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Nayan NM, Kadir SHSA, Husin A, Siran R. Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal Bisphenol A exposure on the role of microRNA regulating NMDA receptor subunits in the male rat hippocampus. Physiol Behav 2024; 280:114546. [PMID: 38583549 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Maternal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been reported to cause learning and memory deficits in born offspring. However, little is known that this impairment is potentially caused by epigenetic modulation on the development of NMDA receptor subunits. This study investigates the effect of prenatal BPA exposure on the hippocampal miR-19a and miR-539, which are responsible for regulating NMDA receptor subunits as well as learning and memory functions. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were orally administered with 5 mg/kg/day of BPA from pregnancy day 1 (PD1) until gestation day 21 (GD21), while control mothers received no BPA. The mothers were observed daily until GD21 for either a cesarean section or spontaneous delivery. The male offspring were sacrificed when reaching GD21 (fetus), postnatal days 7, 14, 21 (PND7, 14, 21) and adolescent age 35 (AD35) where their hippocampi were dissected from the brain. The expression of targeted miR-19a, miR-539, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B were determined by qRT-PCR while the level of GluN2A and GluN2B were estimated by western blot. At AD35, the rats were assessed with neurobehavioral tests to evaluate their learning and memory function. The findings showed that prenatal BPA exposure at 5 mg/kg/day significantly reduces the expression of miR-19a, miR-539, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B genes in the male rat hippocampus at all ages. The level of GluN2A and GluN2B proteins is also significantly reduced when reaching adolescent age. Consequently, the rats showed spatial and fear memory impairments when reaching AD35. In conclusion, prenatal BPA exposure disrupts the role of miR-19a and miR-539 in regulating the NMDA receptor subunit in the hippocampus which may be one of the causes of memory and learning impairment in adolescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazirah Mat Nayan
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory Animal Care Unit (LACU), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology (IMMB) Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abd Kadir
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology (IMMB) Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrean Husin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosfaiizah Siran
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia..
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2
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Ugale V, Deshmukh R, Lokwani D, Narayana Reddy P, Khadse S, Chaudhari P, Kulkarni PP. GluN2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands: Democratizing recent progress to assist the development of novel neurotherapeutics. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1765-1792. [PMID: 37266849 PMCID: PMC10234801 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play essential roles in vital aspects of brain functions. NMDARs mediate clinical features of neurological diseases and thus, represent a potential therapeutic target for their treatments. Many findings implicated the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs in various neurological disorders including epilepsy, ischemic brain damage, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although a large amount of information is growing consistently on the importance of GluN2B subunit, however, limited recent data is available on how subunit-selective ligands impact NMDAR functions, which blunts the ability to render the diagnosis or craft novel treatments tailored to patients. To bridge this gap, we have focused on and summarized recently reported GluN2B selective ligands as emerging subunit-selective antagonists and modulators of NMDAR. Herein, we have also presented an overview of the structure-function relationship for potential GluN2B/NMDAR ligands with their binding sites and connection to CNS functionalities. Understanding of design rules and roles of GluN2B selective compounds will provide the link to medicinal chemists and neuroscientists to explore novel neurotherapeutic strategies against dysfunctions of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rutuja Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Lokwani
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Narayana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad P Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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3
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Kellner S, Berlin S. Rescuing tri-heteromeric NMDA receptor function: the potential of pregnenolone-sulfate in loss-of-function GRIN2B variants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:235. [PMID: 38795169 PMCID: PMC11127902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs emerging from GRIN genes) are tetrameric receptors that form diverse channel compositions in neurons, typically consisting of two GluN1 subunits combined with two GluN2(A-D) subunits. During prenatal stages, the predominant channels are di-heteromers with two GluN1 and two GluN2B subunits due to the high abundance of GluN2B subunits. Postnatally, the expression of GluN2A subunits increases, giving rise to additional subtypes, including GluN2A-containing di-heteromers and tri-heteromers with GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B subunits. The latter emerge as the major receptor subtype at mature synapses in the hippocampus. Despite extensive research on purely di-heteromeric receptors containing two identical GRIN variants, the impact of a single variant on the function of other channel forms, notably tri-heteromers, is lagging. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of two de novo GRIN2B variants (G689C and G689S) in pure, mixed di- and tri-heteromers. Our findings reveal that incorporating a single variant in mixed di-heteromers or tri-heteromers exerts a dominant negative effect on glutamate potency, although 'mixed' channels show improved potency compared to pure variant-containing di-heteromers. We show that a single variant within a receptor complex does not impair the response of all receptor subtypes to the positive allosteric modulator pregnenolone-sulfate (PS), whereas spermine completely fails to potentiate tri-heteromers containing GluN2A and -2B-subunits. We examined PS on primary cultured hippocampal neurons transfected with the variants, and observed a positive impact over current amplitudes and synaptic activity. Together, our study supports previous observations showing that mixed di-heteromers exhibit improved glutamate potency and extend these findings towards the exploration of the effect of Loss-of-Function variants over tri-heteromers. Notably, we provide an initial and crucial demonstration of the beneficial effects of GRIN2B-relevant potentiators on tri-heteromers. Our results underscore the significance of studying how different variants affect distinct receptor subtypes, as these effects cannot be inferred solely from observations made on pure di-heteromers. Overall, this study contributes to ongoing efforts to understand the pathophysiology of GRINopathies and provides insights into potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Kellner
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Bat Galim, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Shai Berlin
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Bat Galim, Haifa, 3525433, Israel.
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4
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González-Cota AL, Martínez-Flores D, Rosendo-Pineda MJ, Vaca L. NMDA receptor-mediated Ca 2+ signaling: Impact on cell cycle regulation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102856. [PMID: 38408411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are Ca2+-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. NMDA receptors regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells and also play critical roles in neural plasticity, memory, and learning. In addition to their physiological role, NMDA receptors are also involved in glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which results from excessive glutamate stimulation, leading to Ca2+ overload, and ultimately to neuronal death. Thus, NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, dementia, and stroke. Interestingly, in addition to its effects on cell death, aberrant expression or activation of NMDA receptors is also involved in pathological cellular proliferation, and is implicated in the invasion and proliferation of various types of cancer. These disorders are thought to be related to the contribution of NMDA receptors to cell proliferation and cell death through cell cycle modulation. This review aims to discuss the evidence implicating NMDA receptor activity in cell cycle regulation and the link between aberrant NMDA receptor activity and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer due to cell cycle dysregulation. The information presented here will provide insights into the signaling pathways and the contribution of NMDA receptors to these diseases, and suggests that NMDA receptors are promising targets for the prevention and treatment of these diseases, which are leading causes of death and disability worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L González-Cota
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martínez-Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Margarita Jacaranda Rosendo-Pineda
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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5
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Suzuki N, Oota-Ishigaki A, Kaizuka T, Itoh M, Yamazaki M, Natsume R, Abe M, Sakimura K, Mishina M, Hayashi T. Limb-Clasping Response in NMDA Receptor Palmitoylation-Deficient Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04166-9. [PMID: 38592586 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Proper regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (NMDA receptor) expression is responsible for excitatory synaptic functions in the mammalian brain. NMDA receptor dysfunction can cause various neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Posttranslational protein S-palmitoylation, the covalent attachment of palmitic acid to intracellular cysteine residues via thioester bonds, occurs in the carboxyl terminus of GluN2B, which is the major regulatory NMDA receptor subunit. Mutations of three palmitoylatable cysteine residues in the membrane-proximal cluster of GluN2B to non-palmitoylatable serine (3CS) lead to the dephosphorylation of GluN2B Tyr1472 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, inducing a reduction in the surface expression of GluN2B-containig NMDA receptors. Furthermore, adult GluN2B 3CS homozygous mice demonstrated a definite clasping response without abnormalities in the gross brain structure, other neurological reflexes, or expression levels of synaptic proteins in the cerebrum. This behavioral disorder, observed in the GluN2B 3CS knock-in mice, indicated that complex higher brain functions are coordinated through the palmitoylation-dependent regulation of NMDA receptors in excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Suzuki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6 (6-10), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akiko Oota-Ishigaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6 (6-10), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Toshie Kaizuka
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Brain Science Laboratory, The Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6 (6-10), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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6
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Ahad MA, Chear NJY, Abdullah MH, Ching-Ga TAF, Liao P, Wei S, Murugaiyah V, Hassan Z. Effects of clitorienolactones from Clitoria ternatea root on calcium channel mediating hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats induced chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102252. [PMID: 38442748 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a common mechanism of acute brain injury due to impairment of blood flow to the brain. Moreover, a prolonged lack of oxygen supply may result in cerebral infarction or global ischemia, which subsequently causes long-term memory impairment. Research on using Clitoria ternatea root extract for treating long-term memory has been studied extensively. However, the bioactive compound contributing to its neuroprotective effects remains uncertain. In the present study, we investigate the effects of clitorienolactone A (CLA) and B (CLB) from the roots of Clitoria ternatea extract on hippocampal neuroplasticity in rats induced by CCH. CLA and CLB were obtained using column chromatography. The rat model of CCH was induced using two-vessel occlusion surgery (2VO). The 2VO rats were given 10 mg/kg of CLA and CLB orally, followed by hippocampal neuroplasticity recording using in vivo electrophysiological. Rats received CLA and CLB (10 mg/kg) significantly reversed the impairment of long-term potentiation following 2VO surgery. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of CLA and CLB on the calcium channel using the calcium imaging technique. During hypoxia, CLA and CLB sustain the increase in intracellular calcium levels. We next predict the binding interactions of CLA and CLB against NMDA receptors containing GluN2A and GluN2B subunits using in silico molecular docking. Our result found that both CLA and CLB exhibited lower binding affinity against GluN2A and GluN2B subunits. Our findings demonstrated that bioactive compounds from Clitoria ternatea improved long-term memory deficits in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model via calcium uptake. Hence, CLA and CLB could be potential therapeutic tools for treating cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Anuar Ahad
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang Gelugor, Malaysia; Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
| | - Shunhui Wei
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang Gelugor, Malaysia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang Gelugor, Malaysia.
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7
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Zhang PP, Benske TM, Ahn LY, Schaffer AE, Paton JC, Paton AW, Mu TW, Wang YJ. Adapting the endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis rescues epilepsy-associated NMDA receptor variants. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:282-297. [PMID: 37803141 PMCID: PMC10789767 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The GRIN genes encoding N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits are remarkably intolerant to variation. Many pathogenic NMDAR variants result in their protein misfolding, inefficient assembly, reduced surface expression, and impaired function on neuronal membrane, causing neurological disorders including epilepsy and intellectual disability. Here, we investigated the proteostasis maintenance of NMDARs containing epilepsy-associated variations in the GluN2A subunit, including M705V and A727T. In the transfected HEK293T cells, we showed that the two variants were targeted to the proteasome for degradation and had reduced functional surface expression. We demonstrated that the application of BIX, a known small molecule activator of an HSP70 family chaperone BiP (binding immunoglobulin protein) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), dose-dependently enhanced the functional surface expression of the M705V and A727T variants in HEK293T cells. Moreover, BIX (10 μM) increased the surface protein levels of the M705V variant in human iPSC-derived neurons. We revealed that BIX promoted folding, inhibited degradation, and enhanced anterograde trafficking of the M705V variant by modest activation of the IRE1 pathway of the unfolded protein response. Our results suggest that adapting the ER proteostasis network restores the folding, trafficking, and function of pathogenic NMDAR variants, representing a potential treatment for neurological disorders resulting from NMDAR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Taylor M Benske
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lucie Y Ahn
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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8
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Gong R, Qin L, Chen L, Wang N, Bao Y, Lu W. Myosin Va-dependent Transport of NMDA Receptors in Hippocampal Neurons. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-023-01174-y. [PMID: 38291290 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) trafficking is a key process in the regulation of synaptic efficacy and brain function. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the surface transport of NMDARs is largely unknown. Here we identified myosin Va (MyoVa) as the specific motor protein that traffics NMDARs in hippocampal neurons. We found that MyoVa associates with NMDARs through its cargo binding domain. This association was increased during NMDAR surface transport. Knockdown of MyoVa suppressed NMDAR transport. We further demonstrated that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) regulates NMDAR transport through its direct interaction with MyoVa. Furthermore, MyoVa employed Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 (Rab11/FIP3) as the adaptor proteins to couple themselves with NMDARs during their transport. Accordingly, the knockdown of FIP3 impairs hippocampal memory. Together, we conclude that in hippocampal neurons, MyoVa conducts active transport of NMDARs in a CaMKII-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Gong
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Linwei Qin
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yifei Bao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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9
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Vieira MM, Peng S, Won S, Hong E, Inati SK, Thurm A, Thiam AH, Kim S, Myers SJ, Badger JD, Traynelis SF, Lu W, Roche KW. A Frameshift Variant of GluN2A Identified in an Epilepsy Patient Results in NMDA Receptor Mistargeting. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0557232023. [PMID: 38050135 PMCID: PMC10860613 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0557-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are crucial for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Dysfunction of NMDARs is associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. Understanding the impact of genetic variants of NMDAR subunits can shed light on the mechanisms of disease. Here, we characterized the functional implications of a de novo mutation of the GluN2A subunit (P1199Rfs*32) resulting in the truncation of the C-terminal domain. The variant was identified in a male patient with epileptic encephalopathy, multiple seizure types, severe aphasia, and neurobehavioral changes. Given the known role of the CTD in NMDAR trafficking, we examined changes in receptor localization and abundance at the postsynaptic membrane using a combination of molecular assays in heterologous cells and rat primary neuronal cultures. We observed that the GluN2A P1199Rfs*32-containing receptors traffic efficiently to the postsynaptic membrane but have increased extra-synaptic expression relative to WT GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Using in silico predictions, we hypothesized that the mutant would lose all PDZ interactions, except for the recycling protein Scribble1. Indeed, we observed impaired binding to the scaffolding protein postsynaptic protein-95 (PSD-95); however, we found the mutant interacts with Scribble1, which facilitates the recycling of both the mutant and the WT GluN2A. Finally, we found that neurons expressing GluN2A P1199Rfs*32 have fewer synapses and decreased spine density, indicating compromised synaptic transmission in these neurons. Overall, our data show that GluN2A P1199Rfs*32 is a loss-of-function variant with altered membrane localization in neurons and provide mechanistic insight into disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vieira
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S Peng
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S Won
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - E Hong
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S K Inati
- Neurophysiology of Epilepsy Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - A Thurm
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - A H Thiam
- Office of the Clinical Director, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - S J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - J D Badger
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - W Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - K W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
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10
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Hanson JE, Yuan H, Perszyk RE, Banke TG, Xing H, Tsai MC, Menniti FS, Traynelis SF. Therapeutic potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators in psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:51-66. [PMID: 37369776 PMCID: PMC10700609 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission, are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, and regulate synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptor modulators have long been considered as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett Syndrome, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. New interest in NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets has been spurred by the findings that certain inhibitors of NMDA receptors produce surprisingly rapid and robust antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism, the induction of changes in the brain that well outlast the presence of drug in the body. These findings are driving research into an entirely new paradigm for using NMDA receptor antagonists in a host of related conditions. At the same time positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors are being pursued for enhancing synaptic function in diseases that feature NMDA receptor hypofunction. While there is great promise, developing the therapeutic potential of NMDA receptor modulators must also navigate the potential significant risks posed by the use of such agents. We review here the emerging pharmacology of agents that target different NMDA receptor subtypes, offering new avenues for capturing the therapeutic potential of targeting this important receptor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tue G Banke
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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Upreti S, Nag TC, Ghosh MP. Trolox aids coenzyme Q 10 in neuroprotection against NMDA induced damage via upregulation of VEGF in rat model of glutamate excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109740. [PMID: 38056553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate induced damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) requires tight physiological regulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Previously, studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective abilities of antioxidants like coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E analogs like α-tocopherol against neuropathies resulting from NMDA insult, but have failed to shed light on the effect of CoQ10 and trolox, a hydrophilic analog of vitamin E, on glaucomatous neurodegeneration. In the current study, we wanted to investigate whether the combined effect of trolox with CoQ10 could alleviate NMDA-induced death of retinal cells while also trying to elucidate the underlying mechanism in relation to the yet unexplained role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity. After successful NMDA-induced degeneration, we followed it up with the treatment of combination of Trolox and CoQ10. The structural damage by NMDA was repaired significantly and retina retained structural integrity comparable to levels of control in the treatment group of Trolox and CoQ10. Detection of ROS generation after NMDA insult showed that together, Trolox and CoQ10 could significantly bring down the high levels of free radicals while also rescuing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). A significant increase in NMDA receptor Grin2A by CoQ10 alone as well as by CoQ10 and trolox was accompanied by a lowered Grin2B receptor expression, suggesting neuroprotective action of Trolox and CoQ10. Subsequently, lowered VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 receptor expression by NMDA treatment also recovered when subjected to combined treatment of Trolox and CoQ10. Western blot analyses also indicated the same whereby Trolox and CoQ10 could increase the diminished levels of phosphorylated VEGFR2. Immunofluorescence studies also indicated a positive correlation between recovered VEGFR2 and NMDAR2A levels and diminished levels of NMDAR2D, confirming the results obtained by RT-PCR analysis. This is the first report in our knowledge that demonstrates the efficacy of trolox in combination with CoQ10 highlighting the importance of maintaining VEGF levels that are lowered in ocular diseases due to NMDA-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Upreti
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Madhumita P Ghosh
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
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12
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Varlamova EG, Borisova EV, Evstratova YA, Newman AG, Kuldaeva VP, Gavrish MS, Kondakova EV, Tarabykin VS, Babaev AA, Turovsky EA. Socrates: A Novel N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Mouse Mutant with Audiogenic Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17104. [PMID: 38069426 PMCID: PMC10707124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the common neurological diseases that affects not only adults but also infants and children. Because epilepsy has been studied for a long time, there are several pharmacologically effective anticonvulsants, which, however, are not suitable as therapy for all patients. The genesis of epilepsy has been extensively investigated in terms of its occurrence after injury and as a concomitant disease with various brain diseases, such as tumors, ischemic events, etc. However, in the last decades, there are multiple reports that both genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in epileptogenesis. Therefore, there is a need for further identification of genes and loci that can be associated with higher susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Use of mouse knockout models of epileptogenesis is very informative, but it has its limitations. One of them is due to the fact that complete deletion of a gene is not, in many cases, similar to human epilepsy-associated syndromes. Another approach to generating mouse models of epilepsy is N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-directed mutagenesis. Recently, using this approach, we generated a novel mouse strain, soc (socrates, formerly s8-3), with epileptiform activity. Using molecular biology methods, calcium neuroimaging, and immunocytochemistry, we were able to characterize the strain. Neurons isolated from soc mutant brains retain the ability to differentiate in vitro and form a network. However, soc mutant neurons are characterized by increased spontaneous excitation activity. They also demonstrate a high degree of Ca2+ activity compared to WT neurons. Additionally, they show increased expression of NMDA receptors, decreased expression of the Ca2+-conducting GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors, suppressed expression of phosphoinositol 3-kinase, and BK channels of the cytoplasmic membrane involved in protection against epileptogenesis. During embryonic and postnatal development, the expression of several genes encoding ion channels is downregulated in vivo, as well. Our data indicate that soc mutation causes a disruption of the excitation-inhibition balance in the brain, and it can serve as a mouse model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina V. Borisova
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Yuliya A. Evstratova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “MIREA—Russian Technological University”, 78, Vernadskogo Ave., 119454 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrew G. Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
| | - Vera P. Kuldaeva
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria S. Gavrish
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Elena V. Kondakova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor S. Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Babaev
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
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13
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Liu W, Li Y, Zhao T, Gong M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xu L, Li W, Li Y, Jia J. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in Alzheimer's disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutic approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102534. [PMID: 37783430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuronal network activities, excitotoxic events, and cognitive impairment. Abnormalities in NMDARs can initiate a cascade of pathological events, notably in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and even other neuropsychiatric disorders. The subunit composition of NMDARs is plastic, giving rise to a diverse array of receptor subtypes. While they are primarily found in neurons, NMDAR complexes, comprising both traditional and atypical subunits, are also present in non-neuronal cells, influencing the functions of various peripheral tissues. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions within NMDAR complexes has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which potentially served as an obligatory relay of cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, the precise mechanistic link remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provided an in-depth analysis of the structure and function of NMDAR, investigated their interactions with various pathogenic proteins, discussed the current landscape of NMDAR-based therapeutics, and highlighted the remaining challenges during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Tan Zhao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Min Gong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Xuechu Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China.
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14
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Mony L, Paoletti P. Mechanisms of NMDA receptor regulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102815. [PMID: 37988826 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels widely expressed in the central nervous system that play key role in brain development and plasticity. On the downside, NMDAR dysfunction, be it hyperactivity or hypofunction, is harmful to neuronal function and has emerged as a common theme in various neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia. Not surprisingly, NMDAR signaling is under a complex set of regulatory mechanisms that maintain NMDAR-mediated transmission in check. These include an unusual large number of endogenous agents that directly bind NMDARs and tune their activity in a subunit-dependent manner. Here, we review current knowledge on the regulation of NMDAR signaling. We focus on the regulation of the receptor by its microenvironment as well as by external (i.e. pharmacological) factors and their underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Recent developments showing how NMDAR dysregulation participate to disease mechanisms are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France.
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15
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He M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang L. Exploration of the potential neuroprotective compounds targeting GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10900-10908. [PMID: 36591642 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2159527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors belongs to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, which could mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. It is interesting to know if some available drugs have regulatory effects on the NMDARs. Herein, the present study reports the discovery of drugs targeting NMDAR using virtual screening. In this study, talniflumate with the EC50 value at 61.49 nM was successfully screened. The interaction analysis of this compound was further explored through molecular dynamics simulation. It is indicated that talniflumate could form stable interactions with GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptors. In particular, H-bond interactions with high occupancies between GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptors and talniflumate were observed. Compared to de novo drug discovery, this approach could be an alternative choice for development of safety and efficiency NMDAR inhibitors from available drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixi He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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16
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Serwach K, Nurowska E, Klukowska M, Zablocka B, Gruszczynska-Biegala J. STIM2 regulates NMDA receptor endocytosis that is induced by short-term NMDA receptor overactivation in cortical neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:368. [PMID: 37989792 PMCID: PMC10663207 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest an important role for the dysregulation of stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins, activators of store-operated Ca2+ channels, and the prolonged activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We previously demonstrated that STIM silencing increases Ca2+ influx through NMDAR and STIM-NMDAR2 complexes are present in neurons. However, the interplay between NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) and STIM1/STIM2 with regard to intracellular trafficking remains unknown. Here, we found that the activation of NMDAR endocytosis led to an increase in STIM2-GluN2A and STIM2-GluN2B interactions in primary cortical neurons. STIM1 appeared to migrate from synaptic to extrasynaptic sites. STIM2 silencing inhibited post-activation NMDAR translocation from the plasma membrane and synaptic spines and increased NMDAR currents. Our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which STIM2 regulates NMDAR synaptic trafficking by promoting NMDAR endocytosis after receptor overactivation, which may suggest protection against excessive uncontrolled Ca2+ influx through NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Serwach
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Nurowska
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Klukowska
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Zablocka
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Ladagu AD, Olopade FE, Adejare A, Olopade JO. GluN2A and GluN2B N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDARs) Subunits: Their Roles and Therapeutic Antagonists in Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1535. [PMID: 38004401 PMCID: PMC10674917 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate, playing a crucial role in the permeability of calcium ions and excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Composed of various subunits, NMDARs are predominantly formed by two obligatory GluN1 subunits (with eight splice variants) along with regulatory subunits GluN2 (GluN2A-2D) and GluN3 (GluN3A-B). They are widely distributed throughout the CNS and are involved in essential functions such as synaptic transmission, learning, memory, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. The presence of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits is particularly important for cognitive processes and has been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the roles of GluN2A and GluN2B NMDARs in neuropathologies provides valuable insights into the underlying causes and complexities of major nervous system disorders. This knowledge is vital for the development of selective antagonists targeting GluN2A and GluN2B subunits using pharmacological and molecular methods. Such antagonists represent a promising class of NMDA receptor inhibitors that have the potential to be developed into neuroprotective drugs with optimal therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Digal Ladagu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria; (A.D.L.); (J.O.O.)
| | - Funmilayo Eniola Olopade
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Adeboye Adejare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria; (A.D.L.); (J.O.O.)
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18
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Grochowska KM, Sperveslage M, Raman R, Failla AV, Głów D, Schulze C, Laprell L, Fehse B, Kreutz MR. Chaperone-mediated autophagy in neuronal dendrites utilizes activity-dependent lysosomal exocytosis for protein disposal. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112998. [PMID: 37590146 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex morphology of neurons poses a challenge for proteostasis because the majority of lysosomal degradation machinery is present in the cell soma. In recent years, however, mature lysosomes were identified in dendrites, and a fraction of those appear to fuse with the plasma membrane and release their content to the extracellular space. Here, we report that dendritic lysosomes are heterogeneous in their composition and that only those containing lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 2A and 2B fuse with the membrane and exhibit activity-dependent motility. Exocytotic lysosomes dock in close proximity to GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptors (NMDAR) via an association of LAMP2B to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family member SAP102/Dlg3. NMDAR-activation decreases lysosome motility and promotes membrane fusion. We find that chaperone-mediated autophagy is a supplier of content that is released to the extracellular space via lysosome exocytosis. This mechanism enables local disposal of aggregation-prone proteins like TDP-43 and huntingtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Grochowska
- Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function," Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Marit Sperveslage
- Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function," Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev Raman
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonio V Failla
- UKE Microscopic Imaging Facility (umif), University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dawid Głów
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Laprell
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function," Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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19
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Wang X, Mei D, Gou L, Zhao S, Gao C, Guo J, Luo S, Guo B, Yang Z, Wang Q, Tan T, Zhang Y. Functional Evaluation of a Novel GRIN2B Missense Variant Associated with Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability. Neuroscience 2023; 526:107-120. [PMID: 37385334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological condition, is widely prevalent among individuals with intellectual disability (ID). It is well established that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an important role in both epilepsy and ID. Autosomal dominant mutations in the GRIN2B gene, which encodes the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, have been reported to be associated with epilepsy and ID. However, the underlying mechanism of this association is not well-understood. In this study, we identified a novel GRIN2B mutation (c.3272A > C, p.K1091T) in a patient with epilepsy and ID. The proband was a one year and ten months old girl. GRIN2B variant was inherited from her mother. We further investigated the functional consequences of this mutation. Our findings revealed that the p.K1091T mutation created a Casein kinase 2 phosphorylation site. Using recombinant NMDA receptors containing the GluN2B-K1091T along with GluN1 in HEK 293T cells, we observed significant defects in its interactions with postsynaptic density 95. It is accompanied by reduced delivery of the receptors to the cell membrane and a decrease in glutamate affinity. Moreover, primary neurons expressing GluN2B-K1091T also exhibited impaired surface expression of NMDA receptors, a reduction in dendritic spine number and excitatory synaptic transmission. In summary, our study reports a novel GRIN2B mutation and provides functional characteristics of this mutation in vitro, thereby contributing to the understanding of GRIN2B variants in epilepsy and ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Engineering Research Center of Childhood Neurodevelopment, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China.
| | - Daoqi Mei
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
| | - Lingshan Gou
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Engineering Research Center of Childhood Neurodevelopment, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
| | - Jisheng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yantai Campus of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Shuying Luo
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Engineering Research Center of Childhood Neurodevelopment, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
| | - Bin Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Tao Tan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Henan Engineering Research Center of Childhood Neurodevelopment, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China.
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20
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Kuś J, Saramowicz K, Czerniawska M, Wiese W, Siwecka N, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Kucharska-Lusina A, Strzelecki D, Majsterek I. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying NMDARs Dysfunction and Their Role in ADHD Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12983. [PMID: 37629164 PMCID: PMC10454781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, although the aetiology of ADHD is not yet understood. One proposed theory for developing ADHD is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) dysfunction. NMDARs are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory function in the brain. Abnormal expression or polymorphism of some genes associated with ADHD results in NMDAR dysfunction. Correspondingly, NMDAR malfunction in animal models results in ADHD-like symptoms, such as impulsivity and hyperactivity. Currently, there are no drugs for ADHD that specifically target NMDARs. However, NMDAR-stabilizing drugs have shown promise in improving ADHD symptoms with fewer side effects than the currently most widely used psychostimulant in ADHD treatment, methylphenidate. In this review, we outline the molecular and genetic basis of NMDAR malfunction and how it affects the course of ADHD. We also present new therapeutic options related to treating ADHD by targeting NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kuś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Kamil Saramowicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Maria Czerniawska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Wojciech Wiese
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Aleksandra Kucharska-Lusina
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.K.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (W.W.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.); (A.K.-L.)
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21
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Altê GA, Rodrigues ALS. Exploring the Molecular Targets for the Antidepressant and Antisuicidal Effects of Ketamine Enantiomers by Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1013. [PMID: 37513925 PMCID: PMC10383558 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a racemic mixture of esketamine (S-ketamine) and arketamine (R-ketamine), has received particular attention for its rapid antidepressant and antisuicidal effects. NMDA receptor inhibition has been indicated as one of the main mechanisms of action of the racemic mixture, but other pharmacological targets have also been proposed. This study aimed to explore the possible multiple targets of ketamine enantiomers related to their antidepressant and antisuicidal effects. To this end, targets were predicted using Swiss Target Prediction software for each ketamine enantiomer. Targets related to depression and suicide were collected by the Gene Cards database. The intersections of targets were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Network pharmacology analysis was performed using Gene Mania and Cytoscape software. Molecular docking was used to predict the main targets of the network. The results indicated that esketamine and arketamine share some biological targets, particularly NMDA receptor and phosphodiesterases 3A, 7A, and 5A but have specific molecular targets. While esketamine is predicted to interact with the GABAergic system, arketamine may interact with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Both ketamine enantiomers activate neuroplasticity-related signaling pathways and show addiction potential. Our results identified novel, poorly explored molecular targets that may be related to the beneficial effects of esketamine and arketamine against depression and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorister A Altê
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil
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22
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Dupuis JP, Nicole O, Groc L. NMDA receptor functions in health and disease: Old actor, new dimensions. Neuron 2023:S0896-6273(23)00344-6. [PMID: 37236178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play key roles in synaptogenesis, synaptic maturation, long-term plasticity, neuronal network activity, and cognition. Mirroring this wide range of instrumental functions, abnormalities in NMDAR-mediated signaling have been associated with numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. Thus, identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning the physiological and pathological contributions of NMDAR has been a major area of investigation. Over the past decades, a large body of literature has flourished, revealing that the physiology of ionotropic glutamate receptors cannot be restricted to fluxing ions, and involves additional facets controlling synaptic transmissions in health and disease. Here, we review newly discovered dimensions of postsynaptic NMDAR signaling supporting neural plasticity and cognition, such as the nanoscale organization of NMDAR complexes, their activity-dependent redistributions, and non-ionotropic signaling capacities. We also discuss how dysregulations of these processes may directly contribute to NMDAR-dysfunction-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien P Dupuis
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Nicole
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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23
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Ritter N, Disse P, Wünsch B, Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N. Pharmacological Potential of 3-Benzazepines in NMDAR-Linked Pathophysiological Processes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051367. [PMID: 37239037 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) linked neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia is constantly increasing. This is partly due to demographic change and presents new challenges to societies. To date, there are no effective treatment options. Current medications are nonselective and can lead to unwanted side effects in patients. A promising therapeutic approach is the targeted inhibition of NMDARs in the brain. NMDARs containing different subunits and splice variants display different physiological properties and play a crucial role in learning and memory, as well as in inflammatory or injury processes. They become overactivated during the course of the disease, leading to nerve cell death. Until now, there has been a lack of understanding of the general functions of the receptor and the mechanism of inhibition, which need to be understood in order to develop inhibitors. Ideal compounds should be highly targeted and even splice-variant-selective. However, a potent and splice-variant-selective NMDAR-targeting drug has yet to be developed. Recently developed 3-benzazepines are promising inhibitors for further drug development. The NMDAR splice variants GluN1-1b-4b carry a 21-amino-acid-long, flexible exon 5. Exon 5 lowers the NMDAR's sensitivity to allosteric modulators by probably acting as an NMDAR modulator itself. The role of exon 5 in NMDAR modulation is still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the structure and pharmacological relevance of tetrahydro-3-benzazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ritter
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Biosca-Brull J, Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Cabré M, Blanco J, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Exposure to chlorpyrifos during pregnancy differentially affects social behavior and GABA signaling elements in an APOE- and sex-dependent manner in a transgenic mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115461. [PMID: 36796608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The massive use of chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been associated with an increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Some previous studies have shown that prenatal, but not postnatal, CPF exposure causes social behavior deficits in mice depending on sex while others have found that in transgenic mice models carrying the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε3 and ε4 allele confer different vulnerabilities to either behavioral or metabolic disorders after CPF exposure. This study aims to evaluate, in both sexes, how prenatal CPF exposure and APOE genotype impact on social behavior and its relation to changes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. For this purpose, apoE3 and apoE4 transgenic mice were exposed through the diet to 0 or 1 mg/kg/day of CPF, between gestational day 12 and 18. A three-chamber test was used to assess social behavior on postnatal day (PND) 45. Then, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampal samples were analyzed to study the gene expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic elements. Results showed that prenatal exposure to CPF impaired social novelty preference and increased the expression of GABA-A α1 subunit in females of both genotypes. In addition, the expression of GAD1, the ionic cotransporter KCC2 and the GABA-A α2 and α5 subunits were increased in apoE3 mice, whereas CPF treatment only accentuated the expression of GAD1 and KCC2. Nevertheless, future research is needed to evaluate whether the influences detected in the GABAergic system are present and functionally relevant in adults and old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Biosca-Brull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Reus, Spain.
| | - Laia Guardia-Escote
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pia Basaure
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Cabré
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Reus, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Reus, Spain
| | - Cristian Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Psychology, Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology, Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Reus, Spain.
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25
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Li MW, Chao TC, Lim LY, Chang HH, Yang SSD. The Acute Effects and Mechanism of Ketamine on Nicotine-Induced Neurogenic Relaxation of the Corpus Cavernosum in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086976. [PMID: 37108139 PMCID: PMC10138932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects and the mechanism of ketamine on nicotine-induced relaxation of the corpus cavernosum (CC) in mice. This study measured the intra-cavernosal pressure (ICP) of male C57BL/6 mice and the CC muscle activities using an organ bath wire myograph. Various drugs were used to investigate the mechanism of ketamine on nicotine-induced relaxation. Direct ketamine injection into the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) inhibited MPG-induced increases in ICP. D-serine/L-glutamate-induced relaxation of the CC was inhibited by MK-801 (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor), and nicotine-induced relaxation was enhanced by D-serine/L-glutamate. NMDA had no effect on CC relaxation. Nicotine-induced relaxation of the CC was suppressed by mecamylamine (a non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist), lidocaine, guanethidine (an adrenergic neuronal blocker), Nw-nitro-L-arginine (a non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), MK-801, and ketamine. This relaxation was almost completely inhibited in CC strips pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound). Ketamine inhibited cavernosal nerve neurotransmission via direct action on the ganglion and impaired nicotine-induced CC relaxation. The relaxation of the CC was dependent on the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, which may be mediated by the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Chen Chao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yi Lim
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Shei-Dei Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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26
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Amin JB, He M, Prasad R, Leng X, Zhou HX, Wollmuth LP. Two gates mediate NMDA receptor activity and are under subunit-specific regulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1623. [PMID: 36959168 PMCID: PMC10036335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) ion channel opening and closing contribute to their unique role in synaptic signaling. Agonist binding generates free energy to open a canonical gate at the M3 helix bundle crossing. Single channel activity is characterized by clusters, or periods of rapid opening and closing, that are separated by long silent periods. A conserved glycine in the outer most transmembrane helices, the M4 helices, regulates NMDAR function. Here we find that the GluN1 glycine mainly regulates single channel events within a cluster, whereas the GluN2 glycine mainly regulates entry and exit from clusters. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that, whereas the GluN2 M4 (along with GluN2 pre-M1) regulates the gate at the M3 helix bundle crossing, the GluN1 glycine regulates a 'gate' at the M2 loop. Subsequent functional experiments support this interpretation. Thus, the distinct kinetics of NMDARs are mediated by two gates that are under subunit-specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johansen B Amin
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Miaomiao He
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Xiaoling Leng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
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27
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Design and synthesis of novel GluN2A NMDAR positive allosteric modulators via scaffold hopping strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 83:117236. [PMID: 36934527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptor subunits have differential roles in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death both in vitro and in vivo . Activation of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors promotes neuronal survival and exerts a neuroprotective action, whereas over activating GluN2B-containing receptor results in excitotoxicity, increasing neuronal apoptosis. Our previous study has identified Npam 43 as a NMDAR positive allosteric modulators. However, the cis-trans isomerization impedes the development of Npam 43 as potential neuroprotective agents. To discover more potent and selective GluN2A NMDAR positive allosteric modulators, 38 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated their neuroprotective effect on glutamate-exposed PC-12 cells. The allosteric activities of compounds were evaluated using calcium imaging approaches. Among them, compound 5c exhibit GluN1/2A selectivity over GluN1/2B and show neuroprotective activity in vitro and in vivo. This study reported a series of GluN1/2A positive allosteric modulators as neuroprotective agents, and provided a potential opportunity to discover new drugs for stroke treatment.
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28
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The Role of Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030783. [PMID: 36979762 PMCID: PMC10045847 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing an indispensable role in neuronal development and memory formation. The dysregulation of glutamate receptors and the glutamatergic system is involved in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially epilepsy. There are two main classes of glutamate receptor, namely ionotropic and metabotropic (mGluRs) receptors. The former stimulate fast excitatory neurotransmission, are N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and kainate; while the latter are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate glutamatergic activity via intracellular messenger systems. Glutamate, glutamate receptors, and regulation of astrocytes are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of acute seizure and chronic epilepsy. Some glutamate receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective for the treatment of epilepsy, and research and clinical trials are ongoing.
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29
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Inhibition of hippocampal palmitoyl acyltransferase activity impairs spatial learning and memory consolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 200:107733. [PMID: 36804592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation regulates trafficking, mobilization, localization, interaction, and distribution of proteins through the palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs) enzymes. Protein palmitoylation controls rapid and dynamic changes of the synaptic architecture that modifies the efficiency and strength of synaptic connections, a fundamental mechanism to generate stable and long-lasting memory traces. Although protein palmitoylation in functional synaptic plasticity has been widely described, its role in learning and memory processes is poorly understood. In this work, we found that PATs inhibition into the hippocampus before and after the training of Morris water maze (MWM) and object location memory (OLM) impaired spatial learning. However, we demonstrated that PATs inhibition during the retrieval does not affect the expression of spatial memory in both MWM and OLM. Accordingly, long-term potentiation induction is impaired by inhibiting PATs into the hippocampus before high-frequency electrical stimulation but not after. These findings suggest that PATs activity is necessary to modify neural plasticity, a mechanism required for memory acquisition and consolidation. Like phosphorylation, active palmitoylation is required to regulate the function of already existing proteins that change synaptic strength in the hippocampus to acquire and later consolidate spatial memories.
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Yukawa T, Yamashita T, Imaeda T, Kakei H, Hashizume S, Nakamura M, Daini M, Okabe A, Nakashima K, Harada A, Narita N, Bettini E, Ugolini A, Corsi M, Hasui T. Design and synthesis of 6-methylpyridin-2-one derivatives as novel and potent GluN2A positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of cognitive impairment. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 79:117150. [PMID: 36640594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are key regulators of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Potentiation of NMDARs containing GluN2A subunit has been recently recognized as a promising therapeutic approach for neurological disorders. We identified a novel series of GluN2A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with a pyridin-2-one scaffold. Initial lead compound 1 was discovered through in silico-based screening of virtual ligands with various monocyclic scaffolds. GluN2A PAM activity was increased by introduction of a methyl group at the 6-position of the pyridin-2-one ring and a cyano group in the side chain. Modification of the aromatic ring led to the identification of potent and brain-penetrant 6-methylpyridin-2-one 17 with a negligible binding activity for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). Oral administration of 17 significantly enhanced rat hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, 17 would be a useful in vivo pharmacological tool to investigate complex NMDAR functions for the discovery of therapeutics toward diseases associated with NMDAR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yukawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamashita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kakei
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shogo Hashizume
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Daini
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Okabe
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakashima
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akina Harada
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Narita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ezio Bettini
- Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Annarosa Ugolini
- Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Corsi
- Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Tomoaki Hasui
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Maloney MT, Wang W, Bhowmick S, Millan I, Kapur M, Herrera N, Frost E, Zhang EY, Song S, Wang M, Park AB, Yao AY, Yang Y. Failure to Thrive: Impaired BDNF Transport along the Cortical-Striatal Axis in Mouse Q140 Neurons of Huntington's Disease. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020157. [PMID: 36829435 PMCID: PMC9952218 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Boosting trophic support to striatal neurons by increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been considered as a target for therapeutic intervention for several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). To aid in the implementation of such a strategy, a thorough understanding of BDNF cortical-striatal transport is critical to help guide its strategic delivery. In this manuscript, we investigate the dynamic behavior of BDNF transport along the cortical-striatal axis in Q140 primary neurons, a mouse model for HD. We examine this by using single-molecule labeling of BDNF conjugated with quantum dots (QD-BDNF) to follow the transport along the cortical-striatal axis in a microfluidic chamber system specifically designed for the co-culture of cortical and striatal primary neurons. Using this approach, we observe a defect of QD-BDNF transport in Q140 neurons. Our study demonstrates that QD-BDNF transport along the cortical-striatal axis involves the impairment of anterograde transport within axons of cortical neurons, and of retrograde transport within dendrites of striatal neurons. One prominent feature we observe is the extended pause time of QD-BDNF retrograde transport within Q140 striatal dendrites. Taken together, these finding support the hypothesis that delinquent spatiotemporal trophic support of BDNF to striatal neurons, driven by impaired transport, may contribute to the pathogenesis of HD, providing us with insight into how a BDNF supplementation therapeutic strategy may best be applied for HD.
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The Expression of Cellular Prion Protein, PrPC, Favors pTau Propagation and Blocks NMDAR Signaling in Primary Cortical Neurons. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020283. [PMID: 36672218 PMCID: PMC9856489 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a target in current treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The human prion protein (PrPC) has an important role in the pathophysiology of AD. We hypothesized that PrPC modulates NMDA signaling, thus being a process associated with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS NMDAR signaling was characterized in the absence or presence of PrPC in cAMP level determination, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and label-free assays in homologous and heterologous systems. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer was used to detect the formation of NMDAR-PrPC complexes. AXIS™ Axon Isolation Devices were used to determine axonal transport of Tau and pTau proteins in cortical primary neurons in the absence or presence of PrPC. Finally, proximity ligation assays were used to quantify NMDA-PrPC complex formation in neuronal primary cultures isolated from APPSw/Ind transgenic mice, an Alzheimer's disease model expressing the Indiana and Swedish mutated version of the human amyloid precursor protein (APP). RESULTS We discovered a direct interaction between the PrPC and the NMDAR and we found a negative modulation of NMDAR-mediated signaling due to the NMDAR-PrPC interaction. In mice primary neurons, we identified NMDA-PrPC complexes where PrPC was capable of blocking NMDAR-mediated effects. In addition, we observed how the presence of PrPC results in increased neurotoxicity and neuronal death. Similarly, in microglial primary cultures, we observed that PrPC caused a blockade of the NMDA receptor link to the MAPK signaling cascade. Interestingly, a significant increase in NMDA-PrPC macromolecular complexes was observed in cortical neurons isolated from the APPSw,Ind transgenic model of AD. CONCLUSIONS PrPC can interact with the NMDAR, and the interaction results in the alteration of the receptor functionality. NMDAR-PrPC complexes are overexpressed in neurons of APPSw/Ind mouse brain. In addition, PrPC exacerbates axonal transport of Tau and pTau proteins.
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Sabo SL, Lahr JM, Offer M, Weekes ALA, Sceniak MP. GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder: current understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 14:1090865. [PMID: 36704660 PMCID: PMC9873235 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1090865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder is a rare disease caused by mutations in the GRIN2B gene, which encodes the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors. Most individuals with GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder present with intellectual disability and developmental delay. Motor impairments, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy are also common. A large number of pathogenic de novo mutations have been identified in GRIN2B. However, it is not yet known how these variants lead to the clinical symptoms of the disease. Recent research has begun to address this issue. Here, we describe key experimental approaches that have been used to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. We discuss the impact of several distinct pathogenic GRIN2B variants on NMDA receptor properties. We then critically review pivotal studies examining the synaptic and neurodevelopmental phenotypes observed when disease-associated GluN2B variants are expressed in neurons. These data provide compelling evidence that various GluN2B mutants interfere with neuronal differentiation, dendrite morphogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Finally, we identify important open questions and considerations for future studies aimed at understanding this complex disease. Together, the existing data provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder and emphasize the importance of comparing the effects of individual, disease-associated variants. Understanding the molecular, cellular and circuit phenotypes produced by a wide range of GRIN2B variants should lead to the identification of core neurodevelopmental phenotypes that characterize the disease and lead to its symptoms. This information could help guide the development and application of effective therapeutic strategies for treating individuals with GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasta L. Sabo
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States,Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Shasta L. Sabo
| | - Jessica M. Lahr
- Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Madelyn Offer
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Anika LA Weekes
- Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Michael P. Sceniak
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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Sibilska S, Mofleh R, Kocsis B. Development of network oscillations through adolescence in male and female rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1135154. [PMID: 37213214 PMCID: PMC10196069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1135154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this research was to study the developmental trajectory of oscillatory synchronization in neural networks of normal healthy rats during adolescence, corresponding to the vulnerable age of schizophrenia prodrome in human. To monitor the development of oscillatory networks through adolescence we used a "pseudo-longitudinal" design. Recordings were performed in terminal experiments under urethane anesthesia, every day from PN32 to PN52 using rats-siblings from the same mother, to reduce individual innate differences between subjects. We found that hippocampal theta power decreased and delta power in prefrontal cortex increased through adolescence, indicating that the oscillations in the two different frequency bands follow distinct developmental trajectories to reach the characteristic oscillatory activity found in adults. Perhaps even more importantly, theta rhythm showed age-dependent stabilization toward late adolescence. Furthermore, sex differences was found in both networks, more prominent in the prefrontal cortex compared with hippocampus. Delta increase was stronger in females and theta stabilization was completed earlier in females, in postnatal days PN41-47, while in males it was only completed in late adolescence. Our finding of a protracted maturation of theta-generating networks in late adolescence is overall consistent with the findings of longitudinal studies in human adolescents, in which oscillatory networks demonstrated a similar pattern of maturation.
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Liu P, Wang C, Chen W, Kang Y, Liu W, Qiu Z, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Inhibition of GluN2B pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effect of silibinin on streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease models. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154594. [PMID: 36610115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is involved in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Silibinin, a natural flavonoid gained from the seeds of Silybum marianum, exerts neuroprotective effects on sporadic AD models, but its impacts on NMDARs remain unknown. PURPOSE To study silibinin's regulatory effects on NMDARs pathway in sporadic AD models. METHODS MTT assay, western blotting, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and siRNA transfection etc. were used for cellular and molecular studies. The direct interactions between silibinin and NMDAR subunits were evaluated by computational molecular docking, drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Y maze test, novel objects recognition test and Morris water maze test were conducted to examine the learning and memory ability of rats. RESULTS An in vitro AD model was established by treating HT22 murine hippocampal neurons with streptozotocin (STZ), as evidenced by the amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. Silibinin shows protection of neurons against STZ-induced cell damage. It is noteworthy that STZ-induced cellular calcium influx is inhibited by silibinin-treatment, indicating the possible modulation of calcium channels. Studies on NMDARs, the most widely distributed calcium channel, by using molecular docking, DARTS and CESTA, reveal that the GluN2B subunit, but not GluN2A, is the potential target of silibinin. Further studies using the pharmacological agonist (NMDA) and the GluN2B-specific inhibitor (Ifenprodil) or siRNA, indicate that the protection by silibinin treatment from STZ-induced cytotoxicity is medicated through interference with GluN2B-containing NMDARs, followed by the upregulation of CaMKIIα/ BDNF/ TrkB signaling pathway and improved levels of synaptic proteins (SYP and PSD-95). The results in vivo using rats intracerebroventricularly injected with STZ (ICV-STZ), a well-established sporadic AD model, confirm that silibinin improves learning and memory ability in association with modulation of the GluN2B/CaMKIIα/ BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Inhibiting over-activation of GluN2B-containing NMDARs is involved in the neuroprotective effect of silibinin on STZ-induced sporadic AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwen Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Kang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiyue Qiu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Chemistry and Life science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, China.
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Deutsch SI, Burket JA. From Mouse to Man: N-Methyl-d-Aspartic Acid Receptor Activation as a Promising Pharmacotherapeutic Strategy for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:101-117. [PMID: 36402493 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/c mouse displays hypersensitivity to behavioral effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor "open-channel" blocker, and shows both no preference for an enclosed stimulus mouse over an inanimate object and reduced social interaction with a freely behaving stimulus mouse. NMDA receptor agonist interventions improved measures of social preference and social interaction of the BALB/c mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A "proof of principle/proof of concept" translational 10-week clinical trial with 8-week of active medication administration was conducted comparing 20 DSM-IV-TR-diagnosed older adolescent/young adult patients with ASD randomized to once-weekly pulsed administration (50 mg/d) versus daily administration of d-cycloserine (50 mg/d). The results showed that d-cycloserine, a partial glycine agonist, was well tolerated, the 2 dosing strategies did not differ, and improvement was noted on the "lethargy/social withdrawal" and "stereotypic behavior" subscales of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. NMDA receptor activation contributes to the regulation of mTOR signaling, a pathologic point of convergence in several monogenic syndromic forms of ASD. Furthermore, both NMDA receptor hypofunction and imbalance between NMDA receptor activation mediated by GluN2B and GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors occur as "downstream" consequences of several genetically unrelated abnormalities associated with ASD. NMDA receptor-subtype selective "positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)" are particularly appealing medication candidates for future translational trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 710, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Jessica A Burket
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
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The Role of D-Serine and D-Aspartate in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235142. [PMID: 36501171 PMCID: PMC9736950 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sch) is a severe and widespread mental disorder. Antipsychotics (APs) of the first and new generations as the first-line treatment of Sch are not effective in about a third of cases and are also unable to treat negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenics. This explains the search for new therapeutic strategies for a disease-modifying therapy for treatment-resistant Sch (TRS). Biological compounds are of great interest to researchers and clinicians, among which D-Serine (D-Ser) and D-Aspartate (D-Asp) are among the promising ones. The Sch glutamate theory suggests that neurotransmission dysfunction caused by glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) may represent a primary deficiency in this mental disorder and play an important role in the development of TRS. D-Ser and D-Asp are direct NMDAR agonists and may be involved in modulating the functional activity of dopaminergic neurons. This narrative review demonstrates both the biological role of D-Ser and D-Asp in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the pathogenesis of Sch and TRS. Particular attention is paid to D-Ser and D-Asp as promising components of a nutritive disease-modifying therapy for TRS.
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Choi JH, Chun BJ, Yeom SR, Chung SP, Lee YH, Kim YH, Lee JS, Lee JH, Lee HG, Jin JY, An CS, Gwag BJ. Rationale and methods of the Antioxidant and NMDA receptor blocker Weans Anoxic brain damage of KorEa OHCA patients (AWAKE) trial. Trials 2022; 23:587. [PMID: 35871083 PMCID: PMC9308222 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic brain injury is a major hurdle that limits the survival of resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and potential for reduction of ischemic brain injury in adult OHCA patients treated with high- or low-dose Neu2000K, a selective blocker of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) type 2B receptor and also a free radical scavenger, or given placebo. This study is a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, prospective, intention-to-treat, placebo-controlled, three-armed, safety and efficacy clinical trial. This trial is a sponsor-initiated trial supported by GNT Pharma. Successfully resuscitated OHCA patients aged 19 to 80 years would be included. The primary outcome is blood neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level on the 3rd day. The secondary outcomes are safety, efficacy defined by study drug administration within 4 h in > 90% of participants, daily NSE up to 5th day, blood S100beta, brain MRI apparent diffusion coefficient imaging, cerebral performance category (CPC), and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 5th, 14th, and 90th days. Assuming NSE of 42 ± 80 and 80 ± 80 μg/L in the treatment (high- and low-dose Neu2000K) and control arms with 80% power, a type 1 error rate of 5%, and a 28% of withdrawal prior to the endpoint, the required sample size is 150 patients. Discussion The AWAKE trial explores a new multi-target neuroprotectant for the treatment of resuscitated OHCA patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03651557. Registered on August 29, 2018.
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Hu Z, Ondrejcak T, Yu P, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Klyubin I, Kennelly SP, Rowan MJ, Hu NW. Do tau-synaptic long-term depression interactions in the hippocampus play a pivotal role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease? Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1213-1219. [PMID: 36453396 PMCID: PMC9838152 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease correlates with the extent of tau pathology, in particular tau hyperphosphorylation that initially appears in the transentorhinal and related regions of the brain including the hippocampus. Recent evidence indicates that tau hyperphosphorylation caused by either amyloid-β or long-term depression, a form of synaptic weakening involved in learning and memory, share similar mechanisms. Studies from our group and others demonstrate that long-term depression-inducing low-frequency stimulation triggers tau phosphorylation at different residues in the hippocampus under different experimental conditions including aging. Conversely, certain forms of long-term depression at hippocampal glutamatergic synapses require endogenous tau, in particular, phosphorylation at residue Ser396. Elucidating the exact mechanisms of interaction between tau and long-term depression may help our understanding of the physiological and pathological functions of tau/tau (hyper)phosphorylation. We first summarize experimental evidence regarding tau-long-term depression interactions, followed by a discussion of possible mechanisms by which this interplay may influence the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts and perspectives on future research about these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Hu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China,Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tomas Ondrejcak
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pengpeng Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Klyubin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean P. Kennelly
- Department of Age-Related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neng-Wei Hu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland,Correspondence to: Neng-Wei Hu, .
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Huang W, Wang Z, Wang G, Li K, Jin Y, Zhao F. Disturbance of glutamate metabolism and inhibition of CaM-CaMKII-CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus of mice induced by 1,2-dichloroethane exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119813. [PMID: 35868470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) is a highly toxic neurotoxicity, and the brain tissue is the main target organ. At present, long-term exposure to 1,2-DCE has been shown to cause cognitive dysfunction in some studies, but the mechanism is not clear. The results of this study showed that long-term 1,2-DCE exposure decreased learning and memory abilities in mice and impaired the structure and morphology of neurons in the hippocampal region. Moreover, except for the mRNA level of PAG, the enzymatic activities and protein levels of GS and PAG, as well as the mRNA level of GS were inhibited. With increasing dose of exposure, the protein and mRNA expression of GLAST and GLT-1 also decreased. Contrarily, there were protein and mRNA expression upregulation of GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B in the hippocampus, as well as increased levels of extracellular Glu and intracellular Ca2+. In addition, 1,2-DCE exposure also downregulated the protein expression levels of CaM, CaMKII and CREB. Taken together, our results suggest that long-term 1,2-DCE exposure impairs the learning and memory capacity in mice, which may be attributed to the disruption of Glu metabolism and the inhibition of CaM- CaMKII-CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijiang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghong Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Linders LE, Supiot LF, Du W, D’Angelo R, Adan RAH, Riga D, Meye FJ. Studying Synaptic Connectivity and Strength with Optogenetics and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911612. [PMID: 36232917 PMCID: PMC9570045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades the combination of brain slice patch clamp electrophysiology with optogenetic stimulation has proven to be a powerful approach to analyze the architecture of neural circuits and (experience-dependent) synaptic plasticity in such networks. Using this combination of methods, originally termed channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM), a multitude of measures of synaptic functioning can be taken. The current review discusses their rationale, current applications in the field, and their associated caveats. Specifically, the review addresses: (1) How to assess the presence of synaptic connections, both in terms of ionotropic versus metabotropic receptor signaling, and in terms of mono- versus polysynaptic connectivity. (2) How to acquire and interpret measures for synaptic strength and function, like AMPAR/NMDAR, AMPAR rectification, paired-pulse ratio (PPR), coefficient of variance and input-specific quantal sizes. We also address how synaptic modulation by G protein-coupled receptors can be studied with pharmacological approaches and advanced technology. (3) Finally, we elaborate on advances on the use of dual color optogenetics in concurrent investigation of multiple synaptic pathways. Overall, with this review we seek to provide practical insights into the methods used to study neural circuits and synapses, by combining optogenetics and patch-clamp electrophysiology.
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Targeting NMDA Receptors in Emotional Disorders: Their Role in Neuroprotection. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101329. [PMID: 36291261 PMCID: PMC9599159 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated through N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) is essential for synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. While under pathological states, abnormal NMDAR activation is involved in the occurrence and development of psychiatric disorders, which suggests a directional modulation of NMDAR activity that contributes to the remission and treatment of psychiatric disorders. This review thus focuses on the involvement of NMDARs in the pathophysiological processes of psychiatric mood disorders and analyzes the neuroprotective mechanisms of NMDARs. Firstly, we introduce NMDAR-mediated neural signaling pathways in brain function and mood regulation as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms of NMDARs in emotion-related mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. Then, we provide an in-depth summary of current NMDAR modulators that have the potential to be developed into clinical drugs and their pharmacological research achievements in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Based on these findings, drug-targeting for NMDARs might open up novel territory for the development of therapeutic agents for refractory anxiety and depression.
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43
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Trafficking of NMDA receptors is essential for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111217. [PMID: 35977502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor (NMDAR) plays a vital role in brain development and normal physiological functions. Surface trafficking of NMDAR contributes to the modulation of synaptic functions and information processing. However, it remains unclear whether NMDAR trafficking is independent of long-term potentiation (LTP) and whether it regulates behavior. Here, we report that LTP of AMPAR and NMDAR can occur concurrently and that NMDAR trafficking can regulate AMPAR trafficking and AMPAR-mediated LTP. By contrast, AMPAR trafficking does not impact NMDAR-mediated LTP. Using SAP97-interfering peptide and SAP97 knockin (KI) rat, we show that the effect is mediated by GluN2A-subunit-containing NMDARs. At the behavior level, impaired NMDAR trafficking results in deficits in consolidation, but not acquisition, of fear memory. Collectively, our results suggest the essential role of NMDAR trafficking in LTP and memory consolidation.
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Dean CA, Metzbower SR, Dessain SK, Blanpied TA, Benavides DR. Regulation of NMDA Receptor Signaling at Single Synapses by Human Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibodies. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:940005. [PMID: 35966009 PMCID: PMC9371948 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.940005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN1 is critical for receptor function and plays a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity. Mounting evidence has shown that pathogenic autoantibody targeting of the GluN1 subunit of NMDARs, as in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, leads to altered NMDAR trafficking and synaptic localization. However, the underlying signaling pathways affected by antibodies targeting the NMDAR remain to be fully delineated. It remains unclear whether patient antibodies influence synaptic transmission via direct effects on NMDAR channel function. Here, we show using short-term incubation that GluN1 antibodies derived from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis label synapses in mature hippocampal primary neuron culture. Miniature spontaneous calcium transients (mSCaTs) mediated via NMDARs at synaptic spines are not altered in pathogenic GluN1 antibody exposed conditions. Unexpectedly, spine-based and cell-based analyses yielded distinct results. In addition, we show that calcium does not accumulate in neuronal spines following brief exposure to pathogenic GluN1 antibodies. Together, these findings show that pathogenic antibodies targeting NMDARs, under these specific conditions, do not alter synaptic calcium influx following neurotransmitter release. This represents a novel investigation of the molecular effects of anti-NMDAR antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Dean
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah R. Metzbower
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott K. Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David R. Benavides
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: David R. Benavides,
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Gomez-Godinez V, Li H, Kuang Y, Liu C, Shi L, Berns MW. A single cell death is disruptive to spontaneous Ca2+ activity in astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945737. [PMID: 35966204 PMCID: PMC9364045 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes in the brain are rapidly recruited to sites of injury where they phagocytose damaged material and take up neurotransmitters and ions to avoid the spreading of damaging molecules. In this study we investigate the calcium (Ca2+) response in astrocytes to nearby cell death. To induce cell death in a nearby cell we utilized a laser nanosurgery system to photolyze a selected cell from an established astrocyte cell line (Ast1). Our results show that the lysis of a nearby cell is disruptive to surrounding cells' Ca2+ activity. Additionally, astrocytes exhibit a Ca2+ transient in response to cell death which differs from the spontaneous oscillations occurring in astrocytes prior to cell lysis. We show that the primary source of the Ca2+ transient is the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gomez-Godinez
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Huayan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yixuan Kuang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Changchen Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Linda Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael W. Berns
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Meng Y, Shen HL. Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor NR2B Subunit in Inflammatory Arthritis-Induced Chronic Pain and Peripheral Sensitized Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2005-2013. [PMID: 35880050 PMCID: PMC9307865 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s367982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is a common clinical disease that affects millions of people in the world. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis (IA), a chronic painful disease, is characterized by synovitis and cartilage destruction in the early stages. Pathologically, IA causes inflammatory changes in the joints and eventually leads to joint destruction. Pain is associated with inflammation and abnormal regulation of the nervous system pathways involved in pain promotion and inhibition. In addition, the occurrence of pain is associated with depression and anxiety. We found that there are many factors affecting pain, in addition to inflammatory factors, glutamate receptor may be the possible cause of long-term chronic pain caused by IA. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) has been reported to involved in IA and nervous system diseases, especially peripheral neuropathic pain. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of the NR2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in peripheral nerve sensitization during IA and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Department of Pain, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Li Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Hu Z, Zhu M, Qin S, Yu P, Li B, Xu J, Ondrejcak T, Klyubin I, Rowan MJ, Hu NW. Long-Term Depression-Inducing Low Frequency Stimulation Enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an Age-Dependent Manner in Live Rats. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:335-350. [PMID: 35871344 PMCID: PMC9484260 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) correlates with the extent of tau pathology, in particular tau hyperphosphorylation, which is strongly age-associated. Although elevation of cerebrospinal fluid or blood levels of phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) at residues Thr181 (p-Tau181), Thr217 (p-Tau217), and Thr231 (p-Tau231) are proposed to be particularly sensitive markers of preclinical AD, the generation of p-Tau during brain activity is poorly understood. Objective: To study whether the expression levels of p-Tau181, p-Tau217, and p-Tau231 can be enhanced by physiological synaptic long-term depression (LTD) which has been linked to the enhancement of p-Tau in hippocampus. Methods: In vivo electrophysiology was performed in urethane anesthetized young adult and aged male rats. Low frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) was used to induce LTD at CA3 to CA1 synapses. The expression level of p-Tau and total tau was measured in dorsal hippocampus using immunofluorescent staining and/or western blotting. Results: We found that LFS enhanced p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an age-dependent manner in the hippocampus of live rats. In contrast, phosphorylation at residues Thr231, Ser202/Thr205, and Ser396 appeared less sensitive to LFS. Pharmacological antagonism of either N-methyl-D-aspartate or metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors inhibited the elevation of both p-Tau181 and p-Tau217. Targeting the integrated stress response, which increases with aging, using a small molecule inhibitor ISRIB, prevented the enhancement of p-Tau by LFS in aged rats. Conclusion: Together, our data provide a novel in vivo means to uncover brain plasticity-related cellular and molecular processes of tau phosphorylation at key sites in health and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengtao Hu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Manyi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangying Qin
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jitian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tomas Ondrejcak
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Klyubin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neng-Wei Hu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Perez-Fernandez C, Matamala Montoya M, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Cabré M, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Influence of Gestational Chlorpyrifos Exposure on ASD-like Behaviors in an fmr1-KO Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5835-5855. [PMID: 35802248 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous reports, exposure to pesticides could be linked to the prevalence increase of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been associated with ASD diagnosis in humans and ASD-like behaviors in rodents. However, ASD severity degree results from the complex relationship between genetic background and environmental factors. Thus, animals with a genetic vulnerability and prenatally exposed to CPF could have a more severe ASD-like phenotype. Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common monogenic causes of ASD, characterized by a mutation in the X chromosome which alters the expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Based on this, some fmr1 knockout (KO) rodent models have been developed to study the physiological and genetic basis of ASD. Both fmr1-KO and wild-type male rats (F2 generation) were used in the present study. F1 pregnant females were randomly exposed to 1 mg/kg/mL/day of CPF (s.c.) from GD12.5-15.5 or vehicle. Different behavioral, developmental, and molecular variables were analyzed in F2 males. KO rats were heavier, emitted altered USVs, were socially inefficient, reacted more to a novel stimulus, were hyperactive when exploring a new context, but hypoactive when exploring anxiety-inducing environments, and had an upregulated hippocampal expression of the grin2c gene. When exposed to low doses of CPF during gestation, these KO rats showed decreased climbing capacity, dysfunctional social interaction, and increased hippocampal expression for kcc1 and 5ht2c genes. Gestational CPF exposure increased the ASD-like phenotype in those animals with a genetic vulnerability, although its effect was less generalized than expected. It is the first time that this additive effect of CPF exposure and the fmr1-KO genetic vulnerability model is explored concerning social traits or any other behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Perez-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Almería CeiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - María Matamala Montoya
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Morales-Navas
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Almería CeiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Laia Guardia-Escote
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María Cabré
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Almería CeiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Postsynaptic signaling at glutamatergic synapses as therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102585. [PMID: 35738196 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glutamatergic synapses plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. In addition to mediating excitatory synaptic transmission, postsynaptic glutamate receptors interact with various membrane and intracellular proteins. They form structural and/or signaling synaptic protein complexes and thereby play diverse postsynaptic functions. Recently, several postsynaptic protein complexes have been associated with various neurological diseases and hence, have been characterized as important therapeutic targets. Moreover, novel small molecules and therapeutic peptides targeting and modulating the activities of these protein complexes have been discovered, some of which have advanced through preclinical translational research and/or clinical studies. This article describes the recent investigation of eight key protein complexes associated with the postsynaptic ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases.
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50
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Harvey J. Food for Thought: Leptin and Hippocampal Synaptic Function. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:882158. [PMID: 35784728 PMCID: PMC9247348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that the endocrine hormone, leptin controls energy homeostasis by providing key signals to specific hypothalamic nuclei. However, our knowledge of leptin’s central actions has advanced considerably over the last 20 years, with the hippocampus now established as an important brain target for this hormone. Leptin receptors are highly localised to hippocampal synapses, and increasing evidence reveals that activation of synaptically located leptin receptors markedly impacts cognitive processes, and specifically hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here, we review the recent actions of leptin at hippocampal synapses and explore the consequences for brain health and disease.
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