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Wu S, Lin W. The physiological role of the unfolded protein response in the nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2411-2420. [PMID: 38526277 PMCID: PMC11090440 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.393105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response pathway activated when the endoplasmic reticulum, a crucial organelle for protein folding and modification, encounters an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. The UPR aims to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by enhancing protein folding capacity, reducing protein biosynthesis, and promoting protein degradation. It also plays a pivotal role in coordinating signaling cascades to determine cell fate and function in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Recent research has highlighted the significance of the UPR not only in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis but also in influencing various physiological processes in the nervous system. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings that underscore the UPR's involvement in preserving the function and viability of neuronal and myelinating cells under physiological conditions, and highlight the critical role of the UPR in brain development, memory storage, retinal cone development, myelination, and maintenance of myelin thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchan Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Yu X, Dang L, Zhang R, Yang W. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the PERK Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:353. [PMID: 38543139 PMCID: PMC10974972 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Many pathologic states can lead to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in cells. This causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which encompasses three main adaptive branches. One of these UPR branches is mediated by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), an ER stress sensor. The primary consequence of PERK activation is the suppression of global protein synthesis, which reduces ER workload and facilitates the recovery of ER function. Ischemic stroke induces ER stress and activates the UPR. Studies have demonstrated the involvement of the PERK pathway in stroke pathophysiology; however, its role in stroke outcomes requires further clarification. Importantly, considering mounting evidence that supports the therapeutic potential of the PERK pathway in aging-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, this pathway may represent a promising therapeutic target in stroke. Therefore, in this review, our aim is to discuss the current understanding of PERK in ischemic stroke, and to summarize pharmacologic tools for translational stroke research that targets PERK and its associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Xie J, Zhang Y, Li B, Xi W, Wang Y, Li L, Liu C, Shen L, Han B, Kong Y, Yao H, Zhang Z. Inhibition of OGFOD1 by FG4592 confers neuroprotection by activating unfolded protein response and autophagy after ischemic stroke. J Transl Med 2024; 22:248. [PMID: 38454480 PMCID: PMC10921652 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke is a common neurological disease with a significant financial burden but lacks effective drugs. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) participate in the pathophysiological process of ischemia. However, whether FG4592, the first clinically approved PHDs inhibitor, can alleviate ischemic brain injury remains unclear. METHODS The infarct volumes and behaviour tests were first analyzed in mice after ischemic stroke with systemic administration of FG4592. The knockdown of HIF-1α and pretreatments of HIF-1/2α inhibitors were then used to verify whether the neuroprotection of FG4592 is HIF-dependent. The targets predicting and molecular docking methods were applied to find other targets of FG4592. Molecular, cell biological and gene knockdown methods were finally conducted to explore the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of FG4592. RESULTS We found that the systemic administration of FG4592 decreased infarct volume and improved neurological defects of mice after transient or permanent ischemia. Meanwhile, FG4592 also activated autophagy and inhibited apoptosis in peri-infarct tissue of mice brains. However, in vitro and in vivo results suggested that the neuroprotection of FG4592 was not classical HIF-dependent. 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain-containing protein 1 (OGFOD1) was found to be a novel target of FG4592 and regulated the Pro-62 hydroxylation in the small ribosomal protein s23 (Rps23) with the help of target predicting and molecular docking methods. Subsequently, the knockdown of OGFOD1 protected the cell against ischemia/reperfusion injury and activated unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. Moreover, FG4592 was also found to activate UPR and autophagic flux in HIF-1α independent manner. Blocking UPR attenuated the neuroprotection, pro-autophagy effect and anti-apoptosis ability of FG4592. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that FG4592 could be a candidate drug for treating ischemic stroke. The neuroprotection of FG4592 might be mediated by inhibiting alternative target OGFOD1, which activated the UPR and autophagy and inhibited apoptosis after ischemic injury. The inhibition of OGFOD1 is a novel therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Institution of Neuropsychiatry, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Xi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - HongHong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Institution of Neuropsychiatry, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Li Y, Li M, Feng S, Xu Q, Zhang X, Xiong X, Gu L. Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:611-618. [PMID: 37721292 PMCID: PMC10581588 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, and its mechanisms mainly involve the accumulation of lipid peroxides, imbalance in the amino acid antioxidant system, and disordered iron metabolism. The primary organelle responsible for coordinating external challenges and internal cell demands is the endoplasmic reticulum, and the progression of inflammatory diseases can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress. Evidence has suggested that ferroptosis may share pathways or interact with endoplasmic reticulum stress in many diseases and plays a role in cell survival. Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress may occur after ischemic stroke. However, there are few reports on the interactions of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress with ischemic stroke. This review summarized the recent research on the relationships between ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress and ischemic stroke, aiming to provide a reference for developing treatments for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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He S, Peng Y, Chen X, Ou Y. Causality between inflammatory bowel disease and the cerebral cortex: insights from Mendelian randomization and integrated bioinformatics analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175873. [PMID: 37588593 PMCID: PMC10425804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic, progressive, and recurrent intestinal condition that poses a significant global health burden. The high prevalence of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in IBD necessitates the development of targeted management strategies. Methods Leveraging genetic data from genome-wide association studies and Immunochip genotype analyses of nearly 150,000 individuals, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to elucidate the driving force of IBD, UC, and CD on cortical reshaping. Genetic variants mediating the causality were collected to disclose the biological pathways linking intestinal inflammation to brain dysfunction. Results Here, 115, 69, and 98 instrumental variables genetically predicted IBD, UC, and CD. We found that CD significantly decreased the surface area of the temporal pole gyrus (β = -0.946 mm2, P = 0.005, false discovery rate-P = 0.085). Additionally, we identified suggestive variations in cortical surface area and thickness induced by exposure across eight functional gyri. The top 10 variant-matched genes were STAT3, FOS, NFKB1, JAK2, STAT4, TYK2, SMAD3, IL12B, MYC, and CCL2, which are interconnected in the interaction network and play a role in inflammatory and immune processes. Conclusion We explore the causality between intestinal inflammation and altered cortical morphology. It is likely that neuroinflammation-induced damage, impaired neurological function, and persistent nociceptive input lead to morphological changes in the cerebral cortex, which may trigger neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of the People's Liberation Army, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of the People's Liberation Army, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of the People's Liberation Army, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Liu P, Karim MR, Covelo A, Yue Y, Lee MK, Lin W. The UPR Maintains Proteostasis and the Viability and Function of Hippocampal Neurons in Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11542. [PMID: 37511300 PMCID: PMC10380539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR), which comprises three branches: PERK, ATF6α, and IRE1, is a major mechanism for maintaining cellular proteostasis. Many studies show that the UPR is a major player in regulating neuron viability and function in various neurodegenerative diseases; however, its role in neurodegeneration is highly controversial. Moreover, while evidence suggests activation of the UPR in neurons under normal conditions, deficiency of individual branches of the UPR has no major effect on brain neurons in animals. It remains unclear whether or how the UPR participates in regulating neuronal proteostasis under normal and disease conditions. To determine the physiological role of the UPR in neurons, we generated mice with double deletion of PERK and ATF6α in neurons. We found that inactivation of PERK and ATF6α in neurons caused lysosomal dysfunction (as evidenced by decreased expression of the V0a1 subunit of v-ATPase and decreased activation of cathepsin D), impairment of autophagic flux (as evidenced by increased ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and increased p62 level), and accumulation of p-tau and Aβ42 in the hippocampus, and led to impairment of spatial memory, impairment of hippocampal LTP, and hippocampal degeneration in adult mice. These results suggest that the UPR is required for maintaining neuronal proteostasis (particularly tau and Aβ homeostasis) and the viability and function of neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingting Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, WMBB4-140, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Md Razaul Karim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, WMBB4-140, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ana Covelo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, WMBB4-140, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael K Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, WMBB4-140, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, WMBB4-140, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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7
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Fan Q, Takarada-Iemata M, Okitani N, Tamatani T, Ishii H, Hattori T, Kiryu-Seo S, Kiyama H, Hori O. Brain injury triggers cell-type-specific and time-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Glia 2023; 71:667-681. [PMID: 36412235 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signal transduction network that responds to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by coordinating protein homeostasis to maintain cell viability. The UPR can also trigger cell death when adaptive responses fail to improve protein homeostasis. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that the UPR plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases and brain insults, our understanding of how ER stress is induced under neuropathological conditions is limited. Here, we investigated the cell- and time-specific patterns of the ER stress response after brain injury using ER stress-activated indicator (ERAI) mice, which enable monitoring of the UPR in vivo via increased fluorescence of a spliced XBP-1 protein fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant Venus. Following cortical stab injury of ERAI mice, the GFP signal and number of GFP+ cells increased in the ipsilateral cortex throughout the observation period (6 h to 7 days post-injury), confirming the induction of the UPR. GFP signals were observed in injured neurons early (from 6 h) after brain injury. However, non-neuronal cells, mainly endothelial cells followed by astrocytes, accounted for the majority of GFP+ cells after brain injury. Similar results were obtained in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that activation of the UPR in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes, may play an important role in and could be a potential therapeutic target for acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Fan
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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8
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ATF6β Deficiency Elicits Anxiety-like Behavior and Hyperactivity Under Stress Conditions. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2175-2186. [PMID: 36853481 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-regulated transcription factor that induces expression of major molecular chaperones in the ER. We recently reported that ATF6β, a subtype of ATF6, promoted survival of hippocampal neurons exposed to ER stress and excitotoxicity, at least in part by inducing expression of calreticulin, an ER molecular chaperone with high Ca2+-binding capacity. In the present study, we demonstrate that ATF6β deficiency in mice also decreases calreticulin expression and increases expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, another ER molecular chaperone, in emotional brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Comprehensive behavioral analyses revealed that Atf6b-/- mice exhibit anxiety-like behavior in the light/dark transition test and hyperactivity in the forced swim test. Consistent with these results, PFC and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression was increased in Atf6b-/- mice, as was circulating corticosterone. Moreover, CRH receptor 1 antagonism alleviated anxiety-like behavior in Atf6b-/- mice. These findings suggest that ATF6β deficiency produces anxiety-like behavior and hyperactivity via a CRH receptor 1-dependent mechanism. ATF6β could play a role in psychiatric conditions in the emotional centers of the brain.
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Yuan Z, Lu L, Lian Y, Zhao Y, Tang T, Xu S, Yao Z, Yu Z. AA147 ameliorates post-cardiac arrest cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the co-regulation of the ATF6 and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028002. [PMID: 36506549 PMCID: PMC9727236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion caused by cardiac arrest (CA) disturbs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and redox balance in neurons. AA147, originally developed as a pharmacologic activator of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), can protect multiple tissues from ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restoring ER function. However, it is unclear whether pharmacologic treatment of AA147 could ameliorate post-CA cerebral IRI and whether it is associated with proteostasis regulation and anti-oxidative stress mechanism. In the present study, mice were subjected to 9 min-CA surgery followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). AA147 or vehicle was administered 1 day before the operation and 15 min after the return of spontaneous circulation. We found that AA147 restored neurological function and reduced dead neurons in mice suffering from CA. Moreover, AA147 inhibited CA/CPR-caused neuronal apoptosis and ER stress, indicated by reduced TUNEL-positive neurons, surged expression of Bcl-2/Bax, and down expression of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-12, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). The expression of ATF6 and its regulated gene glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) increased significantly after the administration of AA147, suggesting the activation of the ATF6 pathway. In addition, AA147 also alleviated the upsurge of the ROS generation and MDA levels as well as increased SOD activity, accompanied by enhancement of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its modulated heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions. Cotreatment of AA147 with inhibitors of the ATF6 or Nrf2 significantly suppressed AA147-dependent reductions in ROS scavenging and neuronal death after CA/CPR. The results suggested that AA147 could confer neuroprotection against post-CA cerebral IRI through inhibition of oxidative stress along with ER stress-associated apoptosis, which is attributed to the coregulation of both ATF6 and Nrf2 signaling pathways activity. Our findings support the potential for AA147 as a therapeutic approach to improve post-CA brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingtao Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanrui Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhun Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Zhui Yu,
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10
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Li X, Li R, Lu L, Dhar A, Sheng H, Yang W. Beneficial effects of neuronal ATF6 activation in permanent ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1016391. [PMID: 36313623 PMCID: PMC9614111 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1016391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Brain ischemia leads to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen and consequently, ER stress. To help cells restore ER function, a series of adaptive stress response pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), are activated. We have previously demonstrated that the UPR pathway initiated by ATF6 is pro-survival in transient ischemic stroke. However, the effect of ATF6 activation on the outcome after permanent ischemic stroke remains unknown. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap. Method: sATF6-KI mice with functional short-form ATF6 (sATF6) predominantly expressed in forebrain neurons were subjected to two ischemic stroke models: photothrombotic stroke and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Both short-term and long-term functional outcomes were evaluated. Changes in neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular density after pMCAO were also assessed. Results: Compared to littermate controls, sATF6-KI mice performed significantly better in open field, cylinder, and foot fault tests on day 1 or 3 after photothrombotic stroke. However, on days 7 and 14 after stroke, the performance of these functional tests was not significantly different between groups, which is likely related to mild brain damage associated with this stroke model. Thus, to evaluate the long-term effects of ATF6 activation in permanent stroke, we turned to our pMCAO model. We first found that on day 4 after pMCAO, functional outcome was better, and infarct volumes were smaller in sATF6-KI mice vs controls. Next, the 15-day stroke outcome study indicated that compared to control mice, sATF6-KI mice consistently exhibited improved performance in neurologic scoring, tight rope test, and tape removal test, after pMCAO. Moreover, sATF6-KI mice showed higher vascular density and lower activation of both astrocytes and microglia around stroke regions on day 16 after pMCAO. Conclusions: Here, we presented the first evidence that activation of the ATF6 UPR branch is protective in permanent ischemic stroke, which further supports the therapeutic potential of targeting the ATF6 pathway in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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11
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Uddin MA, Akhter MS, Kubra KT, Barabutis N. Hsp90 inhibition protects brain endothelial cells against LPS-induced injury. Biofactors 2022; 48:926-933. [PMID: 35266593 PMCID: PMC10131175 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium increases infiltration of lymphocytes and innate immune cells in the brain, leading to the development of neurological disorders. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors are anti-inflammatory agents and P53 inducers, which reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a diverse variety of human tissues. In this study, we investigate the effects of those compounds in LPS-induced brain endothelial inflammation, by utilizing human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Our results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors suppress inflammation by inhibiting the LPS-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); and P38 activation. Moreover, those compounds reduce the P53 suppressors murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and murine double minute 4 (MDM4). Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein/glucose-regulated protein 78 (BiP/Grp78)-a key element of endothelial barrier integrity-was also increased by Hsp90 inhibition. Hence, we conclude that application of Hsp90 inhibitors in diseases related to BBB dysfunction may deliver a novel therapeutic possibility in the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
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12
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Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang X, Ye Y, Xiong X, Zhang S, Gu L, Jian Z, Wang H. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:864426. [PMID: 35602556 PMCID: PMC9114642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.864426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease characterized by sudden interruption of blood flow in a certain part of the brain, leading to serious disability and death. At present, treatment methods for ischemic stroke are limited to thrombolysis or thrombus removal, but the treatment window is very narrow. However, recovery of cerebral blood circulation further causes cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in protein secretion, membrane protein folding, transportation, and maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemia pathophysiology. Mild ERS helps improve cell tolerance and restore cell homeostasis; however, excessive or long-term ERS causes apoptotic pathway activation. Specifically, the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathways are significantly activated following initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). CIRI-induced apoptosis leads to nerve cell death, which ultimately aggravates neurological deficits in patients. Therefore, it is necessary and important to comprehensively explore the mechanism of ERS in CIRI to identify methods for preserving brain cells and neuronal function after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shudi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Zhihong Jian,
| | - Hongfa Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongfa Wang,
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13
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Huang Y, Yuan M, Duan F, Yang Y, Lou B, Lin X. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 4-phenylbutyrate alleviates retinal inflammation and the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells after ocular alkali burn in mice. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:577-590. [PMID: 35415762 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis is one of the most severe complications that causes permanent visual impairment following ocular alkali burn (OAB). Currently, very few treatment options exist for this condition. This study was conducted to determine the effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress after OAB using a well-established OAB mouse model. METHODS Ocular alkali burn was induced in C57BL/6 mouse corneas using 1 M NaOH. 4-PBA (10 mg/kg; 250 μL per injection) or saline (250 μL per injection) was injected intraperitoneally once per day for 3 days before the establishment of the OAB model. The apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the histological damage was examined by hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence assay on retinal flat mounts. The key inflammatory response and the expression of ER stress-related markers in the retinal tissues were assessed by real-time PCR, western blotting and histologic analyses. RESULTS 4-PBA significantly alleviated the apoptosis of RGCs and prevented the structural damage of the retina, as determined by the evaluation of RGC density and retinal thickness. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA decreased the expression of vital proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1 beta; and suppressed the activation of retinal microglial cells and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). 4-PBA reduced the expression of the ER stress molecules, glucose-regulated protein 78, activated transcription factor 6, inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), X-box-binding protein 1 splicing, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, in the retinal tissues and RGCs of OAB mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that the inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA alleviates the inflammatory response via the IRE1/NF-κB signaling pathway and protects the retina and RGCs from injury in an OAB mouse model. Such findings further suggest that 4-PBA might have potential therapeutic implications for OAB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Miner Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bingsheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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14
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Guo S, Wehbe A, Syed S, Wills M, Guan L, Lv S, Li F, Geng X, Ding Y. Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Potential Effects on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Stroke. Aging Dis 2022; 14:450-467. [PMID: 37008060 PMCID: PMC10017147 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an extremely common pathology with strikingly high morbidity and mortality rates. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary organelle responsible for conducting protein synthesis and trafficking as well as preserving intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Mounting evidence shows that ER stress contributes to stroke pathophysiology. Moreover, insufficient circulation to the brain after stroke causes suppression of ATP production. Glucose metabolism disorder is an important pathological process after stroke. Here, we discuss the relationship between ER stress and stroke and treatment and intervention of ER stress after stroke. We also discuss the role of glucose metabolism, particularly glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, post-stroke. Based on recent studies, we speculate about the potential relationship and crosstalk between glucose metabolism and ER stress. In conclusion, we describe ER stress, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis in the context of stroke and explore how the interplay between ER stress and glucose metabolism contributes to the pathophysiology of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Guo
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alexandra Wehbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Shabber Syed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Melissa Wills
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Longfei Guan
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Shuyu Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Xiaokun Geng, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Yuchuan Ding, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. E-mail:
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Xiaokun Geng, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Yuchuan Ding, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. E-mail:
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15
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An update on the unfolded protein response in brain ischemia: Experimental evidence and therapeutic opportunities. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105218. [PMID: 34732355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke or cardiac arrest, brain ischemia occurs. Currently, no pharmacologic intervention that targets cellular processes has proven effective in improving neurologic outcome in patients after brain ischemia. Recent experimental research has identified the crucial role of proteostasis in survival and recovery of cells after ischemia. In particular, the unfolded protein response (UPR), a key signaling pathway that safeguards cellular proteostasis, is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for brain ischemia. For some time, the UPR has been known to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia; however, only in the recent years has the field grown substantially, largely due to the extensive use of UPR-specific mouse genetic models and the rapidly expanding availability of pharmacologic tools that target the UPR. In this review, we provide a timely update on the progress in our understanding of the UPR in experimental brain ischemia, and discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting the UPR in ischemic stroke and cardiac arrest.
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16
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Sims SG, Cisney RN, Lipscomb MM, Meares GP. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in astrocytes. Glia 2021; 70:5-19. [PMID: 34462963 PMCID: PMC9292588 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are glial cells that support neurological function in the central nervous system (CNS), in part, by providing structural support for neuronal synapses and blood vessels, participating in electrical and chemical transmission, and providing trophic support via soluble factors. Dysregulation of astrocyte function contributes to neurological decline in CNS diseases. Neurological diseases are highly heterogeneous but share common features of cellular stress including the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported in nearly all neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress occurs when there is an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen and the protein folding demand of the ER is overwhelmed. ER stress initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis by abating protein translation and, if the cell is irreparably damaged, initiating apoptosis. Although protein aggregation and misfolding in neurological disease has been well described, cell-specific contributions of ER stress and the UPR in physiological and disease states are poorly understood. Recent work has revealed a role for active UPR signaling that may drive astrocytes toward a maladaptive phenotype in various model systems. In response to ER stress, astrocytes produce inflammatory mediators, have reduced trophic support, and can transmit ER stress to other cells. This review will discuss the current known contributions and consequences of activated UPR signaling in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah G Sims
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rylee N Cisney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Marissa M Lipscomb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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17
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Nguyen DT, Le TM, Hattori T, Takarada-Iemata M, Ishii H, Roboon J, Tamatani T, Kannon T, Hosomichi K, Tajima A, Taniuchi S, Miyake M, Oyadomari S, Tanaka T, Kato N, Saito S, Mori K, Hori O. The ATF6β-calreticulin axis promotes neuronal survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress and excitotoxicity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13086. [PMID: 34158584 PMCID: PMC8219835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While ATF6α plays a central role in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, the function of its paralogue ATF6β remains elusive, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we demonstrate that ATF6β is highly expressed in the hippocampus of the brain, and specifically regulates the expression of calreticulin (CRT), a molecular chaperone in the ER with a high Ca2+-binding capacity. CRT expression was reduced to ~ 50% in the CNS of Atf6b−/− mice under both normal and ER stress conditions. Analysis using cultured hippocampal neurons revealed that ATF6β deficiency reduced Ca2+ stores in the ER and enhanced ER stress-induced death. The higher levels of death in Atf6b−/− neurons were recovered by ATF6β and CRT overexpressions, or by treatment with Ca2+-modulating reagents such as BAPTA-AM and 2-APB, and with an ER stress inhibitor salubrinal. In vivo, kainate-induced neuronal death was enhanced in the hippocampi of Atf6b−/− and Calr+/− mice, and restored by administration of 2-APB and salubrinal. These results suggest that the ATF6β-CRT axis promotes neuronal survival under ER stress and excitotoxity by improving intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.,Department of Human Anatomy, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kannon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shusuke Taniuchi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Miyake
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy II, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology I, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Saito
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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18
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Shen Y, Li R, Yu S, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Sheng H, Yang W. Activation of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) Signaling Pathway in Neurons Improves Outcome After Cardiac Arrest in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020216. [PMID: 34111943 PMCID: PMC8477867 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury impairs proteostasis, and triggers adaptive cellular responses, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which functions to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. After cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation, the UPR is activated in various organs including the brain. However, the role of the UPR in CA has remained largely unknown. Here we aimed to investigate effects of activation of the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) UPR branch in CA. Methods and Results Conditional and inducible sATF6-KI (short-form ATF6 knock-in) mice and a selective ATF6 pathway activator 147 were used. CA was induced in mice by KCl injection, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We first found that neurologic function was significantly improved, and neuronal damage was mitigated after the ATF6 pathway was activated in neurons of sATF6-KI mice subjected to CA/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Further RNA sequencing analysis indicated that such beneficial effects were likely attributable to increased expression of pro-proteostatic genes regulated by ATF6. Especially, key components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process, which clears potentially toxic unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, were upregulated in the sATF6-KI brain. Accordingly, the CA-induced increase in K48-linked polyubiquitin in the brain was higher in sATF6-KI mice relative to control mice. Finally, CA outcome, including the survival rate, was significantly improved in mice treated with compound 147. Conclusions This is the first experimental study to determine the role of the ATF6 UPR branch in CA outcome. Our data indicate that the ATF6 UPR branch is a prosurvival pathway and may be considered as a therapeutic target for CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Shen
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Ran Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Shu Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of AnesthesiologyCenter for Perioperative Organ ProtectionDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
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19
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Synthesis and evaluation of bifunctional PTP4A3 phosphatase inhibitors activating the ER stress pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 46:128167. [PMID: 34089839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed JMS-053, a potent inhibitor of the dual specificity phosphatase PTP4A3 that is potentially suitable for cancer therapy. Due to the emerging role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cancer pathology, we sought to identify derivatives that combine PTP4A3 inhibition with induction of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, with the goal to generate more potent anticancer agents. We have now generated bifunctional analogs that link the JMS-053 pharmacophore to an adamantyl moiety and act in concert with the phosphatase inhibitor to induce ER stress and cell death. The most potent compound in this series, 7a, demonstrated a ca. 5-fold increase in cytotoxicity in a breast cancer cell line and strong activation of UPR and ER stress response genes in spite of a ca. 13-fold decrease in PTP4A3 inhibition. These results demonstrate that the combination of phosphatase inhibition with UPR/ER-stress upregulation potentiates efficacy.
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20
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Kogel V, Trinh S, Gasterich N, Beyer C, Seitz J. Long-Term Glucose Starvation Induces Inflammatory Responses and Phenotype Switch in Primary Cortical Rat Astrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2368-2382. [PMID: 33580474 PMCID: PMC8585803 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and crucial to ensure the metabolic supply of neurons and their synapse formation. Overnutrition as present in patients suffering from obesity causes astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. Other diseases accompanied by malnutrition appear to have an impact on the brain and astrocyte function. In the eating disorder anorexia nervosa (AN), patients suffer from undernutrition and develop volume reductions of the cerebral cortex, associated with reduced astrocyte proliferation and cell count. Although an effect on astrocytes and their function has already been shown for overnutrition, their role in long-term undernutrition remains unclear. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex astrocytes to investigate their response to chronic glucose starvation. Cells were grown with a medium containing a reduced glucose concentration (2 mM) for 15 days. Long-term glucose starvation increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory genes and shifted the primary astrocyte population to the pro-inflammatory A1-like phenotype. Moreover, genes encoding for proteins involved in the unfolded protein response were elevated. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes under chronic glucose starvation respond with an inflammatory reaction. With respect to the multiple functions of astrocytes, an association between elevated inflammatory responses due to chronic starvation and alterations found in the brain of patients suffering from undernutrition seems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kogel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Trinh
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Saraswat Ohri S, Burke DA, Andres KR, Hetman M, Whittemore SR. Acute Neural and Proteostasis Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Predict Chronic Locomotor Recovery after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:365-372. [PMID: 33076743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the difficulties in identifying novel therapeutic strategies to manage central nervous system (CNS) trauma is the need for behavioral assays to assess chronic functional recovery. In vitro assays and/or acute behavioral assessments cannot accurately predict long-term functional outcome. Using data from 13 independent T9 moderate contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) studies, we asked whether the ratio of acute (24-72 h post-injury) changes in the levels of neuron-, oligodendrocyte-, astrocyte-specific and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) could predict the extent of chronic functional recovery. Increased levels of neuron, oligodendrocyte, and astrocyte mRNAs all correlated with enhanced Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores. Reduced levels of the ERSR mRNAs Atf4 and Chop correlate with improved chronic locomotor function. Neither neural or ERSR mRNAs were predictive for chronic recovery across all behavioral changes. The ratio of oligodendrocyte/ERSR mRNAs, however, did predict "improved," "no change," or "worse" functional recovery. Neuronal/ERSR mRNA ratios predicted functional improvement, but could not distinguish between worse or no change outcomes. Astrocyte/ERSR mRNA ratios were not predictive. This approach can be used to confirm biological action of injected drugs in vivo and to optimize dose and therapeutic window. It may prove useful in cervical and lumbar SCI and in other traumatic CNS injuries such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, where prevention of neuronal loss is paramount to functional recovery. Although the current analysis was directed toward ERSR whose activity was targeted in all but one study, acute mRNA markers for other pathophysiological cascades may be as predictive of chronic recovery when those cascades are targeted for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Darlene A Burke
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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22
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Song M, Wang C, Yang H, Chen Y, Feng X, Li B, Fan H. P-STAT3 Inhibition Activates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Splenocyte Apoptosis in Chronic Stress. Front Physiol 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32714202 PMCID: PMC7340136 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress leads to immunosuppression and induces splenocyte apoptosis. STAT3 is a transcription factor that regulates immunity and apoptosis; however, it is unclear whether the increased expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) observed in chronic stress is related to splenocyte apoptosis. To explore the relationship between splenocyte apoptosis and STAT3 in chronic stress, we treated rats undergoing a 21-day chronic restraint stress program with the STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201. This chronic stress model was verified by observing rats’ behavior and measuring their serum corticosterone levels. Chronic stress led to increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and p-STAT3 inhibition enhanced splenocyte apoptosis in chronic stress. We detected key proteins in three apoptotic pathways to determine which pathway mediated increasing splenocyte apoptosis and found that the death receptor pathway was the main apoptotic pathway that occurred in the spleen during chronic stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) was also activated, but the Bcl-2 family was not involved in chronic stress. P-STAT3 inhibition had no influence on the Bcl-2 family and the death receptor pathway; however, p-STAT3 inhibition disrupted the pro-survival function of the UPR by decreasing the expression of ATF6α and p-IRE1α. Furthermore, p-STAT3 inhibition activated endoplasmic reticulum stress by promoting the expression of CHOP, p-JNK, and procaspase-12. Collectively, these findings indicate that the increased p-STAT3 expression during chronic stress may promote splenocyte survival by activating the UPR. Consequently, STAT3 and the UPR may be considered as potential therapeutic targets for chronic stress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haotian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Honggang Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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23
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Kubra KT, Akhter MS, Uddin MA, Barabutis N. Unfolded protein response in cardiovascular disease. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109699. [PMID: 32592779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved molecular machinery, which protects the cells against a diverse variety of stimuli. Activation of this element has been associated with both human health and disease. The purpose of the current manuscript is to provide the most updated information on the involvement of UPR towards the improvement; or deterioration of cardiovascular functions. Since UPR is consisted of three distinct elements, namely the activating transcription factor 6, the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; and the inositol-requiring enzyme-1α, a highly orchestrated manipulation of those molecular branches may provide new therapeutic possibilities against the severe outcomes of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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24
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Onoda A, Kawasaki T, Tsukiyama K, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Carbon nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress around blood vessels with accumulation of misfolded proteins in the developing brain of offspring. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10028. [PMID: 32572058 PMCID: PMC7308306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-particulate air pollution threatens developing brains and is epidemiologically related to neurodegenerative diseases involving deposition of misfolded proteins. However, the mechanism underlying developmental neurotoxicity by nanoparticles remains unknown. Here, we report that maternal exposure to low doses of carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress associated with accumulation of misfolded proteins. Notably, offspring specifically showed high induction of ER stress in perivascular macrophages and reactive astrocytes only around brain blood vessels, along with accumulation of β-sheet-rich proteins regarded as misfolded proteins. Our results suggest that maternal CB-NP exposure induced ER stress in PVMs and reactive astrocytes around blood vessels in the brain of offspring in mice. The induction of ER stress accompanied by the perivascular accumulation of misfolded proteins is likely to be associated with perivascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration, and development of neurodegenerative diseases related to particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuto Onoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 University Street, Sanyo-Onoda city, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kouji-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Takayasu Kawasaki
- Infrared Free Electron Laser Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsukiyama
- Infrared Free Electron Laser Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 University Street, Sanyo-Onoda city, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan.
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25
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Kumar V, Mesentier-Louro LA, Oh AJ, Heng K, Shariati MA, Huang H, Hu Y, Liao YJ. Increased ER Stress After Experimental Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Improved RGC and Oligodendrocyte Survival After Treatment With Chemical Chaperon. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1953-1966. [PMID: 31060051 PMCID: PMC6735778 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the earliest subcellular changes in neuro-ophthalmic diseases. In this study, we investigated the expression of key molecules in the ER stress pathways following nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), the most common acute optic neuropathy in adults over 50, and assessed the impact of chemical chaperon 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) in vivo. Methods We induced AION using photochemical thrombosis in adult mice and performed histologic analyses of key molecules in the ER stress pathway in the retina and optic nerve. We also assessed the effects of daily intraperitoneal injections of 4-PBA after AION. Results In the retina at baseline, there was low proapoptotic transcriptional regulator C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and high prosurvival chaperon glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) expression in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). One day after AION, there was significantly increased CHOP and reduced GRP78 expressions in the ganglion cell layer. In the optic nerve at baseline, there was little CHOP and high GRP78 expression. One day after AION, there was significantly increased CHOP and no change in GRP78 expression. Treatment immediately after AION using daily intraperitoneal injection of chemical chaperone 4-PBA for 19 days significantly rescued Brn3A+ RGCs and Olig2+ optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Conclusions We showed for the first time that acute AION resulted in increased ER stress and differential expression of ER stress markers CHOP and GRP78 in the retina and optic nerve. Rescue of RGCs and oligodendrocytes with 4-PBA provides support for ER stress reduction as possible treatment for AION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | | | - Angela Jinsook Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Kathleen Heng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
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26
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Xie X, Lu W, Chen Y, Tsang CK, Liang J, Li W, Jing Z, Liao Y, Huang L. Prostaglandin E1 Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rats by Improving Hemodynamics. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:549. [PMID: 31191236 PMCID: PMC6549528 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compensatory vascular mechanisms can restore cerebral blood flow (CBF) but fail to protect against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-mediated neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is known as a vasodilator to protect against ischemic injury in animal models, but its protective role in CCH remains unclear. To determine the effect of PGE1 on cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive functions in CCH, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) was used to mimic CCH in rats, which were subsequently intravenously injected with PGE1 daily for 2 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging, immunofluorescence staining and Morris water maze (MWM) were used to evaluate CBF, angiogenesis, and cognitive functions, respectively. We found that PGE1 treatment significantly restored CBF by enhancing vertebral artery dilation. In addition, PGE1 treatment increased the number of microvascular endothelial cells and neuronal cells in the hippocampus, and decreased the numbers of astrocyte and apoptotic cells. In the MWM test, we further showed that the escape latency of CCH rats was significantly reduced after PGE1 treatment. Our results suggest that PGE1 ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in CCH rats by enhancing CBF recovery, sustaining angiogenesis, and reducing astrocyte activation and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li'an Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Glembotski CC, Rosarda JD, Wiseman RL. Proteostasis and Beyond: ATF6 in Ischemic Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:538-550. [PMID: 31078432 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a pathological hallmark of numerous ischemic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). In these diseases, ER stress leads to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequent adaptation of cellular physiology in ways that dictate cellular fate following ischemia. Recent evidence highlights a protective role for the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the UPR in mitigating adverse outcomes associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in multiple disease models. This suggests ATF6 as a potential therapeutic target for intervening in diverse ischemia-related disorders. Here, we discuss the evidence demonstrating the importance of ATF6 signaling in protecting different tissues against ischemic damage and discuss preclinical results focused on defining the potential for pharmacologically targeting ATF6 to intervene in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Glembotski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jessica D Rosarda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Nakada EM, Bhakta NR, Korwin-Mihavics BR, Kumar A, Chamberlain N, Bruno SR, Chapman DG, Hoffman SM, Daphtary N, Aliyeva M, Irvin CG, Dixon AE, Woodruff PG, Amin S, Poynter ME, Desai DH, Anathy V. Conjugated bile acids attenuate allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting UPR transducers. JCI Insight 2019; 4:98101. [PMID: 31045581 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated bile acids (CBAs), such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), are known to resolve the inflammatory and unfolded protein response (UPR) in inflammatory diseases, such as asthma. Whether CBAs exert their beneficial effects on allergic airway responses via 1 arm or several arms of the UPR, or alternatively through the signaling pathways for conserved bile acid receptor, remains largely unknown. We used a house dust mite-induced (HDM-induced) murine model of asthma to evaluate and compare the effects of 5 CBAs and 1 unconjugated bile acid in attenuating allergen-induced UPR and airway responses. Expression of UPR-associated transcripts was assessed in airway brushings from human patients with asthma and healthy subjects. Here we show that CBAs, such as alanyl β-muricholic acid (AβM) and TUDCA, significantly decreased inflammatory, immune, and cytokine responses; mucus metaplasia; and airway hyperresponsiveness, as compared with other CBAs in a model of allergic airway disease. CBAs predominantly bind to activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) compared with the other canonical transducers of the UPR, subsequently decreasing allergen-induced UPR activation and resolving allergic airway disease, without significant activation of the bile acid receptors. TUDCA and AβM also attenuated other HDM-induced ER stress markers in the lungs of allergic mice. Quantitative mRNA analysis of airway epithelial brushings from human subjects demonstrated that several ATF6α-related transcripts were significantly upregulated in patients with asthma compared with healthy subjects. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CBA-based therapy potently inhibits the allergen-induced UPR and allergic airway disease in mice via preferential binding of the canonical transducer of the UPR, ATF6α. These results potentially suggest a novel avenue to treat allergic asthma using select CBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Nakada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Nirav R Bhakta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bethany R Korwin-Mihavics
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Nicolas Chamberlain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sierra R Bruno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - David G Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Translational Airways Group, Discipline of Medical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Glebe, Australia
| | - Sidra M Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Nirav Daphtary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Minara Aliyeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dhimant H Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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29
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Wang F, Pulinilkunnil T, Flibotte S, Nislow C, Vlodavsky I, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Heparanase protects the heart against chemical or ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:29-40. [PMID: 31004678 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer cells use heparanase for tumor metastasis, favourable effects of heparanase have been reported in the management of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Indeed, we previously established a protective function for heparanase in the acutely diabetic heart, where it conferred cardiomyocyte resistance to oxidative stress and apoptosis by provoking changes in gene expression. In this study, we tested if overexpression of heparanase can protect the heart against chemically induced or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Transcriptomic analysis of Hep-tg hearts reveal that 240 genes related to the stress response, immune response, cell death, and development were altered in a pro-survival direction encompassing genes promoting the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, as well as those protecting against oxidative stress. The observed UPR activation was adaptive and not apoptotic, was mediated by activation of ATF6α, and when combined with mTOR inhibition, induced autophagy. Subjecting wild type (WT) mice to increasing concentrations of the ER stress inducer thapsigargin evoked a transition from adaptive to apoptotic UPR, an effect that was attenuated in Hep-tg mouse hearts. Consistent with these observations, when exposed to I/R, the infarct size and markers of apoptosis were significantly lower in the Hep-tg heart compared to WT. Finally, UPR and autophagy inhibitors reduced the protective effects of heparanase overexpression during I/R. Our data suggest that the mechanisms that underlie the role of heparanase in promoting cell survival could be uniquely beneficial to the heart by providing protection against cellular stresses, and could be useful for exploitation as a therapeutic target for the treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | | | - Corey Nislow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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30
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Tam AB, Roberts LS, Chandra V, Rivera IG, Nomura DK, Forbes DJ, Niwa M. The UPR Activator ATF6 Responds to Proteotoxic and Lipotoxic Stress by Distinct Mechanisms. Dev Cell 2018; 46:327-343.e7. [PMID: 30086303 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced by proteotoxic stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we report that ATF6, a major mammalian UPR sensor, is also activated by specific sphingolipids, dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and dihydroceramide (DHC). Single mutations in a previously undefined transmembrane domain motif that we identify in ATF6 incapacitate DHS/DHC activation while still allowing proteotoxic stress activation via the luminal domain. ATF6 thus possesses two activation mechanisms: DHS/DHC activation and proteotoxic stress activation. Reporters constructed to monitor each mechanism show that phenobarbital-induced ER membrane expansion depends on transmembrane domain-induced ATF6. DHS/DHC addition preferentially induces transcription of ATF6 target lipid biosynthetic and metabolic genes over target ER chaperone genes. Importantly, ATF6 containing a luminal achromatopsia eye disease mutation, unresponsive to proteotoxic stress, can be activated by fenretinide, a drug that upregulates DHC, suggesting a potential therapy for this and other ATF6-related diseases including heart disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin B Tam
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, NSB#1, Rm5328, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Lindsay S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vivek Chandra
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, NSB#1, Rm5328, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Io Guane Rivera
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, NSB#1, Rm5328, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Douglass J Forbes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 2124A Pacific Hall, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, USA
| | - Maho Niwa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, NSB#1, Rm5328, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA.
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31
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ER Stress Inhibits Liver Fatty Acid Oxidation while Unmitigated Stress Leads to Anorexia-Induced Lipolysis and Both Liver and Kidney Steatosis. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1794-1806. [PMID: 28564599 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR), induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, regulates the expression of factors that restore protein folding homeostasis. However, in the liver and kidney, ER stress also leads to lipid accumulation, accompanied at least in the liver by transcriptional suppression of metabolic genes. The mechanisms of this accumulation, including which pathways contribute to the phenotype in each organ, are unclear. We combined gene expression profiling, biochemical assays, and untargeted lipidomics to understand the basis of stress-dependent lipid accumulation, taking advantage of enhanced hepatic and renal steatosis in mice lacking the ER stress sensor ATF6α. We found that impaired fatty acid oxidation contributed to the early development of steatosis in the liver but not the kidney, while anorexia-induced lipolysis promoted late triglyceride and free fatty acid accumulation in both organs. These findings provide evidence for both direct and indirect regulation of peripheral metabolism by ER stress.
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32
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Proteomic analyses of brain tumor cell lines amidst the unfolded protein response. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47831-47847. [PMID: 27323862 PMCID: PMC5216982 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors such as high grade gliomas are among the deadliest forms of human cancers. The tumor environment is subject to a number of cellular stressors such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation. The persistence of the stressors activates the unfolded proteins response (UPR) and results in global alterations in transcriptional and translational activity of the cell. Although the UPR is known to effect tumorigenesis in some epithelial cancers, relatively little is known about the role of the UPR in brain tumors. Here, we evaluated the changes at the molecular level under homeostatic and stress conditions in two glioma cell lines of differing tumor grade. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified proteins unique to each condition (unstressed/stressed) and within each cell line (U87MG and UPN933). Comparing the two, we find differences between both the conditions and cell lines indicating a unique profile for each. Finally, we used our proteomic data to identify the predominant pathways within these cells under unstressed and stressed conditions. Numerous predominant pathways are the same in both cell lines, but there are differences in biological and molecular classifications of the identified proteins, including signaling mechanisms, following UPR induction; we see that relatively minimal proteomic alterations can lead to signaling changes that ultimately promote cell survival.
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33
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de la Torre JC. Are Major Dementias Triggered by Poor Blood Flow to the Brain? Theoretical Considerations. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:353-371. [PMID: 28211814 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic brain hypoperfusion plays a central role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) long before dyscognitive symptoms or amyloid-β accumulation in the brain appear. This commentary proposes that dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) may also develop from chronic brain hypoperfusion following a similar but not identical neurometabolic breakdown as AD. The argument to support this conclusion is that chronic brain hypoperfusion, which is found at the early stages of the three dementias reviewed here, will reduce oxygen delivery and lower oxidative phosphorylation promoting a steady decline in the synthesis of the cell energy fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process is known to lead to oxidative stress. Virtually all neurodegenerative diseases, including FTD, DLB, and CJD, are characterized by oxidative stress that promotes inclusion bodies which differ in structure, location, and origin, as well as which neurological disorder they typify. Inclusion bodies have one thing in common; they are known to diminish autophagic activity, the protective intracellular degradative process that removes malformed proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged subcellular organelles that can disrupt neuronal homeostasis. Neurons are dependent on autophagy for their normal function and survival. When autophagic activity is diminished or impaired in neurons, high levels of unfolded or misfolded proteins overwhelm and downregulate the neuroprotective activity of unfolded protein response which is unable to get rid of dysfunctional organelles such as damaged mitochondria and malformed proteins at the synapse. The endpoint of this neuropathologic process results in damaged synapses, impaired neurotransmission, cognitive decline, and dementia.
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34
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Takarada-Iemata M, Yoshikawa A, Ta HM, Okitani N, Nishiuchi T, Aida Y, Kamide T, Hattori T, Ishii H, Tamatani T, Le TM, Roboon J, Kitao Y, Matsuyama T, Nakada M, Hori O. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia. Glia 2018; 66:1432-1446. [PMID: 29476556 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following cerebral ischemia is closely related to the infiltration of peripheral cells into the brain, progression of lesion formation, and clinical exacerbation. However, the mechanism that regulates BBB integrity, especially after permanent ischemia, remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that astrocytic N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule, may function as a modulator of BBB permeability following ischemic stroke, using a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Immunohistological analysis showed that the expression of NDRG2 increases dominantly in astrocytes following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Genetic deletion of Ndrg2 exhibited enhanced levels of infarct volume and accumulation of immune cells into the ipsilateral brain hemisphere following ischemia. Extravasation of serum proteins including fibrinogen and immunoglobulin, after MCAO, was enhanced at the ischemic core and perivascular region of the peri-infarct area in the ipsilateral cortex of Ndrg2-deficient mice. Furthermore, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after MCAO markedly increased in Ndrg2-/- mice. In culture, expression and secretion of MMP-3 was increased in Ndrg2-/- astrocytes, and this increase was reversed by adenovirus-mediated re-expression of NDRG2. These findings suggest that NDRG2, expressed in astrocytes, may play a critical role in the regulation of BBB permeability and immune cell infiltration through the modulation of MMP expression following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hieu Minh Ta
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kamide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitao
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-Machi, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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35
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Kroeger H, Grimsey N, Paxman R, Chiang WC, Plate L, Jones Y, Shaw PX, Trejo J, Tsang SH, Powers E, Kelly JW, Wiseman RL, Lin JH. The unfolded protein response regulator ATF6 promotes mesodermal differentiation. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaan5785. [PMID: 29440509 PMCID: PMC5957084 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ATF6 encodes a transcription factor that is anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activated during the unfolded protein response (UPR) to protect cells from ER stress. Deletion of the isoform activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) and its paralog ATF6β results in embryonic lethality and notochord dysgenesis in nonhuman vertebrates, and loss-of-function mutations in ATF6α are associated with malformed neuroretina and congenital vision loss in humans. These phenotypes implicate an essential role for ATF6 during vertebrate development. We investigated this hypothesis using human stem cells undergoing differentiation into multipotent germ layers, nascent tissues, and organs. We artificially activated ATF6 in stem cells with a small-molecule ATF6 agonist and, conversely, inhibited ATF6 using induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with ATF6 mutations. We found that ATF6 suppressed pluripotency, enhanced differentiation, and unexpectedly directed mesodermal cell fate. Our findings reveal a role for ATF6 during differentiation and identify a new strategy to generate mesodermal tissues through the modulation of the ATF6 arm of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kroeger
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ryan Paxman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei-Chieh Chiang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ying Jones
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Evan Powers
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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36
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Stone S, Wu S, Jamison S, Durose W, Pallais JP, Lin W. Activating transcription factor 6α deficiency exacerbates oligodendrocyte death and myelin damage in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. Glia 2018; 66:1331-1345. [PMID: 29436030 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) play a critical role in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by regulating the viability of oligodendrocytes. Our previous studies show that activation of the PERK branch of the UPR protects myelinating oligodendrocytes against ER stress in young, developing mice that express IFN-γ, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine in MS and EAE, in the CNS. Several studies also demonstrate that PERK activation preserves oligodendrocyte viability and function, protecting mice against EAE. While evidence suggests activation of the ATF6α branch of the UPR in oligodendrocytes under normal and disease conditions, the effects of ATF6α activation on oligodendrocytes in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases remain unknown. Herein, we showed that ATF6α deficiency had no effect on oligodendrocytes under normal conditions. Interestingly, we showed that ATF6α deficiency exacerbated ER stressed-induced myelinating oligodendrocyte death and subsequent myelin loss in the developing CNS of IFN-γ-expressing mice. Moreover, we found that ATF6α deficiency increased EAE severity and aggravated EAE-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination, without affecting inflammation. Thus, these data suggest the protective effects of ATF6α activation on oligodendrocytes in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrabeth Stone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shuangchan Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephanie Jamison
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wilaiwan Durose
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jean Pierre Pallais
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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37
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Kelly K, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. The unfolded protein response signaling and retinal Müller cell metabolism. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1861-1870. [PMID: 30233053 PMCID: PMC6183030 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.239431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is one of the most energy demanding tissues in the body. Like most neurons in the central nervous system, retinal neurons consume high amounts of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) to generate visual signal and transmit the information to the brain. Disruptions in retinal metabolism can cause neuronal dysfunction and degeneration resulting in severe visual impairment and even blindness. The homeostasis of retinal metabolism is tightly controlled by multiple signaling pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), and the close interactions between retinal neurons and other retinal cell types including vascular cells and Müller glia. The UPR is a highly conserved adaptive cellular response and can be triggered by many physiological stressors and pathophysiological conditions. Activation of the UPR leads to changes in glycolytic rate, ATP production, de novo serine synthesis, and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which are considered critical components of Müller glia metabolism and provide metabolic support to surrounding neurons. When these pathways are disrupted, neurodegeneration occurs rapidly. In this review, we summarize recent advance in studies of the UPR in Müller glia and highlight the potential role of the UPR in retinal degeneration through regulation of Müller glia metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo; SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo; SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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38
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Murao N, Nishitoh H. Role of the unfolded protein response in the development of central nervous system. J Biochem 2017; 162:155-162. [PMID: 28903548 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular homeostatic signalling pathway that is induced by accumulated misfolded/unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR is closely associated with the development of disease in several tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), in response to ER stress. More recently, the unique features and importance of the UPR have been revealed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated CNS cells [neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)]. Although several UPR signalling pathways dynamically change in each CNS cell during brain development, the role of UPR signalling in CNS cells (especially NSCs and glial cells) under pathological or physiological conditions is poorly understood. Here, we discuss and summarize the recent progress in understanding how the UPR regulates the proliferation, differentiation, maturation and viability of CNS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Murao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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39
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Tomiyama R, Takakura K, Takatou S, Le TM, Nishiuchi T, Nakamura Y, Konishi T, Matsugo S, Hori O. 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester induce preconditioning ER stress and autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1671-1684. [PMID: 28681934 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL) and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) are both catechol-containing phenylpropanoid derivatives with diverse bioactivities. In the present study, we analyzed the ability of these compounds to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the oxidative stress response. When human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with DBL or CAPE, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes such as HSPA5, HYOU1, DDIT3, and SEC61b increased to a larger extent in response to CAPE treatment, while that of antioxidant genes such as HMOX1, GCLM, and NQO1 increased to a larger extent in response to DBL treatment. DNA microarray analysis confirmed the strong link of these compounds to ER stress. Regarding the mechanism, activation of the UPR by these compounds was associated with enhanced levels of oxidized proteins in the ER, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which provides anti-oxidative effects, suppressed the induction of the UPR-target genes. Furthermore, both compounds enhanced the expression of LC3-II, a marker of autophagy, and 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a chemical chaperone that reduces ER stress, suppressed it. Finally, pretreatment of cells with DBL, CAPE or low doses of ER stressors protected cells against a neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in an autophagy-dependent manner. These results suggest that DBL and CAPE induce oxidized protein-mediated ER stress and autophagy that may have a preconditioning effect in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Tomiyama
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ken Takakura
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shouhei Takatou
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Thuong M Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy & Applied Life Sciences (NUPALS), Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Konishi
- Niigata University of Pharmacy & Applied Life Sciences (NUPALS), LIAISON R/D Center, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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40
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Ghouili I, Bahdoudi S, Morin F, Amri F, Hamdi Y, Coly PM, Walet-Balieu ML, Leprince J, Zekri S, Vaudry H, Vaudry D, Castel H, Amri M, Tonon MC, Masmoudi-Kouki O. Endogenous Expression of ODN-Related Peptides in Astrocytes Contributes to Cell Protection Against Oxidative Stress: Astrocyte-Neuron Crosstalk Relevance for Neuronal Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4596-4611. [PMID: 28698967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are important actors in the defense of brain against oxidative stress injuries. Glial cells synthesize and release the octadecaneuropeptide ODN, a diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI)-related peptide, which acts through its metabotropic receptor to protect neurons and astrocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The purpose of the present study is to examine the contribution of the endogenous ODN in the protection of astrocytes and neurons from moderate oxidative stress. The administration of H2O2 (50 μM, 6 h) induced a moderate oxidative stress in cultured astrocytes, i.e., an increase in reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and carbonyl group levels, but it had no effect on astrocyte death. Mass spectrometry and QPCR analysis revealed that 50 μM H2O2 increased ODN release and DBI mRNA levels. The inhibition of ODN release or pharmacological blockage of the effects of ODN revealed that in these conditions, 50 μM H2O2 induced the death of astrocytes. The transfection of astrocytes with DBI siRNA increased the vulnerability of cells to moderate stress. Finally, the addition of 1 nM ODN to culture media reversed cell death observed in DBI-deficient astrocytes. The treatment of neurons with media from 50 μM H2O2-stressed astrocytes significantly reduced the neuronal death induced by H2O2; this effect is greatly attenuated by the administration of an ODN metabotropic receptor antagonist. Overall, these results indicate that astrocytes produce authentic ODN, notably in a moderate oxidative stress situation, and this glio- and neuro-protective agent may form part of the brain defense mechanisms against oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ghouili
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Seyma Bahdoudi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.,Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Fabrice Morin
- Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Fatma Amri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Hamdi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pierre Michael Coly
- Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Regional Proteomic Platform (Pissaro), IRIB, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN), IRIB, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sami Zekri
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN), IRIB, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Regional Proteomic Platform (Pissaro), IRIB, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN), IRIB, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, 76128, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
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41
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Wang Y, Yang J, Du G, Ma D, Zhou L. Neuroprotective effects respond to cerebral ischemia without susceptibility to HB-tumorigenesis in VHL heterozygous knockout mice. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2342-2351. [PMID: 28574654 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene plays a prominent role in the development of hemangioblastomas (HBs) within specific regions of the human' central nervous system (CNS). Alterations in VHL gene are rarely observed in the more common features of human VHL-related tumors in animal models, and VHL heterozygous knockout (VHL+/-) mice do not develop HBs. We tested whether VHL heterozygous knockout mice exhibited genetic predisposition to the development of HBs and conferred a selective advantage involving growth of blood vessels to its carrier. No differences were observed between wild-type and VHL+/- mice in development ad reproduction. The heterozygous VHL+/- mice did not develop higher genetic susceptibility to CNS-HBs over their lifetime. Furthermore, this recessive VHL gene heterozygosity is relatively stable. Interestingly, we found these heterozygous VHL+/- mice gained an advantage conferring to angiogenic ability in a particular environment, compared with wild-type mice. The heterozygous VHL+/- mice obviously enhanced hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF)-dependent and Twist1 angiogenic mechanism in response to acute cerebral ischemia, resulting in decreased cerebral tissue damage and neuroprotective response through neovascularization. Our findings provide evidence of partial loss function of VHL as a novel precise therapeutic target in acute cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center & Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guhong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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42
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4-Phenylbutyric Acid Reveals Good Beneficial Effects on Vital Organ Function via Anti-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Septic Rats. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e689-701. [PMID: 26958745 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis and septic shock are the common complications in ICUs. Vital organ function disorder contributes a critical role in high mortality after severe sepsis or septic shock, in which endoplasmic reticulum stress plays an important role. Whether anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid is beneficial to sepsis and the underlying mechanisms are not known. DESIGN Laboratory investigation. SETTING State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury. SUBJECTS Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Using cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic shock rats, lipopolysaccharide-treated vascular smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes, effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid on vital organ function and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were observed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Conventional treatment, including fluid resuscitation, vasopressin, and antibiotic, only slightly improved the hemodynamic variable, such as mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, and slightly improved the vital organ function and the animal survival of septic shock rats. Supplementation of 4-phenylbutyric acid (5 mg/kg; anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress), especially administered at early stage, significantly improved the hemodynamic variables, vital organ function, such as liver, renal, and intestinal barrier function, and animal survival in septic shock rats. 4-Phenylbutyric acid application inhibited the endoplasmic reticulum stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein in vital organs, such as heart and superior mesenteric artery after severe sepsis. Further studies showed that 4-phenylbutyric acid inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cytokine release, apoptosis, and oxidative stress via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increasing glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase expression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid is beneficial to septic shock. This beneficial effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid is closely related to the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cytokine release. This finding provides a potential therapeutic measure for clinical critical conditions, such as severe sepsis.
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farzaneh M. The Interplay of MicroRNAs in the Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:548-561. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Qiao Y, Badduke C, Tang F, Cowieson D, Martell S, Lewis SME, Peñaherrera MS, Robinson WP, Volchuk A, Rajcan-Separovic E. Whole exome sequencing of families with 1q21.1 microdeletion or microduplication. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1782-1791. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Chansonette Badduke
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Flamingo Tang
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David Cowieson
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics-Metabolism Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sally Martell
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Maria S. Peñaherrera
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; UBC; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Wendy P. Robinson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; UBC; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Evica Rajcan-Separovic
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Yu Z, Sheng H, Liu S, Zhao S, Glembotski CC, Warner DS, Paschen W, Yang W. Activation of the ATF6 branch of the unfolded protein response in neurons improves stroke outcome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1069-1079. [PMID: 27217380 PMCID: PMC5363481 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16650218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) is a hallmark of many human diseases including stroke. To restore ER function in stressed cells, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced, which activates 3 ER stress sensor proteins including activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). ATF6 is then cleaved by proteases to form the short-form ATF6 (sATF6), a transcription factor. To determine the extent to which activation of the ATF6 UPR branch defines the fate and function of neurons after stroke, we generated a conditional and tamoxifen-inducible sATF6 knock-in mouse. To express sATF6 in forebrain neurons, we crossed our sATF6 knock-in mouse line with Emx1-Cre mice to generate ATF6-KI mice. After the ATF6 branch was activated in ATF6-KI mice with tamoxifen, mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Forced activation of the ATF6 UPR branch reduced infarct volume and improved functional outcome at 24 h after stroke. Increased autophagic activity at early reperfusion time after stroke may contribute to the ATF6-mediated neuroprotection. We concluded that the ATF6 UPR branch is crucial to ischemic stroke outcome. Therefore, boosting UPR pro-survival pathways may be a promising therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhui Yu
- 1 Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,2 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- 1 Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- 1 Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- 3 Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - David S Warner
- 1 Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wulf Paschen
- 1 Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- 1 Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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46
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Ariyasu D, Yoshida H, Hasegawa Y. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Endocrine Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020382. [PMID: 28208663 PMCID: PMC5343917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle where secretory and membrane proteins are synthesized and folded. Unfolded proteins that are retained within the ER can cause ER stress. Eukaryotic cells have a defense system called the “unfolded protein response” (UPR), which protects cells from ER stress. Cells undergo apoptosis when ER stress exceeds the capacity of the UPR, which has been revealed to cause human diseases. Although neurodegenerative diseases are well-known ER stress-related diseases, it has been discovered that endocrine diseases are also related to ER stress. In this review, we focus on ER stress-related human endocrine disorders. In addition to diabetes mellitus, which is well characterized, several relatively rare genetic disorders such as familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI), Wolfram syndrome, and isolated growth hormone deficiency type II (IGHD2) are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ariyasu
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Hiderou Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan.
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Reactive astrogliosis in stroke: Contributions of astrocytes to recovery of neurological function. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:88-103. [PMID: 28057555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuronal connectivity, particularly in the "peri-infarct" tissue adjacent to the region of ischemic damage, are important contributors to the spontaneous recovery of function that commonly follows stroke. Peri-infarct astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis and play key roles in modulating the adaptive responses in neurons. This reactive astrogliosis shares many features with that induced by other forms of damage to the central nervous system but also differs in details that potentially influence neurological recovery. A subpopulation of astrocytes within a few hundred micrometers of the infarct proliferate and are centrally involved in the development of the glial scar that separates the damaged tissue in the infarct from surrounding normal brain. The intertwined processes of astrocytes adjacent to the infarct provide the core structural component of the mature scar. Interventions that cause early disruption of glial scar formation typically impede restoration of neurological function. Marked reactive astrogliosis also develops in cells more distant from the infarct but these cells largely remain in the spatial territories they occupied prior to stroke. These cells play important roles in controlling the extracellular environment and release proteins and other molecules that are able to promote neuronal plasticity and improve functional recovery. Treatments manipulating aspects of reactive astrogliosis can enhance neuronal plasticity following stroke. Optimising these treatments for use in human stroke would benefit from a more complete characterization of the specific responses of peri-infarct astrocytes to stroke as well as a better understanding of the influence of other factors including age, sex, comorbidities and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.
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48
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Yang W, Paschen W. Unfolded protein response in brain ischemia: A timely update. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2044-2050. [PMID: 27733676 PMCID: PMC5363674 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16674488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Folding and processing newly synthesized proteins are vital functions of the endoplasmic reticulum that are sensitive to a variety of stress conditions. The unfolded protein response is activated to restore endoplasmic reticulum function impaired by stress. While we know that brain ischemia impairs endoplasmic reticulum function, the role of unfolded protein response activation in post-ischemic recovery of neurologic function is only beginning to emerge. Here, we summarize what is known about endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in brain ischemia and discuss recent findings from myocardial ischemia studies that could help to advance research on endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Wulf Paschen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
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Söderholm M, Almgren P, Jood K, Stanne TM, Olsson M, Ilinca A, Lorentzen E, Norrving B, Engström G, Melander O, Jern C, Lindgren A. Exome array analysis of ischaemic stroke: results from a southern Swedish study. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1722-1728. [PMID: 27469034 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified a few risk loci for ischaemic stroke, but these variants explain only a small part of the genetic contribution to the disease. Coding variants associated with amino acid substitutions or premature termination of protein synthesis could have a large effect on disease risk. We performed an exome array analysis for ischaemic stroke. METHODS Patients with ischaemic stroke (n = 2385) and control subjects (n = 6077) from three Swedish studies were genotyped with the Illumina HumanOmniExpressExome BeadChip. Single-variant association analysis and gene-based tests were performed of exome variants with minor allele frequency of < 5%. A separate GWA analysis was also performed, based on 700 000 genotyped common markers and subsequent imputation. RESULTS No exome variant or gene was significantly associated with all ischaemic stroke after Bonferroni correction (all P > 1.8 × 10-6 for single-variant and >4.15 × 10-6 for gene-based analysis). The strongest association in single-variant analysis was found for a missense variant in the DNAH11 gene (rs143362381; P = 5.01 × 10-6 ). In gene-based tests, the strongest association was for the ZBTB20 gene (P = 7.9 × 10-5 ). The GWA analysis showed that the sample was homogenous (median genomic inflation factor = 1.006). No genome-wide significant association with overall ischaemic stroke risk was found. However, previously reported associations for the PITX2 and ZFHX3 gene loci with cardioembolic stroke subtype were replicated (P = 7 × 10-15 and 6 × 10-3 ). CONCLUSIONS This exome array analysis did not identify any single variants or genes reaching the pre-defined significance level for association with ischaemic stroke. Further studies on exome variants should be performed in even larger, well-defined and subtyped samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Söderholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - P Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Jood
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - T M Stanne
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Olsson
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Ilinca
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Lorentzen
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Norrving
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - G Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Jern
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Lindgren
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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50
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Wei J, Zhang Y, Jia Q, Liu M, Li D, Zhang Y, Song L, Hu Y, Xian M, Yang H, Ding C, Huang L. Systematic investigation of transcription factors critical in the protection against cerebral ischemia by Danhong injection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29823. [PMID: 27431009 PMCID: PMC4949467 DOI: 10.1038/srep29823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic investigations of complex pathological cascades during ischemic brain injury help to elucidate novel therapeutic targets against cerebral ischemia. Although some transcription factors (TFs) involved in cerebral ischemia, systematic surveys of their changes during ischemic brain injury have not been reported. Moreover, some multi-target agents effectively protected against ischemic stroke, but their mechanisms, especially the targets of TFs, are still unclear. Therefore, a comprehensive approach by integrating network pharmacology strategy and a new concatenated tandem array of consensus transcription factor response elements method to systematically investigate the target TFs critical in the protection against cerebral ischemia by a medication was first reported, and then applied to a multi-target drug, Danhong injection (DHI). High-throughput nature and depth of coverage, as well as high quantitative accuracy of the developed approach, make it more suitable for analyzing such multi-target agents. Results indicated that pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 and cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 1, along with six other TFs, are putative target TFs for DHI-mediated protection against cerebral ischemia. This study provides, for the first time, a systematic investigation of the target TFs critical to DHI-mediated protection against cerebral ischemia, as well as reveals more potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanzhen Hu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minghua Xian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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