kidney Injury/immunology
- Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism
- Acute Kidney Injury/pathology
- Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Phenotype
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Reperfusion Injury/immunology
- Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyasat Ali
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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10
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Ministrini S, Carbone F, Montecucco F. Updating concepts on atherosclerotic inflammation: From pathophysiology to treatment. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13467. [PMID: 33259635 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is recognized as a systemic low-grade inflammatory disease. Furthermore, the dysregulation of the inflammatory response and its timely resolution is a pivotal process in determining the clinical manifestations of cardiac and cerebral acute ischaemia following atherothrombosis. METHODS This narrative review is based on the material searched on PubMed up to October 2020. The search terms we used were as follows: "atherosclerosis, inflammation, acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke" in combination with "biomarker, inflammatory cells and molecules, treatment." RESULTS The expected goal of addressing inflammation for the treatment of atherosclerosis and its acute ischaemic complications is reducing mortality and morbidity related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which are currently the first cause of death and disability worldwide. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence about the main cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation in atherogenesis, atherothrombosis and acute ischaemic complications, with particular focus on the potential molecular targets for novel pharmacological treatments. CONCLUSION Although a large amount of evidence from animal models of atherothrombotic disease, and promising results of clinical trials, anti-inflammatory treatments against atherosclerosis are not yet recommended. A deepest understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the mechanisms driving resolution of the acute inflammation will probably allow to identify the optimal molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ministrini
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Fatima N, Patel S, Hussain T. Angiotensin AT2 Receptor is Anti-inflammatory and Reno-Protective in Lipopolysaccharide Mice Model: Role of IL-10. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:600163. [PMID: 33935698 PMCID: PMC8082177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.600163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to endotoxemic insult is predicted by the infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, and the release of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines to the site of injury. Earlier, we have demonstrated the role of angiotensin-II type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation in reno-protection in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and AKI in C57BL6/NHsd mice. Moreover, AT2R activation has been shown to increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), its role in AT2R-mediated anti-inflammation and reno-protection is unknown. To address this question, in the present study mice were treated with the AT2R agonist C21 (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), LPS (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), or LPS with C21 pre-treatment with or without neutralizing IL-10 antibody. Treatment with C21 alone caused an increase in the plasma and kidney IL-10 levels, which peaks at 2-h, and returned to baseline at 6-h. The C21-induced IL-10 increase was blocked by the AT2R antagonist PD123319 suggesting AT2R's involvement. LPS treatment caused a profound increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the LPS-induced increase in these cytokines was attenuated by the C21 pre-treatment (1-h prior LPS) both in the plasma and kidney. Neutralizing IL-10 antibody treatment abrogated the C21-lowering of TNF-α and IL-6 in the kidney but not in the plasma. Similar results as related to the cytokines profiles in all the groups were also observed in the heart and spleen. The alteration in early cytokine profile prompted us to measure the markers of renal function (blood urea nitogen and urinary creatinine) in order to analyze the effect of IL-10 neutralization. However, it was too early to observe changes in renal function. Therefore, the renal function and injury markers were again measured at 24 h. Treatment with neutralizing IL-10 antibody attenuated the C21-mediated improvement in indices of the kidney function, but not the biomarkers of renal injury (kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin). Collectively, our data suggest that the involvement of IL-10 in AT2R-mediated anti-inflammation and reno-protection against LPS is complex, mediating the renal cytokine profile and kidney filtration function, but not the plasma cytokine profile and renal injury markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Fatima
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Fatima N, Patel SN, Hussain T. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor: A Target for Protection Against Hypertension, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Organ Remodeling. Hypertension 2021; 77:1845-1856. [PMID: 33840201 PMCID: PMC8115429 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.11941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is of vital significance not only in the maintenance of blood pressure but also because of its role in the pathophysiology of different organ systems in the body. Of the 2 Ang II (angiotensin II) receptors, the AT1R (Ang II type 1 receptor) has been extensively studied for its role in mediating the classical functions of Ang II, including vasoconstriction, stimulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption, hormonal secretion, cell proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The other receptor, AT2R (Ang II type 2 receptor), is abundantly expressed in both immune and nonimmune cells in fetal tissue. However, its expression is increased under pathological conditions in adult tissues. The role of AT2R in counteracting AT1R function has been discussed in the past 2 decades. However, with the discovery of the nonpeptide agonist C21, the significance of AT2R in various pathologies such as obesity, hypertension, and kidney diseases have been examined. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the beneficial effects of AT2R by summarizing both gene knockout studies as well as pharmacological studies, specifically highlighting its importance in blood pressure regulation, obesity/metabolism, organ protection, and relevance in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Fatima
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Sanket N Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Tahir Hussain
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
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13
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Kologrivova I, Shtatolkina M, Suslova T, Ryabov V. Cells of the Immune System in Cardiac Remodeling: Main Players in Resolution of Inflammation and Repair After Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664457. [PMID: 33868315 PMCID: PMC8050340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of heart failure (HF), developing after myocardial infarction MI, still represents a major issue in clinical practice. Failure of appropriate resolution of inflammation during post-myocardial injury is associated with unsuccessful left ventricular remodeling and underlies HF pathogenesis. Cells of the immune system have been shown to mediate both protective and damaging effects in heart remodeling. This ambiguity of the role of the immune system and inconsistent results of the recent clinical trials question the benefits of anti-inflammatory therapies during acute MI. The present review will summarize knowledge of the roles that different cells of the immune system play in the process of post-infarct cardiac healing. Data on the phenotype, active molecules and functions of the immune cells, based on the results of both experimental and clinical studies, will be provided. For some cellular subsets, such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and lymphocytes, an anti-inflammatory activity has been attributed to the specific subpopulations. Activity of other cells, such as eosinophils, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells has been shown to be highly dependent of the signals created by micro-environment. Also, new approaches for classification of cellular phenotypes based on the single-cell RNA sequencing allow better understanding of the phenotype of the cells involved in resolution of inflammation. Possible perspectives of immune-mediated therapy for AMI patients are discussed in the conclusion. We also outline unresolved questions that need to be solved in order to implement the current knowledge on the role of the immune cells in post-MI tissue repair into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kologrivova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Shtatolkina
- Department of Emergency Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Suslova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Ryabov
- Department of Emergency Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Professional Development and Retraining, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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14
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Correcting the imbalanced protective RAS in COVID-19 with angiotensin AT2-receptor agonists. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2987-3006. [PMID: 33210709 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for the global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enters host cells via a mechanism that includes binding to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE2). Membrane-bound ACE2 is depleted as a result of this entry mechanism. The consequence is that the protective renin-angiotensin system (RAS), of which ACE2 is an essential component, is compromised through lack of production of the protective peptides angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9), and therefore decreased stimulation of Mas (receptor Mas) and angiotensin AT2-receptors (AT2Rs), while angiotensin AT1-receptors (AT1Rs) are overstimulated due to less degradation of angiotensin II (Ang II) by ACE2. The protective RAS has numerous beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulative, anti-fibrotic effects along with endothelial and neural protection; opposite to the deleterious effects caused by heightened stimulation of angiotensin AT1R. Given that patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit an excessive immune response, endothelial dysfunction, increased clotting, thromboses and stroke, enhancing the activity of the protective RAS is likely beneficial. In this article, we discuss the evidence for a dysfunctional protective RAS in COVID and develop a rationale that the protective RAS imbalance in COVID-19 may be corrected by using AT2R agonists. We further review preclinical studies with AT2R agonists which suggest that AT2R stimulation may be therapeutically effective to treat COVID-19-induced disorders of various organ systems such as lung, vasculature, or the brain. Finally, we provide information on the design of a clinical trial in which patients with COVID-19 were treated with the AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21). This trial has been completed, but results have not yet been reported.
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15
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Patel SN, Fatima N, Ali R, Hussain T. Emerging Role of Angiotensin AT2 Receptor in Anti-Inflammation: An Update. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:492-500. [PMID: 31939729 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hyperactive RAS and inflammation are closely associated. The angiotensin-II/AT1R axis of the RAS has been explored extensively for its role in inflammation and a plethora of pathological conditions. Understanding the role of AT2R in inflammation is an emerging area of research. The AT2R is expressed on a variety of immune and non-immune cells, which upon activation triggers the release of a host of cytokines and has multiple effects that coalesce to anti-inflammation and prevents maladaptive repair. The anti-inflammatory outcomes of AT2R activation are linked to its well-established signaling pathways involving formation of nitric oxide and activation of phosphatases. Collectively, these effects promote cell survival and tissue function. The consideration of AT2R as a therapeutic target requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket N Patel
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Naureen Fatima
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
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16
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Li J, Liang C, Yang KY, Huang X, Han MY, Li X, Chan VW, Chan KS, Liu D, Huang ZP, Zhou B, Lui KO. Specific ablation of CD4 + T-cells promotes heart regeneration in juvenile mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:8018-8035. [PMID: 32724455 PMCID: PMC7381734 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike adult cardiomyocytes, neonatal cardiomyocytes can readily proliferate that contributes to a transient regenerative potential after myocardial injury in mice. We have recently reported that CD4+ regulatory T-cells promote this process; however, the role of other CD4+ T-cell subsets as well as CD8+ T-cells in postnatal heart regeneration has been less studied. Methods: by comparing the regenerating postnatal day (P) 3 and the non-regenerating P8 heart after injury, we revealed the heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the myocardium through single cell analysis. We also specifically ablated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using the lytic anti-CD4 and -CD8 monoclonal antibodies, respectively, in juvenile mice at P8 after myocardial injury. Results: we observe significantly more CD4+FOXP3- conventional T-cells in the P8 heart when compared to that of the P3 heart within a week after injury. Surprisingly, such a difference is not seen in CD8+ T-cells that appear to have no function as their depletion does not reactivate heart regeneration. On the other hand, specific ablation of CD4+ T-cells contributes to mitigated cardiac fibrosis and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury in juvenile mice. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals a pro-fibrotic CD4+ T-cell subset in the P8 but not P3 heart. Moreover, there are likely more Th1 and Th17 cells in the P8 than P3 heart. We further demonstrate that cytokines of Th1 and Th17 cells can directly reduce the proliferation and increase the apoptosis of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Moreover, ablation of CD4+ T-cells can directly or indirectly facilitate the polarization of macrophages away from the pro-fibrotic M2-like signature in the juvenile heart. Nevertheless, ablation of CD4+ T-cells alone does not offer the same protection in the adult heart after myocardial infarction, suggesting a developmental change of immune cells including CD4+ T-cells in the regulation of age-related mammalian heart repair. Conclusions: our results demonstrate that ablation of CD4+ but not CD8+ T-cells promotes heart regeneration in juvenile mice; and CD4+ T-cells play a distinct role in the regulation of heart regeneration and repair during development.
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17
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Angiogenic Potential of Bone Marrow Derived CD133 + and CD271 + Intramyocardial Stem Cell Trans- Plantation Post MI. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010078. [PMID: 31892273 PMCID: PMC7016579 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells with their various functions and characteristics have become a well-recognized source for the cell-based therapies. However, knowledge on their therapeutic potential and the shortage for a cross-link between distinct BM-derived stem cells, primed after the onset of myocardial infarction (MI), seems to be still rudimentary. Therefore, the post-examination of the therapeutic characteristics of such primed hematopoietic CD133+ and mesenchymal CD271+ stem cells was the object of the present study. Methods and Results: The effects of respective CD133+ and CD271+ mononuclear cells alone as well as in the co-culture model have been explored with focus on their angiogenic potential. The phenotypic analysis revealed a small percentage of isolated cells expressing both surface markers. Moreover, target stem cells isolated with our standardized immunomagnetic isolation procedure did not show any negative alterations following BM storage in regard to cell numbers and/or quality. In vitro network formation relied predominantly on CD271+ stem cells when compared with single CD133+ culture. Interestingly, CD133+ cells contributed in the tube formation, only if they were cultivated in combination with CD271+ cells. Additional to the in vitro examination, therapeutic effects of the primed stem cells were investigated 48 h post MI in a murine model. Hence, we have found a lower expression of transforming growth factor βeta 3 (TGFβ3) as well as an increase of the proangiogenic factors after CD133+ cell treatment in contrast to CD271+ cell treatment. On the other hand, the CD271+ cell therapy led to a lower expression of the inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: The interactions between CD271+ and CD133+ subpopulations the extent to which the combination may enhance cardiac regeneration has still not been investigated so far. We expect that the multiple characteristics and various regenerative effects of CD271+ cells alone as well as in combination with CD133+ will result in an improved therapeutic impact on ischemic heart disease.
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18
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Rieckmann M, Delgobo M, Gaal C, Büchner L, Steinau P, Reshef D, Gil-Cruz C, Horst ENT, Kircher M, Reiter T, Heinze KG, Niessen HW, Krijnen PA, van der Laan AM, Piek JJ, Koch C, Wester HJ, Lapa C, Bauer WR, Ludewig B, Friedman N, Frantz S, Hofmann U, Ramos GC. Myocardial infarction triggers cardioprotective antigen-specific T helper cell responses. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4922-4936. [PMID: 31408441 DOI: 10.1172/jci123859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell autoreactivity is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases but can also benefit self-maintenance and foster tissue repair. Herein, we investigated whether heart-specific T cells exert salutary or detrimental effects in the context of myocardial infarction (MI), the leading cause of death worldwide. After screening more than 150 class-II-restricted epitopes, we found that myosin heavy chain alpha (MYHCA) was a dominant cardiac antigen triggering post-MI CD4+ T cell activation in mice. Transferred MYHCA614-629-specific CD4+ T (TCR-M) cells selectively accumulated in the myocardium and mediastinal lymph nodes (med-LN) of infarcted mice, acquired a Treg phenotype with a distinct pro-healing gene expression profile, and mediated cardioprotection. Myocardial Treg cells were also detected in autopsies from patients who suffered a MI. Noninvasive PET/CT imaging using a CXCR4 radioligand revealed enlarged med-LNs with increased cellularity in MI-patients. Notably, the med-LN alterations observed in MI patients correlated with the infarct size and cardiac function. Taken together, the results obtained in our study provide evidence showing that MI-context induces pro-healing T cell autoimmunity in mice and confirms the existence of an analogous heart/med-LN/T cell axis in MI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rieckmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Murilo Delgobo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Gaal
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lotte Büchner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Steinau
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Dan Reshef
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ellis N Ter Horst
- Heart Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Malte Kircher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Reiter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans Wm Niessen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Aj Krijnen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan J Piek
- Heart Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Campos Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Altara R, Didion SP, Booz GW. Conflicting mechanisms of AT2 cardioprotection revealed. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 112:426-8. [PMID: 27659501 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Altara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4500 USA
| | - Sean P Didion
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4500 USA
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4500 USA
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20
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Wang J, Duan Y, Sluijter JPG, Xiao J. Lymphocytic subsets play distinct roles in heart diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:4030-4046. [PMID: 31281530 PMCID: PMC6592175 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are one of the leading causes of death for humans in the world. Increasing evidence has shown that myocardial injury induced innate and adaptive immune responses upon early cellular damage but also during chronic phases post-injury. The immune cells can not only aggravate the injury but also play an essential role in the induction of wound healing responses, which means they play a complex role throughout the acute inflammatory response and reparative response after cardiac injury. This review will summarize the current experimental and clinical evidence of lymphocytes, one of the major types of immune cells, participate in heart diseases and try to explain the possible role of these immune cells following cardiac injury.
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21
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Prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced CD11b + immune cell infiltration in the kidney: role of AT 2 receptors. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190429. [PMID: 31072913 PMCID: PMC6533357 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration plays a central role in mediating endotoxemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Recently, we have reported the anti-inflammatory and reno-protective role of angiotensin-II type-2 receptor (AT2R) activation under chronic low-grade inflammatory condition in the obese Zucker rat model. However, the role of AT2R activation in preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced early infiltration of immune cells, inflammation and AKI is not known. Mice were treated with AT2R agonist C21 (0.3 mg/kg), with and without AT2R antagonist PD123319 (5 mg/kg) prior to or concurrently with LPS (5 mg/kg) challenge. Prior-treatment with C21, but not concurrent treatment, significantly prevented the LPS-induced renal infiltration of CD11b+ immune cells, increase in the levels of circulating and/or renal chemotactic cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and markers of renal dysfunction (blood urea nitrogen and albuminuria), while preserving anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) production. Moreover, C21 treatment in the absence of LPS increased renal and circulating IL-10 levels. To investigate the role of IL-10 in a cross-talk between epithelial cells and monocytes, we performed in vitro conditioned media (CM) studies in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells and macrophages (differentiated human monocytes, THP-1 cells). These studies revealed that the conditioned-media derived from the C21-treated HK-2 cells reduced LPS-induced THP-1 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production via IL-10 originating from HK-2 cells. Our findings suggest that prior activation of AT2R is prophylactic in preventing LPS-induced renal immune cell infiltration and dysfunction, possibly via IL-10 pathway.
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22
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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23
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Toedebusch R, Belenchia A, Pulakat L. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Impact of Biological Sex on Disease Development and Molecular Signatures. Front Physiol 2018; 9:453. [PMID: 29773993 PMCID: PMC5943496 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to a unique set of heart-specific pathological variables induced by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Given that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world, and type 2 diabetes incidence continues to rise, understanding the complex interplay between these two morbidities and developing novel therapeutic strategies is vital. Two hallmark characteristics specific to diabetic cardiomyopathy are diastolic dysfunction and cardiac structural mal-adaptations, arising from cardiac cellular responses to the complex toxicity induced by hyperglycemia with or without hyperinsulinemia. While type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in men compared to women, cardiovascular risk is higher in diabetic women than in diabetic men, suggesting that diabetic women take a steeper path to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Accumulating evidence from randomized clinical trials indicate that although pre-menopausal women have lower risk of CVDs, compared to age-matched men, this advantage is lost in diabetic pre-menopausal women, which suggests estrogen availability does not protect from increased cardiovascular risk. Notably, few human studies have assessed molecular and cellular mechanisms regarding similarities and differences in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in men versus women. Additionally, most pre-clinical rodent studies fail to include female animals, leaving a void in available data to truly understand the impact of biological sex differences in diabetes-induced dysfunction of cardiovascular cells. Elegant reviews in the past have discussed in detail the roles of estrogen-mediated signaling in cardiovascular protection, sex differences associated with telomerase activity in the heart, and cardiac responses to exercise. In this review, we focus on the emerging cellular and molecular markers that define sex differences in diabetic cardiomyopathy based on the recent clinical and pre-clinical evidence. We also discuss miR-208a, MED13, and AT2R, which may provide new therapeutic targets with hopes to develop novel treatment paradigms to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy uniquely between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Toedebusch
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Anthony Belenchia
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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24
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Lum-Naihe K, Toedebusch R, Mahmood A, Bajwa J, Carmack T, Kumar SA, Ardhanari S, DeMarco VG, Emter CA, Pulakat L. Cardiovascular disease progression in female Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats occurs via unique mechanisms compared to males. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17823. [PMID: 29259233 PMCID: PMC5736602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Population studies have shown that compared to diabetic men, diabetic women are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this gender disparity are unclear. Our studies in young murine models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease show that diabetic male rats develop increased cardiac fibrosis and suppression of intracardiac anti-fibrotic cytokines, while premenopausal diabetic female rats do not. This protection from cardiac fibrosis in female rats can be an estrogen-related effect. However, diabetic female rats develop early subclinical myocardial deformation, cardiac hypertrophy via elevated expression of pro-hypertrophic miR-208a, myocardial damage, and suppression of cardio-reparative Angiotensin II receptor 2 (Agtr2). Diabetic rats of both sexes exhibit a reduction in cardiac capillary density. However, diabetic female rats have reduced expression of neuropilin 1 that attenuates cardiomyopathy compared to diabetic male rats. A combination of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced capillary density likely contributed to increased myocardial structural damage in diabetic female rats. We propose expansion of existing cardiac assessments in diabetic female patients to detect myocardial deformation, cardiac hypertrophy and capillary density via non-invasive imaging, as well as suggest miR-208a, AT2R and neuropilin 1 as potential therapeutic targets and mechanistic biomarkers for cardiac disease in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lum-Naihe
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Ryan Toedebusch
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Abuzar Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Jamal Bajwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Terry Carmack
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Senthil A Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Sivakumar Ardhanari
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, 1600 E Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Universtiy of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
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25
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Update on the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Myocardial Infarction: A Promising Therapy to Repair the Heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:401-413. [PMID: 27941502 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of heart failure development and death worldwide. To date, interventional and pharmacological therapies are effective in reducing the onset of heart failure and promoting survival. However, progressive maladaptive remodeling post-MI persists in a large fraction of patients resulting in poor prognosis. Immune cell responses and an inflammatory environment largely contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI. CD4FOXP3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known for their immunosuppressive capacity and have been successfully implemented in multiple preclinical studies of permanent and ischemia-reperfusion MI. In this review, we highlight the important cardioprotective role of Tregs at the cardiac tissue, cellular, and molecular level, as well as the most prominent pharmacological venues that could be used to exploit Tregs as a novel therapeutic intervention to lessen myocardial injury post-MI.
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26
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Klopsch C, Skorska A, Ludwig M, Gaebel R, Lemcke H, Kleiner G, Beyer M, Vollmar B, David R, Steinhoff G. Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Proliferate Early in the Ischemic Heart. Eur Surg Res 2017; 58:341-353. [PMID: 29073604 DOI: 10.1159/000480730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Cardiac mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could stimulate cell-specific regenerative mechanisms after myocardial infarction (MI) depending on spatial origin, distribution, and niche regulation. We aimed at identifying and isolating tissue-specific cardiac MSCs that could contribute to regeneration. METHODS Following permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats (n = 16), early cardiac tissues and cardiac mononuclear cells (MNCs) were analyzed by immunohistology, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry, respectively. Early postischemic specific MSCs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, cultivated under standardized culture conditions, and tested for multipotent differentiation in functional identification kits. RESULTS Cardiac MSC niches were detected intramyocardially in cell clusters after MI and characterized by positive expression for vimentin, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, PDGFRα, and DDR2. Following myocardial ischemia, proliferation was induced early and proliferation density was approximately 11% in intramyocardial MSC clusters of the peri-infarction border zone. Cluster sizes increased by 157 and 64% in the peri-infarction and noninfarcted areas of infarcted hearts compared with noninfarcted hearts 24 h following MI, respectively. Coincidentally, flow cytometry analyses illustrated postischemic moderate enrichments of CD45-CD44+ and CD45-DDR2+ cardiac MNCs. We enabled isolation of early postischemic culturable cardiac CD45-CD44+DDR2+ MSCs that demonstrated typical clonogenicity with colony-forming unit-fibroblast formation as well as adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS MI triggered early proliferation in specific cardiac MSC niches that were organized in intramyocardial clusters. Following targeted isolation, early postischemic cardiac CD45-CD44+DDR2+ MSCs exhibited typical characteristics with multipotent differentiation capacity and clonogenic expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klopsch
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anna Skorska
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marion Ludwig
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Gaebel
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Heiko Lemcke
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriela Kleiner
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Beyer
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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27
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Kaschina E, Namsolleck P, Unger T. AT2 receptors in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:39-47. [PMID: 28694144 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. These actions mediated by AT1 receptor (AT1R) are well established and led to development of selective AT1R blockers (ARBs). In contrast, there is scientific evidence that AT2 receptor (AT2R) mediates effects different from and often opposing those of the AT1R. Meagrely expressed in healthy tissue the AT2R is upregulated in injuries providing an endogenous protection to inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic processes. Interestingly the beneficial effects mediated by AT2R can be further enhanced by pharmacological intervention using the recently developed AT2R agonists. This review article summarizes our current knowledge about regulation, signalling and effects mediated by AT2R in health and disease, with emphasis on cardiac and renal systems. At the end a novel concept of natural protective systems will be introduced and discussed as an attractive target in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kaschina
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Ramos GC, van den Berg A, Nunes-Silva V, Weirather J, Peters L, Burkard M, Friedrich M, Pinnecker J, Abeßer M, Heinze KG, Schuh K, Beyersdorf N, Kerkau T, Demengeot J, Frantz S, Hofmann U. Myocardial aging as a T-cell-mediated phenomenon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2420-E2429. [PMID: 28255084 PMCID: PMC5373357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621047114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the myocardium has been rediscovered under the lenses of immunology, and lymphocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies with different etiologies. Aging is an important risk factor for heart diseases, and it also has impact on the immune system. Thus, we sought to determine whether immunological activity would influence myocardial structure and function in elderly mice. Morphological, functional, and molecular analyses revealed that the age-related myocardial impairment occurs in parallel with shifts in the composition of tissue-resident leukocytes and with an accumulation of activated CD4+ Foxp3- (forkhead box P3) IFN-γ+ T cells in the heart-draining lymph nodes. A comprehensive characterization of different aged immune-deficient mouse strains revealed that T cells significantly contribute to age-related myocardial inflammation and functional decline. Upon adoptive cell transfer, the T cells isolated from the mediastinal lymph node (med-LN) of aged animals exhibited increased cardiotropism, compared with cells purified from young donors or from other irrelevant sites. Nevertheless, these cells caused rather mild effects on cardiac functionality, indicating that myocardial aging might stem from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic (immunological) factors. Taken together, the data herein presented indicate that heart-directed immune responses may spontaneously arise in the elderly, even in the absence of a clear tissue damage or concomitant infection. These observations might shed new light on the emerging role of T cells in myocardial diseases, which primarily affect the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Campos Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, D-06120 Halle, Germany;
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne van den Berg
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Weirather
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Peters
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Burkard
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mike Friedrich
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pinnecker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Abeßer
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Wuerzburg, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schuh
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Wuerzburg, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, D-06120 Halle, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, D-06120 Halle, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Li YW, Li YM, Hon Y, Wan QL, He RL, Wang ZZ, Zhao CH. AT1 Receptor Modulator Attenuates the Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Impairment of the Myocardial Ischemic Post-Conditioning Benefits. Korean Circ J 2017; 47:182-192. [PMID: 28382073 PMCID: PMC5378024 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Ischemic post-conditioning (PostC) has been demonstrated as a novel strategy to harness nature's protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Hypercholesterolemia (HC) has been reported to block the effect of PostC on the heart. Angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) modulators have shown benefits in myocardial ischemia. The present study investigates the effect of a novel inhibitor of AT1, azilsartan in PostC of the heart of normocholesterolemic (NC) and HC rats. Materials and Methods HC was induced by the administration of high-fat diet to the animals for eight weeks. Isolated Langendorff's perfused NC and HC rat hearts were exposed to global ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min. I/R-injury had been assessed by cardiac hemodynamic parameters, myocardial infarct size, release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, nitrite in coronary effluent, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, a reduced form of glutathione, superoxide anion, and left ventricle collagen content in normal and HC rat hearts. Results Azilsartan post-treatment and six episodes of PostC (10 sec each) afforded cardioprotection against I/R-injury in normal rat hearts. PostC protection against I/R-injury was abolished in HC rat hearts. Azilsartan prevented the HC-mediated impairment of the beneficial effects of PostC in I/R-induced myocardial injury, which was inhibited by L-N5-(1-Iminoethyl)ornithinehydrochloride, a potent inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Conclusion Azilsartan treatment has attenuated the HC-induced impairment of beneficial effects of PostC in I/R-injury of rat hearts, by specifically modulating eNOS. Azilsartan may be explored further in I/R-myocardial injury, both in NC and HC conditions, with or without PostC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Ming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Yan Hon
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Qi-Lin Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Rui-Li He
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Henan, China
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Role of interleukin-10 in the neuroprotective effect of the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor agonist, compound 21, after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:128-134. [PMID: 28192099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We and others have shown that the angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor agonist, compound 21 (C21), provides neuroprotection and enhances recovery in rodent stroke models yet the mechanism involved is not known. Moreover, C21 treatment is associated with an anti-inflammatory response. Here we tested the hypothesis that C21 mediates neuroprotection by upregulating the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to 3h-middle cerebral artery suture occlusion and treated at reperfusion with C21 (0.03mg/kg)±IL-10 neutralizing antibody (0.1mg/kg) both given i.p. Infarct size, behavioral outcomes, and molecular analysis were performed at 24h post-injury. Primary rat neurons were used to test the direct neuroprotective effect of C21 in vitro. RESULTS C21 treatment reduced infarct size, improved functional outcome and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the ischemic hemisphere compared to saline. Anti-IL-10 co-treatment blocked the C21-induced reduction in infarct size and inflammation, and the improvement in behavioral outcome. In vitro, C21 treatment increased neuron survival and reduced cell apoptosis after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and OGD/reoxygenation. These effects were mediated through AT2R stimulation. CONCLUSION C21 provides direct neuroprotection as well as indirect protection through IL-10.
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Crowley SD, Rudemiller NP. Immunologic Effects of the Renin-Angiotensin System. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1350-1361. [PMID: 28151411 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exacerbates renal and vascular injury. Accordingly, treatment with global RAS antagonists attenuates cardiovascular risk and slows the progression of proteinuric kidney disease. By reducing BP, RAS inhibitors limit secondary immune activation responding to hemodynamic injury in the target organ. However, RAS activation in hematopoietic cells has immunologic effects that diverge from those of RAS stimulation in the kidney and vasculature. In preclinical studies, activating type 1 angiotensin (AT1) receptors in T lymphocytes and myeloid cells blunts the polarization of these cells toward proinflammatory phenotypes, protecting the kidney from hypertensive injury and fibrosis. These endogenous functions of immune AT1 receptors temper the pathogenic actions of renal and vascular AT1 receptors during hypertension. By counteracting the effects of AT1 receptor stimulation in the target organ, exogenous administration of AT2 receptor agonists or angiotensin 1-7 analogs may similarly limit inflammatory injury to the heart and kidney. Moreover, although angiotensin II is the classic effector molecule of the RAS, several RAS enzymes affect immune homeostasis independently of canonic angiotensin II generation. Thus, as reviewed here, multiple components of the RAS signaling cascade influence inflammatory cell phenotype and function with unpredictable and context-specific effects on innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
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Properties and Immune Function of Cardiac Fibroblasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:35-70. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lymphocytes at the Heart of Wound Healing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:225-250. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Gillis
- From the Department of Physiology, Augusta University, GA
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c-kit(+)AT2R(+) Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Subset Is a Superior Subset for Cardiac Protection after Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4913515. [PMID: 27429622 PMCID: PMC4939348 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4913515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) is known as an ideal cell type for cell-based therapy for MI treatment, the effective subpopulation still remains unknown. Our study aimed at identifying the optimal subset of BMMNCs suited for cardiac regeneration. In this study, we observed that MI led to (i) a significant increase of the c-kit+AT2R+ BMMNC subpopulation in mice and (ii) a modest increase of AT2R+ BMMNCs in humans. c-kit+AT2R+ and c-kit+AT2R− BMMNC subpopulations were obtained from mice after MI. Then, we cocultured cardiac H9C2 cells with c-kit+AT2R+, c-kit+AT2R−, and unfractionated BMMNCs; finally, we found that the c-kit+AT2R+ subset is superior to the c-kit+AT2R− subset in improving cardiomyocyte protection in vitro. Of note, c-kit+AT2R+ BMMNCs showed a more robust migration capacity than c-kit+AT2R− and unfractionated BMMNCs in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, compared to c-kit+AT2R− and unfractionated BMMNCs, intravenous transplantation of c-kit+AT2R+ BMMNC resulted in smaller infarct size and lower levels of inflammatory reactions in heart tissue, leading to a higher global heart function improvement. In conclusion, our results indicate that the c-kit+AT2R+ BMMNC subpopulation exerts a protective effect against MI and shows promising therapeutic possibilities with regard to the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Ramos G, Hofmann U, Frantz S. Myocardial fibrosis seen through the lenses of T-cell biology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 92:41-5. [PMID: 26804387 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes came recently into focus as modulators of non-infectious myocardial diseases. Several lines of experimental evidence now indicate that CD4(+) T-cells can influence the healing and scarring processes that follow a myocardial infarction episode. Furthermore, such heart-directed T-cell activity has also been implicated in the pathogenesis cardiac remodeling that develops in response to chronic pressure-overload conditions. Mechanistically, different T-cell subsets can secrete several mediators and growth factors that influence the myocardial molecular milieu and directly interfere with the macrophages' and fibroblasts' activity. Therefore, the present review summarizes the current experimental evidence on the role of T-cells in myocardial scar formation after infarction and myocardial fibrosis as central mechanism of ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ramos
- University Clinic Halle, Department of Internal Medicine III, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- University Clinic Halle, Department of Internal Medicine III, D-06120 Halle, Germany; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- University Clinic Halle, Department of Internal Medicine III, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Ahmadian E, Jafari S, Yari Khosroushahi A. Role of angiotensin II in stem cell therapy of cardiac disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16:702-11. [PMID: 26670032 DOI: 10.1177/1470320315621225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is closely related to the cardiovascular system, body fluid regulation and homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Despite common therapeutic methods, stem cell/progenitor cell therapy is daily increasing as a term of regenerative medicine. RAS and its pharmacological inhibitors are not only involved in physiological and pathological aspects of the cardiovascular system, but also affect the different stages of stem cell proliferation, differentiation and function, via interfering cell signaling pathways. RESULTS This study reviews the new role of RAS, in particular Ang II distinct from other common roles, by considering its regulating impact on the different signaling pathways involved in the cardiac and endothelial tissue, as well as in stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSIONS This review focuses on the impact of stem cell therapy on the cardiovascular system, the role of RAS in stem cell differentiation, and the role of RAS inhibition in cardiac stem cell growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Department of Pharmacognosy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hofmann U, Frantz S. Role of T-cells in myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:873-9. [PMID: 26646702 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity has been studied for several decades in the context of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial remodelling, and healing. In the last years, a number of experimental and clinical studies focused on adaptive immunity in these processes. Meanwhile, there is considerable evidence especially on the role of CD4(+) T-cells in myocardial injury and healing, whereas their role in remodelling is less clear. Innate leukocytes are able to recognize a wide array of self and foreign molecular patterns, whereas the activation of adaptive immunity requires the highly specific cooperation of antigen-presenting cells and distinct antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes. Relevant autoantigens have not yet been definitely identified but experimental evidence indicates that autoantigen recognition is necessary for T-cell activation after myocardial infarction. Non-antigen-specific modes of activation might also play a role especially during acute ischaemia and reperfusion of the myocardium. This review summarizes the current evidence from experimental studies and presents side-by-side recent clinical data on the role of T cells in the pathophysiology of myocardial reperfusion injury and post myocardial infarction healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hofmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Straubmühlweg 2a, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
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