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Liu C, Su Y, Ma X, Wei Y, Qiao R. How close are we to a breakthrough? The hunt for blood biomarkers in Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2563-2576. [PMID: 38379501 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), being the second largest neurodegenerative disease, poses challenges in early detection, resulting in a lack of timely treatment options to effectively manage the disease. By the time clinical diagnosis becomes possible, more than 60% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients have already degenerated. Therefore, early diagnosis or identification of warning signs is crucial for the prompt and timely beginning of the treatment. However, conducting invasive or complex diagnostic procedures on asymptomatic patients can be challenging, making routine blood tests a more feasible approach in such cases. Numerous studies have been conducted over an extended period to search for effective diagnostic biomarkers in blood samples. However, thus far, no highly effective biomarkers have been confirmed. Besides classical proteins like α-synuclein (α-syn), phosphorylated α-syn and oligomeric α-syn, other molecules involved in disease progression should also be given equal attention. In this review, we will not only discuss proposed biomarkers that are currently under investigation but also delve into the mechanisms underlying the disease, focusing on processes such as α-syn misfolding, intercellular transmission and the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our aim is to provide an updated overview of molecules based on these processes that may potentially serve as blood biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Su
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Jones-Tabah J, He K, Senkevich K, Karpilovsky N, Deyab G, Cousineau Y, Nikanorova D, Goldsmith T, Del-Cid Pellitero E, Chen CX, Luo W, You Z, Abdian N, Pietrantonio I, Goiran T, Ahmad J, Ruskey JA, Asayesh F, Spiegelman D, Waters C, Monchi O, Dauvilliers Y, Dupre N, Miliukhina I, Timofeeva A, Emelyanov A, Pchelina S, Greenbaum L, HassinBaer S, Alcalay RN, Milnerwood A, Durcan TM, Gan-Or Z, Fon EA. The Parkinson's disease risk gene cathepsin B promotes fibrillar alpha-synuclein clearance, lysosomal function and glucocerebrosidase activity in dopaminergic neurons. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3979098. [PMID: 38562709 PMCID: PMC10984014 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979098/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Variants in the CTSB gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin B (catB) are associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neither the specific CTSB variants driving these associations nor the functional pathways that link catB to PD pathogenesis have been characterized. CatB activity contributes to lysosomal protein degradation and regulates signaling processes involved in autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Previous in vitro studies have found that catB can cleave monomeric and fibrillar alpha-synuclein, a key protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD that accumulates in the brains of PD patients. However, truncated synuclein isoforms generated by catB cleavage have an increased propensity to aggregate. Thus, catB activity could potentially contribute to lysosomal degradation and clearance of pathogenic alpha synuclein from the cell, but also has the potential of enhancing synuclein pathology by generating aggregation-prone truncations. Therefore, the mechanisms linking catB to PD pathophysiology remain to be clarified. Methods Here, we conducted genetic analyses of the association between common and rare CTSB variants and risk of PD. We then used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate catB expression and function in cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons and assessed lysosomal activity and the handling of aggregated synuclein fibrils. Results We first identified specific non-coding variants in CTSB that drive the association with PD and are linked to changes in brain CTSB expression levels. Using iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons we then find that catB inhibition impairs autophagy, reduces glucocerebrosidase (encoded by GBA1) activity, and leads to an accumulation of lysosomal content. Moreover, in cell lines, reduction of CTSB gene expression impairs the degradation of pre-formed alpha-synuclein fibrils, whereas CTSB gene activation enhances fibril clearance. Similarly, in midbrain organoids and dopaminergic neurons treated with alpha-synuclein fibrils, catB inhibition or knockout potentiates the formation of inclusions which stain positively for phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. Conclusions The results of our genetic and functional studies indicate that the reduction of catB function negatively impacts lysosomal pathways associated with PD pathogenesis, while conversely catB activation could promote the clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy He
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Luo
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheryl Waters
- Columbia University Medical Center: Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Oury Monchi
- Université de Montréal: Universite de Montreal
| | | | | | - Irina Miliukhina
- Institute of the Human Brain RAS: FGBUN Institut mozga celoveka im N P Behterevoj Rossijskoj akademii nauk
| | | | | | | | - Lior Greenbaum
- Sheba Medical Center: Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer
| | | | - Roy N Alcalay
- Tel Aviv Ichilov-Sourasky Medical Center: Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
| | | | | | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital
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3
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Hu C, Yan Y, Jin Y, Yang J, Xi Y, Zhong Z. Decoding the Cellular Trafficking of Prion-like Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:241-254. [PMID: 37755677 PMCID: PMC10838874 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and spread of prion-like proteins is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In a process known as 'seeding', prion-like proteins such as amyloid beta, microtubule-associated protein tau, α-synuclein, silence superoxide dismutase 1, or transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa, propagate their misfolded conformations by transforming their respective soluble monomers into fibrils. Cellular and molecular evidence of prion-like propagation in NDs, the clinical relevance of their 'seeding' capacities, and their levels of contribution towards disease progression have been intensively studied over recent years. This review unpacks the cyclic prion-like propagation in cells including factors of aggregate internalization, endo-lysosomal leaking, aggregate degradation, and secretion. Debates on the importance of the role of prion-like protein aggregates in NDs, whether causal or consequent, are also discussed. Applications lead to a greater understanding of ND pathogenesis and increased potential for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Hu
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiqun Yan
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanhong Jin
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Zhen Zhong
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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4
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Saramowicz K, Siwecka N, Galita G, Kucharska-Lusina A, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Alpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:360. [PMID: 38203531 PMCID: PMC10778752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the widespread accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein aggregates. αSyn aggregation disrupts critical cellular processes, including synaptic function, mitochondrial integrity, and proteostasis, which culminate in neuronal cell death. Importantly, αSyn pathology extends beyond neurons-it also encompasses spreading throughout the neuronal environment and internalization by microglia and astrocytes. Once internalized, glia can act as neuroprotective scavengers, which limit the spread of αSyn. However, they can also become reactive, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation and the progression of PD. Recent advances in αSyn research have enabled the molecular diagnosis of PD and accelerated the development of targeted therapies. Nevertheless, despite more than two decades of research, the cellular function, aggregation mechanisms, and induction of cellular damage by αSyn remain incompletely understood. Unraveling the interplay between αSyn, neurons, and glia may provide insights into disease initiation and progression, which may bring us closer to exploring new effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we provide an overview of recent studies emphasizing the multifaceted nature of αSyn and its impact on both neuron and glial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (N.S.); (G.G.); (A.K.-L.); (W.R.-K.)
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5
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Liu Z, Sokratian A, Duda AM, Xu E, Stanhope C, Fu A, Strader S, Li H, Yuan Y, Bobay BG, Sipe J, Bai K, Lundgaard I, Liu N, Hernandez B, Bowes Rickman C, Miller SE, West AB. Anionic nanoplastic contaminants promote Parkinson's disease-associated α-synuclein aggregation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8716. [PMID: 37976362 PMCID: PMC10656074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified increasing levels of nanoplastic pollution in the environment. Here, we find that anionic nanoplastic contaminants potently precipitate the formation and propagation of α-synuclein protein fibrils through a high-affinity interaction with the amphipathic and non-amyloid component (NAC) domains in α-synuclein. Nanoplastics can internalize in neurons through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, causing a mild lysosomal impairment that slows the degradation of aggregated α-synuclein. In mice, nanoplastics combine with α-synuclein fibrils to exacerbate the spread of α-synuclein pathology across interconnected vulnerable brain regions, including the strong induction of α-synuclein inclusions in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. These results highlight a potential link for further exploration between nanoplastic pollution and α-synuclein aggregation associated with Parkinson's disease and related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Arpine Sokratian
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Enquan Xu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina Stanhope
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amber Fu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel Strader
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huizhong Li
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Joana Sipe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ketty Bai
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Belinda Hernandez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sara E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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6
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Jones-Tabah J, He K, Senkevich K, Karpilovsky N, Deyab G, Cousineau Y, Nikanorova D, Goldsmith T, Pellitero EDC, Chen CXQ, Luo W, You Z, Abdian N, Pietrantonio I, Goiran T, Ahmad J, Ruskey JA, Asayesh F, Spiegelman D, Waters C, Monchi O, Dauvilliers Y, Dupré N, Miliukhina I, Timofeeva A, Emelyanov A, Pchelina S, Greenbaum L, Hassin-Baer S, Alcalay RN, Milnerwood A, Durcan TM, Gan-Or Z, Fon EA. The Parkinson's disease risk gene cathepsin B promotes fibrillar alpha-synuclein clearance, lysosomal function and glucocerebrosidase activity in dopaminergic neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566693. [PMID: 38014143 PMCID: PMC10680785 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the CTSB gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin B (catB) are associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neither the specific CTSB variants driving these associations nor the functional pathways that link catB to PD pathogenesis have been characterized. CatB activity contributes to lysosomal protein degradation and regulates signaling processes involved in autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Previous in vitro studies have found that catB can cleave monomeric and fibrillar alpha-synuclein, a key protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD that accumulates in the brains of PD patients. However, truncated synuclein isoforms generated by catB cleavage have an increased propensity to aggregate. Thus, catB activity could potentially contribute to lysosomal degradation and clearance of pathogenic alpha synuclein from the cell, but also has the potential of enhancing synuclein pathology by generating aggregation-prone truncations. Therefore, the mechanisms linking catB to PD pathophysiology remain to be clarified. Here, we conducted genetic analyses of the association between common and rare CTSB variants and risk of PD. We then used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate catB expression and function in cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons and assessed lysosomal activity and the handling of aggregated synuclein fibrils. We find that catB inhibition impairs autophagy, reduces glucocerebrosidase (encoded by GBA1 ) activity, and leads to an accumulation of lysosomal content. In cell lines, reduction of CTSB gene expression impairs the degradation of pre-formed alpha-synuclein fibrils, whereas CTSB gene activation enhances fibril clearance. In midbrain organoids and dopaminergic neurons treated with alpha-synuclein fibrils, catB inhibition potentiates the formation of inclusions which stain positively for phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. These results indicate that the reduction of catB function negatively impacts lysosomal pathways associated with PD pathogenesis, while conversely catB activation could promote the clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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7
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Bigi A, Cascella R, Cecchi C. α-Synuclein oligomers and fibrils: partners in crime in synucleinopathies. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2332-2342. [PMID: 37282450 PMCID: PMC10360081 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein is the general hallmark of a group of devastating neurodegenerative pathologies referred to as synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In such conditions, a range of different misfolded aggregates, including oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils, are present both in neurons and glial cells. Growing experimental evidence supports the proposition that soluble oligomeric assemblies, formed during the early phases of the aggregation process, are the major culprits of neuronal toxicity; at the same time, fibrillar conformers appear to be the most efficient at propagating among interconnected neurons, thus contributing to the spreading of α-synuclein pathology. Moreover, α-synuclein fibrils have been recently reported to release soluble and highly toxic oligomeric species, responsible for an immediate dysfunction in the recipient neurons. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the plethora of mechanisms of cellular dysfunction caused by α-synuclein oligomers and fibrils, both contributing to neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bigi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Cascella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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8
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Liu Z, Sokratian A, Duda AM, Xu E, Stanhope C, Fu A, Strader S, Li H, Yuan Y, Bobay BG, Sipe J, Bai K, Lundgaard I, Liu N, Hernandez B, Rickman CB, Miller SE, West AB. Anionic Nanoplastic Contaminants Promote Parkinson's Disease-Associated α-Synuclein Aggregation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3439102. [PMID: 37886561 PMCID: PMC10602106 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3439102/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified increasing levels of nanoplastic pollution in the environment. Here we find that anionic nanoplastic contaminants potently precipitate the formation and propagation of α-synuclein protein fibrils through a high-affinity interaction with the amphipathic and non-amyloid component (NAC) domains in α-synuclein. Nanoplastics can internalize in neurons through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, causing a mild lysosomal impairment that slows the degradation of aggregated α-synuclein. In mice, nanoplastics combine with α-synuclein fibrils to exacerbate the spread of α-synuclein pathology across interconnected vulnerable brain regions, including the strong induction of α-synuclein inclusions in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. These results highlight a potential link for further exploration between nanoplastic pollution and α-synuclein aggregation associated with Parkinson's disease and related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Arpine Sokratian
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Enquan Xu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina Stanhope
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amber Fu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel Strader
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huizhong Li
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Joana Sipe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ketty Bai
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Belinda Hernandez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sara E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotheraputics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
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Quintin S, Lloyd GM, Paterno G, Xia Y, Sorrentino Z, Bell BM, Gorion KM, Lee EB, Prokop S, Giasson BI. Cellular processing of α-synuclein fibrils results in distinct physiological C-terminal truncations with a major cleavage site at residue Glu 114. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104912. [PMID: 37307916 PMCID: PMC10404685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (αS) is an abundant, neuronal protein that assembles into fibrillar pathological inclusions in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that include Lewy body diseases (LBD) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). The cellular and regional distributions of pathological inclusions vary widely between different synucleinopathies contributing to the spectrum of clinical presentations. Extensive cleavage within the carboxy (C)-terminal region of αS is associated with inclusion formation, although the events leading to these modifications and the implications for pathobiology are of ongoing study. αS preformed fibrils can induce prion-like spread of αS pathology in both in vitro and animal models of disease. Using C truncation-specific antibodies, we demonstrated here that prion-like cellular uptake and processing of αS preformed fibrils resulted in two major cleavages at residues 103 and 114. A third cleavage product (122 αS) accumulated upon application of lysosomal protease inhibitors. In vitro, both 1-103 and 1-114 αS polymerized rapidly and extensively in isolation and in the presence of full-length αS. 1-103 αS also demonstrated more extensive aggregation when expressed in cultured cells. Furthermore, we used novel antibodies to αS cleaved at residue Glu114, to assess x-114 αS pathology in postmortem brain tissue from patients with LBD and MSA, as well as three different transgenic αS mouse models of prion-like induction. The distribution of x-114 αS pathology was distinct from that of overall αS pathology. These studies reveal the cellular formation and behavior of αS C-truncated at residues 114 and 103 as well as the disease dependent distribution of x-114 αS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Quintin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giavanna Paterno
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zachary Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brach M Bell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania (PENN) School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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10
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Düchs M, Blazevic D, Rechtsteiner P, Kenny C, Lamla T, Low S, Savistchenko J, Neumann M, Melki R, Schönberger T, Stierstorfer B, Wyatt D, Igney F, Ciossek T. AAV-mediated expression of a new conformational anti-aggregated α-synuclein antibody prolongs survival in a genetic model of α-synucleinopathies. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37322068 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion-like transmission of pathology in α-synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy is increasingly recognized as one potential mechanism to address disease progression. Active and passive immunotherapies targeting insoluble, aggregated α-synuclein are already being actively explored in the clinic with mixed outcomes so far. Here, we report the identification of 306C7B3, a highly selective, aggregate-specific α-synuclein antibody with picomolar affinity devoid of binding to the monomeric, physiologic protein. 306C7B3 binding is Ser129-phosphorylation independent and shows high affinity to several different aggregated α-synuclein polymorphs, increasing the likelihood that it can also bind to the pathological seeds assumed to drive disease progression in patients. In support of this, highly selective binding to pathological aggregates in postmortem brains of MSA patients was demonstrated, with no staining in samples from other human neurodegenerative diseases. To achieve CNS exposure of 306C7B3, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) based approach driving expression of the secreted antibody within the brain of (Thy-1)-[A30P]-hα-synuclein mice was used. Widespread central transduction after intrastriatal inoculation was ensured by using the AAV2HBKO serotype, with transduction being spread to areas far away from the inoculation site. Treatment of (Thy-1)-[A30P]-hα-synuclein mice at the age of 12 months demonstrated significantly increased survival, with 306C7B3 concentration reaching 3.9 nM in the cerebrospinal fluid. These results suggest that AAV-mediated expression of 306C7B3, targeting extracellular, presumably disease-propagating aggregates of α-synuclein, has great potential as a disease-modifying therapy for α-synucleinopathies as it ensures CNS exposure of the antibody, thereby mitigating the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Düchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dragica Blazevic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Lamla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sarah Low
- Boehringer Ingelheim USA, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuela Neumann
- Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tanja Schönberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - David Wyatt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frederik Igney
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Ciossek
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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11
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Drobny A, Boros FA, Balta D, Prieto Huarcaya S, Caylioglu D, Qazi N, Vandrey J, Schneider Y, Dobert JP, Pitcairn C, Mazzulli JR, Zunke F. Reciprocal effects of alpha-synuclein aggregation and lysosomal homeostasis in synucleinopathy models. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:31. [PMID: 37312133 PMCID: PMC10262594 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal dysfunction has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Various molecular, clinical and genetic studies have highlighted a central role of lysosomal pathways and proteins in the pathogenesis of PD. Within PD pathology the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (αSyn) converts from a soluble monomer to oligomeric structures and insoluble amyloid fibrils. The aim of this study was to unravel the effect of αSyn aggregates on lysosomal turnover, particularly focusing on lysosomal homeostasis and cathepsins. Since these enzymes have been shown to be directly involved in the lysosomal degradation of αSyn, impairment of their enzymatic capacity has extensive consequences. METHODS We used patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and a transgenic mouse model of PD to examine the effect of intracellular αSyn conformers on cell homeostasis and lysosomal function in dopaminergic (DA) neurons by biochemical analyses. RESULTS We found impaired lysosomal trafficking of cathepsins in patient-derived DA neurons and mouse models with αSyn aggregation, resulting in reduced proteolytic activity of cathepsins in the lysosome. Using a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, which boosts hydrolase transport via activation of the SNARE protein ykt6, we enhanced the maturation and proteolytic activity of cathepsins and thereby decreased αSyn protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a strong interplay between αSyn aggregation pathways and function of lysosomal cathepsins. It appears that αSyn directly interferes with the enzymatic function of cathepsins, which might lead to a vicious cycle of impaired αSyn degradation. Lysosomal trafficking of cathepsin D (CTSD), CTSL and CTSB is disrupted when alpha-synuclein (αSyn) is aggregated. This results in a decreased proteolytic activity of cathepsins, which directly mediate αSyn clearance. Boosting the transport of the cathepsins to the lysosome increases their activity and thus contributes to efficient αSyn degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fanni Annamária Boros
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denise Balta
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susy Prieto Huarcaya
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Deniz Caylioglu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Niyeti Qazi
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Vandrey
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yanni Schneider
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caleb Pitcairn
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Joseph Robert Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Santulli C, Bon C, De Cecco E, Codrich M, Narkiewicz J, Parisse P, Perissinotto F, Santoro C, Persichetti F, Legname G, Espinoza S, Gustincich S. Neuronal haemoglobin induces loss of dopaminergic neurons in mouse Substantia nigra, cognitive deficits and cleavage of endogenous α-synuclein. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1048. [PMID: 36526614 PMCID: PMC9758156 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents the selective loss of A9 dopaminergic (DA) neurons of Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of intracellular aggregates called Lewy bodies. α-synuclein (α-syn) species truncated at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) accumulate in pathological inclusions and promote α-syn aggregation and toxicity. Haemoglobin (Hb) is the major oxygen carrier protein in erythrocytes. In addition, Hb is expressed in A9 DA neurons where it influences mitochondrial activity. Hb overexpression increases cells' vulnerability in a neurochemical model of PD in vitro and forms cytoplasmic and nucleolar aggregates upon short-term overexpression in mouse SNpc. In this study, α and β-globin chains were co-expressed in DA cells of SNpc in vivo upon stereotaxic injections of an Adeno-Associated Virus isotype 9 (AAV9) and in DA iMN9D cells in vitro. Long-term Hb over-expression in SNpc induced the loss of about 50% of DA neurons, mild motor impairments, and deficits in recognition and spatial working memory. Hb triggered the formation of endogenous α-syn C-terminal truncated species. Similar α-syn fragments were found in vitro in DA iMN9D cells over-expressing α and β- globins when treated with pre-formed α-syn fibrils. Our study positions Hb as a relevant player in PD pathogenesis for its ability to trigger DA cells' loss in vivo and the formation of C-terminal α-syn fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Santulli
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlotta Bon
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Elena De Cecco
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Codrich
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Joanna Narkiewicz
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Pietro Parisse
- grid.5942.a0000 0004 1759 508XElettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy ,grid.472635.10000 0004 6476 9521Istituto Officina dei Materiali – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Perissinotto
- grid.5942.a0000 0004 1759 508XElettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Santoro
- grid.16563.370000000121663741Department of Health Sciences and Research Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Persichetti
- grid.16563.370000000121663741Department of Health Sciences and Research Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy ,grid.5942.a0000 0004 1759 508XElettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy ,grid.16563.370000000121663741Department of Health Sciences and Research Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy ,grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
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Therapeutic functions of astrocytes to treat α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110746119. [PMID: 35858361 PMCID: PMC9304026 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110746119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal inclusions of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) and prion-like spread of the pathologic α-syn contribute to progressive neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite the pathologic significance, no efficient therapeutic intervention targeting α-synucleinopathy has been developed. In this study, we provide evidence that astrocytes, especially those cultured from the ventral midbrain (VM), show therapeutic potential to alleviate α-syn pathology in multiple in vitro and in vivo α-synucleinopathic models. Regulation of neuronal α-syn proteostasis underlies the therapeutic function of astrocytes. Specifically, VM-derived astrocytes inhibited neuronal α-syn aggregation and transmission in a paracrine manner by correcting not only intraneuronal oxidative and mitochondrial stresses but also extracellular inflammatory environments, in which α-syn proteins are prone to pathologic misfolding. The astrocyte-derived paracrine factors also promoted disassembly of extracellular α-syn aggregates. In addition to the aggregated form of α-syn, VM astrocytes reduced total α-syn protein loads both by actively scavenging extracellular α-syn fibrils and by a paracrine stimulation of neuronal autophagic clearance of α-syn. Transplantation of VM astrocytes into the midbrain of PD model mice alleviated α-syn pathology and protected the midbrain dopamine neurons from neurodegeneration. We further showed that cografting of VM astrocytes could be exploited in stem cell–based therapy for PD, in which host-to-graft transmission of α-syn pathology remains a critical concern for long-term cell therapeutic effects.
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15
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Menon S, Armstrong S, Hamzeh A, Visanji NP, Sardi SP, Tandon A. Alpha-Synuclein Targeting Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease and Related Synucleinopathies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:852003. [PMID: 35614915 PMCID: PMC9124903 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.852003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (asyn) is a key pathogenetic factor in a group of neurodegenerative diseases generically known as synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although the initial triggers of pathology and progression are unclear, multiple lines of evidence support therapeutic targeting of asyn in order to limit its prion-like misfolding. Here, we review recent pre-clinical and clinical work that offers promising treatment strategies to sequester, degrade, or silence asyn expression as a means to reduce the levels of seed or substrate. These diverse approaches include removal of aggregated asyn with passive or active immunization or by expression of vectorized antibodies, modulating kinetics of misfolding with small molecule anti-aggregants, lowering asyn gene expression by antisense oligonucleotides or inhibitory RNA, and pharmacological activation of asyn degradation pathways. We also discuss recent technological advances in combining low intensity focused ultrasound with intravenous microbubbles to transiently increase blood-brain barrier permeability for improved brain delivery and target engagement of these large molecule anti-asyn biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Menon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Armstrong
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir Hamzeh
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naomi P. Visanji
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anurag Tandon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Effects of oligomer toxicity, fibril toxicity and fibril spreading in synucleinopathies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:174. [PMID: 35244787 PMCID: PMC8897347 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is a general hallmark of protein deposition diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, in which different types of aggregated species (oligomers, protofibrils and fibrils) are generated by the cells. Despite widespread interest, the relationship between oligomers and fibrils in the aggregation process and spreading remains elusive. A large variety of experimental evidences supported the idea that soluble oligomeric species of different proteins might be more toxic than the larger fibrillar forms. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between the presence of the typical pathological inclusions and disease sustained this debate. However, recent data show that the β-sheet core of the α-Synuclein (αSyn) fibrils is unable to establish persistent interactions with the lipid bilayers, but they can release oligomeric species responsible for an immediate dysfunction of the recipient neurons. Reversibly, such oligomeric species could also contribute to pathogenesis via neuron-to-neuron spreading by their direct cell-to-cell transfer or by generating new fibrils, following their neuronal uptake. In this Review, we discuss the various mechanisms of cellular dysfunction caused by αSyn, including oligomer toxicity, fibril toxicity and fibril spreading.
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17
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Extracellular alpha-synuclein: Sensors, receptors, and responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Ganguly U, Singh S, Chakrabarti S, Saini AK, Saini RV. Immunotherapeutic interventions in Parkinson's disease: Focus on α-Synuclein. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 129:381-433. [PMID: 35305723 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized classically by motor manifestations. However, nonmotor symptoms appear early in the course of the disease progression, making both diagnosis and treatment difficult. The pathology of PD is complicated by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in intracellular cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies (LBs). The main toxic component of LBs is the protein α-Synuclein which plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis. α-Synuclein can propagate from cell-to-cell exhibiting prion-like properties and spread PD pathology throughout the central nervous system. Immunotherapeutic interventions in PD, both active and passive immunization, have targeted α-Synuclein in both experimental models and clinical trials. In addition, targeting the hyperactive inflammation in PD also holds promise in designing potential immunotherapeutics. The inflammatory and proteotoxic pathways are interlinked and contribute immensely to the disease pathology. In this chapter, we critically review the targets of immunotherapeutic interventions in PD, focusing on the pathogenetic mechanisms of PD, particularly neuroinflammation and α-Synuclein misfolding, aggregation, and propagation. We thoroughly summarized the various immunotherapeutic strategies designed to treat PD-in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. The development of these targeted immunotherapies could open a new avenue in the treatment of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, India
| | - Sukhpal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, India
| | - Adesh K Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Reena V Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India.
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19
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Padilla-Godínez FJ, Ramos-Acevedo R, Martínez-Becerril HA, Bernal-Conde LD, Garrido-Figueroa JF, Hiriart M, Hernández-López A, Argüero-Sánchez R, Callea F, Guerra-Crespo M. Protein Misfolding and Aggregation: The Relatedness between Parkinson's Disease and Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212467. [PMID: 34830348 PMCID: PMC8619695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of cellular homeostasis can lead to misfolding of proteins thus acquiring conformations prone to polymerization into pathological aggregates. This process is associated with several disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), and endoplasmic reticulum storage disorders (ERSDs), like alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and hereditary hypofibrinogenemia with hepatic storage (HHHS). Given the shared pathophysiological mechanisms involved in such conditions, it is necessary to deepen our understanding of the basic principles of misfolding and aggregation akin to these diseases which, although heterogeneous in symptomatology, present similarities that could lead to potential mutual treatments. Here, we review: (i) the pathological bases leading to misfolding and aggregation of proteins involved in PD, AATD, and HHHS: alpha-synuclein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and fibrinogen, respectively, (ii) the evidence linking each protein aggregation to the stress mechanisms occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of each pathology, (iii) a comparison of the mechanisms related to dysfunction of proteostasis and regulation of homeostasis between the diseases (such as the unfolded protein response and/or autophagy), (iv) and clinical perspectives regarding possible common treatments focused on improving the defensive responses to protein aggregation for diseases as different as PD, and ERSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Padilla-Godínez
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Acevedo
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Hilda Angélica Martínez-Becerril
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Luis D. Bernal-Conde
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Jerónimo F. Garrido-Figueroa
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Marcia Hiriart
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
| | - Adriana Hernández-López
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rubén Argüero-Sánchez
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Francesco Callea
- Department of Histopathology, Bugando Medical Centre, Catholic University of Healthy and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania;
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Serratos IN, Hernández-Pérez E, Campos C, Aschner M, Santamaría A. An Update on the Critical Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies: from Tissue to Cellular and Molecular Levels. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:620-642. [PMID: 34750787 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) plays a critical role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. α-Syn, which is encoded by the SNCA gene, is a lysine-rich soluble amphipathic protein normally expressed in neurons. Located in the cytosolic domain, this protein has the ability to remodel itself in plasma membranes, where it assumes an alpha-helix conformation. However, the protein can also adopt another conformation rich in cross-beta sheets, undergoing mutations and post-translational modifications, then leading the protein to an unusual aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies (LB), which are cytoplasmic inclusions constituted predominantly by α-Syn. Pathogenic mechanisms affecting the structural and functional stability of α-Syn - such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, Golgi complex fragmentation, disfunctional protein degradation systems, aberrant interactions with mitochondrial membranes and nuclear DNA, altered cytoskeleton dynamics, disrupted neuronal plasmatic membrane, dysfunctional vesicular transport, and formation of extracellular toxic aggregates - contribute all to the pathogenic progression of PD and synucleinopathies. In this review, we describe the collective knowledge on this topic and provide an update on the critical role of α-Syn aggregates, both at the cellular and molecular levels, in the deregulation of organelles affecting the cellular homeostasis and leading to neuronal cell death in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Serratos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Campos
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
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21
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Teixeira M, Sheta R, Idi W, Oueslati A. Alpha-Synuclein and the Endolysosomal System in Parkinson's Disease: Guilty by Association. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091333. [PMID: 34572546 PMCID: PMC8472725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of the protein α- synuclein (α-syn) into proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) is the neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that LB are also composed of other cellular components such as cellular membrane fragments and vesicular structures, suggesting that dysfunction of the endolysosomal system might also play a role in LB formation and neuronal degeneration. Yet the link between α-syn aggregation and the endolysosomal system disruption is not fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the potential interaction between α-syn and the endolysosomal system and its impact on PD pathogenesis. We propose that the accumulation of monomeric and aggregated α-syn disrupt vesicles trafficking, docking, and recycling, leading to the impairment of the endolysosomal system, notably the autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway. Reciprocally, PD-linked mutations in key endosomal/lysosomal machinery genes (LRRK2, GBA, ATP13A2) also contribute to increasing α-syn aggregation and LB formation. Altogether, these observations suggest a potential synergistic role of α-syn and the endolysosomal system in PD pathogenesis and represent a viable target for the development of disease-modifying treatment for PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Teixeira
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Razan Sheta
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Walid Idi
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abid Oueslati
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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22
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Hass EW, Sorrentino ZA, Xia Y, Lloyd GM, Trojanowski JQ, Prokop S, Giasson BI. Disease-, region- and cell type specific diversity of α-synuclein carboxy terminal truncations in synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:146. [PMID: 34454615 PMCID: PMC8403399 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), Alzheimer's disease with amygdala restricted Lewy bodies (AD/ALB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) comprise a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the presence of distinct pathological α-synuclein (αSyn) inclusions. Experimental and pathological studies support the notion that αSyn aggregates contribute to cellular demise and dysfunction with disease progression associated with a prion-like spread of αSyn aggregates via conformational templating. The initiating event(s) and factors that contribute to diverse forms of synucleinopathies remain poorly understood. A major post-translational modification of αSyn associated with pathological inclusions is a diverse array of specific truncations within the carboxy terminal region. While these modifications have been shown experimentally to induce and promote αSyn aggregation, little is known about their disease-, region- and cell type specific distribution. To this end, we generated a series of monoclonal antibodies specific to neo-epitopes in αSyn truncated after residues 103, 115, 119, 122, 125, and 129. Immunocytochemical investigations using these new tools revealed striking differences in the αSyn truncation pattern between different synucleinopathies, brain regions and specific cellular populations. In LBD, neuronal inclusions in the substantia nigra and amygdala were positive for αSyn cleaved after residues 103, 119, 122, and 125, but not 115. In contrast, in the same patients' brain αSyn cleaved at residue 115, as well as 103, 119 and 122 were abundant in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In patients with AD/ALB, these modifications were only weakly or not detected in amygdala αSyn inclusions. αSyn truncated at residues 103, 115, 119, and 125 was readily present in MSA glial cytoplasmic inclusions, but 122 cleaved αSyn was only weakly or not present. Conversely, MSA neuronal pathology in the pontine nuclei was strongly reactive to the αSyn x-122 neo-epitope but did not display any reactivity for αSyn 103 cleavage. These studies demonstrate significant disease-, region- and cell type specific differences in carboxy terminal αSyn processing associated with pathological inclusions that likely contributes to their distinct strain-like prion properties and promotes the diversity displayed in the degrees of these insidious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan W Hass
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AD Center Core (ADCC), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, PENN) School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, BMS J483/CTRND, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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23
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Palazzi L, Fongaro B, Leri M, Acquasaliente L, Stefani M, Bucciantini M, Polverino de Laureto P. Structural Features and Toxicity of α-Synuclein Oligomers Grown in the Presence of DOPAC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116008. [PMID: 34199427 PMCID: PMC8199589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between α-synuclein and dopamine derivatives is associated with oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The formation in the dopaminergic neurons of intraneuronal inclusions containing aggregates of α-synuclein is a typical hallmark of PD. Even though the biochemical events underlying the aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein are not completely understood, strong evidence correlates this process with the levels of dopamine metabolites. In vitro, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and the other two metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET), share the property to inhibit the growth of mature amyloid fibrils of α-synuclein. Although this effect occurs with the formation of differently toxic products, the molecular basis of this inhibition is still unclear. Here, we provide information on the effect of DOPAC on the aggregation properties of α-synuclein and its ability to interact with membranes. DOPAC inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, stabilizing monomer and inducing the formation of dimers and trimers. DOPAC-induced oligomers did not undergo conformational transition in the presence of membranes, and penetrated the cell, where they triggered autophagic processes. Cellular assays showed that DOPAC reduced cytotoxicity and ROS production induced by α-synuclein aggregates. Our findings show that the early radicals resulting from DOPAC autoxidation produced covalent modifications of the protein, which were not by themselves a primary cause of either fibrillation or membrane binding inhibition. These findings are discussed in the light of the potential mechanism of DOPAC protection against the toxicity of α-synuclein aggregates to better understand protein and catecholamine biology and to eventually suggest a scaffold that can help in the design of candidate molecules able to interfere in α-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Benedetta Fongaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Manuela Leri
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Monica Bucciantini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Patrizia Polverino de Laureto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Mavroeidi P, Xilouri M. Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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25
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Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-related functions in GLIA: an update of the last years. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1375-1384. [PMID: 33960369 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene represent the most common cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). In the years LRRK2 has been associated with several organelles and related pathways in cell. However, despite the significant amount of research done in the past decade, the contribution of LRRK2 mutations to PD pathogenesis remains unknown. Growing evidence highlights that LRRK2 controls multiple processes in brain immune cells, microglia and astrocytes, and suggests that deregulated LRRK2 activity in these cells, due to gene mutation, might be directly associated with pathological mechanisms underlying PD. In this brief review, we recapitulate and update the last LRRK2 functions dissected in microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, we discuss how dysfunctions of LRRK2-related pathways may impact glia physiology and their cross-talk with neurons, thus leading to neurodegeneration and progression of PD.
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26
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Guiney SJ, Adlard PA, Lei P, Mawal CH, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Ayton S. Fibrillar α-synuclein toxicity depends on functional lysosomes. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17497-17513. [PMID: 33453994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) can be recapitulated in animals by administration of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the brain. However, the mechanism by which these PFFs induce toxicity is unknown. Iron is implicated in PD pathophysiology, so we investigated whether α-synuclein PFFs induce ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death pathway. A range of ferroptosis inhibitors were added to a striatal neuron-derived cell line (STHdhQ7/7 cells), a dopaminergic neuron-derived cell line (SN4741 cells), and WT primary cortical neurons, all of which had been intoxicated with α-synuclein PFFs. Viability was not recovered by these inhibitors except for liproxstatin-1, a best-in-class ferroptosis inhibitor, when used at high doses. High-dose liproxstatin-1 visibly enlarged the area of a cell that contained acidic vesicles and elevated the expression of several proteins associated with the autophagy-lysosomal pathway similarly to the known lysosomal inhibitors, chloroquine and bafilomycin A1. Consistent with high-dose liproxstatin-1 protecting via a lysosomal mechanism, we further de-monstrated that loss of viability induced by α-synuclein PFFs was attenuated by chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 as well as the lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitors, leupeptin, E-64D, and Ca-074-Me, but not other autophagy or lysosomal enzyme inhibitors. We confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy that heparin prevented uptake of α-synuclein PFFs into cells but that chloroquine did not stop α-synuclein uptake into lysosomes despite impairing lysosomal function and inhibiting α-synuclein toxicity. Together, these data suggested that α-synuclein PFFs are toxic in functional lysosomes in vitro. Therapeutic strategies that prevent α-synuclein fibril uptake into lysosomes may be of benefit in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Guiney
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia; Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Celeste H Mawal
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia.
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27
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Filippini A, Mutti V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Ramazzina I, Rizzi F, Kaganovich A, Roosen DA, Landeck N, Duffy M, Tessari I, Bono F, Fiorentini C, Greggio E, Bubacco L, Bellucci A, Missale M, Cookson MR, Gennarelli M, Russo I. Extracellular clusterin limits the uptake of α-synuclein fibrils by murine and human astrocytes. Glia 2021; 69:681-696. [PMID: 33045109 PMCID: PMC7821254 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The progressive neuropathological damage seen in Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be related to the spreading of aggregated forms of α-synuclein. Clearance of extracellular α-synuclein released by degenerating neurons may be therefore a key mechanism to control the concentration of α-synuclein in the extracellular space. Several molecular chaperones control misfolded protein accumulation in the extracellular compartment. Among these, clusterin, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, binds α-synuclein aggregated species and is present in Lewy bodies, intraneuronal aggregates mainly composed by fibrillary α-synuclein. In this study, using murine primary astrocytes with clusterin genetic deletion, human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes with clusterin silencing and two animal models relevant for PD we explore how clusterin affects the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates by astrocytes. Our findings showed that astrocytes take up α-synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) through dynamin-dependent endocytosis and that clusterin levels are modulated in the culture media of cells upon α-synuclein pffs exposure. Specifically, we found that clusterin interacts with α-synuclein pffs in the extracellular compartment and the clusterin/α-synuclein complex can be internalized by astrocytes. Mechanistically, using clusterin knock-out primary astrocytes and clusterin knock-down hiPSC-derived astrocytes we observed that clusterin limits the uptake of α-synuclein pffs by cells. Interestingly, we detected increased levels of clusterin in the adeno-associated virus- and the α-synuclein pffs- injected mouse model, suggesting a crucial role of this chaperone in the pathogenesis of PD. Overall, our observations indicate that clusterin can limit the uptake of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates by astrocytes and, hence, contribute to the spreading of Parkinson pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Present address:
Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | | | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dorien A. Roosen
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Megan Duffy
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Federica Bono
- Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Mariacristina Missale
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Isabella Russo
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
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28
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Choi YR, Park SJ, Park SM. Molecular events underlying the cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein. FEBS J 2020; 288:6593-6602. [PMID: 33332736 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is associated with the formation of protein inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies (LB) or Lewy neurites (LN). α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a major component of LB and LN. The formation of LB or LN is mediated by formation of α-Syn fibrils, which are formed from α-Syn monomers and oligomers. Additionally, intercellular α-Syn propagation has been proposed to be important for the progression of PD. Thus, various studies have focused on elucidating the role of α-Syn propagation in the pathogenesis of PD. Previous studies have reported that α-Syn species are released from the cells through various pathways, including the unconventional secretion pathways. The released α-Syn species are internalized by the cells through multiple mechanisms, including receptor-mediated endocytosis. Some molecular processes involved in intercellular α-Syn propagation have been recently elucidated. This review discusses the current studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the release and uptake of α-Syn and their physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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29
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Zeng H, Liu N, Liu XX, Yang YY, Zhou MW. α-Synuclein in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22313-22334. [PMID: 33188159 PMCID: PMC7695413 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a small, soluble, disordered protein that is widely expressed in the nervous system. Although its physiological functions are not yet fully understood, it is mainly involved in synaptic vesicle transport, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, cell membrane homeostasis, lipid synthesis, mitochondrial and lysosomal activities, and heavy metal removal. The complex and inconsistent pathological manifestations of α-Syn are attributed to its structural instability, mutational complexity, misfolding, and diverse posttranslational modifications. These effects trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory responses, resulting in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. Several recent studies have discovered the pathogenic roles of α-Syn in traumatic and vascular central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic spinal cord injury, brain injury, and stroke, and in aggravating the processes of neurodegeneration. This review aims to highlight the structural and pathophysiological changes in α-Syn and its mechanism of action in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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30
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Pantazopoulou M, Brembati V, Kanellidi A, Bousset L, Melki R, Stefanis L. Distinct alpha-Synuclein species induced by seeding are selectively cleared by the Lysosome or the Proteasome in neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem 2020; 156:880-896. [PMID: 32869336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A major pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the aberrant accumulation of misfolded assemblies of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn). Protein clearance appears as a regulator of the 'α-Syn burden' underlying PD pathogenesis. The picture emerging is that a combination of pathways with complementary roles, including the Proteasome System and the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway, contributes to the intracellular degradation of α-Syn. This study addresses the mechanisms governing the degradation of α-Syn species seeded by exogenous fibrils in neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with inducible expression of α-Syn. Using human α-Syn recombinant fibrils (pre-formed fibrils, PFFs), seeding and aggregation of endogenous Proteinase K (PK)-resistant α-Syn species occurs within a time frame of 6 days, and is still prominent after 12 days of PFF addition. Clearance of α-Syn assemblies in this inducible model was enhanced after switching off α-Syn expression with doxycycline. Lysosomal inhibition led to accumulation of SDS-soluble α-Syn aggregates 6 days after PFF-addition or when switching off α-Syn expression. Additionally, the autophagic enhancer, rapamycin, induced the clearance of α-Syn aggregates 13 days post-PFF addition, indicating that autophagy is the major pathway for aggregated α-Syn clearance. SDS-soluble phosphorylated α-Syn at S129 was only apparent at 7 days of incubation with a higher amount of PFFs. Proteasomal inhibition resulted in further accumulation of SDS-soluble phosphorylated α-Syn at S129, with limited PK resistance. Our data suggest that in this inducible model autophagy is mainly responsible for the degradation of fibrillar α-Syn, whereas the proteasome system is responsible, at least in part, for the selective clearance of phosphorylated α-Syn oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Luc Bousset
- CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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31
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Tavassoly O, Yue J, Vocadlo DJ. Pharmacological inhibition and knockdown of O-GlcNAcase reduces cellular internalization of α-synuclein preformed fibrils. FEBS J 2020; 288:452-470. [PMID: 32365408 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is Lewy bodies that form within the brain from aggregated forms of α-synuclein (α-syn). These toxic α-syn aggregates are transferred from cell to cell by release of fibrils from dying neurons into the extracellular environment, followed by their subsequent uptake by neighboring cells. This process leads to spreading of the pathology throughout the brain in a prion-like manner. Identifying new pathways that hinder the internalization of such α-syn fibrils is of high interest for their downstream potential exploitation as a way to create disease-modifying therapeutics for PD. Here, we show that Thiamet-G, a highly selective pharmacological agent that inhibits the glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase (OGA), blunts the cellular uptake of α-syn fibrils. This effect correlates with increased nucleocytoplasmic levels of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-modified proteins, and genetic knockdown of OGA expression closely phenocopies both these effects. These reductions in the uptake of α-syn fibrils caused by inhibition of OGA are both concentration- and time-dependent and are observed in multiple cell lines including mouse primary cortical neurons. Moreover, treatment of cells with the OGT inhibitor, 5SGlcNHex, increases the level of uptake of α-syn PFFs, further supporting O-GlcNAcylation of proteins driving these effects. Notably, this effect is mediated through an unknown mechanism that does not involve well-characterized endocytotic pathways. These data suggest one mechanism by which OGA inhibitors might exert their protective effects in prion-like neuropathologies and support exploration of OGA inhibitors as a potential disease-modifying approach to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Tavassoly
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Jefferey Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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32
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Sorrentino ZA, Giasson BI. The emerging role of α-synuclein truncation in aggregation and disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10224-10244. [PMID: 32424039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αsyn) is an abundant brain neuronal protein that can misfold and polymerize to form toxic fibrils coalescing into pathologic inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. These fibrils may induce further αsyn misfolding and propagation of pathologic fibrils in a prion-like process. It is unclear why αsyn initially misfolds, but a growing body of literature suggests a critical role of partial proteolytic processing resulting in various truncations of the highly charged and flexible carboxyl-terminal region. This review aims to 1) summarize recent evidence that disease-specific proteolytic truncations of αsyn occur in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy and animal disease models; 2) provide mechanistic insights on how truncation of the amino and carboxyl regions of αsyn may modulate the propensity of αsyn to pathologically misfold; 3) compare experiments evaluating the prion-like properties of truncated forms of αsyn in various models with implications for disease progression; 4) assess uniquely toxic properties imparted to αsyn upon truncation; and 5) discuss pathways through which truncated αsyn forms and therapies targeted to interrupt them. Cumulatively, it is evident that truncation of αsyn, particularly carboxyl truncation that can be augmented by dysfunctional proteostasis, dramatically potentiates the propensity of αsyn to pathologically misfold into uniquely toxic fibrils with modulated prion-like seeding activity. Therapeutic strategies and experimental paradigms should operate under the assumption that truncation of αsyn is likely occurring in both initial and progressive disease stages, and preventing truncation may be an effective preventative strategy against pathologic inclusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA .,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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33
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Carboxy-terminal truncation and phosphorylation of α-synuclein elongates survival in a prion-like seeding mouse model of synucleinopathy. Neurosci Lett 2020; 732:135017. [PMID: 32371157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic intracellular inclusions formed from polymers of misfolded α-synuclein (αsyn) protein define a group of neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies which includes Parkinson's disease (PD). Prion-like recruitment of endogenous cellular αsyn has been demonstrated to occur in animal models of synucleinopathy, whereby misfolded αsyn can induce further pathologic αsyn inclusions to form through a prion-like mechanism. It has been suggested that misfolded αsyn may assume differing conformations which lead to varied clinical and pathological manifestations of disease; this phenomenon bears similarities to that of prion strains whereby the same misfolded protein can produce unique diseases. It is unclear what factors influence the development of unique αsyn strains, however post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and truncation that are present in misfolded αsyn in disease may play a role due to their modulation of biochemical and structural αsyn properties. Herein, we investigate the prion-like properties of misfolded αsyn polymers containing either phosphomimetic (S129E) αsyn, 5 different major carboxy (C)-truncated forms of αsyn (1-115, 1-119, 1-122, 1-125, and 1-129 αsyn), or a mixture of these PTM containing αsyn forms compared to full-length (FL) αsyn in HEK293T cells and M83 transgenic mice overexpressing A53T αsyn. It is demonstrated that upon peripheral intramuscular injection of these C-truncated or S129E αsyn polymers into M83 mice, prion-like progression and time to disease onset in this mouse model is elongated when any of these PTMs are present, demonstrating that common modifications to the C-terminus of αsyn present in disease modulates the prion-like seeding properties of αsyn.
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Brás IC, Dominguez-Meijide A, Gerhardt E, Koss D, Lázaro DF, Santos PI, Vasili E, Xylaki M, Outeiro TF. Synucleinopathies: Where we are and where we need to go. J Neurochem 2020; 153:433-454. [PMID: 31957016 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of inclusions rich in the a-synuclein (aSyn) protein. This group of disorders includes Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple systems atrophy, and pure autonomic failure (PAF). In addition, genetic alterations (point mutations and multiplications) in the gene encoding for aSyn (SNCA) are associated with familial forms of Parkinson's disease, the most common synucleinopathy. The Synuclein Meetings are a series that has been taking place every 2 years for about 12 years. The Synuclein Meetings bring together leading experts in the field of Synuclein and related human conditions with the goal of discussing and advancing the research. In 2019, the Synuclein meeting took place in Ofir, a city in the outskirts of Porto, Portugal. The meeting, entitled "Synuclein Meeting 2019: Where we are and where we need to go", brought together >300 scientists studying both clinical and molecular aspects of synucleinopathies. The meeting covered a many of the open questions in the field, in a format that prompted open discussions between the participants, and underscored the need for additional research that, hopefully, will lead to future therapies for a group of as of yet incurable disorders. Here, we provide a summary of the topics discussed in each session and highlight what we know, what we do not know, and what progress needs to be made in order to enable the field to continue to advance. We are confident this systematic assessment of where we stand will be useful to steer the field and contribute to filling knowledge gaps that may form the foundations for future therapeutic strategies, which is where we need to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Caldeira Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrícia I Santos
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary Xylaki
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Cogo S, Manzoni C, Lewis PA, Greggio E. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and lysosomal dyshomeostasis in Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2020; 152:273-283. [PMID: 31693760 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a number of studies have underlined the importance of lysosomal-based degradative pathways in maintaining the homeostasis of post-mitotic cells, and revealed the remarkable contribution of a functional autophagic machinery in the promotion of longevity. In contrast, defects in the clearance of organelles and aberrant protein aggregates have been linked to accelerated neuronal loss and neurological dysfunction. Several neurodegenerative disorders, among which Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal dementia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to name a few, are associated with alterations of the autophagy and endo-lysosomal pathways. In Parkinson disease (PD), the most prevalent genetic determinant, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), is believed to be involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicle traffic, autophagy and lysosomal function. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms by which LRRK2 regulates lysosomal-based degradative pathways in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and discuss the impact of pathogenic PD mutations in contributing to lysosomal dyshomeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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36
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Sorrentino ZA, Xia Y, Gorion KM, Hass E, Giasson BI. Carboxy-terminal truncations of mouse α-synuclein alter aggregation and prion-like seeding. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1271-1283. [PMID: 31912891 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein (αsyn) forms pathologic inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. The inclusions are comprised of αsyn fibrils harboring prion-like properties. Prion-like activity of αsyn has been studied by intracerebral injection of fibrils into mice, where the presence of a species barrier requires the use of mouse αsyn. Post-translational modifications to αsyn such as carboxy (C)-terminal truncation occur in synucleinopathies, and their implications for prion-like aggregation and seeding are under investigation. Herein, C-truncated forms of αsyn found in human disease are recapitulated in mouse αsyn to study their seeding activity in vitro, in HEK293T cells, in neuronal-glial culture, and in nontransgenic mice. The results show that C-truncation of mouse αsyn accelerates aggregation of αsyn but alters prion-like seeding of inclusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly-Marie Gorion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ethan Hass
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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37
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Bellomo G, Paciotti S, Gatticchi L, Parnetti L. The Vicious Cycle Between
α
‐Synuclein Aggregation and Autophagic‐Lysosomal Dysfunction. Mov Disord 2019; 35:34-44. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bellomo
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
| | - Leonardo Gatticchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
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38
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Hua J, Yin N, Xu S, Chen Q, Tao T, Zhang J, Ding J, Fan Y, Hu G. Enhancing the Astrocytic Clearance of Extracellular α-Synuclein Aggregates by Ginkgolides Attenuates Neural Cell Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1017-1028. [PMID: 31165943 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated forms of the α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the efficient clearance of aggregated α-Syn represents a potential approach in PD therapy. Astrocytes are the most numerous glia cells in the brain and play an essential role in supporting brain functions in PD state. In the present study, we demonstrated that cultured primary astrocytes engulfed and degraded extracellular aggregated recombinant human α-Syn. Meanwhile, we observed that the clearance of α-Syn by astrocytes was abolished by proteasome inhibitor MG132 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA). We further showed that intracellular α-Syn was reduced after ginkgolide B (GB) and bilobalide (BB) treatment, and the decrease was reversed by MG132 and 3MA. More importantly, GB and BB reduced indirect neurotoxicity to neurons induced by α-Syn-stimulated astrocytic conditioned medium. Together, we firstly find that astrocytes can engulf and degrade α-Syn aggregates via the proteasome and autophagy pathways, and further show that GB and BB enhance astrocytic clearance of α-Syn, which gives us an insight into the novel therapy for PD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Fuhua Road, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Nuo Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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39
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Grudina C, Kouroupi G, Nonaka T, Hasegawa M, Matsas R, Zurzolo C. Human NPCs can degrade α-syn fibrils and transfer them preferentially in a cell contact-dependent manner possibly through TNT-like structures. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104609. [PMID: 31494284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder whereby loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons results in motor dysfunction. Transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the brain of patients affected by PD is one of the therapeutic approaches that has gained interest to compensate for the degeneration of neurons and improve disease symptoms. However, only a part of transplanted cells can differentiate into mature neurons while the majority remains in undifferentiated state. Here we investigated whether human neuronal precursor cells (hNPCs) derived from iPSCs have an active role in α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology. Our findings demonstrate that α-syn fibrils are taken up by hNPCs and are preferentially localized in lysosomes where they can be degraded. However, α-syn fibrils are also transferred between hNPCs in a cell-to-cell contact dependent manner, and are found in tunneling nanotube (TNT)-like structures. Thus, NPCs can have a dual role in the progression of α-syn pathology, which should be considered in human transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Grudina
- Unité de Traffic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Neurobiology - Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8585, Japan
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Neurobiology - Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Traffic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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40
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Gao J, Perera G, Bhadbhade M, Halliday GM, Dzamko N. Autophagy activation promotes clearance of α-synuclein inclusions in fibril-seeded human neural cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14241-14256. [PMID: 31375560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is much interest in delineating the mechanisms by which the α-synuclein protein accumulates in brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Preclinical studies with rodent and primate models have indicated that fibrillar forms of α-synuclein can initiate the propagation of endogenous α-synuclein pathology. However, the underlying mechanisms by which α-synuclein fibrils seed pathology remain unclear. To investigate this further, we have used exogenous fibrillar α-synuclein to seed endogenous α-synuclein pathology in human neuronal cell lines, including primary human neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Fluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analyses were used to monitor levels of α-synuclein and key autophagy/lysosomal proteins over time in the exogenous α-synuclein fibril-treated neurons. We observed that temporal changes in the accumulation of cytoplasmic α-synuclein inclusions were associated with changes in the key autophagy/lysosomal markers. Of note, chloroquine-mediated blockade of autophagy increased accumulation of α-synuclein inclusions, and rapamycin-induced activation of autophagy, or use of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonists, promoted the clearance of fibril-mediated α-synuclein pathology. These results suggest a key role for autophagy in clearing fibrillar α-synuclein pathologies in human neuronal cells. We propose that our findings may help inform the development of human neural cell models for screening of potential therapeutic compounds for PD or for providing insight into the mechanisms of α-synuclein propagation. Our results further add to existing evidence that AMPK activation may be a therapeutic option for managing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Gao
- ForeFront Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Gayathri Perera
- ForeFront Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Megha Bhadbhade
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- ForeFront Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- ForeFront Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia .,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
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41
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Scudamore O, Ciossek T. Increased Oxidative Stress Exacerbates α-Synuclein Aggregation In Vivo. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:443-453. [PMID: 29718367 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a relationship between oxidative stress and α-synuclein aggregation, the primary pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD). However, a direct causal relationship has not yet been established in vivo in mouse models of PD. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is rate limiting in the antioxidant machinery of the mitochondria and even its partial deficiency elevates oxidative stress in mice. Therefore, in order to investigate a possible interaction between oxidative stress and α-synuclein aggregation in vivo, a transgenic model of PD with haplodeficiency for SOD2 was generated on the basis of the well-characterized murine (Thy-1)-h[A30P]-α-synuclein transgenic line. In comparison with littermate controls with full SOD2 capacity, α-synuclein transgenic mice with partial SOD2 deficiency exhibited a significantly more advanced stage of synucleinopathy at 16 months, as demonstrated by higher median PK-PET blot scores (p < 0.01) and a greater amount of truncated α-synuclein in the insoluble fraction of homogenized brains (p < 0.05). These results show that compromising the capacity to scavenge free radicals can exacerbate α-synuclein aggregation, indicating that elevated levels of oxidative stress could modulate the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Scudamore
- CNS Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Ciossek
- CNS Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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42
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Karpowicz RJ, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Transmission of α-synuclein seeds in neurodegenerative disease: recent developments. J Transl Med 2019; 99:971-981. [PMID: 30760864 PMCID: PMC6609465 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of proteopathic alpha-synuclein (α-syn) seeds is increasingly thought to underlie the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and related synucleinopathies. As such, it is important to understand the chemical and biological relationships between cells and pathological aggregates of α-syn. This brief review updates our understanding of the templated spread of α-syn pathology in neurodegenerative disease from the perspective of proteopathic α-syn seeds, including how these seeds are processed by cells as well as their effects on cellular function. Recent advances in understanding the conformations of α-syn seeds are highlighted, and the possible structural basis for the observed heterogeneity of synucleinopathies is discussed. Finally, we propose the possibility that some known risk factors for synucleinopathies may in fact potentiate the cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn pathology via imbalances in interrelated cell biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Karpowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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43
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Ma J, Gao J, Wang J, Xie A. Prion-Like Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:552. [PMID: 31275093 PMCID: PMC6591488 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key hallmark of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases share key biophysical and biochemical characteristics with prion diseases. It is believed that PD is characterized by abnormal protein aggregation, mainly that of α-synuclein (α-syn). Of particular importance, there is growing evidence indicating that abnormal α-syn can spread to neighboring brain regions and cause aggregation of endogenous α-syn in these regions as seeds, in a “prion-like” manner. Abundant studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that α-syn goes through a templated conformational change, propagates from the original region to neighboring regions, and eventually cause neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra and striatum. The objective of this review is to summarize the mechanisms involved in the aggregation of abnormal intracellular α-syn and its subsequent cell-to-cell transmission. According to these findings, we look forward to effective therapeutic perspectives that can block the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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44
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Gerez JA, Prymaczok NC, Rockenstein E, Herrmann US, Schwarz P, Adame A, Enchev RI, Courtheoux T, Boersema PJ, Riek R, Peter M, Aguzzi A, Masliah E, Picotti P. A cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase targets exogenous α-synuclein and inhibits Lewy body-like pathology. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau6722. [PMID: 31167929 PMCID: PMC10697662 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of neuronal α-synuclein (αSyn) inclusions called Lewy bodies. It is believed that Lewy bodies spread throughout the nervous system due to the cell-to-cell propagation of αSyn via cycles of secretion and uptake. Here, we investigated the internalization and intracellular accumulation of exogenous αSyn, two key steps of Lewy body pathogenesis, amplification and spreading. We found that stable αSyn fibrils substantially accumulate in different cell lines upon internalization, whereas αSyn monomers, oligomers, and dissociable fibrils do not. Our data indicate that the uptake-mediated accumulation of αSyn in a human-derived neuroblastoma cell line triggered an adaptive response that involved proteins linked to ubiquitin ligases of the S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), cullin-1 (Cul1), and F-box domain-containing protein (SCF) family. We found that SKP1, Cul1, and the F-box/LRR repeat protein 5 (FBXL5) colocalized and physically interacted with internalized αSyn in cultured cells. Moreover, the SCF containing the F-box protein FBXL5 (SCFFBXL5) catalyzed αSyn ubiquitination in reconstitution experiments in vitro using recombinant proteins and in cultured cells. In the human brain, SKP1 and Cul1 were recruited into Lewy bodies from brainstem and neocortex of patients with PD and related neurological disorders. In both transgenic and nontransgenic mice, intracerebral administration of exogenous αSyn fibrils triggered a Lewy body-like pathology, which was amplified by SKP1 or FBXL5 loss of function. Our data thus indicate that SCFFXBL5 regulates αSyn in vivo and that SCF ligases may constitute targets for the treatment of PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Gerez
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia C Prymaczok
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Uli S Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Radoslav I Enchev
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Courtheoux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Boersema
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Filippini A, Gennarelli M, Russo I. α-Synuclein and Glia in Parkinson's Disease: A Beneficial or a Detrimental Duet for the Endo-Lysosomal System? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:161-168. [PMID: 30637614 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) species in dopaminergic neurons is one of the main hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors have been associated with α-syn aggregation process, including an impairment of the proper protein degradation, which might drive the neurons toward an alternative and/or additional clearance mechanism that involves the release of undigested material from the cell. It has been reported that extracellular α-syn, released by stressed and/or degenerating neurons, might widely contribute to the neuronal toxicity and degeneration. Therefore, the uptake and clearance of misfolded/aggregated proteins is a key process to control extracellular deposition of α-syn aggregates, the spreading and progression of the disease. All the main brain cell types, neurons, astrocytes and microglia are able to internalize and degrade extracellular α-syn, however, glial cells appear to be the most efficient scavengers. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocytosis of α-syn species might be conformation-sensitive, cell- and receptor-type specific, making the scenario highly complex. In this review, we will shed light on the different endocytosis mechanisms and receptors recruited for the uptake and clearance of pathological α-syn forms with a special focus on glial cells. Moreover, we will discuss how PD-related genes, in addition to α-syn itself, may alter the endo-lysosomal pathway causing an impairment of clearance, which, in turn, lead to accumulation of toxic species, dysfunctions of glia physiology and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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46
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Gribaudo S, Tixador P, Bousset L, Fenyi A, Lino P, Melki R, Peyrin JM, Perrier AL. Propagation of α-Synuclein Strains within Human Reconstructed Neuronal Network. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:230-244. [PMID: 30639210 PMCID: PMC6372945 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reappraisal of neuropathological studies suggests that pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD) spread progressively along predictable neuronal pathways in the human brain through unknown mechanisms. Although there is much evidence supporting the prion-like propagation and amplification of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in vitro and in rodent models, whether this scenario occurs in the human brain remains to be substantiated. Here we reconstructed in microfluidic devices corticocortical neuronal networks using human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a healthy donor. We provide unique experimental evidence that different strains of human α-Syn disseminate in “wild-type” human neuronal networks in a prion-like manner. We show that two distinct α-Syn strains we named fibrils and ribbons are transported, traffic between neurons, and trigger to different extents, in a dose- and structure-dependent manner, the progressive accumulation of PD-like pathological hallmarks. We further demonstrate that seeded aggregation of endogenous soluble α-Syn affects synaptic integrity and mitochondria morphology. Different α-Syn strains propagate within WT human iPSC-derived cortical neuronal networks α-Syn strains differentially seed endogenous WT α-Syn forming LB/LN-like structures Phospho-α-Syn endogenous aggregates resist degradation and accumulate in cytoplasm Accumulation of phospho-α-Syn induces early neuronal dysfunctions
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gribaudo
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes 91100, France; UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes 91100, France
| | - Philippe Tixador
- Sorbonne Universités, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, CNRS/UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris 75005, France
| | - Luc Bousset
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA-CNRS, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France
| | - Alexis Fenyi
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA-CNRS, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France
| | - Patricia Lino
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes 91100, France; UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes 91100, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA-CNRS, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Peyrin
- Sorbonne Universités, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, CNRS/UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Anselme L Perrier
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes 91100, France; UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonnes 91100, France.
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47
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Sorrentino ZA, Vijayaraghavan N, Gorion KM, Riffe CJ, Strang KH, Caldwell J, Giasson BI. Physiological C-terminal truncation of α-synuclein potentiates the prion-like formation of pathological inclusions. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18914-18932. [PMID: 30327435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αsyn) aggregates into toxic fibrils in multiple neurodegenerative diseases where these fibrils form characteristic pathological inclusions such as Lewy bodies (LBs). The mechanisms initiating αsyn aggregation into fibrils are unclear, but ubiquitous post-translational modifications of αsyn present in LBs may play a role. Specific C-terminally (C)-truncated forms of αsyn are present within human pathological inclusions and form under physiological conditions likely in lysosome-associated pathways, but the roles for these C-truncated forms of αsyn in inclusion formation and disease are not well understood. Herein, we characterized the in vitro aggregation properties, amyloid fibril structures, and ability to induce full-length (FL) αsyn aggregation through prion-like mechanisms for eight of the most common physiological C-truncated forms of αsyn (1-115, 1-119, 1-122, 1-124, 1-125, 1-129, 1-133, and 1-135). In vitro, C-truncated αsyn aggregated more readily than FL αsyn and formed fibrils with unique morphologies. The presence of C-truncated αsyn potentiated aggregation of FL αsyn in vitro through co-polymerization. Specific C-truncated forms of αsyn in cells also exacerbated seeded aggregation of αsyn. Furthermore, in primary neuronal cultures, co-polymers of C-truncated and FL αsyn were potent prion-like seeds, but polymers composed solely of the C-truncated protein were not. These experiments indicated that specific physiological C-truncated forms of αsyn have distinct aggregation properties, including the ability to modulate the prion-like aggregation and seeding activity of FL αsyn. Proteolytic formation of these C-truncated species may have an important role in both the initiation of αsyn pathological inclusions and further progression of disease with strain-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Niran Vijayaraghavan
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Kimberly-Marie Gorion
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Cara J Riffe
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Kevin H Strang
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Jason Caldwell
- From the Department of Neuroscience.,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- From the Department of Neuroscience, .,the Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and.,the McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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48
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Terada M, Suzuki G, Nonaka T, Kametani F, Tamaoka A, Hasegawa M. The effect of truncation on prion-like properties of α-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13910-13920. [PMID: 30030380 PMCID: PMC6130941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that α-synuclein (αS) aggregates in brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies can spread in a prion-like manner. Although the initial αS nuclei are pivotal in determining αS fibril polymorphs and resulting phenotypes, it is not clear how the initial fibril seeds are generated. Previous studies have shown that αS truncation might have an important role in αS aggregation. However, little is known about how this truncation influences αS's propagation properties. In the present study, we generated αS fibrils from a series of truncated human αS constructs, characterized their structures and conformational stabilities, and investigated their ability to convert the conformation of full-length αS in vitro, in cultured cells, and in WT mice. We show that both C- and N-terminal truncations of human αS induce fibril polymorphs and exhibit different cross-seeding activities. N-terminally 10- or 30-residue-truncated human αS fibrils induced more abundant αS pathologies than WT fibrils in mice, whereas other truncated fibrils induced less abundant pathologies. Biochemical analyses of these truncated fibrils revealed that N-terminal 10- or 30-residue truncations of human αS change the fibril conformation in a manner that increases their structural compatibility with WT mouse αS fibrils and reduces their stability. C-terminally 20-residue-truncated fibrils displayed enhanced seeding activity in vitro Our findings imply that truncation of αS can influence its prion-like pathogenicity, resulting in phenotypic diversity of α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Terada
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Genjiro Suzuki
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
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49
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Surmeier DJ. Determinants of dopaminergic neuron loss in Parkinson's disease. FEBS J 2018; 285:3657-3668. [PMID: 30028088 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Alpha-synuclein (aSYN) pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in PD pathogenesis, but until recently it was unclear why SNc dopaminergic neurons should be particularly vulnerable to these two types of insult. In this brief review, the evidence that SNc dopaminergic neurons have an anatomical, physiological, and biochemical phenotype that predisposes them to mitochondrial dysfunction and synuclein pathology is summarized. The recognition that certain traits may predispose neurons to PD-linked pathology creates translational opportunities for slowing or stopping disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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50
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Kim C, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Yamakado H, Mante M, Adame A, Fields JA, Masliah D, Iba M, Lee HJ, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating α-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:43. [PMID: 30092810 PMCID: PMC6085656 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies of the aging population are an heterogeneous group of neurological disorders that includes Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and are characterized by the progressive accumulation of α-synuclein in neuronal and glial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition immune receptor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies because TLR2 is elevated in the brains of patients with PD and TLR2 is a mediator of the neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates. Therefore, blocking TLR2 might alleviate α-synuclein pathological and functional effects. For this purpose, herein, we targeted TLR2 using a functional inhibitory antibody (anti-TLR2). METHODS Two different human α-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mice were used in this study. α-synuclein low expresser mouse (α-syn-tg, under the PDGFβ promoter, D line) was stereotaxically injected with TLR2 overexpressing lentivirus to demonstrate that increment of TLR2 expression triggers neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. α-synuclein high expresser mouse (α-Syn-tg; under mThy1 promoter, Line 61) was administrated with anti-TLR2 to examine that functional inhibition of TLR2 ameliorates neuropathology and behavioral defect in the synucleinopathy animal model. In vitro α-synuclein transmission live cell monitoring system was used to evaluate the role of TLR2 in α-synuclein cell-to-cell transmission. RESULTS We demonstrated that administration of anti-TLR2 alleviated α-synuclein accumulation in neuronal and astroglial cells, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and behavioral deficits in an α-synuclein tg mouse model of PD/DLB. Moreover, in vitro studies with neuronal and astroglial cells showed that the neuroprotective effects of anti-TLR2 antibody were mediated by blocking the neuron-to-neuron and neuron-to-astrocyte α-synuclein transmission which otherwise promotes NFκB dependent pro-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION This study proposes TLR2 immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies of the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Deborah Masliah
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
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