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Nitschke MR, Abrego D, Allen CE, Alvarez-Roa C, Boulotte NM, Buerger P, Chan WY, Fae Neto WA, Ivory E, Johnston B, Meyers L, Parra V C, Peplow L, Perez T, Scharfenstein HJ, van Oppen MJH. The use of experimentally evolved coral photosymbionts for reef restoration. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00139-2. [PMID: 38942718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The heat tolerance of corals is largely determined by their microbial photosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae, colloquially known as zooxanthellae). Therefore, manipulating symbiont communities may enhance the ability of corals to survive summer heatwaves. Although heat-tolerant and -sensitive symbiont species occur in nature, even corals that harbour naturally tolerant symbionts have been observed to bleach during summer heatwaves. Experimental evolution (i.e., laboratory selection) of Symbiodiniaceae cultures under elevated temperatures has been successfully used to enhance their upper thermal tolerance, both in vitro and, in some instances, following their reintroduction into corals. In this review, we present the state of this intervention and its potential role within coral reef restoration, and discuss the next critical steps required to bridge the gap to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Abrego
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Corinne E Allen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Patrick Buerger
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wing Yan Chan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Ivory
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Bede Johnston
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luka Meyers
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Catalina Parra V
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Lesa Peplow
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Tahirih Perez
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Hugo J Scharfenstein
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Mohammad Aslam S, Vass I, Szabó M. Characterization of the Flash-Induced Fluorescence Wave Phenomenon in the Coral Endosymbiont Algae, Symbiodiniaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108712. [PMID: 37240058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The dinoflagellate algae, Symbiodiniaceae, are significant symbiotic partners of corals due to their photosynthetic capacity. The photosynthetic processes of the microalgae consist of linear electron transport, which provides the energetic balance of ATP and NADPH production for CO2 fixation, and alternative electron transport pathways, including cyclic electron flow, which ensures the elevated ATP requirements under stress conditions. Flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence relaxation is a non-invasive tool to assess the various electron transport pathways. A special case of fluorescence relaxation, the so-called wave phenomenon, was found to be associated with the activity of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) in microalgae. We showed previously that the wave phenomenon existed in Symbiodiniaceae under acute heat stress and microaerobic conditions, however, the electron transport processes related to the wave phenomenon remained unknown. In this work, using various inhibitors, we show that (i) the linear electron transport has a crucial role in the formation of the wave, (ii) the inhibition of the donor side of Photosystem II did not induce the wave, whereas inhibition of the Calvin-Benson cycle accelerated it, (iii) the wave phenomenon was related to the operation of type II NDH (NDH-2). We therefore propose that the wave phenomenon is an important marker of the regulation of electron transport in Symbiodiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Mohammad Aslam
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
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3
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Protoplast Preparation for Algal Single-Cell Omics Sequencing. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020538. [PMID: 36838504 PMCID: PMC9962006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is an evolutionary technique for conducting life science research, providing the highest genome-sale throughput and single-cell resolution and unprecedented capabilities in addressing mechanistic and operational questions. Unfortunately, the current SCS pipeline cannot be directly applied to algal research as algal cells have cell walls, which makes RNA extraction hard for the current SCS platforms. Fortunately, effective methods are available for producing algal protoplasts (cells without cell walls), which can be directly fed into current SCS pipelines. In this review, we first summarize the cell wall structure and chemical composition of algal cell walls, particularly in Chlorophyta, then summarize the advances made in preparing algal protoplasts using physical, chemical, and biological methods, followed by specific cases of algal protoplast production in some commonly used eukaryotic algae. This review provides a timely primer to those interested in applying SCS in eukaryotic algal research.
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Wang Z, Yu Z, He L, Zhu J, Liu L, Song X. Establishment and preliminary study of electrophysiological techniques in a typical red tide species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156698. [PMID: 35710000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology studies the electrical properties of cells and tissues including bioelectrical signals and membrane ion channel activities. As an important means to reveal ion channel related physiological functions and the underlying mechanisms, electrophysiological techniques have been widely used in studies of animals, higher plants and algae that are closely related to higher plants. However, few electrophysiological studies have been carried out in red tide organisms, especially in dinoflagellates, which is mainly due to the complex surface structure of dinoflagellate amphiesma. In this study, the surface amphiesma of Alexandrium pacificum, a typical red tide species, was removed by centrifugation, low-temperature treatment and enzymatic treatment. In all three treatments, low-temperature treatment with 4 °C for 2 h had high ecdysis rate and high fixation rate, and the treated cells were easy to puncture, so low-temperature treatment was used as a preprocessing treatment for subsequent current recording. Acquired protoplasts of A. pacificum were identified by calcofluor fluorescence and immobilized by poly-lysine. A modified "puncture" single-electrode voltage-clamp recording was first applied to dinoflagellates, and voltage-gated currents, which had the characteristics of outward K+ current and inward Cl- current, were recorded and confirmed by ion replacement, indicating the voltage-gated currents were mixed. This method can be used as a technical basis for the electrophysiological study of dinoflagellates and provides a new perspective for the study of stress tolerance, red tide succession, and the regulation of physiological function of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lidong Liu
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brian Health and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Nitschke MR, Rosset SL, Oakley CA, Gardner SG, Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Davy SK. The diversity and ecology of Symbiodiniaceae: A traits-based review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 92:55-127. [PMID: 36208879 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the most successful microeukaryotes to form mutualisms with animals are dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These photosynthetic symbioses drive significant primary production and are responsible for the formation of coral reef ecosystems but are particularly sensitive when environmental conditions become extreme. Annual episodes of widespread coral bleaching (disassociation of the mutualistic partnership) and mortality are forecasted from the year 2060 under current trends of ocean warming. However, host cnidarians and dinoflagellate symbionts display exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and meaningful predictions of the future that embrace this biological complexity are difficult to make. A recent move to trait-based biology (and an understanding of how traits are shaped by the environment) has been adopted to move past this problem. The aim of this review is to: (1) provide an overview of the major cnidarian lineages that are symbiotic with Symbiodiniaceae; (2) summarise the symbiodiniacean genera associated with cnidarians with reference to recent changes in taxonomy and systematics; (3) examine the knowledge gaps in Symbiodiniaceae life history from a trait-based perspective; (4) review Symbiodiniaceae trait variation along three abiotic gradients (light, nutrients, and temperature); and (5) provide recommendations for future research of Symbiodiniaceae traits. We anticipate that a detailed understanding of traits will further reveal basic knowledge of the evolution and functional diversity of these mutualisms, as well as enhance future efforts to model stability and change in ecosystems dependent on cnidarian-dinoflagellate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sabrina L Rosset
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Center for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Bashir F, Kovács S, Ábrahám Á, Nagy K, Ayaydin F, Valkony-Kelemen I, Ferenc G, Galajda P, Tóth SZ, Sass L, Kós PB, Vass I, Szabó M. Viable protoplast formation of the coral endosymbiont alga Symbiodinium spp. in a microfluidics platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2986-2999. [PMID: 35588270 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae is an important dinoflagellate family which lives in endosymbiosis with reef invertebrates, including coral polyps, making them central to the holobiont. With coral reefs currently under extreme threat from climate change, there is a pressing need to improve our understanding on the stress tolerance and stress avoidance mechanisms of Symbiodinium spp. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen are central players in mediating various stress responses; however, the detection of ROS using specific dyes is still far from definitive in intact Symbiodinium cells due to the hindrance of uptake of certain fluorescent dyes because of the presence of the cell wall. Protoplast technology provides a promising platform for studying oxidative stress with the main advantage of removed cell wall, however the preparation of viable protoplasts remains a significant challenge. Previous studies have successfully applied cellulose-based protoplast preparation in Symbiodiniaceae; however, the protoplast formation and regeneration process was found to be suboptimal. Here, we present a microfluidics-based platform which allowed protoplast isolation from individually trapped Symbiodinium cells, by using a precisely adjusted flow of cell wall digestion enzymes (cellulase and macerozyme). Trapped single cells exhibited characteristic changes in their morphology, cessation of cell division and a slight decrease in photosynthetic activity during protoplast formation. Following digestion and transfer to regeneration medium, protoplasts remained photosynthetically active, regrew cell walls, regained motility, and entered exponential growth. Elevated flow rates in the microfluidic chambers resulted in somewhat faster protoplast formation; however, cell wall digestion at higher flow rates partially compromised photosynthetic activity. Physiologically competent protoplasts prepared from trapped cells in microfluidic chambers allowed for the first time the visualization of the intracellular localization of singlet oxygen (using Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green dye) in Symbiodiniaceae, potentially opening new avenues for studying oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Ábrahám
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Nagy
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Valkony-Kelemen
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Ferenc
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter Galajda
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Z Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - László Sass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter B Kós
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Milán Szabó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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7
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Coral holobionts and biotechnology: from Blue Economy to coral reef conservation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:110-121. [PMID: 34861476 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Corals are of ecological and economic importance, providing habitat for species and contributing to coastal protection, fisheries, and tourism. Their biotechnological potential is also increasingly recognized. Particularly, the production of pharmaceutically interesting compounds by corals and their microbial associates stimulated natural product-based drug discovery. The efficient light distribution by coral skeletons for optimal photosynthesis by algal symbionts has led to 3D-printed bionic corals that may be used to upscale micro-algal cultivation for bioenergy generation. However, corals are under threat from climate change and pollution, and biotechnological approaches to increase their resilience, like 'probiotics' and 'assisted evolution', are being evaluated. In this review, we summarize the recent biotechnological developments related to corals with an emphasis on coral conservation, drug discovery and bioenergy.
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8
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Tortorelli G, Oakley CA, Davy SK, van Oppen MJH, McFadden GI. Cell wall proteomic analysis of the cnidarian photosymbionts Breviolum minutum and Cladocopium goreaui. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 69:e12870. [PMID: 34448326 PMCID: PMC9293036 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The algal cell wall is an important cellular component that functions in defense, nutrient utilization, signaling, adhesion, and cell–cell recognition—processes important in the cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis. The cell wall of symbiodiniacean dinoflagellates is not well characterized. Here, we present a method to isolate cell walls of Symbiodiniaceae and prepare cell‐wall‐enriched samples for proteomic analysis. Label‐free liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to explore the surface proteome of two Symbiodiniaceae species from the Great Barrier Reef: Breviolum minutum and Cladocopium goreaui. Transporters, hydrolases, translocases, and proteins involved in cell‐adhesion and protein–protein interactions were identified, but the majority of cell wall proteins had no homologues in public databases. We propose roles for some of these proteins in the cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis. This work provides the first proteomics investigation of cell wall proteins in the Symbiodiniaceae and represents a basis for future explorations of the roles of cell wall proteins in Symbiodiniaceae and other dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Tortorelli
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, New Zealand
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, New Zealand
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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9
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Tortorelli G, Rautengarten C, Bacic A, Segal G, Ebert B, Davy SK, van Oppen MJH, McFadden GI. Cell surface carbohydrates of symbiotic dinoflagellates and their role in the establishment of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 16:190-199. [PMID: 34285364 PMCID: PMC8290866 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae algae are often photosymbionts of reef-building corals. The establishment of their symbiosis resembles a microbial infection where eukaryotic pattern recognition receptors (e.g. lectins) are thought to recognize a specific range of taxon-specific microbial-associated molecular patterns (e.g. glycans). The present study used the sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana and three species of Symbiodiniaceae (the homologous Breviolum minutum, the heterologous-compatible Cladocopium goreaui and the heterologous-incompatible Fugacium kawagutii) to compare the surface glycomes of three symbionts and explore the role of glycan–lectin interactions in host–symbiont recognition and establishment of symbiosis. We identified the nucleotide sugars of the algal cells, then examined glycans on the cell wall of the three symbiont species with monosaccharide analysis, lectin array technology and fluorescence microscopy of the algal cell decorated with fluorescently tagged lectins. Armed with this inventory of possible glycan moieties, we then assayed the ability of the three Symbiodiniaceae to colonize aposymbiotic E. diaphana after modifying the surface of one of the two partners. The Symbiodiniaceae cell-surface glycome varies among algal species. Trypsin treatment of the alga changed the rate of B. minutum and C. goreaui uptake, suggesting that a protein-based moiety is an essential part of compatible symbiont recognition. Our data strongly support the importance of D-galactose (in particular β-D-galactose) residues in the establishment of the cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis, and we propose a potential involvement of L-fucose, D-xylose and D-galacturonic acid in the early steps of this mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Tortorelli
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Antony Bacic
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriela Segal
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Graña E, Reigosa MJ, Araniti F. Imaging of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Natural Compound-Induced Stress Detection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583590. [PMID: 33408728 PMCID: PMC7779684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of chlorophyll a fluorescence (CFI) represents an easy, precise, fast and non-invasive technique that can be successfully used for discriminating plant response to phytotoxic stress with reproducible results and without damaging the plants. The spatio-temporal analyses of the fluorescence images can give information about damage evolution, secondary effects and plant defense response. In the last years, some studies about plant natural compounds-induced phytotoxicity have introduced imaging techniques to measure fluorescence, although the analysis of the image as a whole is often missed. In this paper we, therefore, evaluated the advantages of monitoring fluorescence images, presenting the physiological interpretation of different possible combinations of the most relevant parameters linked to fluorescence emission and the images obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Elisa Graña
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel J. Reigosa
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department AGRARIA, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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11
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Nitschke MR, Fidalgo C, Simões J, Brandão C, Alves A, Serôdio J, Frommlet JC. Symbiolite formation: a powerful in vitro model to untangle the role of bacterial communities in the photosynthesis-induced formation of microbialites. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1533-1546. [PMID: 32203119 PMCID: PMC7242451 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbially induced calcification is an ancient, community-driven mineralisation process that produces different types of microbialites. Symbiolites are photosynthesis-induced microbialites, formed by calcifying co-cultures of dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria. Symbiolites encase the calcifying community as endolithic cells, pointing at an autoendolithic niche of symbiotic dinoflagellates, and provide a rare opportunity to study the role of bacteria in bacterial-algal calcification, as symbiodiniacean cultures display either distinct symbiolite-producing (SP) or non-symbiolite-producing (NP) phenotypes. Using Illumina sequencing, we found that the bacterial communities of SP and NP cultures differed significantly in the relative abundance of 23 genera, 14 families, and 2 phyla. SP cultures were rich in biofilm digesters from the phylum Planctomycetes and their predicted metagenomes were enriched in orthologs related to biofilm formation. In contrast, NP cultures were dominated by biofilm digesters from the Bacteroidetes, and were inferred as enriched in proteases and nucleases. Functional assays confirmed the potential of co-cultures and bacterial isolates to produce biofilms and point at acidic polysaccharides as key stimulators for mineral precipitation. Hence, bacteria appear to influence symbiolite formation primarily through their biofilm-producing and modifying activity and we anticipate that symbiolite formation, as a low-complexity in vitro model, will significantly advance our understanding of photosynthesis-induced microbial calcification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Cátia Fidalgo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Simões
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Brandão
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Camp EF, Kahlke T, Nitschke MR, Varkey D, Fisher NL, Fujise L, Goyen S, Hughes DJ, Lawson CA, Ros M, Woodcock S, Xiao K, Leggat W, Suggett DJ. Revealing changes in the microbiome of Symbiodiniaceae under thermal stress. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1294-1309. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Nerissa L. Fisher
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Lisa Fujise
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - David J. Hughes
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Caitlin A. Lawson
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Mickael Ros
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Kun Xiao
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - William Leggat
- School of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW 2308 Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
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13
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Host and Symbiont Cell Cycle Coordination Is Mediated by Symbiotic State, Nutrition, and Partner Identity in a Model Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02626-19. [PMID: 32156819 PMCID: PMC7064764 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02626-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass regulation is critical to the overall health of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses. Despite the central role of the cell cycle in the growth and proliferation of cnidarian host cells and dinoflagellate symbionts, there are few studies that have examined the potential for host-symbiont coregulation. This study provides evidence for the acceleration of host cell proliferation when in local proximity to clusters of symbionts within cnidarian tentacles. The findings suggest that symbionts augment the cell cycle of not only their enveloping host cells but also neighboring cells in the epidermis and gastrodermis. This provides a possible mechanism for rapid colonization of cnidarian tissues. In addition, the cell cycles of symbionts differed depending on nutritional regime, symbiotic state, and species identity. The responses of cell cycle profiles to these different factors implicate a role for species-specific regulation of symbiont cell cycles within host cnidarian tissues. The cell cycle is a critical component of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and response to stress, yet its role in the regulation of intracellular symbioses is not well understood. To explore host-symbiont cell cycle coordination in a marine symbiosis, we employed a model for coral-dinoflagellate associations: the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia (Exaiptasia pallida) and its native microalgal photosymbionts (Breviolum minutum and Breviolum psygmophilum). Using fluorescent labeling and spatial point-pattern image analyses to characterize cell population distributions in both partners, we developed protocols that are tailored to the three-dimensional cellular landscape of a symbiotic sea anemone tentacle. Introducing cultured symbiont cells to symbiont-free adult hosts increased overall host cell proliferation rates. The acceleration occurred predominantly in the symbiont-containing gastrodermis near clusters of symbionts but was also observed in symbiont-free epidermal tissue layers, indicating that the presence of symbionts contributes to elevated proliferation rates in the entire host during colonization. Symbiont cell cycle progression differed between cultured algae and those residing within hosts; the endosymbiotic state resulted in increased S-phase but decreased G2/M-phase symbiont populations. These phenotypes and the deceleration of cell cycle progression varied with symbiont identity and host nutritional status. These results demonstrate that host and symbiont cells have substantial and species-specific effects on the proliferation rates of their mutualistic partners. This is the first empirical evidence to support species-specific regulation of the symbiont cell cycle within a single cnidarian-dinoflagellate association; similar regulatory mechanisms likely govern interpartner coordination in other coral-algal symbioses and shape their ecophysiological responses to a changing climate.
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14
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Bellantuono AJ, Dougan KE, Granados‐Cifuentes C, Rodriguez‐Lanetty M. Free‐living and symbiotic lifestyles of a thermotolerant coral endosymbiont display profoundly distinct transcriptomes under both stable and heat stress conditions. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5265-5281. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine E. Dougan
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
| | - Camila Granados‐Cifuentes
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
- Baruch College The City University of New York New York NY USA
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15
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Chen JE, Barbrook AC, Cui G, Howe CJ, Aranda M. The genetic intractability of Symbiodinium microadriaticum to standard algal transformation methods. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211936. [PMID: 30779749 PMCID: PMC6380556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern transformation and genome editing techniques have shown great success across a broad variety of organisms. However, no study of successfully applied genome editing has been reported in a dinoflagellate despite the first genetic transformation of Symbiodinium being published about 20 years ago. Using an array of different available transformation techniques, we attempted to transform Symbiodinium microadriaticum (CCMP2467), a dinoflagellate symbiont of reef-building corals, with the view to performing subsequent CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing. Plasmid vectors designed for nuclear transformation containing the chloramphenicol resistance gene under the control of the CaMV p35S promoter as well as several putative endogenous promoters were used to test a variety of transformation techniques including biolistics, electroporation and agitation with silicon carbide whiskers. Chloroplast-targeted transformation was attempted using an engineered Symbiodinium chloroplast minicircle encoding a modified PsbA protein expected to confer atrazine resistance. We report that we have been unable to confer chloramphenicol or atrazine resistance on Symbiodinium microadriaticum strain CCMP2467.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Ern Chen
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Sachs Center on Sustainable Development, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Adrian C. Barbrook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guoxin Cui
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Thomas L, Palumbi SR. The genomics of recovery from coral bleaching. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1790. [PMID: 29070726 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological damage from periodic environmental extremes is often repaired in resilient ecosystems, but the rate of return to a non-damaged state is critical. Measures of recovery of communities include biomass, productivity and diversity, while measures of recovery of individuals tend to focus on physiological conditions and the return to normal metabolic functioning. Transcriptomics offers a window into the entire physiology of the organism under stress and can represent a holistic view of organismal recovery. In this study, we track the recovery of seven colonies of Acropora hyacinthus following a natural bleaching event. We identified a large environmental stress response in the field that involved approximately 20% of the host transcriptome. The transcriptome remained largely perturbed for at least six months after temperatures had cooled and four months after symbiont populations had recovered. Moreover, a small set of genes did not recover to previous expression levels even 12 months after the event, about the time that normal growth rates resumed. This study is among the first to incorporate transcriptomics into a longitudinal dataset of recovery from environmental stress. The data demonstrate large and lasting effects on coral physiology long after environmental conditions return to normal and symbiont populations recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Thomas
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
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17
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Li J, Volsteadt M, Kirkendale L, Cavanaugh CM. Characterizing Photosymbiosis Between Fraginae Bivalves and Symbiodinium Using Phylogenetics and Stable Isotopes. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Levin RA, Voolstra CR, Agrawal S, Steinberg PD, Suggett DJ, van Oppen MJH. Engineering Strategies to Decode and Enhance the Genomes of Coral Symbionts. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1220. [PMID: 28713348 PMCID: PMC5492045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated sea surface temperatures from a severe and prolonged El Niño event (2014–2016) fueled by climate change have resulted in mass coral bleaching (loss of dinoflagellate photosymbionts, Symbiodinium spp., from coral tissues) and subsequent coral mortality, devastating reefs worldwide. Genetic variation within and between Symbiodinium species strongly influences the bleaching tolerance of corals, thus recent papers have called for genetic engineering of Symbiodinium to elucidate the genetic basis of bleaching-relevant Symbiodinium traits. However, while Symbiodinium has been intensively studied for over 50 years, genetic transformation of Symbiodinium has seen little success likely due to the large evolutionary divergence between Symbiodinium and other model eukaryotes rendering standard transformation systems incompatible. Here, we integrate the growing wealth of Symbiodinium next-generation sequencing data to design tailored genetic engineering strategies. Specifically, we develop a testable expression construct model that incorporates endogenous Symbiodinium promoters, terminators, and genes of interest, as well as an internal ribosomal entry site from a Symbiodinium virus. Furthermore, we assess the potential for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing through new analyses of the three currently available Symbiodinium genomes. Finally, we discuss how genetic engineering could be applied to enhance the stress tolerance of Symbiodinium, and in turn, coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Levin
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shobhit Agrawal
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, MosmanNSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, TownsvilleQLD, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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