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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Purushotham P, Ho R, Zimmer J. In vitro function, assembly, and interaction of primary cell wall cellulose synthase homotrimers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580128. [PMID: 38405885 PMCID: PMC10888898 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain a meshwork of cellulose fibers embedded into a matrix of other carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate-based biopolymers. This composite material exhibits extraordinary properties, from stretchable and pliable cell boundaries to solid protective shells. Cellulose, a linear glucose polymer, is synthesized and secreted across the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CesA). Plants express several CesA isoforms, with different subsets necessary for primary and secondary cell wall biogenesis. The produced cellulose chains can be organized into fibrillar structures and fibrillogenesis likely requires the supramolecular organization of CesAs into pseudo sixfold symmetric complexes (CSCs). Here, we structurally and functionally characterize a set of soybean (Gm) CesA isoforms implicated in primary cell wall biogenesis. Cryogenic electron microscopy analyses of catalytically active GmCesA1, GmCesA3, and GmCesA6 reveal their assembly into homotrimeric complexes, stabilized by a cytosolic plant conserved region. Contrasting secondary cell wall CesAs, a peripheral position of the C-terminal transmembrane helix creates a large, lipid-exposed lateral opening of the enzymes' cellulose-conducting transmembrane channels. Co-purification experiments reveal that homotrimers of different CesA isoforms interact in vitro and that this interaction is independent of the enzymes' N-terminal cytosolic domains. Our data suggest that cross-isoform interactions are mediated by the class-specific region, which forms a hook-shaped protrusion of the catalytic domain at the cytosolic water-lipid interface. Further, inter-isoform interactions lead to synergistic catalytic activity, suggesting increased cellulose biosynthesis upon homotrimer interaction. Combined, our structural and biochemical data favor a model by which homotrimers of different CesA isoforms assemble into a microfibril-producing CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallinti Purushotham
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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3
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Hrmova M, Zimmer J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Enzymes in 3D: Synthesis, remodelling, and hydrolysis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:33-50. [PMID: 37594400 PMCID: PMC10762513 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have provided valuable new insights into enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism. More specifically, the molecular mechanism of synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widespread in cell walls of commercially important cereals and grasses, has been the topic of debate and intense research activity for decades. However, an inability to purify these integral membrane enzymes or apply transgenic approaches without interpretative problems associated with pleiotropic effects has presented barriers to attempts to define their synthetic mechanisms. Following the demonstration that some members of the CslF sub-family of GT2 family enzymes mediate (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, the expression of the corresponding genes in a heterologous system that is free of background complications has now been achieved. Biochemical analyses of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesized in vitro, combined with 3-dimensional (3D) cryogenic-electron microscopy and AlphaFold protein structure predictions, have demonstrated how a single CslF6 enzyme, without exogenous primers, can incorporate both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages into the nascent polysaccharide chain. Similarly, 3D structures of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endo- and exohydrolases have allowed the mechanisms of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan modification and degradation to be defined. X-ray crystallography and multi-scale modeling of a broad specificity GH3 β-glucan exohydrolase recently revealed a previously unknown and remarkable molecular mechanism with reactant trajectories through which a polysaccharide exohydrolase can act with a processive action pattern. The availability of high-quality protein 3D structural predictions should prove invaluable for defining structures, dynamics, and functions of other enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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4
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Olek AT, Rushton PS, Kihara D, Ciesielski P, Aryal UK, Zhang Z, Stauffacher CV, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Essential amino acids in the Plant-Conserved and Class-Specific Regions of cellulose synthases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:142-160. [PMID: 36250895 PMCID: PMC9806608 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Plant-Conserved Region (P-CR) and the Class-Specific Region (CSR) are two plant-unique sequences in the catalytic core of cellulose synthases (CESAs) for which specific functions have not been established. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to replace amino acids and motifs within these sequences predicted to be essential for assembly and function of CESAs. We developed an in vivo method to determine the ability of mutated CesA1 transgenes to complement an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) temperature-sensitive root-swelling1 (rsw1) mutant. Replacement of a Cys residue in the CSR, which blocks dimerization in vitro, rendered the AtCesA1 transgene unable to complement the rsw1 mutation. Examination of the CSR sequences from 33 diverse angiosperm species showed domains of high-sequence conservation in a class-specific manner but with variation in the degrees of disorder, indicating a nonredundant role of the CSR structures in different CESA isoform classes. The Cys residue essential for dimerization was not always located in domains of intrinsic disorder. Expression of AtCesA1 transgene constructs, in which Pro417 and Arg453 were substituted for Ala or Lys in the coiled-coil of the P-CR, were also unable to complement the rsw1 mutation. Despite an expected role for Arg457 in trimerization of CESA proteins, AtCesA1 transgenes with Arg457Ala mutations were able to fully restore the wild-type phenotype in rsw1. Our data support that Cys662 within the CSR and Pro417 and Arg453 within the P-CR of Arabidopsis CESA1 are essential residues for functional synthase complex formation, but our data do not support a specific role for Arg457 in trimerization in native CESA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Olek
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Phillip S Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Peter Ciesielski
- Renewable Resources & Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Zicong Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cynthia V Stauffacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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5
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Purushotham P, Ho R, Yu L, Fincher GB, Bulone V, Zimmer J. Mechanism of mixed-linkage glucan biosynthesis by barley cellulose synthase-like CslF6 (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1596. [PMID: 36367939 PMCID: PMC9651860 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widely distributed in cell walls of the grasses, are linear glucose polymers containing predominantly (1,4)-β-linked glucosyl units interspersed with single (1,3)-β-linked glucosyl units. Their distribution in cereal grains and unique structures are important determinants of dietary fibers that are beneficial to human health. We demonstrate that the barley cellulose synthase-like CslF6 enzyme is sufficient to synthesize a high-molecular weight (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in vitro. Biochemical and cryo-electron microscopy analyses suggest that CslF6 functions as a monomer. A conserved "switch motif" at the entrance of the enzyme's transmembrane channel is critical to generate (1,3)-linkages. There, a single-point mutation markedly reduces (1,3)-linkage formation, resulting in the synthesis of cellulosic polysaccharides. Our results suggest that CslF6 monitors the orientation of the nascent polysaccharide's second or third glucosyl unit. Register-dependent interactions with these glucosyl residues reposition the polymer's terminal glucosyl unit to form either a (1,3)- or (1,4)-β-linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallinti Purushotham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Long Yu
- Adelaide Glycomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Adelaide Glycomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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6
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Maceda-López LF, Góngora-Castillo EB, Ibarra-Laclette E, Morán-Velázquez DC, Girón Ramírez A, Bourdon M, Villalpando-Aguilar JL, Toomer G, Tang JZ, Azadi P, Santamaría JM, López-Rosas I, López MG, Simpson J, Alatorre-Cobos F. Transcriptome Mining Provides Insights into Cell Wall Metabolism and Fiber Lignification in Agave tequilana Weber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111496. [PMID: 35684270 PMCID: PMC9182668 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Resilience of growing in arid and semiarid regions and a high capacity of accumulating sugar-rich biomass with low lignin percentages have placed Agave species as an emerging bioenergy crop. Although transcriptome sequencing of fiber-producing agave species has been explored, molecular bases that control wall cell biogenesis and metabolism in agave species are still poorly understood. Here, through RNAseq data mining, we reconstructed the cellulose biosynthesis pathway and the phenylpropanoid route producing lignin monomers in A. tequilana, and evaluated their expression patterns in silico and experimentally. Most of the orthologs retrieved showed differential expression levels when they were analyzed in different tissues with contrasting cellulose and lignin accumulation. Phylogenetic and structural motif analyses of putative CESA and CAD proteins allowed to identify those potentially involved with secondary cell wall formation. RT-qPCR assays revealed enhanced expression levels of AtqCAD5 and AtqCESA7 in parenchyma cells associated with extraxylary fibers, suggesting a mechanism of formation of sclerenchyma fibers in Agave similar to that reported for xylem cells in model eudicots. Overall, our results provide a framework for understanding molecular bases underlying cell wall biogenesis in Agave species studying mechanisms involving in leaf fiber development in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Maceda-López
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (L.F.M.-L.); (D.C.M.-V.); (J.L.V.-A.)
| | - Elsa B. Góngora-Castillo
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Mexico;
| | - Dalia C. Morán-Velázquez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (L.F.M.-L.); (D.C.M.-V.); (J.L.V.-A.)
| | - Amaranta Girón Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (A.G.R.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK;
| | - José L. Villalpando-Aguilar
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (L.F.M.-L.); (D.C.M.-V.); (J.L.V.-A.)
| | - Gabriela Toomer
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA;
| | - John Z. Tang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.Z.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.Z.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Jorge M. Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (A.G.R.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Itzel López-Rosas
- CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico;
| | - Mercedes G. López
- Departmento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - June Simpson
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genetica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Li X, Chaves AM, Dees DCT, Mansoori N, Yuan K, Speicher TL, Norris JH, Wallace IS, Trindade LM, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthesis complexes are homo-oligomeric and hetero-oligomeric in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2115-2130. [PMID: 35022793 PMCID: PMC8968406 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The common ancestor of seed plants and mosses contained homo-oligomeric cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) composed of identical subunits encoded by a single CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) gene. Seed plants use different CESA isoforms for primary and secondary cell wall deposition. Both primary and secondary CESAs form hetero-oligomeric CSCs that assemble and function in planta only when all the required isoforms are present. The moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens has seven CESA genes that can be grouped into two functionally and phylogenetically distinct classes. Previously, we showed that PpCESA3 and/or PpCESA8 (class A) together with PpCESA6 and/or PpCESA7 (class B) form obligate hetero-oligomeric complexes required for normal secondary cell wall deposition. Here, we show that gametophore morphogenesis requires a member of class A, PpCESA5, and is sustained in the absence of other PpCESA isoforms. PpCESA5 also differs from the other class A PpCESAs as it is able to self-interact and does not co-immunoprecipitate with other PpCESA isoforms. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that homo-oligomeric CSCs containing only PpCESA5 subunits synthesize cellulose required for gametophore morphogenesis. Analysis of mutant phenotypes also revealed that, like secondary cell wall deposition, normal protonemal tip growth requires class B isoforms (PpCESA4 or PpCESA10), along with a class A partner (PpCESA3, PpCESA5, or PpCESA8). Thus, P. patens contains both homo-oligomeric and hetero-oligomeric CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Joanna H Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Burris JN, Makarem M, Slabaugh E, Chaves A, Pierce ET, Lee J, Kiemle SN, Kwansa AL, Singh A, Yingling YG, Roberts AW, Kim SH, Haigler CH. Phenotypic effects of changes in the FTVTxK region of an Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthase compared with results from analogous mutations in other isoforms. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e335. [PMID: 34386691 PMCID: PMC8341023 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure and function relationships in cellulose synthase (CesA), including divergent isomers, is an important goal. Here, we report results from mutant complementation assays that tested the ability of sequence variants of AtCesA7, a secondary wall CesA of Arabidopsis thaliana, to rescue the collapsed vessels, short stems, and low cellulose content of the irx3-1 AtCesA7 null mutant. We tested a catalytic null mutation and seven missense or small domain changes in and near the AtCesA7 FTVTSK motif, which lies near the catalytic domain and may, analogously to bacterial CesA, exist within a substrate "gating loop." A low-to-high gradient of rescue occurred, and even inactive AtCesA7 had a small positive effect on stem cellulose content but not stem elongation. Overall, secondary wall cellulose content and stem length were moderately correlated, but the results were consistent with threshold amounts of cellulose supporting particular developmental processes. Vibrational sum frequency generation microscopy allowed tissue-specific analysis of cellulose content in stem xylem and interfascicular fibers, revealing subtle differences between selected genotypes that correlated with the extent of rescue of the collapsing xylem phenotype. Similar tests on PpCesA5 from the moss Physcomitrium (formerly Physcomitrella) patens helped us to synergize the AtCesA7 results with prior results on AtCesA1 and PpCesA5. The cumulative results show that the FTVTxK region is important for the function of an angiosperm secondary wall CesA as well as widely divergent primary wall CesAs, while differences in complementation results between isomers may reflect functional differences that can be explored in further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N. Burris
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Arielle Chaves
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Ethan T. Pierce
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Sarah N. Kiemle
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Albert L. Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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9
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Qiao Z, Lampugnani ER, Yan XF, Khan GA, Saw WG, Hannah P, Qian F, Calabria J, Miao Y, Grüber G, Persson S, Gao YG. Structure of Arabidopsis CESA3 catalytic domain with its substrate UDP-glucose provides insight into the mechanism of cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024015118. [PMID: 33729990 PMCID: PMC7980446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024015118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthases (CESAs) from the glycosyltransferase GT-2 family. In plants, the CESAs form a six-lobed rosette-shaped CESA complex (CSC). Here we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA3 (AtCESA3CatD) in both apo and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose (UDP-Glc)-bound forms. AtCESA3CatD has an overall GT-A fold core domain sandwiched between a plant-conserved region (P-CR) and a class-specific region (C-SR). By superimposing the structure of AtCESA3CatD onto the bacterial cellulose synthase BcsA, we found that the coordination of the UDP-Glc differs, indicating different substrate coordination during cellulose synthesis in plants and bacteria. Moreover, structural analyses revealed that AtCESA3CatD can form a homodimer mainly via interactions between specific beta strands. We confirmed the importance of specific amino acids on these strands for homodimerization through yeast and in planta assays using point-mutated full-length AtCESA3. Our work provides molecular insights into how the substrate UDP-Glc is coordinated in the CESAs and how the CESAs might dimerize to eventually assemble into CSCs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Wuan Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Patrick Hannah
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551;
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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10
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The molecular basis of plant cellulose synthase complex organisation and assembly. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:379-391. [PMID: 33616627 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The material properties of cellulose are heavily influenced by the organisation of β-1,4-glucan chains into a microfibril. It is likely that the structure of this microfibril is determined by the spatial arrangement of catalytic cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins within the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). In land plants, CESA proteins form a large complex composed of a hexamer of trimeric lobes termed the rosette. Each rosette synthesises a single microfibril likely composed of 18 glucan chains. In this review, the biochemical events leading to plant CESA protein assembly into the rosette are explored. The protein interfaces responsible for CESA trimerization are formed by regions that define rosette-forming CESA proteins. As a consequence, these regions are absent from the ancestral bacterial cellulose synthases (BcsAs) that do not form rosettes. CSC assembly occurs within the context of the endomembrane system, however the site of CESA assembly into trimers and rosettes is not determined. Both the N-Terminal Domain and Class Specific Region of CESA proteins are intrinsically disordered and contain all of the identified phosphorylation sites, making both regions candidates as sites for protein-protein interactions and inter-lobe interface formation. We propose a sequential assembly model, whereby CESA proteins form stable trimers shortly after native folding, followed by sequential recruitment of lobes into a rosette, possibly assisted by Golgi-localised STELLO proteins. A comprehensive understanding of CESA assembly into the CSC will enable directed engineering of CESA protein spatial arrangements, allowing changes in cellulose crystal packing that alter its material properties.
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11
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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The functional diversity of structural disorder in plant proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108229. [PMID: 31870661 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural disorder in proteins is a widespread feature distributed in all domains of life, particularly abundant in eukaryotes, including plants. In these organisms, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) perform a diversity of functions, participating as integrators of signaling networks, in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, in metabolic control, in stress responses and in the formation of biomolecular condensates by liquid-liquid phase separation. Their roles impact the perception, propagation and control of various developmental and environmental cues, as well as the plant defense against abiotic and biotic adverse conditions. In this review, we focus on primary processes to exhibit a broad perspective of the relevance of IDPs in plant cell functions. The information here might help to incorporate this knowledge into a more dynamic view of plant cells, as well as open more questions and promote new ideas for a better understanding of plant life.
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13
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Brabham C, Singh A, Stork J, Rong Y, Kumar I, Kikuchi K, Yingling YG, Brutnell TP, Rose JKC, Debolt S. Biochemical and physiological flexibility accompanies reduced cellulose biosynthesis in Brachypodium cesa1 S830N. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz041. [PMID: 31636881 PMCID: PMC6795283 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a study into the mechanisms of primary cell wall cellulose formation in grasses, using the model cereal grass Brachypodium distachyon. The exon found adjacent to the BdCESA1 glycosyltransferase QXXRW motif was targeted using Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) and sequencing candidate amplicons in multiple parallel reactions (SCAMPRing) leading to the identification of the Bdcesa1 S830N allele. Plants carrying this missense mutation exhibited a significant reduction in crystalline cellulose content in tissues that rely on the primary cell wall for biomechanical support. However, Bdcesa1 S830N plants failed to exhibit the predicted reduction in plant height. In a mechanism unavailable to eudicotyledons, B. distachyon plants homozygous for the Bdcesa1 S830N allele appear to overcome the loss of internode expansion anatomically by increasing the number of nodes along the stem. Stem biomechanics were resultantly compromised in Bdcesa1 S830N . The Bdcesa1 S830N missense mutation did not interfere with BdCESA1 gene expression. However, molecular dynamic simulations of the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) structure with modelled membrane interactions illustrated that Bdcesa1 S830N exhibited structural changes in the translated gene product responsible for reduced cellulose biosynthesis. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that substituting S830N resulted in a stabilizing shift in the flexibility of the class specific region arm of the core catalytic domain of CESA, revealing the importance of this motion to protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ying Rong
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- KWS Gateway Research Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Indrajit Kumar
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Kikuchi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Syngenta Japan K.K., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Seth Debolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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14
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Li X, Speicher TL, Dees D, Mansoori N, McManus JB, Tien M, Trindade LM, Wallace IS, Roberts AW. Convergent evolution of hetero-oligomeric cellulose synthesis complexes in mosses and seed plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:862-876. [PMID: 31021018 PMCID: PMC6711812 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, cellulose is synthesized by rosette-shaped cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) that are obligate hetero-oligomeric, comprising three non-interchangeable cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms. The moss Physcomitrella patens has rosette CSCs and seven CESAs, but its common ancestor with seed plants had rosette CSCs and a single CESA gene. Therefore, if P. patens CSCs are hetero-oligomeric, then CSCs of this type evolved convergently in mosses and seed plants. Previous gene knockout and promoter swap experiments showed that PpCESAs from class A (PpCESA3 and PpCESA8) and class B (PpCESA6 and PpCESA7) have non-redundant functions in secondary cell wall cellulose deposition in leaf midribs, whereas the two members of each class are redundant. Based on these observations, we proposed the hypothesis that the secondary class A and class B PpCESAs associate to form hetero-oligomeric CSCs. Here we show that transcription of secondary class A PpCESAs is reduced when secondary class B PpCESAs are knocked out and vice versa, as expected for genes encoding isoforms that occupy distinct positions within the same CSC. The class A and class B isoforms co-accumulate in developing gametophores and co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting that they interact to form a complex in planta. Finally, secondary PpCESAs interact with each other, whereas three of four fail to self-interact when expressed in two different heterologous systems. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obligate hetero-oligomeric CSCs evolved independently in mosses and seed plants and we propose the constructive neutral evolution hypothesis as a plausible explanation for convergent evolution of hetero-oligomeric CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Tori L. Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Dianka Dees
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John B. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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15
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Gupta MK, Vadde R, Gouda G, Donde R, Kumar J, Behera L. Computational approach to understand molecular mechanism involved in BPH resistance in Bt- rice plant. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 88:209-220. [PMID: 30743158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In silico approach was utilised to identify differentially expressed key hub genes during BPH infestation on Bt rice plant, under laboratory conditions. Re-analysis of GSE74745 data with in-house R scripts and STRING database reveals that only 5 key hub genes, namely Os05g0176100, Os06g0683200, Os07g0208500, Os07g0252400 and Os07g0424400, belonging to cellulose synthase family, are differentially expressed and have confidence score ≥0.9 among themselves. Conserve domain analysis of all proteins encoded via these 5 key hub genes reveals that they have a common cellulose synthase domain, in which "Plant-Conserved Region" (PCR) is highly conserved. After binding with other domains of cellulose synthase proteins or other accessory proteins, like sucrose synthase, PCR serves as a metabolic channel to deliver UDP-Glucose, which is the main substrate for cellulose synthesis, into the active site of cellulose synthase and initiate cellulose synthesis. Simulation study of recently solved topological model of PCR [PDB ID: 5JNP] and molecular docking studies of PCR with UDP-glucose reveals that, during BPH infestation, in nearby phloem tissue where BPH suck sap, there is an increase interaction of UDP-glucose with PCR and other accessory proteins which in turn increases both the stability of PCR and the production of cellulose, finally causing callose deposition at that site and hence causing longer nymphal developmental period and lower fertility of BPH infested on Bt rice. In near future, these differentially identified 5 hub genes could be possible targets for controlling BPH infestation in rice plant under field conditions and increasing rice yield globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gayatri Gouda
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Ravindra Donde
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Lambodar Behera
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India.
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16
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Hill JL, Hill AN, Roberts AW, Haigler CH, Tien M. Domain swaps of Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthases to elucidate their class specificity. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00061. [PMID: 31245731 PMCID: PMC6508838 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs), currently modeled as hexamers of cellulose synthase (CESA) trimers. The three paralogous CESAs involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (CESA4, CESA7, CESA8) are similar, but nonredundant, with all three isoforms required for assembly and function of the CSC. The molecular basis of protein-protein recognition among the isoforms is not well understood. To investigate the locations of the interfaces that are responsible for isoform recognition, we swapped three domains between the Arabidopsis CESAs required for SCW synthesis (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8): N-terminus, central domain containing the catalytic core, and C-terminus. Chimeric genes with all pairwise permutations of the domains were tested for in vivo functionality within knockout mutant backgrounds of cesa4, cesa7, and cesa8. Immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies confirmed the anticipated protein expression in transgenic plants. The percent recovery of stem height and crystalline cellulose content was assayed, as compared to wild type, the mutant background lines, and other controls. Retention of the native central domain was sufficient for CESA8 chimeras to function, with neither its N-terminal nor C-terminal domains required. The C-terminal domain is required for class-specific function of CESA4 and CESA7, and CESA7 also requires its own N-terminus. Across all isoforms, the results indicate that the central domain, as well as the N- and C-terminal regions, contributes to class-specific function variously in Arabidopsis CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
- Present address:
Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824
| | - Ashley Nicole Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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