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Záhonová K, Füssy Z, Stairs CW, Leger MM, Tachezy J, Čepička I, Roger AJ, Hampl V. Comparative analysis of mitochondrion-related organelles in anaerobic amoebozoans. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37994879 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Archamoebae comprises free-living or endobiotic amoebiform protists that inhabit anaerobic or microaerophilic environments and possess mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) adapted to function anaerobically. We compared in silico reconstructed MRO proteomes of eight species (six genera) and found that the common ancestor of Archamoebae possessed very few typical components of the protein translocation machinery, electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle. On the other hand, it contained a sulphate activation pathway and bacterial iron-sulphur (Fe-S) assembly system of MIS-type. The metabolic capacity of the MROs, however, varies markedly within this clade. The glycine cleavage system is widely conserved among Archamoebae, except in Entamoeba, probably owing to its role in catabolic function or one-carbon metabolism. MRO-based pyruvate metabolism was dispensed within subgroups Entamoebidae and Rhizomastixidae, whereas sulphate activation could have been lost in isolated cases of Rhizomastix libera, Mastigamoeba abducta and Endolimax sp. The MIS (Fe-S) assembly system was duplicated in the common ancestor of Mastigamoebidae and Pelomyxidae, and one of the copies took over Fe-S assembly in their MRO. In Entamoebidae and Rhizomastixidae, we hypothesize that Fe-S cluster assembly in both compartments may be facilitated by dual localization of the single system. We could not find evidence for changes in metabolic functions of the MRO in response to changes in habitat; it appears that such environmental drivers do not strongly affect MRO reduction in this group of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Záhonová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
- Life Science Research Centre, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Courtney W Stairs
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Present address: Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Present address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
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Constenla M, Palenzuela O. A New Parasitic Archamoeba Causing Systemic Granulomatous Disease in Goldfish Extends the Diversity of Pathogenic Endolimax spp. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050935. [PMID: 36899792 PMCID: PMC10000153 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endolimax is a genus of intestinal amoebae which stands among the least known human protists. Previous studies on amoebic systemic granulomatosis of a marine fish (Solea senegalensis) resulted in the unexpected characterization of a new organism which was related to Endolimax and named E. piscium. The existence of multiple reports of systemic granulomatosis caused presumptively by unidentified amoebae in goldfish lead us to investigate the organism involved in goldfish disease. Analysed goldfish presented small whitish nodules in the kidney, which correspond to chronic granulomatous inflammatory reactions with a ring-layer of amoebae in the periphery. Amoebae were amitochondriate and were located in a parasitophorous vacuole within macrophages, as previous studies on this condition in goldfish and other freshwater fish pointed out. SSU rDNA characterization confirmed a new Endolimax lineage which appears closely related to E. piscium, but the molecular evidence, distinct pathological features and lack of ecological overlapping between the hosts support their assignment to a new species, E. carassius. The results support the existence of a considerable unexplored diversity of Endolimax spp. among fish, and their proper characterization can contribute to an understanding of Archamoebae evolution and pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia and Servei de Diagnostic Patologic en Peixos, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Palenzuela
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Hocke EF, Jamy M, Burki F, Clark CG, Stensvold CR. Unravelling the Phylogeny of a Common Intestinal Protist: Intrageneric Diversity of Endolimax. Protist 2022; 173:125908. [PMID: 36152390 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endolimax nana is a common endobiont of the human intestine, but members of the genus have also been reported in non-human hosts and in non-intestinal organs. Limited information is available regarding the genetic diversity of Endolimax, which is necessary to delineate species, host specificity and potential differences in clinical impact on the host. Here, we used cloning of PCR products followed by Sanger sequencing and next-generation PacBio Sequencing to obtain Endolimax-related nuclear ribosomal gene sequences and undertook a phylogenetic analysis to gain additional insight into the taxonomy of Endolimax and related organisms. The new sequences confirmed that E. nana forms a discrete clade within the Archamoebae and is related to Endolimax piscium and Iodamoeba. However, we identified substantial sequence divergence within E. nana and evidence for two distinct clades, which we propose to name E. nana ribosomal lineage 1 and E. nana ribosomal lineage 2. Both of the sequencing approaches applied in the study helped us to improve our understanding of genetic diversity across Endolimax, and it is likely that wider application of next-generation sequencing technologies will facilitate the generation of Endolimax-related DNA sequence data and help complete our understanding of its phylogenetic position and intrageneric diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Filtenborg Hocke
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahwash Jamy
- Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabien Burki
- Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Graham Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Padrós F, Constenla M. Diseases Caused by Amoebae in Fish: An Overview. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:991. [PMID: 33916144 PMCID: PMC8065943 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic and amphizoic amoebae are ubiquitous and can affect a huge variety of hosts, from invertebrates to humans, and fish are not an exception. Most of the relationships between amoebae and fish are based on four different types: ectocommensals, ectoparasites, endocommensals and endoparasites, although the lines between them are not always clear. As ectocommensals, they are located specially on the gills and particularly the amphizoic Neoparamoeba perurans is the most relevant species, being a real pathogenic parasite in farmed salmon. It causes amoebic gill disease, which causes a progressive hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the gill filaments and lamellae. Nodular gill disease is its analogue in freshwater fish but the causative agent is still not clear, although several amoebae have been identified associated to the lesions. Other species have been described in different fish species, affecting not only gills but also other organs, even internal ones. In some cases, species of the genera Naegleria or Acanthamoeba, which also contain pathogenic species affecting humans, are usually described affecting freshwater fish species. As endocommensals, Entamoebae species have been described in the digestive tract of freshwater and marine fish species, but Endolimax nana can reach other organs and cause systemic infections in farmed Solea senegalensis. Other systemic infections caused by amoebae are usually described in wild fish, although in most cases these are isolated cases without clinical signs or significance.
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Chistyakova L, Bezborodkina N, Berdieva M, Radaev A, Goodkov A. The nature and features of organization of reserve polysaccharides in three Pelomyxa species (Archamoebea, Pelobiontida). PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1701-1708. [PMID: 32829470 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nature and features of organization of reserve polysaccharides in three species of the genus Pelomyxa-P. palustris, P. belevskii, and P. stagnalis-were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. We applied the periodic acid-Schiff reaction that is a highly selective method for detecting glycogen. The fluorescent dye auramine-SO2 (Au-SO2) was used as a Schiff-type reagent. The densely packed aggregates of glycogen that form the morphologically differentiated organelle-like bodies are revealed in the cytoplasm in all studied species. The organization of these bodies is characterized by the species-specific features, while in most cases, their size and number in the cells vary depending on the season of the year. Although in all the cases we studied, these bodies do not have their own boundary membrane, in fact, they are surrounded by membranous structures. These structures differ in a variety of Pelomyxa species. We concluded that there are two groups of species in the genus Pelomyxa. The first one includes organisms containing glycogen structures in the cytoplasm (P. palustris, P. belevskii, P. stagnalis, P. binucleata, P. corona, P. secunda). No inclusions resembling glycogen bodies were found in P. flava, P. paradoxa, P. gruberi, and P. prima that form the second group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Chistyakova
- Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Emb. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia Bezborodkina
- Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Emb. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Berdieva
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Radaev
- Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrew Goodkov
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Pinning down the role of common luminal intestinal parasitic protists in human health and disease - status and challenges. Parasitology 2019; 146:695-701. [PMID: 30732665 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While some single-celled intestinal parasites are direct causes of diarrhoea and other types of intestinal pathology, the impact of other gut micro-eukaryotes on human health remains elusive. The fact that some common luminal intestinal parasitic protists (CLIPPs) have lately been found more often in healthy than in diseased individuals has fuelled the hypothesis that some parasites might in fact be protective against disease. To this end, the use of new DNA technologies has helped us investigate trans-kingdom relationships in the gut. However, research into these relationships is currently hampered by the limited data available on the genetic diversity within the CLIPPs genera, which results in limited efficacy of publicly available DNA sequence databases for taxonomic annotation of sequences belonging to the eukaryotic component of the gut microbiota. In this paper, I give a brief overview of the status on CLIPPs in human health and disease and challenges related to the mapping of intestinal eukaryotic diversity of the human gut.
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Dudlová A, Jarčuška P, Jurišová S, Vasilková Z, Krčméry V, Juriš P. Prevalence of non-pathogenic types of gastrointestinal protozoa in population in Slovakia and their potential importance in the aspect of public health. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:819-825. [PMID: 30367755 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine the prevalence of non-pathogenic protozoa circulating in the human population of Slovakia. We particularly focused on the socially deprived areas with poor sanitation conditions, as they are one of the factors affecting the transmission of these infections. Within this study, 2760 people were coprologically screened for the presence of protozoan cysts. The analyzed group comprised 1173 men and 1587 women from different regions of Slovakia. The total prevalence (2.03%) of non-pathogenic protozoa species was determined. The prevalence of Entamoeba coli was 0.80%, the prevalence of Endolimax nana 0.58%, and the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis was 0.65%. The presence of non-pathogenic protozoa was more frequent in women than that in men, in all age groups. The highest incidence of Entamoeba coli was found in children aged one month - seven years (0.79%), the lowest in the age group of 19-88 years (0.66%). Endolimax nana was most frequent in 8-18 year-olds (0.95%), where the statistical significance was found (p<0.05). The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis by the age group ranged from 0.39 to 0.95%. We did not find any statistical significance (p>0.05) for Entamoeba coli, and similarly for Blastocystis hominis associated with the sex and age. Although the circulation of non-pathogenic protozoa in the human population is far from being limited to the developing countries, their occurrence is also frequent in the population of developed countries. Despite their controversial pathogenicity, they should not be neglected, particularly in the patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriána Dudlová
- St Elisabeth University of Health Care and Social Work, Námestie 1. mája, 080 00 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Jarčuška
- Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik, Rastislavova 43, 041 90 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Jurišová
- National Cancer Institute, Klenova 3019/1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Vasilková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Krčméry
- St Elisabeth University of Health Care and Social Work, Námestie 1. mája, 080 00 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Juriš
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Constenla M, Padrós F, Villanueva-González A, Del Pozo R, Palenzuela O. Horizontal transmission of Endolimax piscium, causative agent of systemic amoebiasis in Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:235-240. [PMID: 30259875 DOI: 10.3354/dao03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic amoebiasis of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis is caused by Endolimax piscium Constenla, Padrós & Palenzuela, 2014 a cryptic parasitic member of the Archamoebae whose epidemiology is yet unknown. To test whether the parasite can be transmitted horizontally, an experimental trial by cohabitation between non-infected and infected fish was designed. Transmission of the parasite from naturally infected to healthy fish was confirmed in the experiment, with the water as the most likely route of infection. Under the conditions of the study, the infection process was remarkably slow, as parasites could be detected by in situ hybridization within the intestinal mucosa of recipient fish only after 17 wk of cohabitation, and none of the new hosts displayed clinical signs of disease. Long prepatent period and the need for additional triggering factors for the development of the clinical condition are suggested. The intestinal mucosa is proposed as the tissue where the amoeba can survive as endocommensal, but also as an invasion route from which the parasite would disperse to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Dallarés S, Carrassón M, Schaeffner BC. Revision of the family Sphyriocephalidae Pintner, 1913 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), with the description of Heterosphyriocephalus encarnae n. sp. and redescriptions of two species of Sphyriocephalus. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:843-862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Constenla M, Padrós F, Del Pozo R, Palenzuela O. Development of different diagnostic techniques for Endolimax piscium (archamoebae) and their applicability in Solea senegalensis clinical samples. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1433-1443. [PMID: 27260115 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic amoebiasis of sole is caused by Endolimax piscium, a cryptic parasitic archamoeba whose epidemiology and pathogeny are yet unknown. To establish reliable detection methods for this parasite, a battery of molecular diagnostic tools (ISH, PCR and qPCR) were developed and evaluated with a panel of clinical samples from symptomatic diseased fish and from apparently normal animals of different stocks. As there is neither enough background information on the epidemiology of the disease nor a validated reference method, comparison of tests used a composite reference method approach. The ISH technique was the most specific and sensitive in intestine samples and particularly useful as a reference confirmatory method, while the best method in muscle samples was qPCR. Application of the tests to asymptomatic fish demonstrated presence of parasites in a large proportion (>25%) of their intestines, suggesting that this is the point of entry of the amoebae and the initial stage in the development of the disease. The triggering factors that facilitate the breaching of the intestinal barrier by E. piscium, causing granulomatous lesions in other organs and systemic spreading, are not completely understood but our results point to the connective tissue as a preferential target for parasite development and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, XRAq (Generalitat de Catalunya), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Padrós
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, XRAq (Generalitat de Catalunya), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Del Pozo
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - O Palenzuela
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
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Poulsen CS, Stensvold CR. Systematic review on Endolimax nana: A less well studied intestinal ameba. Trop Parasitol 2016; 6:8-29. [PMID: 26998431 PMCID: PMC4778187 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.175077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the so-called nonpathogenic intestinal protozoa, Endolimax nana belongs to the ones least well described. Most data on E. nana have emerged from general surveys of intestinal parasites in selected cohorts and mostly in the absence of any particular focus on Endolimax. Hence, the genus of Endolimax remains largely unexplored in terms of morphology, taxonomy, genetic diversity, host specificity, and epidemiology. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of the work that has been performed on the parasite since the genus Endolimax was described by Kuenen and Swellengrebel in 1917 and suggest activities that may pave the way for a better understanding of E. nana in a clinical and public health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Sahl Poulsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Laboratory of Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Laboratory of Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dallarés S, Pérez-Del-Olmo A, Carrassón M, Kuchta R. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum Rees, 1959 (Cestoda: Diphyllidea) from Galeus melastomus Rafinesque in the Western Mediterranean. Syst Parasitol 2015; 92:45-55. [PMID: 26249521 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-015-9586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New morphological, molecular and ecological data for Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum Rees, 1959 (Cestoda: Diphyllidea) are presented and discussed based on specimens recovered from the blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus Rafinesque (Scyliorhinidae) in the Western Mediterranean. A redescription of the plerocercus of this parasite is provided and new data on immature and mature worms including the first description of the eggs are reported, based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations. Analysis of 28S rDNA (domains D1-D3) sequences from plerocerci, immature and adult specimens revealed that they are conspecific with specimens from the North East Atlantic. Although previous authors considered that museum specimens identified as D. macrocephalum may represent more than one species, examination of type- and voucher material revealed no relevant morphological differences between museum specimens and the present material. Information on infection levels of D. macrocephalum is provided from a large number of host specimens (n = 170). This species was more abundant in juvenile than in adult hosts and on the middle slope than on the upper slope; this may be related to ontogenetic and bathymetric diet shifts of G. melastomus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallarés
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Zadrobílková E, Walker G, Čepička I. Morphological and Molecular Evidence Support a Close Relationship Between the Free-living Archamoebae Mastigella and Pelomyxa. Protist 2015; 166:14-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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