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Shiri H, Fallah H, Abolhassani M, Fooladi S, Ramezani Karim Z, Danesh B, Abbasi-Jorjandi M. Relationship between types and levels of free fatty acids, peripheral insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in T2DM: A case-control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306977. [PMID: 39133724 PMCID: PMC11318896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) are vital for energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including diabetes. For the first time, we presumed and investigated the types and levels of FFAs and their links to Insulin Resistance (IR) and Oxidative Stress (OS) in T2DM. A case-control study was conducted on 60 individuals with diabetes, 60 prediabetics with IFG, and 60 control groups. A Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used to estimate FFAs, which were then classified based on length and saturation. Indeed, antioxidant parameters such as TAC, MDA levels, PON-1, SOD-3, and CAT activity were assessed. Higher levels of LCFFA, SFFA, USFFA, and total FFA were found in people with diabetes and prediabetes. These levels were also linked to higher levels of HOMA-IR, BMI, FBS, HbA1C, and MDA, but lower levels of antioxidants. Furthermore, adjusting the above FFAs with age, sex, and antihypertensive medication increased T2DM development. SCFFA and ω3/6 fatty acids had a negative relationship with HOMA-IR, FBS, and insulin and a positive relationship with TAC. Adjusted SCFFA reduces T2DM risk. According to our models, total FFA is utilized to diagnose diabetes (AUC = 83.98, cut-off > 919 μM) and SCFFA for prediabetes (AUC = 82.32, cut-off < 39.56 μM). Total FFA (≥ 776 μM), LCFFA (≥ 613 μM), SFFA (≥ 471 μM), and USFFA (≥ 398 μM) all increase the risk of T2DM by increasing OS, BMI, and HOMA-IR. On the other hand, SCFFAs (≥ 38.7 μM) reduce the risk of T2DM by reducing BMI, HOMA-IR, and OS. SCFFAs and total FFAs can be used for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Shiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallah
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saba Fooladi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ramezani Karim
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behnaz Danesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Abbasi-Jorjandi
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Bene-Alhasan Y, Siscovick DS, Ix JH, Kizer JR, Tracy R, Djoussé L, Mukamal KJ. The determinants of fasting and post-load non-esterified fatty acids in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. Metabol Open 2023; 20:100261. [PMID: 38115866 PMCID: PMC10728567 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are potential targets for prevention of key cardiometabolic diseases of aging, but their population-level correlates remain uncertain. We sought to identify modifiable factors associated with fasting and post-load NEFA levels in older adults. Methods We used linear regression to determine the cross-sectional associations of demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics and medication use with serum fasting and post-load NEFA concentrations amongst community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study (n = 1924). Results Fasting NEFA levels generally demonstrated a broader set of determinants, while post-load NEFA were more consistently associated with metabolic factors. Waist circumference and weight were associated with higher fasting and post-load NEFA. Cigarette smoking and caffeine intake were associated with lower levels of both species, and moderate alcohol intake was associated with higher fasting levels whereas greater consumption was associated with lower post-load levels. Unique factors associated with higher fasting NEFA included female sex, higher age, loop and thiazide diuretic use and calcium intake, while factors associated with lower fasting levels included higher educational attainment, beta-blocker use, and protein intake. Hours spent sleeping during the daytime were associated with higher post-load NEFA, while DASH score was associated with lower levels. Conclusion Fasting and post-load NEFA have both common and unique modifiable risk factors, including sociodemographics, anthropometric, medications, and diet. Post-load NEFA were particularly sensitive to metabolic factors, while a broader range of determinants were associated with fasting levels. These factors warrant study as targets for lowering levels of NEFA in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Bene-Alhasan
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joachim H. Ix
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA
| | - Jorge R. Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Russell Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Luc Djoussé
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ren X, Dai Y, Shan M, Zheng J, Zhang Z, Shen T. Astragalus polysaccharide restores insulin secretion impaired by lipopolysaccharides through the protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin/glucose transporter 2 pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:358. [PMID: 37817130 PMCID: PMC10563267 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells leads to impaired insulin (INS) secretion. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a bioactive heteropolysaccharide extracted from Astragalus membranaceus and is a popular Chinese herbal medicine. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which APS affects INS secretion from β-cells under LPS stress. METHODS Rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells were treated with LPS at a low, medium, or high concentration of APS. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Transcriptome sequencing was used to assess genome-wide gene expression. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was used to determine the signaling pathways affected by APS. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), glucokinase (GCK), pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), and INS. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), total Akt (t-Akt), phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), total mTOR (t-mTOR), and GLUT2. RESULTS LPS decreased GLUT2, GCK, PDX-1, and INS expression and reduced GSIS. These LPS-induced decreases in gene expression and GSIS were restored by APS treatment. In addition, transcriptome sequencing in combination with KEGG enrichment analysis revealed changes in the INS signaling pathway following APS treatment. LPS decreased p-Akt and p-mTOR expression, which was restored by APS treatment. The restorative effects of APS on GSIS as well as on the expression of GLUT2, GCK, PDX-1, and INS were abolished by treatment with the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RPM). CONCLUSIONS APS restored GSIS in LPS-stimulated pancreatic β-cells by activating the Akt/mTOR/GLUT2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ren
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37, Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, 610075, 610075, Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengya Shan
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37, Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, 610075, 610075, Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37, Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, 610075, 610075, Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Drexler S, Cai C, Hartmann AL, Moch D, Gaitantzi H, Ney T, Kraemer M, Chu Y, Zheng Y, Rahbari M, Treffs A, Reiser A, Lenoir B, Valous NA, Jäger D, Birgin E, Sawant TA, Li Q, Xu K, Dong L, Otto M, Itzel T, Teufel A, Gretz N, Hawinkels LJAC, Sánchez A, Herrera B, Schubert R, Moshage H, Reissfelder C, Ebert MPA, Rahbari N, Breitkopf-Heinlein K. Intestinal BMP-9 locally upregulates FGF19 and is down-regulated in obese patients with diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111934. [PMID: 37085108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9, a member of the TGFβ-family of cytokines, is believed to be mainly produced in the liver. The serum levels of BMP-9 were reported to be reduced in newly diagnosed diabetic patients and BMP-9 overexpression ameliorated steatosis in the high fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Furthermore, injection of BMP-9 in mice enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21. However, whether BMP-9 also regulates the expression of the related FGF19 is not clear. Because both FGF21 and 19 were described to protect the liver from steatosis, we have further investigated the role of BMP-9 in this context. We first analyzed BMP-9 levels in the serum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (a model of type I diabetes) and confirmed that BMP-9 serum levels decrease during diabetes. Microarray analyses of RNA samples from hepatic and intestinal tissue from BMP-9 KO- and wild-type mice (C57/Bl6 background) pointed to basal expression of BMP-9 in both organs and revealed a down-regulation of hepatic Fgf21 and intestinal Fgf19 in the KO mice. Next, we analyzed BMP-9 levels in a cohort of obese patients with or without diabetes. Serum BMP-9 levels did not correlate with diabetes, but hepatic BMP-9 mRNA expression negatively correlated with steatosis in those patients that did not yet develop diabetes. Likewise, hepatic BMP-9 expression also negatively correlated with serum LPS levels. In situ hybridization analyses confirmed intestinal BMP-9 expression. Intestinal (but not hepatic) BMP-9 mRNA levels were decreased with diabetes and positively correlated with intestinal E-Cadherin expression. In vitro studies using organoids demonstrated that BMP-9 directly induces FGF19 in gut but not hepatocyte organoids, whereas no evidence of a direct induction of hepatic FGF21 by BMP-9 was found. Consistent with the in vitro data, a correlation between intestinal BMP-9 and FGF19 mRNA expression was seen in the patients' samples. In summary, our data confirm that BMP-9 is involved in diabetes development in humans and in the control of the FGF-axis. More importantly, our data imply that not only hepatic but also intestinal BMP-9 associates with diabetes and steatosis development and controls FGF19 expression. The data support the conclusion that increased levels of BMP-9 would most likely be beneficial under pre-steatotic conditions, making supplementation of BMP-9 an interesting new approach for future therapies aiming at prevention of the development of a metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Drexler
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denise Moch
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Haristi Gaitantzi
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Theresa Ney
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Malin Kraemer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuan Chu
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahbari
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annalena Treffs
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alena Reiser
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Lenoir
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nektarios A Valous
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emrullah Birgin
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tejas A Sawant
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Av., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyue Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Fengtai, 100054, China
| | - Mirko Otto
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timo Itzel
- Division of Hepatology, Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Division of Hepatology, Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Medical Research Center, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudolf Schubert
- Physiology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 CP, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P A Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nuh Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Inter-Day Variation in the Fasting Plasma Lipopolysaccharide Concentration in the Morning Is Associated with Inter-Day Variation in Appetite in Japanese Males: A Short-Term Cohort Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030395. [PMID: 36984835 PMCID: PMC10053071 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a product of gut bacteria, into the blood increases blood triglycerides and cortisol, an appetite-stimulating hormone. Meanwhile, small amounts of LPS derived from gut bacteria are thought to enter the bloodstream from the gut in daily basis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of LPS influx on appetite or lipid metabolism in humans in everyday life. We measured the fasting plasma LPS concentration before breakfast and the corresponding days’ appetite and fat-burning markers for 10 days in four Japanese males (28–31 years) and analyzed the correlation of their inter-day variation. The LPS concentration was negatively correlated with fullness, and positively correlated with the carbohydrate intake. Against our hypothesis, the LPS concentration was positively correlated with the fasting breath acetone concentration, a fat-burning marker. There was a positive correlation between the LPS concentration and fasting body mass index (BMI), but the inter-day variation in BMI was slight. The results suggest that the LPS influx in everyday life is at least associated with appetite in the day.
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Intracellular galectin-3 is a lipopolysaccharide sensor that promotes glycolysis through mTORC1 activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7578. [PMID: 36481721 PMCID: PMC9732310 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How the carbohydrate binding protein galectin-3 might act as a diabetogenic and tumorogenic factor remains to be investigated. Here we report that intracellular galectin-3 interacts with Rag GTPases and Ragulator on lysosomes. We show that galectin-3 senses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to facilitate the interaction of Rag GTPases and Ragulator, leading to the activation of mTORC1. We find that the lipopolysaccharide/galectin-3-Rag GTPases/Ragulator-mTORC1 axis regulates a cohort of genes including GLUT1, and HK2, and PKM2 that are critically involved in glucose uptake and glycolysis. Indeed, galectin-3 deficiency severely compromises LPS-promoted glycolysis. Importantly, the expression of HK2 is significantly reduced in diabetes patients. In multiple types of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), galectin-3 is highly expressed, and its level of expression is positively correlated with that of HK2 and PKM2 and negatively correlated with the prognosis of HCC patients. Our study unravels that galectin-3 is a sensor of LPS, an important modulator of the mTORC1 signaling, and a critical regulator of glucose metabolism.
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Dong Y, Wang P, Yang X, Chen M, Li J. Potential of gut microbiota for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in European women with type 2 diabetes based on metagenome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1027413. [PMID: 36303603 PMCID: PMC9592851 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1027413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a crucial role in promoting type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the capability of the gut microbiota to produce LPS in patients with T2D is still unclear, and evidence characterizing the patterns of gut microbiota with LPS productivity remains rare. This study aimed to uncover the profiles of LPS-biosynthesis-related enzymes and pathways, and explore the potential of LPS-producing gut microbiota in T2D. The gut metagenomic sequencing data from a European female cohort with normal glucose tolerance or untreated T2D were analyzed in this study. The sequence search revealed that the relative abundance of the critical enzymes responsible for LPS biosynthesis was significantly high in patients with T2D, especially for N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid transferase, and lauroyl-Kdo2-lipid IVA myristoyltransferase. The functional analysis indicated that a majority of pathways involved in LPS biosynthesis were augmented in patients with T2D. A total of 1,173 species from 335 genera containing the gene sequences of LPS enzymes, including LpxA/B/C/D/H/K/L/M and/or WaaA, coexisted in controls and patients with T2D. Critical taxonomies with discriminative fecal abundance between groups were revealed, which exhibited different associations with enzymes. Moreover, the identified gut microbial markers had correlations with LPS enzymes and were subsequently associated with microbial pathways. The present findings delineated the potential capability of gut microbiota toward LPS biosynthesis in European women and highlighted a gut microbiota−based mechanistic link between the disturbance in LPS biosynthesis and T2D. The restoration of LPS levels through gut microbiota manipulation might offer potential approaches for preventing and treating T2D.
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Xu YN, Wang Z, Zhang SK, Xu JR, Pan ZX, Wei X, Wen HH, Luo YS, Guo MJ, Zhu Q. Low-grade elevation of palmitate and lipopolysaccharide synergistically induced β-cell damage via inhibition of neutral ceramidase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111473. [PMID: 34610358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could lead to β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction, while low-grade elevation of FFAs or LPS, which are more common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or obesity, have no obvious toxic effect on β-cells. Palmitate is a component closely related to metabolic disorders in FFAs. Recent studies have found that low-grade elevation of palmitate and LPS synergistically affects the sphingolipid signaling pathway by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and further enhances the expression of inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. Previous studies demonstrated that sphingolipids also played an important role in the occurrence and development of T2DM. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of low-grade elevation of palmitate and LPS on viability, apoptosis and insulin secretion in the rat pancreatic β-cell line INS-1 or islets and the role of sphingolipids in this process. We showed that low-grade elevation of palmitate or LPS alone did not affect the viability, apoptosis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) or intracellular insulin content of INS-1 cells or islets, while the combination of the two synergistically inhibited cell viability, induced apoptosis and decreased basal insulin secretion in INS-1 cells or islets. Treatment with palmitate and LPS markedly upregulated TLR4 protein expression and downregulated neutral ceramidase (NCDase) activity and protein expression. Additionally, low-grade elevation of palmitate and LPS synergistically induced a significant increase in ceramide and a decrease in sphingosine-1-phosphate. Blocking TLR4 signaling or overexpressing NCDase remarkably attenuated INS-1 cell injury induced by the combination of palmitate and LPS. However, inhibition of ceramide synthase did not ameliorate injury induced by palmitate and LPS. Overall, we show for the first time that low-grade elevation of palmitate and LPS synergistically induced β-cell damage by activating TLR4 signaling, inhibiting NCDase activity, and further modulating sphingolipid metabolism, which was different from a high concentration of palmitate-induced β-cell injury by promoting ceramide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China; Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
| | - Shao-Kun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Jia-Rong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Pan
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Hong-Hua Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Yan-Shi Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Mao-Jun Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China.
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Verediano TA, Stampini Duarte Martino H, Dias Paes MC, Tako E. Effects of Anthocyanin on Intestinal Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:1331. [PMID: 33920564 PMCID: PMC8074038 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health relies on the association between the mucosal immune system, intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Bioactive components that affect the gut microbiota composition, epithelial physical barrier and intestinal morphology were previously studied. The current systematic review evaluated evidence of anthocyanin effects and the ability to improve gut microbiota composition, their metabolites and parameters of the physical barrier; this was conducted in order to answer the question: "Does food source or extract of anthocyanin promote changes on intestinal parameters?". The data analysis was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines with the search performed at PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases for experimental studies, and the risk of bias was assessed by the SYRCLE tool. Twenty-seven studies performed in animal models were included, and evaluated for limitations in heterogeneity, methodologies, absence of information regarding allocation process and investigators' blinding. The data were analyzed, and the anthocyanin supplementation demonstrated positive effects on intestinal health. The main results identified were an increase of Bacteroidetes and a decrease of Firmicutes, an increase of short chain fatty acids production, a decrease of intestinal pH and intestinal permeability, an increase of the number of goblet cells and tight junction proteins and villi improvement in length or height. Thus, the anthocyanin supplementation has a potential effect to improve the intestinal health. PROSPERO (CRD42020204835).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaísa Agrizzi Verediano
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (T.A.V.); (H.S.D.M.)
| | | | | | - Elad Tako
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Li Q, Zhao M, Wang Y, Zhong F, Liu J, Gao L, Zhao J. Associations Between Serum Free Fatty Acid Levels and Incident Diabetes in a 3-Year Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2743-2751. [PMID: 34168474 PMCID: PMC8216696 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s302681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High circulating free fatty acid (FFA) is associated with the development of diabetes. This study was designed to evaluate longitudinal associations between FFA levels, changes in FFA levels, and mean FFA levels and incident diabetes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This 3-year cohort study was conducted in Ningyang between 2011 and 2014. Serum FFA, fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and at the end of follow-up. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression model was used to evaluate associations between serum FFA levels in various groups and the risk of incident diabetes. RESULTS Of the 2905 individuals without baseline diabetes, 290 developed diabetes by the 3-year follow-up. With increasing baseline FFA levels, the mean FPG, 2hPG, and HbA1c levels, and the prevalence of diabetes at the end of follow-up increased. The trend of FPG and HbA1c increase was not statistically significant. Higher baseline FFA levels were not significantly associated with greater risk of incident diabetes. However, longitudinal changes in serum FFA levels showed that individuals with serum FFA levels from normal to high (OR = 2.956, 95% CI: 2.089-4.184) or from high to high (OR = 3.343, 95% CI: 2.300-4.857) had greater risk of incident diabetes compared with those with normal to normal FFA levels. Similarly, individuals with ΔFFA ≥ 0 mmol/L (OR = 1.762, 95% CI: 1.373-2.262) or high mean serum FFA levels (OR = 2.120, 95% CI: 1.620-2.775) were at higher risk of incident diabetes than those with ΔFFA < 0 mmol/L or normal mean serum FFA levels. CONCLUSION The longitudinal status of serum FFA levels, including chronic increases and sustained high levels, was more closely associated with high risk of incident diabetes than was high baseline FFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jiajun Zhao Tel +86 15168889899 Email
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Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103039. [PMID: 33023000 PMCID: PMC7600362 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an inflammatory clinical entity with different mechanisms involved in its physiopathology. Among these, the dysfunction of the gut microbiota stands out. Currently, it is understood that lipid products derived from the gut microbiota are capable of interacting with cells from the immune system and have an immunomodulatory effect. In the presence of dysbiosis, the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) increases, favoring damage to the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, a pro-inflammatory environment prevails, and a state of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia is present. Conversely, during eubiosis, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is fundamental for the maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as well as for immunogenic tolerance and appetite/satiety perception, leading to a protective effect. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that alterations or dysregulation of the gut microbiota can be reversed by modifying the eating habits of the patients or with the administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics. Similarly, different studies have demonstrated that drugs like Metformin are capable of modifying the composition of the gut microbiota, promoting changes in the biosynthesis of LPS, and the metabolism of SCFA.
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