1
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LoScerbo DC, Wilson SM, Robinson KA, Moore JW, Patterson DA. Physiological condition infers habitat choice in juvenile sockeye salmon. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae011. [PMID: 38584988 PMCID: PMC10998697 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The amount of time that juvenile salmon remain in an estuary varies among and within populations, with some individuals passing through their estuary in hours while others remain in the estuary for several months. Underlying differences in individual physiological condition, such as body size, stored energy and osmoregulatory function, could drive individual variation in the selection of estuary habitat. Here we investigated the role of variation in physiological condition on the selection of estuarine and ocean habitat by sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts intercepted at the initiation of their 650-km downstream migration from Chilko Lake, Fraser River, British Columbia (BC). Behavioural salinity preference experiments were conducted on unfed smolts held in fresh water at three time intervals during their downstream migration period, representing the stage of migration at lake-exit, and the expected timing for estuary-entry and ocean-entry (0, 1 and 3 weeks after lake-exit, respectively). In general, salinity preference behaviour varied across the three time periods consistent with expected transition from river to estuary to ocean. Further, individual physiological condition did influence habitat choice. Smolt condition factor (K) and energy density were positively correlated with salinity preference behaviour in the estuary and ocean outmigration stages, but not at lake-exit. Our results suggest that smolt physiological condition upon reaching the estuary could influence migratory behaviour and habitat selection. This provides evidence on the temporally dependent interplay of physiology, behaviour and migration in wild juvenile Pacific salmon, with juvenile rearing conditions influencing smolt energetic status, which in turn influences habitat choice during downstream migration. The implication for the conservation of migratory species is that the relative importance of stopover habitats may vary as a function of initial condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella C LoScerbo
- Department of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Samantha M Wilson
- Earth2Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kendra A Robinson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Department of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Earth2Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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2
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Hood WG, Blauvelt K, Bottom DL, Castro JM, Johnson GE, Jones KK, Krueger KL, Thom RM, Wilson A. Using landscape ecology principles to prioritize habitat restoration projects across the Columbia River Estuary. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Gregory Hood
- Skagit River System Cooperative PO Box 368, LaConner Washington 98257 USA
| | - Katie Blauvelt
- PC Trask and Associates, Inc 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 1300 Portland Oregon 97205 USA
| | - Daniel L. Bottom
- U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (retired) USA
| | - Janine M. Castro
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100 Vancouver Washington 98683 USA
| | - Gary E. Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (retired) 620 SW 5th Avenue Portland Oregon 97204 USA
| | - Kim K. Jones
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (retired) 28655 Hwy 34 Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Kirk L. Krueger
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife PO Box 43200 Olympia Washington 98504‐3200 USA
| | - Ronald M. Thom
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (retired) 1529 W. Sequim Bay Road Sequim Washington 98382 USA
| | - Andy Wilson
- PC Trask and Associates, Inc 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 1300 Portland Oregon 97205 USA
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3
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Perry WB. When it comes to brown trout and arctic charr migrants, home is where the heart is. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:297. [PMID: 34525241 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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4
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Clemens BJ, Schreck CB. An assessment of terminology for intraspecific diversity in fishes, with a focus on "ecotypes" and "life histories". Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10772-10793. [PMID: 34429881 PMCID: PMC8366897 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and preserving intraspecific diversity (ISD) is important for species conservation. However, ISD units do not have taxonomic standards and are not universally recognized. The terminology used to describe ISD is varied and often used ambiguously. We compared definitions of terms used to describe ISD with use in recent studies of three fish taxa: sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp., "PST"), and lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Life history describes the phenotypic responses of organisms to environments and includes biological parameters that affect population growth or decline. Life-history pathway(s) are the result of different organismal routes of development that can result in different life histories. These terms can be used to describe recognizable life-history traits. Life history is generally used in organismal- and ecology-based journals. The terms paired species/species pairs have been used to describe two different phenotypes, whereas in some species and situations a continuum of phenotypes may be expressed. Our review revealed overlapping definitions for race and subspecies, and subspecies and ecotypes. Ecotypes are genotypic adaptations to particular environments, and this term is often used in genetic- and evolution-based journals. "Satellite species" is used for situations in which a parasitic lamprey yields two or more derived, nonparasitic lamprey species. Designatable Units, Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs), and Distinct Population Segments (DPS) are used by some governments to classify ISD of vertebrate species within distinct and evolutionary significant criteria. In situations where the genetic or life-history components of ISD are not well understood, a conservative approach would be to call them phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl B. Schreck
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
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5
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Diefenderfer HL, Steyer GD, Harwell MC, LoSchiavo AJ, Neckles HA, Burdick DM, Johnson GE, Buenau KE, Trujillo E, Callaway JC, Thom RM, Ganju NK, Twilley RR. Applying cumulative effects to strategically advance large-scale ecosystem restoration. FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2020; 19:108-117. [PMID: 34795552 PMCID: PMC8597595 DOI: 10.1002/fee.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
International efforts to restore degraded ecosystems will continue to expand over the coming decades, yet the factors contributing to the effectiveness of long-term restoration across large areas remain largely unexplored. At large scales, outcomes are more complex and synergistic than the additive impacts of individual restoration projects. Here, we propose a cumulative-effects conceptual framework to inform restoration design and implementation and to comprehensively measure ecological outcomes. To evaluate and illustrate this approach, we reviewed long-term restoration in several large coastal and riverine areas across the US: the greater Florida Everglades; Gulf of Mexico coast; lower Columbia River and estuary; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta; Missouri River; and northeastern coastal states. Evidence supported eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects, which improved outcomes for species and ecosystems at landscape and regional scales. We conclude that cumulative effects, usually measured for ecosystem degradation, are also measurable for ecosystem restoration. The consideration of evidence-based cumulative effects will help managers of large-scale restoration capitalize on positive feedback and reduce countervailing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heida L Diefenderfer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA
- College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Matthew C Harwell
- Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL
| | - Andrew J LoSchiavo
- Planning and Policy Division, Environmental Branch, US Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - David M Burdick
- Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, and Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
| | | | | | - Elene Trujillo
- Science & Evaluation, Puget Sound Partnership, Tacoma, WA
| | - John C Callaway
- Delta Science Program, Delta Stewardship Council, Sacramento, CA
- Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Neil K Ganju
- Coastal and Marine Geology, USGS, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Robert R Twilley
- Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, College of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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6
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Santelmann MV, Boisjolie BA, Flitcroft R, Gomez M. Relationships between Salt Marsh Vegetation and Surface Elevation in Coos Bay Estuary, Oregon. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3955/046.093.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary V. Santelmann
- 104 CEOAS Administration Building, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Brett A. Boisjolie
- 104 CEOAS Administration Building, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Rebecca Flitcroft
- USDA Forest Service Research Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way SW, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| | - Megan Gomez
- The Evergreen State College, 2700 Evergreen Parkway NW, Olympia, Washington 98505
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Toft JD, Munsch SH, Cordell JR, Siitari K, Hare VC, Holycross BM, DeBruyckere LA, Greene CM, Hughes BB. Impact of multiple stressors on juvenile fish in estuaries of the northeast Pacific. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2008-2020. [PMID: 29341366 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A key step in identifying global change impacts on species and ecosystems is to quantify effects of multiple stressors. To date, the science of global change has been dominated by regional field studies, experimental manipulation, meta-analyses, conceptual models, reviews, and studies focusing on a single stressor or species over broad spatial and temporal scales. Here, we provide one of the first studies for coastal systems examining multiple stressor effects across broad scales, focused on the nursery function of 20 estuaries spanning 1,600 km of coastline, 25 years of monitoring, and seven fish and invertebrate species along the northeast Pacific coast. We hypothesized those species most estuarine dependent and negatively impacted by human activities would have lower presence and abundances in estuaries with greater anthropogenic land cover, pollution, and water flow stress. We found significant negative relationships between juveniles of two of seven species (Chinook salmon and English sole) and estuarine stressors. Chinook salmon were less likely to occur and were less abundant in estuaries with greater pollution stress. They were also less abundant in estuaries with greater flow stress, although this relationship was marginally insignificant. English sole were less abundant in estuaries with greater land cover stress. Together, we provide new empirical evidence that effects of stressors on two fish species culminate in detectable trends along the northeast Pacific coast, elevating the need for protection from pollution, land cover, and flow stressors to their habitats. Lack of response among the other five species could be related to differing resistance to specific stressors, type and precision of the stressor metrics, and limitations in catch data across estuaries and habitats. Acquiring improved measurements of impacts to species will guide future management actions, and help predict how estuarine nursery functions can be optimized given anthropogenic stressors and climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Toft
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stuart H Munsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffery R Cordell
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiira Siitari
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Van C Hare
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Lisa A DeBruyckere
- Pacific Marine and Estuarine Fish Habitat Partnership, Salem, OR, USA
- Creative Resource Strategies, LLC, Salem, OR, USA
| | - Correigh M Greene
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent B Hughes
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Marine Lab, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
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8
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Woo I, Davis MJ, Ellings CS, Nakai G, Takekawa JY, De La Cruz S. Enhanced invertebrate prey production following estuarine restoration supports foraging for multiple species of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus
spp.). Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isa Woo
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center; San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive; Vallejo CA 94592 U.S.A
| | - Melanie J. Davis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center; Nisqually Field Station, 100 Brown Farm Road NE; Olympia WA 98516 U.S.A
| | - Christopher S. Ellings
- Department of Natural Resources; Nisqually Indian Tribe, 12501 Yelm Highway SE; Olympia WA 98513 U.S.A
| | - Glynnis Nakai
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, 100 Brown Farm Road NE; Olympia WA 98516 U.S.A
| | - John Y. Takekawa
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center; San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive; Vallejo CA 94592 U.S.A
- Present address: Suisun Resource Conservation District, 2554 Grizzly Island Road; Suisun City CA 94585 U.S.A
| | - Susan De La Cruz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center; San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive; Vallejo CA 94592 U.S.A
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9
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Krueger KL, Bottom DL, Hood WG, Johnson GE, Jones KK, Thom RM. An expert panel process to evaluate habitat restoration actions in the Columbia River estuary. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 188:337-350. [PMID: 28006743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a process for evaluating proposed ecosystem restoration projects intended to improve survival of juvenile salmon in the Columbia River estuary (CRE). Changes in the Columbia River basin (northwestern USA), including hydropower development, have contributed to the listing of 13 salmon stocks as endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Habitat restoration in the CRE, from Bonneville Dam to the ocean, is part of a basin-wide, legally mandated effort to mitigate federal hydropower impacts on salmon survival. An Expert Regional Technical Group (ERTG) was established in 2009 to improve and implement a process for assessing and assigning "survival benefit units" (SBUs) to restoration actions. The SBU concept assumes site-specific restoration projects will increase juvenile salmon survival during migration through the 234 km CRE. Assigned SBUs are used to inform selection of restoration projects and gauge mitigation progress. The ERTG standardized the SBU assessment process to improve its scientific integrity, repeatability, and transparency. In lieu of experimental data to quantify the survival benefits of individual restoration actions, the ERTG adopted a conceptual model composed of three assessment criteria-certainty of success, fish opportunity improvements, and habitat capacity improvements-to evaluate restoration projects. Based on these criteria, an algorithm assigned SBUs by integrating potential fish density as an indicator of salmon performance. Between 2009 and 2014, the ERTG assessed SBUs for 55 proposed projects involving a total of 181 restoration actions located across 8 of 9 reaches of the CRE, largely relying on information provided in a project template based on the conceptual model, presentations, discussions with project sponsors, and site visits. Most projects restored tidal inundation to emergent wetlands, improved riparian function, and removed invasive vegetation. The scientific relationship of geomorphic and salmonid responses to restoration actions remains the foremost concern. Although not designed to establish a broad strategy for estuary restoration, the scoring process has adaptively influenced the types, designs, and locations of restoration proposals. The ERTG process may be a useful model for others who have unique ecosystem restoration goals and share some of our common challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L Krueger
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.
| | - Daniel L Bottom
- U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Retired), 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - W Gregory Hood
- Skagit River System Cooperative, PO Box 368, LaConner, WA 98257, USA.
| | - Gary E Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 620 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, OR 97204, USA.
| | - Kim K Jones
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (Retired), 28655 Hwy 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | - Ronald M Thom
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1529 W. Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA.
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10
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Flitcroft RL, Lewis SL, Arismendi I, LovellFord R, Santelmann MV, Safeeq M, Grant G. Linking Hydroclimate to Fish Phenology and Habitat Use with Ichthyographs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168831. [PMID: 28006825 PMCID: PMC5179265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streamflow and water temperature (hydroclimate) influence the life histories of aquatic biota. The relationship between streamflow and temperature varies with climate, hydrogeomorphic setting, and season. Life histories of native fishes reflect, in part, their adaptation to regional hydroclimate (flow and water temperature), local habitats, and natural disturbance regimes, all of which may be affected by water management. Alterations to natural hydroclimates, such as those caused by river regulation or climate change, can modify the suitability and variety of in-stream habitat for fishes throughout the year. Here, we present the ichthyograph, a new empirically-based graphical tool to help visualize relationships between hydroclimate and fish phenology. Generally, this graphical tool can be used to display a variety of phenotypic traits. We used long-term data sets of daily fish passage to examine linkages between hydroclimate and the expression of life-history phenology by native fishes. The ichthyograph may be used to characterize the environmental phenology for fishes across multiple spatio-temporal domains. We illustrate the ichthyograph in two applications to visualize: 1) river use for the community of fishes at a specific location; and 2) stream conditions at multiple locations within the river network for one species at different life-history stages. The novel, yet simple, ichthyograph offers a flexible framework to enable transformations in thinking regarding relationships between hydroclimate and aquatic species across space and time. The potential broad application of this innovative tool promotes synergism between assessments of physical characteristics and the biological needs of aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Flitcroft
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah L. Lewis
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel LovellFord
- Water Resources Department: State of Oregon, Salem, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mary V. Santelmann
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Safeeq
- Geosciences Department, University of California at Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Gordon Grant
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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11
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Thom R, St Clair T, Burns R, Anderson M. Adaptive management of large aquatic ecosystem recovery programs in the United States. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:424-430. [PMID: 27545987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive management (AM) is being employed in a number of programs in the United States to guide actions to restore aquatic ecosystems because these programs are both expensive and are faced with significant uncertainties. Many of these uncertainties are associated with prioritizing when, where, and what kind of actions are needed to meet the objectives of enhancing ecosystem services and recovering threatened and endangered species. We interviewed nine large-scale aquatic ecosystem restoration programs across the United States to document the lessons learned from implementing AM. In addition, we recorded information on ecological drivers (e.g., endangered fish species) for the program, and inferred how these drivers reflected more generic ecosystem services. Ecosystem services (e.g., genetic diversity, cultural heritage), albeit not explicit drivers, were either important to the recovery or enhancement of the drivers, or were additional benefits associated with actions to recover or enhance the program drivers. Implementing programs using AM lessons learned has apparently helped achieve better results regarding enhancing ecosystem services and restoring target species populations. The interviews yielded several recommendations. The science and AM program must be integrated into how the overall restoration program operates in order to gain understanding and support, and effectively inform management decision-making. Governance and decision-making varied based on its particular circumstances. Open communication within and among agency and stakeholder groups and extensive vetting lead up to decisions. It was important to have an internal agency staff member to implement the AM plan, and a clear designation of roles and responsibilities, and long-term commitment of other involved parties. The most important management questions and information needs must be identified up front. It was imperative to clearly identify, link and continually reinforce the essential components of an AM plan, including objectives, constraints, uncertainties, hypotheses, management actions, decision criteria and triggers, monitoring, and research. Some employed predictive models and the results of research on uncertainties to vet options for actions. Many relied on best available science and professional judgment to decide if adjustments to actions were needed. All programs emphasized the need to be nimble enough to be responsive to new information and make necessary adjustments to management action implementation. We recommend that ecosystem services be explicit drivers of restoration programs to facilitate needed funding and communicate to the general public and with the global efforts on restoring and conserving ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Thom
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382, USA.
| | - Tom St Clair
- The Louis Berger Group, 484 Tivoli Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32259, USA.
| | - Rebecca Burns
- The Louis Berger Group, 109-258 Sixth Street, New Westminster, BC V3L 3A4, Canada.
| | - Michael Anderson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
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12
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13
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Abernathy J, Panserat S, Welker T, Plagne-Juan E, Sakhrani D, Higgs DA, Audouin F, Devlin RH, Overturf K. Food Shortage Causes Differential Effects on Body Composition and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Salmon Modified for Increased Growth Hormone Production. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:753-767. [PMID: 26265485 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic salmon possesses markedly increased metabolic rate, appetite, and feed conversion efficiency, as well as an increased ability to compete for food resources. Thus, the ability of GH-transgenic fish to withstand periods of food deprivation as occurs in nature is potentially different than that of nontransgenic fish. However, the physiological and genetic effects of transgenic GH production over long periods of food deprivation remain largely unknown. Here, GH-transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and nontransgenic, wild-type coho salmon were subjected to a 3-month food deprivation trial, during which time performance characteristics related to growth were measured along with proximate compositions. To examine potential genetic effects of GH-transgenesis on long-term food deprivation, a group of genes related to muscle development and liver metabolism was selected for quantitative PCR analysis. Results showed that GH-transgenic fish lose weight at an increased rate compared to wild-type even though proximate compositions remained relatively similar between the groups. A total of nine genes related to muscle physiology (cathepsin, cee, insulin-like growth factor, myostatin, murf-1, myosin, myogenin, proteasome delta, tumor necrosis factor) and five genes related to liver metabolism (carnitine palmitoyltransferase, fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucokinase) were shown to be differentially regulated between GH-transgenic and wild-type coho salmon over time. These genetic and physiological responses assist in identifying differences between GH-transgenic and wild-type salmon in relation to fitness effects arising from elevated growth hormone during periods of long-term food shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Abernathy
- USDA-ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID, 83332, USA
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Thomas Welker
- USDA-ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID, 83332, USA
| | - Elisabeth Plagne-Juan
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Dionne Sakhrani
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, Canada, V7V 1N6
| | - David A Higgs
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, Canada, V7V 1N6
| | - Florence Audouin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, Canada, V7V 1N6
| | - Robert H Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, Canada, V7V 1N6
| | - Ken Overturf
- USDA-ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID, 83332, USA.
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14
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Craig BE, Simenstad CA, Bottom DL. Rearing in natural and recovering tidal wetlands enhances growth and life-history diversity of Columbia Estuary tributary coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch population. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:31-51. [PMID: 24890886 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study provides evidence of the importance of tributary tidal wetlands to local coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch populations and life-history diversity. Subyearling and, to a lesser extent, yearling O. kisutch life histories utilized various estuary habitats within the Grays River, a tidal freshwater tributary of the Columbia River estuary, including restoring emergent wetlands and natural forested wetlands. Migration timing data, size distributions, estuary residence and scale patterns suggest a predominance of subyearling migrant life histories, including several that involve extended periods of estuary rearing. Estuarine-rearing subyearling O. kisutch exhibited the greatest overall growth rates; the highest growth rates were seen in fish that utilized restoring emergent wetlands. These results contrast with studies conducted in the main-stem Columbia River estuary, which captured few O. kisutch, of which nearly all were hatchery-origin yearling smolts. Restoration and preservation of peripheral and tributary wetland habitats, such as those in the Grays River, could play an important role in the recovery of natural O. kisutch populations in the Columbia River and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Craig
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 N.E. Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, U.S.A
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Fleming IA, Bottom DL, Jones KK, Simenstad CA, Craig JF. Resilience of anadromous and resident salmonid populations. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:1-7. [PMID: 24980458 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I A Fleming
- Fish Evolutionary Ecology Research Group and Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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