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Sun M, Qiao HX, Yang T, Zhao P, Zhao JH, Luo JM, Liu FF, Xiong AS. DcMYB62, a transcription factor from carrot, enhanced cadmium tolerance of Arabidopsis by inducing the accumulation of carotenoids and hydrogen sulfide. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109114. [PMID: 39250846 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a significant heavy metal contaminant within the environment, carrying a notable level of toxicity that presents a substantial hazard to both plant and human. Carrot (Daucus carota), a significant root vegetable crop globally, have evolved multiple transcriptional regulatory mechanisms to cope with Cd stress, with a crucial involvement of the myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor. In this study, the DcMYB62 gene encoding 288 amino acids, localized in the nucleus and demonstrated transcription activation property, was isolated from carrot (cv. 'Kuroda'). There was a positive relationship observed between the levels of DcMYB62 expression and the accumulation patterns of carotenoids in two distinct carrot cultivars. Further investigation revealed that the expression of DcMYB62 improved Cd tolerance of Arabidopsis by increasing seed germination rate, root length, and overall survival rate. The levels of carotenoids in DcMYB62 transgenic Arabidopsis surpassed those in wild type, accompanied by elevated expression levels of 15-cis-phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase, and carotenoid isomerase. Meanwhile, the heterologous expression of DcMYB62 promoted the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which in turn suppressed the formation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, while also stimulating stomatal closure. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of DcMYB62 increased the transcription of genes associated with heavy metal resistance in Arabidopsis, notably nicotianamine synthase. Overall, this study contributes to understanding how DcMYB62 promote Cd stress resistance of plants by regulating the biosynthesis pathways of carotenoids, ABA, and H2S, which offers valuable insights into the regulatory mechanism connecting DcMYBs with Cd stress response of carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Huan-Xuan Qiao
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhao
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China
| | - Jia-Ming Luo
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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2
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Liu C, Wen L, Cui Y, Ahammed GJ, Cheng Y. Metal transport proteins and transcription factor networks in plant responses to cadmium stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:218. [PMID: 39153039 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to agriculture and human health due to its high soil mobility and toxicity. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Cd uptake, transport, detoxification, and transcriptional regulation in plants, emphasizing the roles of metal transport proteins and transcription factors (TFs). We explore transporter families like NRAMP, HMA, ZIP, ABC, and YSL in facilitating Cd movement within plant tissues, identifying potential targets for reducing Cd accumulation in crops. Additionally, regulatory TF families, including WRKY, MYB, bHLH, and ERF, are highlighted for their roles in modulating gene expression to counteract Cd toxicity. This review consolidates the existing literature on plant-Cd interactions, providing insights into established mechanisms and identifying gaps for future research. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to enhance plant tolerance, ensure food safety, and promote sustainable agriculture amidst increasing heavy-metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijia Cui
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Kaushik S, Ranjan A, Sidhu A, Singh AK, Sirhindi G. Cadmium toxicity: its' uptake and retaliation by plant defence system and ja signaling. Biometals 2024; 37:755-772. [PMID: 38206521 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd+2) renders multifarious environmental stresses and highly toxic to nearly all living organisms including plants. Cd causes toxicity by unnecessary augmentation of ROS that targets essential molecules and fundamental processes in plants. In response, plants outfitted a repertory of mechanisms to offset Cd toxicity. The main elements of these are Cd chelation, sequestration into vacuoles, and adjustment of Cd uptake by transporters and escalation of antioxidative mechanism. Signal molecules like phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate the MAPK cascade, the activation of the antioxidant system andsynergistic crosstalk between different signal molecules in order to regulate plant responses to Cd toxicity. Transcription factors like WRKY, MYB, bHLH, bZIP, ERF, NAC etc., located downstream of MAPK, and are key factors in regulating Cd toxicity responses in plants. Apart from this, MAPK and Ca2+signaling also have a salient involvement in rectifying Cd stress in plants. This review highlighted the mechanism of Cd uptake, translocation, detoxification and the key role of defense system, MAPKs, Ca2+ signals and jasmonic acid in retaliating Cd toxicity via synchronous management of various other regulators and signaling components involved under stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Kaushik
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Alok Ranjan
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Patna Women's College, Bihar, 800001, India
| | - Anmol Sidhu
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Geetika Sirhindi
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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4
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Wei X, Geng M, Yuan J, Zhan J, Liu L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qin W, Duan H, Zhao H, Li F, Ge X. GhRCD1 promotes cotton tolerance to cadmium by regulating the GhbHLH12-GhMYB44-GhHMA1 transcriptional cascade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1777-1796. [PMID: 38348566 PMCID: PMC11182589 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution poses a significant risk to human health and wreaks havoc on agricultural productivity. Phytoremediation, a plant-based, environmentally benign, and cost-effective method, is employed to remove heavy metals from contaminated soil, particularly in agricultural or heavy metal-sensitive lands. However, the phytoremediation capacity of various plant species and germplasm resources display significant genetic diversity, and the mechanisms underlying these differences remain hitherto obscure. Given its potential benefits, genetic improvement of plants is essential for enhancing their uptake of heavy metals, tolerance to harmful levels, as well as overall growth and development in contaminated soil. In this study, we uncover a molecular cascade that regulates cadmium (Cd2+) tolerance in cotton, involving GhRCD1, GhbHLH12, GhMYB44, and GhHMA1. We identified a Cd2+-sensitive cotton T-DNA insertion mutant with disrupted GhRCD1 expression. Genetic knockout of GhRCD1 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology resulted in reduced Cd2+ tolerance in cotton seedlings, while GhRCD1 overexpression enhanced Cd2+ tolerance. Through molecular interaction studies, we demonstrated that, in response to Cd2+ presence, GhRCD1 directly interacts with GhbHLH12. This interaction activates GhMYB44, which subsequently activates a heavy metal transporter, GhHMA1, by directly binding to a G-box cis-element in its promoter. These findings provide critical insights into a novel GhRCD1-GhbHLH12-GhMYB44-GhHMA1 regulatory module responsible for Cd2+ tolerance in cotton. Furthermore, our study paves the way for the development of elite Cd2+-tolerant cultivars by elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing the genetic control of Cd2+ tolerance in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wei
- Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Menghan Geng
- Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Jiachen Yuan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Lisen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Yanli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Wenqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Hongying Duan
- Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Fuguang Li
- Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangjiXinjiangChina
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangjiXinjiangChina
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5
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Zhang X, Yang M, Yang H, Pian R, Wang J, Wu AM. The Uptake, Transfer, and Detoxification of Cadmium in Plants and Its Exogenous Effects. Cells 2024; 13:907. [PMID: 38891039 PMCID: PMC11172145 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exerts a toxic influence on numerous crucial growth and development processes in plants, notably affecting seed germination rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content, and biomass. While considerable advances in Cd uptake and detoxification of plants have been made, the mechanisms by which plants adapt to and tolerate Cd toxicity remain elusive. This review focuses on the relationship between Cd and plants and the prospects for phytoremediation of Cd pollution. We highlight the following issues: (1) the present state of Cd pollution and its associated hazards, encompassing the sources and distribution of Cd and the risks posed to human health; (2) the mechanisms underlying the uptake and transport of Cd, including the physiological processes associated with the uptake, translocation, and detoxification of Cd, as well as the pertinent gene families implicated in these processes; (3) the detrimental effects of Cd on plants and the mechanisms of detoxification, such as the activation of resistance genes, root chelation, vacuolar compartmentalization, the activation of antioxidant systems and the generation of non-enzymatic antioxidants; (4) the practical application of phytoremediation and the impact of incorporating exogenous substances on the Cd tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Control and Environmental Safety in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
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6
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Wang H, Zhao X, Ye Z, Zhu B, Gu L, Du X, Zhu X, Wang H. Topless-related 2 conferred cadmium accumulation in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108469. [PMID: 38437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Wheat is a vital food crop that faces threats from various abiotic and biotic stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanism of cadmium (Cd) resistance can provide valuable insights into the tolerance of wheat. Plant proteins known as Topless/Topless-Related (TPL/TPR) play a role in growth, development, defense regulation, and stress response. In this study, we identified TaTPR2 as being induced by Cd stress treatment. Upon Cd treatment, wheat plants overexpressing TaTPR2 exhibited better growth compared to wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, the transgenic lines showed reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) compared to WT plants. Additionally, the transgenic lines exhibited lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage compared to WT plants. Further analysis revealed that TabHLH41 directly binds to the E-box motif of the TaTPR2 promoter and positively regulates its expression. Overall, the overexpression of TaTPR2 in transgenic wheat resulted in reduced accumulation of Cd and ROS. These findings highlight the significance of the TabHLH41-TaTPR2 pathway as a crucial response to Cd stress in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zi Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Huinan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
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7
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Zhang M, Gao JY, Dong SC, Chang MH, Zhu JX, Guo DL, Guo CH, Bi YD. Alfalfa MsbHLH115 confers tolerance to cadmium stress through activating the iron deficiency response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1358673. [PMID: 38410731 PMCID: PMC10894947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1358673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution severely affects plant growth and development, posing risks to human health throughout the food chain. Improved iron (Fe) nutrients could mitigate Cd toxicity in plants, but the regulatory network involving Cd and Fe interplay remains unresolved. Here, a transcription factor gene of alfalfa, MsbHLH115 was verified to respond to iron deficiency and Cd stress. Overexpression of MsbHLH115 enhanced tolerance to Cd stress, showing better growth and less ROS accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of MsbHLH115 significantly enhanced Fe and Zn accumulation and did not affect Cd, Mn, and Cu concentration in Arabidopsis. Further investigations revealed that MsbHLH115 up-regulated iron homeostasis regulation genes, ROS-related genes, and metal chelation and detoxification genes, contributing to attenuating Cd toxicity. Y1H, EMSA, and LUC assays confirmed the physical interaction between MsbHLH115 and E-box, which is present in the promoter regions of most of the above-mentioned iron homeostasis regulatory genes. The transient expression experiment showed that MsbHLH115 interacted with MsbHLH121pro. The results suggest that MsbHLH115 may directly regulate the iron-deficiency response system and indirectly regulate the metal detoxification response mechanism, thereby enhancing plant Cd tolerance. In summary, enhancing iron accumulation through transcription factor regulation holds promise for improving plant tolerance to Cd toxicity, and MsbHLH115 is a potential candidate for addressing Cd toxicity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-Yun Gao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Chen Dong
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng-Han Chang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong-Lin Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Hong Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying-Dong Bi
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Pang B, Zuo D, Yang T, Yu J, Zhou L, Hou Y, Yu J, Ye L, Gu L, Wang H, Du X, Liu Y, Zhu B. BcaSOD1 enhances cadmium tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by regulating the expression of genes related to heavy metal detoxification and arginine synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108299. [PMID: 38150840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), which is a nonessential heavy metal element for organisms, can have a severe impact on the growth and development of organisms that absorb excessive Cd. Studies have shown that Brassica carinata, a semiwild oil crop, has strong tolerance to various abiotic stresses, and RNA-seq has revealed that the B. carinata superoxide dismutase gene (BcaSOD1) likely responds to Cd stress. To elucidate the BcaSOD1 function involved in tolerance of Cd stress, we cloned the coding sequences of BcaSOD1 from a purple B. carinata accession and successfully transferred it into Arabidopsis thaliana. The subcellular localization results demonstrated that BcaSOD1 was primarily located in the plasma membrane, mitochondria and nucleus. Overexpression of BcaSOD1 in transgenic Arabidopsis (OE) effectively decreased the toxicity caused by Cd stress. Compared to the WT (wild type lines), the OE lines exhibited significantly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (APX, CAT, POD, and SOD) after exposure to 2.5 mM CdCl2. The Cd content of underground (root) in the OE line was dominantly higher than that in the WT; however, the Cd content of aboveground (shoot) was comparable between the OE and WT types. Moreover, the qRT‒PCR results showed that several heavy metal detoxification-related genes (AtIREG2, AtMTP3, AtHMA3, and AtNAS4) were significantly upregulated in the roots of OE lines under Cd treatment, suggesting that these genes are likely involved in Cd absorption in the roots of OE lines. In addition, both comparable transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that exogenous BcaSOD1 noticeably facilitates detoxification by stimulating the expression of two arginine (Arg) biosynthesis genes (AtGDH1 and AtGDH2) while inhibiting the expression of AtARGAH1, a negative regulator in biosynthesis of Arg. The Arg content was subsequently confirmed to be significantly enhanced in OE lines under Cd treatment, indicating that BcaSOD1 likely strengthened Cd tolerance by regulating the expression of Arg-related genes. This study demonstrates that BcaSOD1 can enhance Cd tolerance and reveals the molecular mechanism of this gene, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanism of Cd tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinghai Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxing Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhou Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvlan Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Zhang M, Chang MH, Li H, Shu YJ, Bai Y, Gao JY, Zhu JX, Dong XY, Guo DL, Guo CH. MsYSL6, A Metal Transporter Gene of Alfalfa, Increases Iron Accumulation and Benefits Cadmium Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3485. [PMID: 37836225 PMCID: PMC10575464 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is necessary for plant growth and development. The mechanism of uptake and translocation in Cadmium (Cd) is similar to iron, which shares iron transporters. Yellow stripe-like transporter (YSL) plays a pivotal role in transporting iron and other metal ions in plants. In this study, MsYSL6 and its promoter were cloned from leguminous forage alfalfa. The transient expression of MsYSL6-GFP indicated that MsYSL6 was localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The expression of MsYSL6 was induced in alfalfa by iron deficiency and Cd stress, which was further proved by GUS activity driven by the MsYSL6 promoter. To further identify the function of MsYSL6, it was heterologously overexpressed in tobacco. MsYSL6-overexpressed tobacco showed better growth and less oxidative damage than WT under Cd stress. MsYSL6 overexpression elevated Fe and Cd contents and induced a relatively high Fe translocation rate in tobacco under Cd stress. The results suggest that MsYSL6 might have a dual function in the absorption of Fe and Cd, playing a role in the competitive absorption between Fe and Cd. MsYSL6 might be a regulatory factor in plants to counter Cd stress. This study provides a novel gene for application in heavy metal enrichment or phytoremediation and new insights into plant tolerance to toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Lin Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; (M.Z.); (M.-H.C.); (H.L.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.B.); (J.-Y.G.); (J.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.D.)
| | - Chang-Hong Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Genetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; (M.Z.); (M.-H.C.); (H.L.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.B.); (J.-Y.G.); (J.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.D.)
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10
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Wang B, Wang Y, Yuan X, Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Kang X, He J, Xiao Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides key genetic resources in clove basil ( Ocimum gratissimum) under cadmium stress. Front Genet 2023; 14:1224140. [PMID: 37576563 PMCID: PMC10412823 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1224140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Planting aromatic plant might be a promising strategy for safely utilizing heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils, as HMs in essential oil could be completely excluded using some special technologies with ease. Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) is an important aromatic plant used in essential oil production. Improving cadmium (Cd) tolerance in clove basil can increase its production and improve the utilization efficiency of Cd-contaminated soils. However, the lack of genomic information on clove basil greatly restricts molecular studies and applications in phytoremediation. In this study, we demonstrated that high levels of Cd treatments (0.8, 1.6 and 6.5 mg/L) significantly impacted the growth and physiological attributes of clove basil. Cd contents in clove basil tissues increased with treatment concentrations. To identify Cd stress-responsive genes, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis using seedlings cultured in the Hoagland's solution without Cd ion (control) or containing 1.6 mg/L CdCl2 (a moderate concentration of Cd stress for clove basil seedlings). A total of 104.38 Gb clean data with high-quality were generated in clove basil under Cd stress through Illumina sequencing. More than 1,800 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after Cd treatment. The reliability and reproducibility of the transcriptomic data were validated through qRT-PCR analysis and Sanger sequencing. KEGG classification analysis identified the "MAPK signaling pathway," "plant hormone signal transduction" and "plant-pathogen interaction" as the top three pathways. DEGs were divided into five clusters based on their expression patterns during Cd stress. The functional annotation of DEGs indicated that downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in the "photosynthesis system," whereas upregulated DEGs were significantly assigned to the "MAPK signaling pathway" and "plant-pathogen interaction pathway." Furthermore, we identified a total of 78 transcription factors (TFs), including members of bHLH, WRKY, AP2/ERF, and MYB family. The expression of six bHLH genes, one WRKY and one ERF genes were significantly induced by Cd stress, suggesting that these TFs might play essential roles in regulating Cd stress responses. Overall, our study provides key genetic resources and new insights into Cd adaption mechanisms in clove basil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yukun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yunna Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xinmiao Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yanhui Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan Aromatic Plant Engineering Research Center, College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
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11
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Fan P, Wu L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Luo H, Song J, Yang M, Yao H, Chen S. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of medicinal plants in response to cadmium stress: Current status and future perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131008. [PMID: 36842201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have a wide range of uses worldwide. However, the quality of medicinal plants is affected by severe cadmium pollution. Cadmium can reduce photosynthetic capacity, lead to plant growth retardation and oxidative stress, and affect secondary metabolism. Medicinal plants have complex mechanisms to cope with cadmium stress. On the one hand, an antioxidant system can effectively scavenge excess reactive oxygen species produced by cadmium stress. On the other hand, cadmium chelates are formed by chelating peptides and then sequestered through vacuolar compartmentalization. Cadmium has no specific transporter in plants and is generally transferred to plant tissues through competition for the transporters of divalent metal ions, such as zinc, iron, and manganese. In recent years, progress has been achieved in exploring the physiological mechanisms by which medicinal plants responding to cadmium stress. The exogenous regulation of cadmium accumulation in medicinal plants has been studied, and the aim is reducing the toxicity of cadmium. However, research into molecular mechanisms is still lagging. In this paper, we review the physiological and molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of medicinal plants exposed to cadmium, providing a reference for the study on the responses of medicinal plants to cadmium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panhui Fan
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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12
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Gajardo HA, Gómez-Espinoza O, Boscariol Ferreira P, Carrer H, Bravo LA. The Potential of CRISPR/Cas Technology to Enhance Crop Performance on Adverse Soil Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091892. [PMID: 37176948 PMCID: PMC10181257 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide food security is under threat in the actual scenery of global climate change because the major staple food crops are not adapted to hostile climatic and soil conditions. Significant efforts have been performed to maintain the actual yield of crops, using traditional breeding and innovative molecular techniques to assist them. However, additional strategies are necessary to achieve the future food demand. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) technology, as well as its variants, have emerged as alternatives to transgenic plant breeding. This novelty has helped to accelerate the necessary modifications in major crops to confront the impact of abiotic stress on agriculture systems. This review summarizes the current advances in CRISPR/Cas applications in crops to deal with the main hostile soil conditions, such as drought, flooding and waterlogging, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient deficiencies. In addition, the potential of extremophytes as a reservoir of new molecular mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance, as well as their orthologue identification and edition in crops, is shown. Moreover, the future challenges and prospects related to CRISPR/Cas technology issues, legal regulations, and customer acceptance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto A Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
| | - Olman Gómez-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Pedro Boscariol Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Helaine Carrer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
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13
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Liu Z, Wu X, Hou L, Ji S, Zhang Y, Fan W, Li T, Zhang L, Liu P, Yang L. Effects of cadmium on transcription, physiology, and ultrastructure of two tobacco cultivars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161751. [PMID: 36690104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metal pollutants worldwide. Tobacco is an important cash crop; however, the accumulation of Cd in its biomass is very high. Cadmium may enter the body of smokers with contaminated tobacco and the surrounding environment via smoke. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of Cd accumulation and tolerance in tobacco plants, especially in the leaves. In this study, the effects of Cd on the growth, accumulation, and biochemical indices of two tobacco varieties, K326 (Cd resistant) and NC55 (Cd sensitive), were studied through transcriptomic and physiological experiments. Transcriptome and physiological analyses showed differences in the expression of Cd transport and Cd resistance related genes between NC55 and K326 under Cd stress. The root meristem cells of NC55 were more severely damaged. The antioxidant enzyme activity, ABA and ZT content, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity in K326 leaves were higher than in NC55. These data elucidate the mechanisms of low Cd accumulation and high Cd tolerance in K326 leaves and provide a theoretical basis for cultivating tobacco varieties with low Cd accumulation and high Cd resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Xiuzhe Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Shengzhe Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Weiru Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Long Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China.
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14
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Xu C, Wang H, Zhou L, Yan B. Phenotypic and transcriptomic shifts in roots and leaves of rice under the joint stress from microplastic and arsenic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130770. [PMID: 36640509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination of soil from microplastics (MP) and arsenic (As) is becoming more prevalent, posing a severe threat to agricultural productivity. However, how this joint pollution affects crop growth needs to be better understood. To assess this, we investigated the transcriptomic and phenotypic patterns of rice (Oryza sativa) to MP, As, and their mixtures. The results revealed that, compared to As, MP had much less impact on rice growth, while the MP-As mixture decreased rice's aboveground biomass and altered As's biodistribution in rice tissues. Transcriptome further corroborated this pattern: 13 (294), 4195 (1842), and 3112 (2063) genes differentially regulated in response to MP, As, and their mixtures were observed in root (leaf) tissues, respectively. The joint application of MP and As produced a synergistic effect on crucial metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, oxoacid, organic acid, amino acid, and tetrapyrrole metabolism. Moreover, we found that the joint stress reprogrammed the expression of hub genes encoding photosynthetic enzymes, protein kinases, and transcription factors, which likely reflect a transcript-driven tradeoff strategy between rice growth and defense. Together, these results strongly indicate that MP aggravated the As-induced toxicity in rice plants, which may impact the crop's acclimation to other abiotic field environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiqing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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15
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Khan A, Jie Z, Xiangjun K, Ullah N, Short AW, Diao Y, Zhou R, Xiong YC. Pre treatment of melatonin rescues cotton seedlings from cadmium toxicity by regulating key physio-biochemical and molecular pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130530. [PMID: 36463746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a plant/animal origin hormone, regulates plant response to abiotic stresses by protecting them from oxidative damage. This study identified physiochemical and molecular mechanism of melatonin-induced cadmium (Cd) stress tolerance and detoxification in cotton seedlings. Cotton seedlings, with or without melatonin (15 µM) pretreatment, were subjected to Cd (100 µM) stress in a hydroponic medium for eight days. We found that higher cellular Cd accumulation in leaf tissues significantly inhibited the growth and physiology of cotton seedlings. In contrast, melatonin-treated seedlings maintained leaf photosynthetic capacity, producing relatively higher fresh (17.4%) and dry (19.3%) weights than non-melatonin-treated plants under Cd-contaminated environments. The improved growth and leaf functioning were strongly linked with the melatonin-induced repression of Cd transporter genes (LOC107894197, LOC107955631, LOC107899273) in roots. Thus, melatonin induced downregulation of the Cd transporter genes further inhibited Cd ion transport towards leaf tissues. This suggests that the differentially expressed transporter genes (DEG) are key drivers of the melatonin-mediated regulation of Cd transportation and sequestration in cotton. Melatonin also protected cotton seedlings from Cd-induced oxidative injury by reducing tissues malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that melatonin activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways to simulate stomatal adjustment and photosynthesis in Cd-stressed leaves. Further, melatonin protects intercellular organs, particularly ribosomes, from Cd-induced oxidative damage by promoting ribosomal biosynthesis and improving translational efficiency. The findings elucidated the molecular basis of melatonin-mediated Cd stress tolerance in plants and provided a key for the effective strategy of Cd accumulation in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan St. 90, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kong Xiangjun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan St. 90, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Faculty of Science, University Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Aidan W Short
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Yong Diao
- Sinopharm Wuhan Plasma-derived Biotherapies Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan St. 90, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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16
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Meng Y, Huang J, Jing H, Wu Q, Shen R, Zhu X. Exogenous abscisic acid alleviates Cd toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting Cd uptake, translocation and accumulation, and promoting Cd chelation and efflux. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111464. [PMID: 36130666 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in plant response to cadmium (Cd) stress, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we found that exogenous ABA application decreased Cd fixation in wild type (WT) root cell wall through reducing the hemicelluloses content, in parallel with the decreased expression of IRT1, ZIP1, ZIP4, HMA2 and HMA4, which are related to Cd uptake and translocation, and the increased expression of PDF2.6, PDR8 and AIT1, which are related to Cd chelation, efflux, and accumulation inhibition. These changes might be associated with the reduced Cd accumulation in roots and shoots and the alleviated Cd toxicity. In contrast, the mutation of ABI4, a transcription factor in ABA signaling pathway, significantly increased the expression of IRT1, ZIP1, ZIP4, HMA2 and HMA4, while decreased the expression of AIT1, PDF2.6 and PDR8, enhancing Cd accumulation in roots and shoots of abi4. The enhanced Cd-sensitivity in abi4 mutant could not be rescued by exogenous ABA addition compared with WT. In a word, we conclude that exogenous ABA mitigates Cd toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana via inhibiting Cd uptake, translocation and accumulation, promoting Cd chelation and efflux, a pathway that might be regulated by ABI4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaikang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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17
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Zheng T, Wu G, Tao X, He B. Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 enhances cadmium tolerance via the glutathione-dependent phytochelatin synthesis pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111357. [PMID: 35718335 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) in which SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) is covalently conjugated to protein substrates via a range of enzymes. SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 is involved in mediating several essential or nonessential element-responsive SUMO conjugations in Arabidopsis. However, whether SIZ1 is involved in the cadmium (Cd) response remains to be identified. In this study, we found that SIZ1 positively regulates plant Cd tolerance. The loss-of-function siz1-2 mutant exhibited impaired resistance to Cd exposure and accumulated more reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the transcription of GSH1, GSH2, PCS1, and PCS2 was suppressed while the accumulation of Cd was enhanced in the siz1-2 mutant under Cd exposure. Further analysis revealed that the higher Cd sensitivity of the siz1-2 mutant was partially rescued by the overexpression of GSH1. Consistently, Cd stress stimulated the accumulation of SUMO1 conjugates in wild-type plants but not in the siz1-2 mutant. Together, our results demonstrate that Cd-induced SIZ1 activates GSH- and PC synthesis-related gene expression to increase the synthesis of GSH- and PCs, thereby leading to higher Cd tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China; Plant Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Guo Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China; Plant Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Dang F, Li Y, Wang Y, Lin J, Du S, Liao X. ZAT10 plays dual roles in cadmium uptake and detoxification in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994100. [PMID: 36110357 PMCID: PMC9468636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful heavy metal that is risky for plant growth and human health. The zinc-finger transcription factor ZAT10 is highly conserved with ZAT6 and ZAT12, which are involved in Cd tolerance in plants. However, the definite function of ZAT10 in Cd tolerance remains uncertain. Here, we demonstrated that ZAT10 negatively regulated Cd uptake and enhanced Cd detoxification in Arabidopsis. The expression of ZAT10 in plants is induced by Cd treatment. The zat10 mutant plants exhibited a greater sensitivity to Cd stress and accumulated more Cd in both shoot and root. Further investigations revealed that ZAT10 repressed the transcriptional activity of IRT1, which encodes a key metal transporter involved in Cd uptake. Meanwhile, ZAT10 positively regulated four heavy metal detoxification-related genes: NAS1, NAS2, IRT2, and MTP3. We further found that ZAT10 interacts with FIT, but their regulatory relationship is still unclear. In addition, ZAT10 directly bound to its own promoter and repressed its transcription as a negative feedback regulation. Collectively, our findings provided new insights into the dual functions of ZAT10 on Cd uptake and detoxification in plants and pointed to ZAT10 as a potential gene resource for Cd tolerance improvement in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shenxiu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Zhou Y, Lu Q, Ma J, Wang D, Li X, Di H, Zhang L, Hu X, Dong L, Liu X, Zeng X, Zhou Z, Weng J, Wang Z. Using a high density bin map to analyze quantitative trait locis of germination ability of maize at low temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978941. [PMID: 36072324 PMCID: PMC9441762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures in the spring often lead to a decline in the emergence rate and uniformity of maize, which can affect yield in northern regions. This study used 365 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), which arose from crossing Qi319 and Ye478, to identify low-temperature resistance during the germination stage by measuring eight low-temperature-related traits. The quantitative trait locis (QTLs) were mapped using R/qtl software by combining phenotypic data, and the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method to produce a high-density genetic linkage map. Twenty QTLs were detected during QTL mapping, of which seven QTLs simultaneously detected a consistent 197.10-202.30 Mb segment on chromosome 1. The primary segment was named cQTL1-2, with a phenotypic variation of 5.18-25.96% and a physical distance of 5.2 Mb. This combines the phenotype and genotype with the identification of seven chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), which were derived from Ye478*Qi319 and related to cQTL1-2. The physical distance of cQTL1-2 was reduced to approximately 1.9 Mb. The consistent meta-QTL mQTL1 was located at 619.06 cM on chromosome 1, had a genetic distance of 7.27 cM, and overlapped with cQTL1-2. This was identified by combining the results of previous QTL studies assessing maize tolerance to low temperatures at the germination stage. An assessment of the results of the RIL population, CSSLs, and mQTL1 found the consistent QTL to be LtQTL1-1. It was identified in bin1.06-1.07 at a confidence interval of between 200,400,148 and 201,775,619 bp. In this interval, qRT-PCR found that relative expression of the candidate genes GRMZM2G082630 and GRMZM2G115730 were both up-regulated in low-temperature tolerant lines and down-regulated in sensitive lines (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Di
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Meng YT, Zhang XL, Wu Q, Shen RF, Zhu XF. Transcription factor ANAC004 enhances Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating cell wall fixation, translocation and vacuolar detoxification of Cd, ABA accumulation and antioxidant capacity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129121. [PMID: 35580499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants, which have evolved multiple strategies to cope with Cd stress. In this study, we identified a nucleus-localized NAC-type transcription factor, ANAC004, which is induced by Cd and involved in regulating Cd resistance in Arabidopsis. First, anac004 mutants exhibited Cd sensitive phenotype and accumulated more Cd (12-23% higher than wild type in roots and shoots); plants overexpressing ANAC004 showed the opposite phenotype and with lower Cd accumulation. Second, ANAC004 enhanced Cd fixation in cell wall hemicellulose, thus reducing Cd2+ influx into root cells. Third, ANAC004 was involved in the process of vacuolar Cd compartmentalization by regulating the genes associated with Cd detoxification (PCS1/2, NAS4, ABCC1/2/3, MTP1/3, IREG2 and NRAMP3/4). Fourth, ANAC004 reduced root-to-shoot Cd translocation through down-regulated Cd translocation-related genes (HMA2 and HMA4). Finally, the expression of genes related to ABA synthesis (AAO3, MCSU, and NCED3) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were all reduced in anac004 mutants, leading to reduced levels of endogenous ABA and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (O2.- and H2O2) and MDA, which ultimately weakened resistance to Cd. Our results suggest that ANAC004 decreases Cd accumulation in Arabidopsis through enhancing cell wall Cd immobilization, increasing vacuolar Cd detoxification, and inhibiting Cd translocation, thus improving Cd resistance, processes that might be mediated by ABA signaling and antioxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ting Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Guo H, Wu X, Wang J, Li H, Zhang R. Transcriptomic and physiological responses of contrasting maize genotypes to drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928897. [PMID: 35991451 PMCID: PMC9381927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a significant environmental stress factor that adversely affects maize productivity. However, many details regarding the molecular mechanisms of maize against drought are still unclear. In this study, leaf transcriptomics and physiological traits of two maize genotypes with differing drought resistance were analyzed. Transcriptome sequencing identified 8985 and 7305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SD902 and SD609, respectively. Functional analysis suggested that numerous genes are highly involved in oxidative defense, protein modification, photosynthesis, phytohormone response, MAPK signaling, and transcription factors (TFs). Compared to SD902, SD609 had a higher expression of DEGs related to antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic electron transport, heat shock proteins, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) signaling under drought conditions, which might contribute to its tolerance mechanisms to drought. Stress-induced TFs may play a crucial regulatory role in genotypic differences. Moreover, the physiological changes and gene expression abundance determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were consistent with the RNA sequencing data. The study results suggest that the higher drought tolerance of SD609 than SD902 can be attributed to stronger stress defense capabilities, IAA signal transduction, and more stable photosynthesis. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of maize against drought stress, and the candidate genes identified may be used in breeding drought-tolerant maize cultivars.
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Li C, Cai X, Shen Q, Chen X, Xu M, Ye T, Si D, Wu L, Chen D, Han Z, Si J. Genome-wide analysis of basic helix-loop-helix genes in Dendrobium catenatum and functional characterization of DcMYC2 in jasmonate-mediated immunity to Sclerotium delphinii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:956210. [PMID: 35982703 PMCID: PMC9378844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.956210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium catenatum, belonging to the Orchidaceae, is a precious Chinese herbal medicine. Sclerotium delphinii (P1) is a broad-spectrum fungal disease, which causes widespread loss in the near-wild cultivation of D. catenatum. Thus, resistance breeding of D. catenatum has become the key to solve this problem. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family is closely related to plant resistance to external stresses, but the related research in D. catenatum is not deep enough yet. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 108 DcbHLH genes could be divided into 23 subgroups. Promoter cis-acting elements revealed that DcbHLHs contain a large number of stress-related cis-acting elements. Transcriptome analysis of MeJA and P1 treatment manifested that exogenous MeJA can change the expression pattern of most bHLH genes, especially the IIIe subgroup, including inhibiting the expression of DcbHLH026 (MYC2a) and promoting the expression of DcbHLH027 (MYC2b). Subcellular localization indicated that they were located in the nucleus. Furthermore, exogenous MeJA treatment significantly delayed disease time and reduced lesion size after infection with P1. DcMYC2b-overexpression Arabidopsis lines showed significantly smaller lesions after being infected with P1 than the wild type, indicating that DcMYC2b functions as an important positive regulator in D. catenatum defense against P1. Our findings shed more insights into the critical role of the DcbHLH family in plants and the resistance breeding of D. catenatum.
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Lu Z, Qiu W, Jin K, Yu M, Han X, He X, Wu L, Wu C, Zhuo R. Identification and Analysis of bZIP Family Genes in Sedum plumbizincicola and Their Potential Roles in Response to Cadmium Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:859386. [PMID: 35574076 PMCID: PMC9094143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.859386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sedum plumbizincicola (Crassulaceae), a cadmium (Cd)/zinc (Zn)/lead (Pb) hyperaccumulator native to Southeast China, is potentially useful for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play vital roles in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, there has been minimal research on the effects of Cd stress on the bZIP gene family in S. plumbizincicola. In this study, 92 SpbZIP genes were identified in the S. plumbizincicola genome and then classified into 12 subgroups according to their similarity to bZIP genes in Arabidopsis. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses showed that SpbZIP genes within the same subgroup shared similar intron-exon structures and motif compositions. In total, eight pairs of segmentally duplicated SpbZIP genes were identified, but there were no tandemly duplicated SpbZIP genes. Additionally, the duplicated SpbZIP genes were mainly under purifying selection pressure. Hormone-responsive, abiotic and biotic stress-responsive, and plant development-related cis-acting elements were detected in the SpbZIP promoter sequences. Expression profiles derived from RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR analyses indicated that the expression levels of most SpbZIP genes were upregulated under Cd stress conditions. Furthermore, a gene co-expression network analysis revealed that most edge genes regulated by hub genes were related to metal transport, responses to stimuli, and transcriptional regulation. Because its expression was significantly upregulated by Cd stress, the hub gene SpbZIP60 was selected for a functional characterization to elucidate its role in the root response to Cd stress. In a transient gene expression analysis involving Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, SpbZIP60 was localized in the nucleus. The overexpression of SpbZIP60 enhanced the Cd tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants by inhibiting ROS accumulation, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus, and decreasing the Cd content. These findings may provide insights into the potential roles of the bZIP family genes during the S. plumbizincicola response to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuchou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Agricultural Technology Extension Centre of Dongtai, Yancheng, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renyin Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Unraveling Cadmium Toxicity in Trifolium repens L. Seedling: Insight into Regulatory Mechanisms Using Comparative Transcriptomics Combined with Physiological Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094612. [PMID: 35563002 PMCID: PMC9105629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trifolium repens (T. repens) can accumulate significant amounts of heavy metal ions, and has strong adaptability to wide environmental conditions, and relatively large biomass, which is considered a potential plant for phytoremediation. However, the molecular mechanisms of T. repens involved in Cd tolerance have not yet been studied in detail. This study was conducted to examine the integrative responses of T. repens exposed to a high-level CdCl2 by investigating the physiological and transcriptomic analyses. The results suggested that T. repens seedlings had a high degree of tolerance to Cd treatment. The roots accumulated higher Cd concentration than leaves and were mainly distributed in the cell wall. The content of MDA, soluble protein, the relative electrolyte leakage, and three antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, and APX) was increased with the Cd treatment time increasing, but the CAT enzymes contents were decreased in roots. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly enriched in the glutathione (GSH) metabolism pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in the roots. Overexpressed genes in the lignin biosynthesis in the roots might improve Cd accumulation in cell walls. Moreover, the DEGs were also enriched in photosynthesis in the leaves, transferase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and ABA signal transduction, which might also play roles in reducing Cd toxicity in the plants. All the above, clearly suggest that T. repens employ several different mechanisms to protect itself against Cd stress, while the cell wall biosynthesis and GSH metabolism could be considered the most important specific mechanisms for Cd retention in the roots of T. repens.
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25
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Li S, Han X, Lu Z, Qiu W, Yu M, Li H, He Z, Zhuo R. MAPK Cascades and Transcriptional Factors: Regulation of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4463. [PMID: 35457281 PMCID: PMC9032930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, heavy metal (HM) stress is one of the most destructive abiotic stresses for plants. Heavy metals produce toxicity by targeting key molecules and important processes in plant cells. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade transfers the signals perceived by cell membrane surface receptors to cells through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and targets various effector proteins or transcriptional factors so as to result in the stress response. Signal molecules such as plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) can activate the MAPK cascade through differentially expressed genes, the activation of the antioxidant system and synergistic crosstalk between different signal molecules in order to regulate plant responses to HMs. Transcriptional factors, located downstream of MAPK, are key factors in regulating plant responses to heavy metals and improving plant heavy metal tolerance and accumulation. Thus, understanding how HMs activate the expression of the genes related to the MAPK cascade pathway and then phosphorylate those transcriptional factors may allow us to develop a regulation network to increase our knowledge of HMs tolerance and accumulation. This review highlighted MAPK pathway activation and responses under HMs and mainly focused on the specificity of MAPK activation mediated by ROS, NO and plant hormones. Here, we also described the signaling pathways and their interactions under heavy metal stresses. Moreover, the process of MAPK phosphorylation and the response of downstream transcriptional factors exhibited the importance of regulating targets. It was conducive to analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal accumulation and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Z.L.); (W.Q.); (M.Y.)
- Forestry Faculty, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Z.L.); (W.Q.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhuchou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Z.L.); (W.Q.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Wenmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Z.L.); (W.Q.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Z.L.); (W.Q.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Zhengquan He
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Z.L.); (W.Q.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
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Meng X, Li W, Shen R, Lan P. Ectopic expression of IMA small peptide genes confers tolerance to cadmium stress in Arabidopsis through activating the iron deficiency response. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126913. [PMID: 34419841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing cadmium (Cd) pollution severely affects plant growth and development, posing risks to human health via food chains. The Cd toxicity could be mitigated by improving Fe nutrient in plants. IMA1 and IMA3, two novel small peptides functionally epistatic to the key transcription factor bHLH39 but independent of bHLH104, were recently identified as the newest additions to the Fe regulatory cascade, but their roles in Cd uptake and toxicity remain not addressed. Here, the functions of two IMAs and two transcription factors related to Cd tolerance were verified. Overexpression of either bHLH39 or bHLH104 in Arabidopsis showed weak roles in Cd tolerance, but overexpression of IMAs, which activates the Fe-deficient response, significantly enhanced Cd tolerance, showing greater root elongation, biomass and chlorophyll contents. The Cd contents did not show significant difference among the overexpression lines. Further investigations revealed that the tolerance of transgenic plants to Cd mainly depended on higher Fe accumulation, which decreased the MDA contents and enhanced root elongation under Cd exposure, finally contributing to attenuating Cd toxicity. Taken together, the results suggest that increasing Fe accumulation is promising for improving plant tolerance to Cd toxicity and that IMAs are potential candidates for solving Cd toxicity problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Song Y, Li S, Sui Y, Zheng H, Han G, Sun X, Yang W, Wang H, Zhuang K, Kong F, Meng Q, Sui N. SbbHLH85, a bHLH member, modulates resilience to salt stress by regulating root hair growth in sorghum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:201-216. [PMID: 34633473 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
bHLH family proteins play an important role in plant stress response. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the salt response of bHLH is largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the function and regulating mechanism of the sweet sorghum SbbHLH85 during salt stress. The results showed that SbbHLH85 was different from its homologs in other species. Also, it was a new atypical bHLH transcription factor and a key gene for root development in sweet sorghum. The overexpression of SbbHLH85 resulted in significantly increased number and length of root hairs via ABA and auxin signaling pathways, increasing the absorption of Na+. Thus, SbbHLH85 plays a negative regulatory role in the salt tolerance of sorghum. We identified a potential interaction partner of SbbHLH85, which was phosphate transporter chaperone PHF1 and modulated the distribution of phosphate, through screening a yeast two-hybrid library. Both yeast two-hybrid and BiFC experiments confirmed the interaction between SbbHLH85 and PHF1. The overexpression of SbbHLH85 led to a decrease in the expression of PHF1 as well as the content of Pi. Based on these results, we suggested that the increase in the Na+ content and the decrease in the Pi content resulted in the salt sensitivity of transgenic sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Simin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongxiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Zhu Y, Qiu W, Li Y, Tan J, Han X, Wu L, Jiang Y, Deng Z, Wu C, Zhuo R. Quantitative proteome analysis reveals changes of membrane transport proteins in Sedum plumbizincicola under cadmium stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132302. [PMID: 34563781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sedum plumbizincicola is an herbaceous species tolerant of excessive cadmium accumulation in above-ground tissues. The implications of membrane proteins, especially integrative membrane proteins, in Cd detoxification of plants have received attention in recent years, but a comprehensive profiling of Cd-responsive membrane proteins from Cd hyperaccumulator plants is lacking. In this study, the membrane proteins of root, stem, and leaf tissues of S. plumbizincicola seedlings treated with Cd solution for 0, 1 or 4 days were analyzed by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling-based proteome quantification (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025302). Total 3353 proteins with predicted transmembrane helices were identified and quantified in at least one tissue group. 1667 proteins were defined as DAPs (differentially abundant proteins) using fold change >1.5 with p-values <0.05. The number of DAPs involved in metabolism, transport protein, and signal transduction was significantly increased after exposure to Cd, suggesting that the synthesis and decomposition of organic compounds and the transport of ions were actively involved in the Cd tolerance process. The number of up-regulated transport proteins increased significantly from 1-day exposure to 4-day exposure, from 5 to 112, 16 to 42, 18 to 44, in root, stem, and leaf, respectively. Total 352 Cd-regulated transport proteins were identified, including ABC transporters, ion transport proteins, aquaporins, proton pumps, and organic transport proteins. Heterologous expression of SpABCB28, SpMTP5, SpNRAMP5, and SpHMA2 in yeast and subcellular localization showed the Cd-specific transport activity. The results will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Cd hypertolerance and hyperaccumulation in S. plumbizincicola and will be benefit for future genetic engineering in phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China; Forestry Faculty, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, PR China
| | - Wenmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, PR China
| | - Yuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, PR China
| | - Jinjuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, PR China
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, PR China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Yugen Jiang
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, PR China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, PR China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, PR China.
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, PR China.
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Molecular Responses to Cadmium Exposure in Two Contrasting Durum Wheat Genotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147343. [PMID: 34298963 PMCID: PMC8306872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal that can be easily accumulated in durum wheat kernels and enter the human food chain. Two near-isogenic lines (NILs) with contrasting cadmium accumulation in grains, High-Cd or Low-Cd (H-Cd NIL and L-Cd NIL, respectively), were used to understand the Cd accumulation and transport mechanisms in durum wheat roots. Plants were cultivated in hydroponic solution, and cadmium concentrations in roots, shoots and grains were quantified. To evaluate the molecular mechanism activated in the two NILs, the transcriptomes of roots were analyzed. The observed response is complex and involves many genes and molecular mechanisms. We found that the gene sequences of two basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors (bHLH29 and bHLH38) differ between the two genotypes. In addition, the transporter Heavy Metal Tolerance 1 (HMT-1) is expressed only in the low-Cd genotype and many peroxidase genes are up-regulated only in the L-Cd NIL, suggesting ROS scavenging and root lignification as active responses to cadmium presence. Finally, we hypothesize that some aquaporins could enhance the Cd translocation from roots to shoots. The response to cadmium in durum wheat is therefore extremely complex and involves transcription factors, chelators, heavy metal transporters, peroxidases and aquaporins. All these new findings could help to elucidate the cadmium tolerance in wheat and address future breeding programs.
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Hao Y, Zong X, Ren P, Qian Y, Fu A. Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) Transcription Factors Regulate a Wide Range of Functions in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137152. [PMID: 34281206 PMCID: PMC8267941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is one of the largest transcription factor gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana, and contains a bHLH motif that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms. Members of this family have two conserved motifs, a basic DNA binding region and a helix-loop-helix (HLH) region. These proteins containing bHLH domain usually act as homo- or heterodimers to regulate the expression of their target genes, which are involved in many physiological processes and have a broad range of functions in biosynthesis, metabolism and transduction of plant hormones. Although there are a number of articles on different aspects to provide detailed information on this family in plants, an overall summary is not available. In this review, we summarize various aspects of related studies that provide an overview of insights into the pleiotropic regulatory roles of these transcription factors in plant growth and development, stress response, biochemical functions and the web of signaling networks. We then provide an overview of the functional profile of the bHLH family and the regulatory mechanisms of other proteins.
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Mo F, Li H, Li Y, Chen X, Wang M, Li Z, Deng N, Yang Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Deng W. Physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional regulation in a leguminous forage Trifolium pratense L. responding to silver ions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:531-546. [PMID: 33773229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) is an important leguminous crop with great potential for Ag-contaminated environment remediation. Whereas, the molecular mechanisms of Ag tolerance in red clover are largely unknown. Red clover seedlings were used for physiological and transcriptomic investigation under 0, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L Ag+ stress in our research to reveal potential molecular resistance mechanism. Research showed that red clover possessed fairly strong Ag absorbance capacity, the Ag level reached 0.14 and 2.35 mg/g·FW in the leaves and roots under 100 mg/L AgNO3 stress condition. Root fresh weight, root dry weight, root water content, and photosynthetic pigments contents were significantly decreased with elevating AgNO3 concentration. Obvious withered plant tissue, microstructure disorder, and disrupted organelles were observed. In vitro evaluations (e.g., PI and DCFH-DA staining) represented that AgNO3 at high concentration (100 mg/L) exhibited obvious inhibition on cell viability, which was due possibly to the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. A total of 44643 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under Ag stress, covering 27155 upregulated and 17488 downregulated genes. 12 stress-responsive DEGs was authenticated utilizing real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the DEGs were mostly related to metal ion binding (molecular function), nucleus (cellular component), and defense response (biological process). Involved DEGs in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, response to various hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, IAA/Auxin, salicylic acid, and etc), calcium signal transduction, and protein ubiquitination were concluded to play crucial roles in Ag tolerance of red clover. On the other hand, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database annotated several stress responsive pathways such as plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, hormone signal transduction, and autophagy. Several down-regulated genes (e.g., RSF2, RCD1, DOX1, and etc) were identified indicating possible metabolic disturbance. Besides, protein-protein interaction network (PPI) identified several pivotal genes such as ribosomal proteins, TIR, and ZAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Ningcan Deng
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Wenhe Deng
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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Cai Y, Li Y, Liang G. FIT and bHLH Ib transcription factors modulate iron and copper crosstalk in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1679-1691. [PMID: 33464620 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the crosstalk between iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) homeostasis signalling networks exists in plants, the underlined molecular mechanism remains unclear. FIT (FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) and four bHLH Ib members (bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100 and bHLH101) are the key regulators of Fe homeostasis. Here, we reveal that FIT and bHLH Ib control the up-regulation of Cu-uptake genes (COPT2, FRO4 and FRO5) by Fe deficiency, and Cu is required for improving plant growth under Fe-deficiency conditions. The induction of Cu-uptake gene expression and the elevation of Cu concentration are inhibited in the fit-2 or bhlh4x (the quadruple mutant of four bHLH Ib genes) under Fe-deficiency conditions. The dual overexpression of both bHLH38 (or bHLH39) and FIT activates the expression of COPT2, FRO4 and FRO5 and increases Cu accumulation. Furthermore, bHLH Ib proteins directly bind to the promoters of COPT2, FRO4 and FRO5. Either Cu supplement or overexpression of COPT2 or FRO4 improves the growth of fit-2 under Fe-deficiency conditions. Moreover, the induction of COPT2, FRO4 and FRO5 by Fe deficiency is independent of SPL7, a central regulator of Cu-deficiency responses. This work through the link between bHLH Ib/FIT and COPT2/FRO4/FRO5 under Fe-deficiency conditions establishes a new relationship between Cu and Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- The College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Gang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
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Li X, Mao X, Xu Y, Li Y, Zhao N, Yao J, Dong Y, Tigabu M, Zhao X, Li S. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the coordinated mechanisms of Populus × canadensis 'Neva' leaves in response to cadmium stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112179. [PMID: 33798869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal element has strong toxicity to living organisms. Excessive Cd accumulation directly affects the absorption of mineral elements, inhibits plant tissue development, and even induces mortality. Populus × canadensis 'Neva', the main afforestation variety planted widely in northern China, was a candidate variety for phytoremediation. However, the genes relieving Cd toxicity and increasing Cd tolerance of this species were still unclear. In this study, we employed transcriptome sequencing on two Cd-treated cuttings to identify the key genes involved in Cd stress responses of P. × canadensis 'Neva' induced by 0 (CK), 10 (C10), and 20 (C20) mg/L Cd(NO3)2 4H2O. We discovered a total of 2,656 (1,488 up-regulated and 1,168 down-regulated) and 2,816 DEGs (1,470 up-regulated and 1,346 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CK vs C10 and CK vs C20, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses in response to the Cd stress indicated that many DEGs identified were involved in the catalytic activity, the oxidoreductase activity, the transferase activity, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Based on the enrichment results, potential candidate genes were identified related to the calcium ion signal transduction, transcription factors, the antioxidant defense system, and transporters and showed divergent expression patterns under the Cd stress. We also validated the reliability of transcriptome data with the real-time PCR. Our findings deeper the understanding of the molecular responsive mechanisms of P. × canadensis 'Neva' on Cd tolerance and further provide critical resources for phytoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiuhong Mao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Forestry, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Junxiu Yao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Forestry, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yufeng Dong
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Forestry, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shanwen Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Forestry, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
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Quan M, Liu X, Xiao L, Chen P, Song F, Lu W, Song Y, Zhang D. Transcriptome analysis and association mapping reveal the genetic regulatory network response to cadmium stress in Populus tomentosa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:576-591. [PMID: 32937662 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in plant abiotic stress responses, but the response of lncRNA-mediated genetic networks to cadmium (Cd) treatment remain elusive in trees, the promising candidates for phytoremediation of Cd contamination. We identified 172 Cd-responsive lncRNAs and 295 differentially expressed target genes in the leaves of Cd-treated Populus tomentosa. Functional annotation revealed that these lncRNAs were involved in various processes, including photosynthesis, hormone regulation, and phenylalanine metabolism. Association studies identified 78 significant associations, representing 14 Cd-responsive lncRNAs and 28 target genes for photosynthetic and leaf physiological traits. Epistasis uncovered 83 pairwise interactions among these traits, revealing Cd-responsive lncRNA-mediated genetic networks for photosynthesis and leaf physiology in P. tomentosa. We focused on the roles of two Cd-responsive lncRNA-gene pairs, MSTRG.22608.1-PtoMYB73 and MSTRG.5634.1-PtoMYB27, in Cd tolerance of Populus, and detected insertions/deletions within lncRNAs as polymorphisms driving target gene expression. Genotype analysis of lncRNAs and heterologous overexpression of PtoMYB73 and PtoMYB27 in Arabidopsis indicated their effects on enhancing Cd tolerance, photosynthetic rate, and leaf growth, and the potential interaction mechanisms of PtoMYB73 with abiotic stresses. Our study identifies the genetic basis for the response of Populus to Cd treatment, facilitating genetic improvement of Cd tolerance in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Quan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Panfei Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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MicroRNA-Mediated Responses to Cadmium Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010130. [PMID: 33435199 PMCID: PMC7827075 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the presence of cadmium (Cd) in the environment has increased significantly due to anthropogenic activities. Cd is taken up from the soil by plant roots for its subsequent translocation to shoots. However, Cd is a non-essential heavy metal and is therefore toxic to plants when it over-accumulates. MicroRNA (miRNA)-directed gene expression regulation is central to the response of a plant to Cd stress. Here, we document the miRNA-directed response of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) plants and the drb1, drb2 and drb4 mutant lines to Cd stress. Phenotypic and physiological analyses revealed the drb1 mutant to display the highest degree of tolerance to the imposed stress while the drb2 mutant was the most sensitive. RT-qPCR-based molecular profiling of miRNA abundance and miRNA target gene expression revealed DRB1 to be the primary double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) protein required for the production of six of the seven Cd-responsive miRNAs analyzed. However, DRB2, and not DRB1, was determined to be required for miR396 production. RT-qPCR further inferred that transcript cleavage was the RNA silencing mechanism directed by each assessed miRNA to control miRNA target gene expression. Taken together, the results presented here reveal the complexity of the miRNA-directed molecular response of Arabidopsis to Cd stress.
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Gu C, Huang S, Yuan H, Dhankher OP. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals complex regulatory and metabolic response of Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis to cadmium toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123165. [PMID: 32569986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium pollution has become a serious environmental problem. Iris lactea var. chinensis showed strong Cd tolerance and accumulation ability, which has significant potential to be applied for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. However, the lack of molecular information on the mechanism of I. lactea response to Cd limited the improvement of phytoremediation efficiency. In this study, label-free proteomics analysis of Cd response in I. lactea showed that there were 163 and 196 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the shoots and roots, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the DEPs responding to Cd stress mainly involved in signal transduction, ion transport, redox etc., and participate in the pathway of amino acid biosynthesis, lignin biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Besides, differential expression of seven DEPs was validated via gene expression analysis. Finally, we found that a Cd-induced mannose-specific lectin (IlMSL) from I. lactea enhanced the Cd sensitivity and increased Cd accumulation in yeast. The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Cd tolerance and accumulation in I. lactea and ultimately provide valuable resources for using Cd tolerant genes for developing efficient strategies for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils or limiting Cd accumulation in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yinjie Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunsun Gu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Agarwal P, Mitra M, Banerjee S, Roy S. MYB4 transcription factor, a member of R2R3-subfamily of MYB domain protein, regulates cadmium tolerance via enhanced protection against oxidative damage and increases expression of PCS1 and MT1C in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110501. [PMID: 32563471 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe functional characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4 transcription factor, a member of R2R3-subfamily of MYB domain protein, in the regulation of Cd-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MYB4 showed appreciable Cd tolerance than wild-type plants, while MYB4 loss of function mutant lines (atmyb4) showed increased sensitivity to Cd-stress. MYB4 overexpression lines showed strong activation of anti-oxidant defense components and increased Cd accumulation than wild-type and atmyb4 mutant lines under Cd-stress. MYB4 overexpression resulted in the coordinated activation of the expression of phytochelatin (PC) synthesis related genes and specifically enhanced the transcript abundance of phytochelatin synthase 1 (PCS1) and metallothionein 1C (MT1C) genes under Cd-stress. In contrast, atmyb4 mutant lines showed reduced Cd accumulation and compromised expression of PC-synthesis related genes. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays have demonstrated specific binding activity of recombinant AtMYB4 to the putative MYB4-binding motifs ACCAACCAA and GGTAGGT identified in the promoters of PCS1 and MT1C genes, respectively. Further analyses have revealed that MYB4 binds directly to PCS1 and MT1C promoters in vivo and positively regulates their transcriptional expression, suggesting that PCS1 and MT1C are the key targets of MYB4. Overall, our results have provided evidence that MYB4 regulates Cd-tolerance via the coordinated activity of improved anti-oxidant defense system and through the enhanced expression of PCS1 and MT1C under Cd-stress in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Agarwal
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Mehali Mitra
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Banerjee
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India.
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Cai Z, Xian P, Wang H, Lin R, Lian T, Cheng Y, Ma Q, Nian H. Transcription Factor GmWRKY142 Confers Cadmium Resistance by Up-Regulating the Cadmium Tolerance 1-Like Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:724. [PMID: 32582254 PMCID: PMC7283499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread pollutant that is toxic to living organisms. Previous studies have identified certain WRKY transcription factors, which confer Cd tolerance in different plant species. In the present study, we have identified 29 Cd-responsive WRKY genes in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and confirmed that 26 of those GmWRKY genes were up-regulated, while 3 were down-regulated. We have also cloned the novel, positively regulated GmWRKY142 gene from soybean and investigated its regulatory mechanism in Cd tolerance. GmWRKY142 was highly expressed in the root, drastically up-regulated by Cd, localized in the nucleus, and displayed transcriptional activity. The overexpression of GmWRKY142 in Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean hairy roots significantly enhanced Cd tolerance and lead to extensive transcriptional reprogramming of stress-responsive genes. ATCDT1, GmCDT1-1, and GmCDT1-2 encoding cadmium tolerance 1 were induced in overexpression lines. Further analysis showed that GmWRKY142 activated the transcription of ATCDT1, GmCDT1-1, and GmCDT1-2 by directly binding to the W-box element in their promoters. In addition, the functions of GmCDT1-1 and GmCDT1-2, responsible for decreasing Cd uptake, were validated by heterologous expression in A. thaliana. Our combined results have determined GmWRKYs to be newly discovered participants in response to Cd stress, and have confirmed that GmWRKY142 directly targets ATCDT1, GmCDT1-1, and GmCDT1-2 to decrease Cd uptake and positively regulate Cd tolerance. The GmWRKY142-GmCDT1-1/2 cascade module provides a potential strategy to lower Cd accumulation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Cai
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqi Xian
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tengxiang Lian
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qibin Ma
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Nian
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Sharma R, Yeh K. The dual benefit of a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis IRON DEFICIENCY TOLERANT1 for iron biofortification and heavy metal phytoremediation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1200-1210. [PMID: 31671241 PMCID: PMC7152604 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of biofortification is to generate iron-enriched crops to combat growth and developmental defects especially iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia. Fe-fortification of food is challenging because soluble Fe is unstable and insoluble Fe is nonbioavailable. Genetic engineering is an alternative approach for Fe-biofortification, but so far strategies to increase Fe content have only encompassed a few genes with limited success. In this study, we demonstrate that the ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant, iron deficiency tolerant1 (idt1), can accumulate 4-7 times higher amounts of Fe than the wild type in roots, shoots and seeds, and exhibits the metal tolerance and iron accumulation (Metina) phenotype in Arabidopsis. Fe-regulated protein stability and nuclear localisation of the upstream transcriptional regulator bHLH34 were uncovered. The C to T transition mutation resulting in substitution of alanine to valine at amino acid position 320 of bHLH34 (designated as IDT1A320V ) in a conserved motif among mono- and dicots was found to be responsible for a dominant phenotype that possesses constitutive activation of the Fe regulatory pathway. Overexpression of IDT1A320V in Arabidopsis and tobacco led to the Metina phenotype; a phenotype that has escalated specificity towards optimising Fe homeostasis and may be useful in Fe-biofortification. Knowledge of the high tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals of this mutant can aid the development of tools for phytoremediation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sharma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences ProgramTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and National Chung Hsing UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Chen Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences ProgramTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and National Chung Hsing UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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Zhu YX, Du WX, Fang XZ, Zhang LL, Jin CW. Knockdown of BTS may provide a new strategy to improve cadmium-phytoremediation efficiency by improving iron status in plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121473. [PMID: 31676164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the key genes related to cadmium (Cd) tolerance and accumulation is a major element in genetically engineering improved plants for Cd phytoremediation. Owing to the similarity between the ionic hydrated radius of Cd2+ and Fe2+, this study investigated how the Cd tolerance and accumulation of Arabidopsis plants was affected by the knockdown of BTS, a gene that negatively regulates Fe nutrition. After exposure to 40 μM Cd, the BTS-knockdown mutant, bts-1, exhibited greater Fe nutrition and better growth than wild-type plants. In addition, the Cd concentration in both roots and shoots was approximately 50% higher in the bts-1 mutant than in wild-type plants. Consequently, the bts-1 mutant accumulated approximately 100% and 150% more Cd in the roots and shoots, respectively, than wild-type plants. Further study showed that Fe removal from the growth medium and inhibition of the Fe transporter gene, IRT1, removed the differences observed in the growth and Cd concentration of the bts-1 and wild-type plants, respectively. These results demonstrated that BTS knockdown improved Cd tolerance and accumulation in plants by improving Fe nutrition; thus, the knockdown of BTS via biotechnological pathways may represent a valuable strategy for the improvement in the efficiency of Cd phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lin Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Lei GJ, Sun L, Sun Y, Zhu XF, Li GX, Zheng SJ. Jasmonic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis via suppression of cadmium uptake and translocation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:218-227. [PMID: 30912267 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is thought to be involved in plant responses to cadmium (Cd) stress, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that Cd treatment rapidly induces the expression of genes promoting endogenous JA synthesis, and subsequently increases the JA concentration in Arabidopsis roots. Furthermore, exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) alleviates Cd-generated chlorosis of new leaves by decreasing the Cd concentration in root cell sap and shoot, and decreasing the expression of the AtIRT1, AtHMA2 and AtHMA4 genes promoting Cd uptake and long-distance translocation, respectively. In contrast, mutation of a key JA synthesis gene, AtAOS, greatly enhances the expression of AtIRT1, AtHMA2 and AtHMA4, increases Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, and confers increased sensitivity to Cd. Exogenous MeJA recovers the enhanced Cd-sensitivity of the ataos mutant, but not of atcoi1, a JA receptor mutant. In addition, exogenous MeJA reduces NO levels in Cd-stressed Arabidopsis root tips. Taken together, our results suggest that Cd-induced JA acts via the JA signaling pathway and its effects on NO levels to positively restrict Cd accumulation and alleviates Cd toxicity in Arabidopsis via suppression of the expression of genes promoting Cd uptake and long-distance translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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42
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Liu LYD, Hsiao YC, Chen HC, Yang YW, Chang MC. Construction of gene causal regulatory networks using microarray data with the coefficient of intrinsic dependence. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:22. [PMID: 31512008 PMCID: PMC6738364 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past two decades, biologists have been able to identify the gene signatures associated with various phenotypes through the monitoring of gene expressions with high-throughput biotechnologies. These gene signatures have in turn been successfully applied to drug development, disease prevention, crop improvement, etc. However, ignoring the interactions among genes has weakened the predictive power of gene signatures in practical applications. Gene regulatory networks, in which genes are represented by nodes and the associations between genes are represented by edges, are typically constructed to analyze and visualize such gene interactions. More specifically, the present study sought to measure gene-gene associations by using the coefficient of intrinsic dependence (CID) to capture more nonlinear as well as cause-effect gene relationships. RESULTS A stepwise procedure using the CID along with the partial coefficient of intrinsic dependence (pCID) was demonstrated for the rebuilding of simulated networks and the well-known CBF-COR pathway under cold stress using Arabidopsis microarray data. The procedure was also applied to the construction of bHLH gene regulatory pathways under abiotic stresses using rice microarray data, in which OsbHLH104, a putative phytochrome-interacting factor (OsPIF14), and OsbHLH060, a positive regulator of iron homeostasis (OsPRI1) were inferred as the most affiliated genes. The inferred regulatory pathways were verified through literature reviews. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method can efficiently decipher gene regulatory pathways and may assist in achieving higher predictive power in practical applications. The lack of any mention in the literature of some of the regulatory event may have been due to the high complexity of the regulatory systems in the plant transcription, a possibility which could potentially be confirmed in the near future given ongoing rapid developments in bio-technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wei Yang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Men-Chi Chang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
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Belykh ES, Maystrenko TA, Velegzhaninov IO. Recent Trends in Enhancing the Resistance of Cultivated Plants to Heavy Metal Stress by Transgenesis and Transcriptional Programming. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:725-741. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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Sheng Y, Yan X, Huang Y, Han Y, Zhang C, Ren Y, Fan T, Xiao F, Liu Y, Cao S. The WRKY transcription factor, WRKY13, activates PDR8 expression to positively regulate cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:891-903. [PMID: 30311662 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) extrusion is an important mechanism conferring Cd tolerance by decreasing its accumulation in plants. Previous studies have identified an Arabidopsis ABC transporter, PDR8, as a Cd extrusion pump conferring Cd tolerance. However, the regulation of PDR8 in response to Cd stress is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis cadmium-tolerant dominant mutant, designated xcd3-D, from the XVE-tagging T-DNA insertion lines by a gain-of-function genetic screen. The corresponding gene was cloned and shown to encode a nuclear WRKY transcription factor WRKY13. Expression of WRKY13 was induced by Cd stress. Overexpression of WRKY13 resulted in decreased Cd accumulation and enhanced Cd tolerance, whereas loss-of-function of WRKY13 led to increased Cd accumulation and sensitivity. Further analysis showed that WRKY13 activates the transcription of PDR8 by directly binding to its promoter. Genetic analysis indicated that WRKY13 acts upstream of PDR8 to positively regulate Cd tolerance. Our results provide evidence that WRKY13 directly targets PDR8 to positively regulate Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Sheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxing Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Han
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongbing Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuqing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Bayçu G, Moustaka J, Gevrek N, Moustakas M. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Analysis for Elucidating the Mechanism of Photosystem II Acclimation to Cadmium Exposure in the Hyperaccumulating Plant Noccaea caerulescens. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2580. [PMID: 30567339 PMCID: PMC6315512 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We provide new data on the mechanism of Noccaea caerulescens acclimation to Cd exposure by elucidating the process of photosystem II (PSII) acclimation by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Seeds from the metallophyte N. caerulescens were grown in hydroponic culture for 12 weeks before exposure to 40 and 120 μM Cd for 3 and 4 days. At the beginning of exposure to 40 μM Cd, we observed a spatial leaf heterogeneity of decreased PSII photochemistry, that later recovered completely. This acclimation was achieved possibly through the reduced plastoquinone (PQ) pool signaling. Exposure to 120 μM Cd under the growth light did not affect PSII photochemistry, while under high light due to a photoprotective mechanism (regulated heat dissipation for protection) that down-regulated PSII quantum yield, the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO) decreased even more than control values. Thus, N. caerulescens plants exposed to 120 μM Cd for 4 days exhibited lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as singlet oxygen (¹O₂). The response of N. caerulescens to Cd exposure fits the 'Threshold for Tolerance Model', with a lag time of 4 d and a threshold concentration of 40 μM Cd required for the induction of the acclimation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülriz Bayçu
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Julietta Moustaka
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nurbir Gevrek
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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