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Koper L, Koretsky IA, Rahmat SJ. The tympanic region of the skull in extant pinnipeds: A pilot study of auditory morphological disparity using linear morphometric principal component analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:3021-3040. [PMID: 38332639 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Pinnipeds are unique semiaquatic taxa possessing adaptations to hear efficiently both in water and on land. Research over the past century is extremely limited on the auditory apparatus morphology of pinnipeds, which include the Families Phocidae (true seals), Otariidae (sea lions/fur seals), and Odobenidae (walruses). Our extensive literature review revealed inaccurate terminology of this region, with details corresponding only to terrestrial taxa, and a severe lack of information due to very few current studies. This demonstrates the need for evaluation and comparison of the auditory morphologies of modern terrestrial and semiaquatic carnivorans in relation to hearing. This initial study compares tympanic bullar morphologies of Phocidae to other pinnipeds and representatives of terrestrial carnivoran families. Morphological correlations of the basicranial auditory region were also compared within phocid subfamilies. Eleven skull measurements and about eleven calculated ratios were included in multiple principal component analyses to determine what areas of the auditory apparatus had the most significant morphological variation. This is the first study using this methodology, especially in reference to the hearing adaptations of pinnipeds, specifically in phocids. Results demonstrate distinct trends in phocid bullar morphology relative to other pinnipeds. Analyses reveal that: (1) phocids generally have different bullar morphology than otariids and odobenids; (2) Neomonachus schauinslandi (Hawaiian monk seal) and Neomonachus tropicalis (Caribbean monk seal) have unique morphology compared to phocids and other pinnipeds. Future work with increased number of specimens will further substantiate these findings and both ontogenetic and sexual variations will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Koper
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irina A Koretsky
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sulman J Rahmat
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Sanks J, Racicot R. Predicting ecology and hearing sensitivities in Parapontoporia-An extinct long-snouted dolphin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39010732 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Analyses of the cetacean (whale and dolphin) inner ear provide glimpses into the ecology and evolution of extinct and extant groups. The paleoecology of the long-snouted odontocete (toothed whale) group, Parapontoporia, is primarily marine with its depositional context also suggesting freshwater tolerance. As an extinct relative of the exclusively riverine Lipotes vexillifer, Parapontoporia provides insight into a transition from marine to freshwater environments. High-resolution X-ray CT scans (~3 microns or less) of three individual specimens from two species, P. sternbergi and P. pacifica, were acquired. Digital endocasts of the inner ear labyrinths were extracted non-destructively. Nine measurements of the inner ear were compared with an existing dataset covering 125 terrestrial and aquatic artiodactyls. These measurements were then subjected to a principal component analysis to interpret hearing sensitivities among other artiodactyls. Based on our analyses, Parapontoporia was likely to have been able to hear within narrow-band high frequency (NBHF) ranges. This finding indicates another convergence of NBHF-style hearing, or, more intriguingly, suggests that it may be an ancestral characteristic present among the longirostrine dolphins that dominated in the Miocene prior to the evolution of more modern lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Sanks
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel Racicot
- Messel Research and Mammalogy Department, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturkundemuseum (Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Benoit J, Araujo R, Lund ES, Bolton A, Lafferty T, Macungo Z, Fernandez V. Early synapsids neurosensory diversity revealed by CT and synchrotron scanning. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38600433 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Non-mammaliaform synapsids (NMS) represent the closest relatives of today's mammals among the early amniotes. Exploring their brain and nervous system is key to understanding how mammals evolved. Here, using CT and Synchrotron scanning, we document for the first time three extreme cases of neurosensory and behavioral adaptations that probe into the wide range of unexpected NMS paleoneurological diversity. First, we describe adaptations to low-frequency hearing and low-light conditions in the non-mammalian cynodont Cistecynodon parvus, supporting adaptations to an obligatory fossorial lifestyle. Second, we describe the uniquely complex and three-dimensional maxillary canal morphology of the biarmosuchian Pachydectes elsi, which suggests that it may have used its cranial bosses for display or low-energy combat. Finally, we introduce a paleopathology found in the skull of Moschognathus whaitsi. Since the specimen was not fully grown, this condition suggests the possibility that this species might have engaged in playful fighting as juveniles-a behavior that is both social and structured. Additionally, this paper discusses other evidence that could indicate that tapinocephalid dinocephalians were social animals, living and interacting closely with one another. Altogether, these examples evidence the wide range of diversity of neurological structures and complex behavior in NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R Araujo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, InstitutoSuperior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E S Lund
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Bolton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T Lafferty
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Z Macungo
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - V Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
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Wu YL, Chen L, Zhu HY, Luo WY, Shi K, Hou XY, Sun JW, Sun JQ, Guo XT. Relationships between bilateral auditory brainstem activity and inter-implant interval in children with cochlear implants. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:1735-1743. [PMID: 37924365 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of the interval between bilateral cochlear implantation on the development of bilateral peripheral auditory pathways as revealed by the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR). METHODS Fifty-eight children with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss were recruited. Among them, 33 children received sequential bilateral cochlear implants (CIs), and 25 children received simultaneous bilateral CIs. The bilateral EABRs evoked by electrical stimulation from the CI electrode were recorded on the day of second-side CI activation. RESULTS The latencies of wave III (eIII) and wave V (eV) were significantly shorter on the first CI side than on the second CI side in children with sequential bilateral CIs but were similar between the two sides in children with simultaneous bilateral CIs. Furthermore, the latencies were prolonged from apical to basal channels along the cochlea in the two groups. In children with sequential CIs, the inter-implant interval was negatively correlated with the eV latency on the first CI side and was positively correlated with bilateral differences in the eIII and eV latencies. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral CI use promotes the maturation of ipsilateral auditory conduction function. However, a longer inter-implant interval results in more unbalanced development of bilateral auditory brainstem pathways. Bilateral cochlear implantation with no or a short interval is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519100, Guangdong, China
| | - Han-Yu Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Yun Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jing-Wu Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Jia-Qiang Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiao-Tao Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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Ming KM, Le Verger K, Geiger M, Schmelzle T, Georgalis GL, Shimbo G, Sasaki M, Ohdachi SD, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Insular dwarfism in horses from the Aegean Sea and the Japanese archipelago. Mamm Biol 2024; 104:345-361. [PMID: 39070961 PMCID: PMC11281976 DOI: 10.1007/s42991-024-00408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The horse (Equus caballus) varieties from Skyros and Rhodes islands (Greece) in the Aegean archipelago are extremely small, reaching shoulder heights of only about 1 m. Furthermore, the Japanese archipelago is home to eight small, native horse breeds. We investigated the evolutionary morphology and provided a review of historical documentations of these horses of cultural interest in Greece and Japan, thus providing a comparison of the independent evolution of small size in islands. We integrate cranial data from historical literature with data from newly gathered and curated skulls and analyse a measurement dataset featuring various domestic and mainland horse breeds and varieties. We use non-invasive imaging to study and measure 3D models of the bony labyrinth, housing the inner ear, and the braincase endocast. When considering the effects of allometry by regressing each PC1 scores (for each set of measurements) with the cranial geometric mean from linear measurements as a body size proxy, we show that size explains a large amount of the shape variation in horse crania, the bony labyrinths and brain endocasts. We found high intrabreed variation in all the analysed datasets. Globally, there are at least 30 distinct horse populations on islands, offering the chance to further study processes of convergence in morphological divergence and evaluate the effect of drift and the environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42991-024-00408-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M. Ming
- Department of Paleontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kévin Le Verger
- Department of Paleontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Naturmuseum St. Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 263, 9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schmelzle
- Department of Paleontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios L. Georgalis
- Department of Paleontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Genya Shimbo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Satoshi D. Ohdachi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
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Zhang B, Tong H. The comparative anatomy of the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of four small-sized deer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:566-580. [PMID: 37610098 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we provide complete 3D reconstructions of the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of four kinds of small-sized deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, Muntiacus reevesi, Muntiacus muntjak, Hydropotes inermis) based on high-resolution CT scanning, and select one musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) as a comparative object. The petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of E. cephalophus are illustrated for the first time, as well as the petrosal bones of M. reevesi and H. inermis. Some morphological characters of petrosal bone and bony labyrinth can be used to distinguish the above-mentioned species. For example, M. moschiferus shows a prominent transpromontorial sulcus and a ventral basicapsular groove on the petrosal bone; there is a bifurcate cochlear aqueduct on the bony labyrinth of E. cephalophus; there is a distinct fusion between the lateral and posterior semicircular canals on the bony labyrinth of H. inermis. Meanwhile, there are some intraspecific variations on the subarcuate fossa, the tegmen tympani, the cochlear aqueduct, as well as the endolymphatic sac. Our results further confirm that the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth have enormous potential for taxonomy. This work will provide new anatomical data for the phylogenetic study of ruminants in the future, and it will be very practical to identify the isolated ruminants' petrosal bones that are frequently unearthed from paleontological or archeological sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- National Natural History Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Edens BM, Bronner ME. Making developmental sense of the senses, their origin and function. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:132-167. [PMID: 38729675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The primary senses-touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing-connect animals with their environments and with one another. Aside from the eyes, the primary sense organs of vertebrates and the peripheral sensory pathways that relay their inputs arise from two transient stem cell populations: the neural crest and the cranial placodes. In this chapter we consider the senses from historical and cultural perspectives, and discuss the senses as biological faculties. We begin with the embryonic origin of the neural crest and cranial placodes from within the neural plate border of the ectodermal germ layer. Then, we describe the major chemical (i.e. olfactory and gustatory) and mechanical (i.e. vestibulo-auditory and somatosensory) senses, with an emphasis on the developmental interactions between neural crest and cranial placodes that shape their structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Edens
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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Vaglietti S, Villeri V, Dell’Oca M, Marchetti C, Cesano F, Rizzo F, Miller D, LaPierre L, Pelassa I, Monje FJ, Colnaghi L, Ghirardi M, Fiumara F. PolyQ length-based molecular encoding of vocalization frequency in FOXP2. iScience 2023; 26:108036. [PMID: 37860754 PMCID: PMC10582585 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP2, a regulator of vocalization- and speech/language-related phenotypes, contains two long polyQ repeats (Q1 and Q2) displaying marked, still enigmatic length variation across mammals. We found that the Q1/Q2 length ratio quantitatively encodes vocalization frequency ranges, from the infrasonic to the ultrasonic, displaying striking convergent evolution patterns. Thus, species emitting ultrasonic vocalizations converge with bats in having a low ratio, whereas species vocalizing in the low-frequency/infrasonic range converge with elephants and whales, which have higher ratios. Similar, taxon-specific patterns were observed for the FOXP2-related protein FOXP1. At the molecular level, we observed that the FOXP2 polyQ tracts form coiled coils, assembling into condensates and fibrils, and drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). By integrating evolutionary and molecular analyses, we found that polyQ length variation related to vocalization frequency impacts FOXP2 structure, LLPS, and transcriptional activity, thus defining a novel form of polyQ length-based molecular encoding of vocalization frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vaglietti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Villeri
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Dell’Oca
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Marchetti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Cesano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China
| | - Dave Miller
- Cascades Pika Watch, Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR 97221, USA
| | - Louis LaPierre
- Deptartment of Natural Science, Lower Columbia College, Longview, WA 98632, USA
| | - Ilaria Pelassa
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francisco J. Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Ghirardi
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiumara
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Kong L, Domarecka E, Szczepek AJ. Histamine and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Inner Ear: A Scoping Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1101. [PMID: 37509031 PMCID: PMC10376984 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine is a widely distributed biogenic amine with multiple biological functions mediated by specific receptors that determine the local effects of histamine. This review aims to summarize the published findings on the expression and functional roles of histamine receptors in the inner ear and to identify potential research hotspots and gaps. METHODS A search of the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and OVID EMBASE was performed using the keywords histamine, cochlea*, and inner ear. Of the 181 studies identified, 18 eligible publications were included in the full-text analysis. RESULTS All four types of histamine receptors were identified in the mammalian inner ear. The functional studies of histamine in the inner ear were mainly in vitro. Clinical evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors may play a role in Ménière's disease, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. The effects of histamine on hearing development remain unclear. CONCLUSIONS Existing studies have successfully determined the expression of all four histamine receptors in the mammalian inner ear. However, further functional studies are needed to explore the potential of histamine receptors as targets for the treatment of hearing and balance disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Domarecka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka J Szczepek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
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Norton LA, Abdala F, Benoit J. Craniodental anatomy in Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural traits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220084. [PMID: 37183903 PMCID: PMC10184251 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals are diagnosed by more than 30 osteological characters (e.g. squamosal-dentary jaw joint, three inner ear ossicles, etc.) that are readily preserved in the fossil record. However, it is the suite of physiological, soft tissue and behavioural characters (e.g. endothermy, hair, lactation, isocortex and parental care), the evolutionary origins of which have eluded scholars for decades, that most prominently distinguishes living mammals from other amniotes. Here, we review recent works that illustrate how evolutionary changes concentrated in the cranial and dental morphology of mammalian ancestors, the Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes, can potentially be used to document the origin of some of the most crucial defining features of mammals. We discuss how these soft tissue and behavioural traits are highly integrated, and how their evolution is intermingled with that of craniodental traits, thus enabling the tracing of their previously out-of-reach phylogenetic history. Most of these osteological and dental proxies, such as the maxillary canal, bony labyrinth and dental replacement only recently became more easily accessible-thanks, in large part, to the widespread use of X-ray microtomography scanning in palaeontology-because they are linked to internal cranial characters. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sun L, Ping L, Gao R, Zhang B, Chen X. lmo4a Contributes to Zebrafish Inner Ear and Vestibular Development via Regulation of the Bmp Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1371. [PMID: 37510276 PMCID: PMC10378989 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, the development of the inner ear is a delicate process, whereas its relating molecular pathways are still poorly understood. LMO4, an LIM domain-only transcriptional regulator, is drawing an increasing amount of interest for its multiple roles regarding human embryonic development and the modulation of ototoxic side effects of cisplatin including cochlear apoptosis and hearing loss. The aim of the present study is to further explore the role of lmo4a in zebrafish inner ear development and thus explore its functional role. METHODS The Spatial Transcript Omics DataBase was referred to in order to evaluate the expression of lmo4a during the first 24 h of zebrafish development. In situ hybridization was applied to validate and extend the expression profile of lmo4a to 3 days post-fertilization. The morpholino (MO) knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) of lmo4a was applied. Morphological analyses of otic vesical, hair cells, statoacoustic ganglion and semicircular canals were conducted. The swimming pattern of lmo4a KO and MO zebrafish was tracked. In situ hybridization was further applied to verify the expression of genes of the related pathways. Rescue of the phenotype was attempted by blockage of the bmp pathway via heat shock and injection of Dorsomorphin. RESULTS lmo4a is constitutively expressed in the otic placode and otic vesicle during the early stages of zebrafish development. Knockdown and knockout of lmo4a both induced smaller otocysts, less hair cells, immature statoacoustic ganglion and malformed semicircular canals. Abnormal swimming patterns could be observed in both lmo4a MO and KO zebrafish. eya1 in preplacodal ectoderm patterning was downregulated. bmp2 and bmp4 expressions were found to be upregulated and extended in lmo4a morphants, and blockage of the Bmp pathway partially rescued the vestibular defects. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that lmo4a holds a regulative effect on the Bmp pathway and is required for the normal development of zebrafish inner ear. Our study pointed out the conservatism of LMO4 in inner ear development between mammals and zebrafish as well as shed more light on the molecular mechanisms behind it. Further research is needed to distinguish the relationships between lmo4 and the Bmp pathway, which may lead to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches towards human inner ear malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, #1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Lu Ping
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, #9 Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Ruzhen Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, #1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
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Hosoya M, Fujioka M, Okano H, Ozawa H. Mapping of Notch signaling in the developing organ of Corti in common marmosets. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1188886. [PMID: 37351521 PMCID: PMC10282542 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1188886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The well-regulated development of the sensory epithelium is essential for hearing. This process involves the specification of a pro-sensory epithelium containing common progenitors that differentiate into hair and supporting cells. Notch signaling is one of the most critical pathways during these processes, and its modification is thought to be a feasible approach for treating hearing loss. Despite interspecies differences between rodents and primates or humans, most of our current knowledge regarding cochlear development has been obtained from rodent models. Methods We therefore examined and mapped the expression patterns of Notch signal components in the developing cochlea of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small monkey species native to the New World, a primate model animal. Results In contrast to the preserved expression patterns of the Notch signaling components in the hair cell differentiation between primates and rodents, we unveiled relatively large interspecies differences during the maturation of supporting cells. Discussion This improved knowledge of Notch signaling during primate cochlear development will facilitate the development of future regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hosoya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Japan
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Japan
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Japan
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Shen J, Xia X, Sun L, Ma X, Huang B, Hanif Q, Chen N, Qu K, Zhang J, Chen H, Jiang Y, Lei C. Genome-wide association study reveals that the IBSP locus affects ear size in cattle. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:394-401. [PMID: 37016135 PMCID: PMC10238394 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ear size is a classical model for hot climate adaptation following the evolution, but the genetic basis of the traits associated with ear size remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study on 158 cattle to explain the genetic mechanism of ear size. One region on BTA6 between 36.79 and 38.80 Mb included 50 suggestive SNPs and 4 significant SNPs that were significantly associated with ear size. The most significant locus (P = 1.30 × 10-8) was a missense mutation (T250I) on the seventh exon of integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), which had an allele substitution effect of 23.46 cm2 for ear size. Furthermore, this mutation will cause changes in the three-dimensional structure of the protein. To further identify genes underlying this typical feature, we performed a genome scan among nine cattle breeds with different ear sizes by using SweeD. Results suggested that IBSP was under positive selection among four breeds with relatively large ear sizes. The expression levels of IBSP in ear tissues of large- and small-ear cattle were significantly different. A haplotype diversity survey of this missense mutation in worldwide cattle breeds strongly implied that the origin of this missense mutation event was Bos taurus. These findings have important theoretical importance for the exploration of major genes associated with ear size and provide important molecular markers for the identification of cattle germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China
| | - Xiaoting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Luyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650212, China
| | - Quratulain Hanif
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, 577, Pakistan
| | - Ningbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, Yunnan, 675000, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650212, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Latimer AE, Sherratt E, Bonnet T, Scheyer TM. Semicircular canal shape diversity among modern lepidosaurs: life habit, size, allometry. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 37046214 PMCID: PMC10091843 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shape of the semicircular canals of the inner ear of living squamate reptiles has been used to infer phylogenetic relationships, body size, and life habits. Often these inferences are made without controlling for the effects of the other ones. Here we examine the semicircular canals of 94 species of extant limbed lepidosaurs using three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics, and analyze them in phylogenetic context to evaluate the relative contributions of life habit, size, and phylogeny on canal shape. RESULTS Life habit is not a strong predictor of semicircular canal shape across this broad sample. Instead, phylogeny plays a major role in predicting shape, with strong phylogenetic signal in shape as well as size. Allometry has a limited role in canal shape, but inner ear size and body mass are strongly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our wide sampling across limbed squamates suggests that semicircular canal shape and size are predominantly a factor of phylogenetic relatedness. Given the small proportion of variance in semicircular canal shape explained by life habit, it is unlikely that unknown life habit could be deduced from semicircular canal shape alone. Overall, semicircular canal size is a good estimator of body length and even better for body mass in limbed squamates. Semiaquatic taxa tend to be larger and heavier than non-aquatic taxa, but once body size and phylogeny are accounted for, they are hard to distinguish from their non-aquatic relatives based on bony labyrinth shape and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Latimer
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Timothée Bonnet
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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At the root of the mammalian mind: The sensory organs, brain and behavior of pre-mammalian synapsids. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:25-72. [PMID: 36841570 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
All modern mammals are descendants of the paraphyletic non-mammaliaform Synapsida, colloquially referred to as the "mammal-like reptiles." It has long been assumed that these mammalian ancestors were essentially reptile-like in their morphology, biology, and behavior, i.e., they had a small brain, displayed simple behavior, and their sensory organs were unrefined compared to those of modern mammals. Recent works have, however, revealed that neurological, sensory, and behavioral traits previously considered typically mammalian, such as whiskers, enhanced olfaction, nocturnality, parental care, and complex social interactions evolved before the origin of Mammaliaformes, among the early-diverging "mammal-like reptiles." In contrast, an enlarged brain did not evolve immediately after the origin of mammaliaforms. As such, in terms of paleoneurology, the last "mammal-like reptiles" were not significantly different from the earliest mammaliaforms. The abundant data and literature published in the last 10 years no longer supports the "three pulses" scenario of synapsid brain evolution proposed by Rowe and colleagues in 2011, but supports the new "outside-in" model of Rodrigues and colleagues proposed in 2018, instead. As Mesozoic reptiles were becoming the dominant taxa within terrestrial ecosystems, synapsids gradually adapted to smaller body sizes and nocturnality. This resulted in a sensory revolution in synapsids as olfaction, audition, and somatosensation compensated for the loss of visual cues. This altered sensory input is aligned with changes in the brain, the most significant of which was an increase in relative brain size.
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Human cochlear microstructures at risk of electrode insertion trauma, elucidated in 3D with contrast-enhanced microCT. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2191. [PMID: 36750646 PMCID: PMC9905077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implant restores hearing loss through electrical stimulation of the hearing nerve from within the cochlea. Unfortunately, surgical implantation of this neuroprosthesis often traumatizes delicate intracochlear structures, resulting in loss of residual hearing and compromising hearing in noisy environments and appreciation of music. To avoid cochlear trauma, insertion techniques and devices have to be adjusted to the cochlear microanatomy. However, existing techniques were unable to achieve a representative visualization of the human cochlea: classical histology damages the tissues and lacks 3D perspective; standard microCT fails to resolve the cochlear soft tissues; and previously used X-ray contrast-enhancing staining agents are destructive. In this study, we overcame these limitations by performing contrast-enhanced microCT imaging (CECT) with a novel polyoxometalate staining agent Hf-WD POM. With Hf-WD POM-based CECT, we achieved nondestructive, high-resolution, simultaneous, 3D visualization of the mineralized and soft microstructures in fresh-frozen human cochleae. This enabled quantitative analysis of the true intracochlear dimensions and led to anatomical discoveries, concerning surgically-relevant microstructures: the round window membrane, the Rosenthal's canal and the secondary spiral lamina. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Hf-WD POM-based CECT enables quantitative assessment of these structures as well as their trauma.
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Cao R, Takechi M, Wang X, Furutera T, Nojiri T, Koyabu D, Li J. Temporal and regulatory dynamics of the inner ear transcriptome during development in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21196. [PMID: 36476755 PMCID: PMC9729293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear controls hearing and balance, while the temporal molecular signatures and transcriptional regulatory dynamics underlying its development are still unclear. In this study, we investigated time-series transcriptome in the mouse inner ear from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) to postnatal day 7 (P7) using bulk RNA-Seq. A total of 10,822 differentially expressed genes were identified between pairwise stages. We identified nine significant temporal expression profiles using time-series expression analysis. The constantly down-regulated profiles throughout the development are related to DNA activity and neurosensory development, while the constantly upregulated profiles are related to collagen and extracellular matrix. Further co-expression network analysis revealed that several hub genes, such as Pnoc, Cd9, and Krt27, are related to the neurosensory development, cell adhesion, and keratinization. We uncovered three important transcription regulatory paths during mice inner ear development. Transcription factors related to Hippo/TGFβ signaling induced decreased expressions of genes related to the neurosensory and inner ear development, while a series of INF genes activated the expressions of genes in immunoregulation. In addition to deepening our understanding of the temporal and regulatory mechanisms of inner ear development, our transcriptomic data could fuel future multi-species comparative studies and elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of auditory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masaki Takechi
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Xiuwan Wang
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toshiko Furutera
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taro Nojiri
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8550, Japan.
| | - Jun Li
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Maier W, Tröscher A, Ruf I. The orbitotemporal region and the mandibular joint in the skull of shrews (Soricidae, Mammalia). VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e90840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern phylogenetics place the Soricidae (shrews) into the order Lipotyphla, which belongs to the relatively new superorder clade Laurasiatheria. Their most derived skull feature is the unusual position and shape of the jaw articulation: Whereas in all other mammals the glenoid region of the squamosum is more or less tightly attached to the otic capsule or petrosal, respectively, in the soricids it is attached to the nasal capsule. This new position of the jaw articulation becomes possible by the posterior extension of the nasal capsule and the rostral shift of the glenoid fossa. By the study of dated postnatal ontogenetic stages of Crocidura russula and Sorex araneus, we show that the glenoid part of the squamosal becomes fixed to the nasal capsule by the ossified alae orbitalis and temporalis. The ala orbitalis is displaced laterally by the expanded cupula nasi posterior; this posterior expansion is well documented by the lamina terminalis, which incorporates parts of the palatinum and alisphenoid. Both alae consist largely of ‘Zuwachsknochen’ (‘appositional bone’) and are then named orbitosphenoid and alisphenoid. By the forward move of the pars glenoidea and of the alisphenoid, the foramen lacerum medium (‘fenestra piriformis’) also expands rostrally. Functionally, the forward shift of the jaw joint helps to keep the incisal biting force high. Biomechanically the jaws can be considered as a tweezer, and the rostral position of the jaw joints makes the interorbital pillar and the shell-like walls of the facial skull a lever for the highly specialized incisal dentition.
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Goyens J, Baeckens S, Smith ESJ, Pozzi J, Mason MJ. Parallel evolution of semicircular canal form and sensitivity in subterranean mammals. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:627-640. [PMID: 36251041 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate vestibular system is crucial for balance and navigation, and the evolution of its form and function in relation to species' lifestyle and mode of locomotion has been the focus of considerable recent study. Most research, however, has concentrated on aboveground mammals, with much less published on subterranean fauna. Here, we explored variation in anatomy and sensitivity of the semicircular canals among 91 mammal species, including both subterranean and non-subterranean representatives. Quantitative phylogenetically informed analyses showed significant widening of the canals relative to radius of curvature in subterranean species. A relative canal width above 0.166 indicates with 95% certainty that a species is subterranean. Fluid-structure interaction modelling predicted that canal widening leads to a substantial increase in canal sensitivity; a reasonably good estimation of the absolute sensitivity is possible based on the absolute internal canal width alone. In addition, phylogenetic comparative modelling and functional landscape exploration revealed repeated independent evolution of increased relative canal width and anterior canal sensitivity associated with the transition to a subterranean lifestyle, providing evidence of parallel adaptation. Our results suggest that living in dark, subterranean tunnels requires good balance and/or navigation skills which may be facilitated by more sensitive semicircular canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Simon Baeckens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Lab, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jasmine Pozzi
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew J Mason
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Ali S, Esmat A, Erasha A, Yasuda M, Alsafy M. Morphology and morphometry of the inner ear of the dromedary camel and their influence on the efficiency of hearing and equilibrium. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 36303215 PMCID: PMC9615196 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inner ear morphology and size are linked to hearing and balance ability. The goal of this study was to determine the morphology and morphometrics of the dromedary camel's inner ear and how it influences hearing accommodation and equilibrium in the desert environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gross morphology, computed tomography images, and the endocast were used to show the inner ear morphology. A caliper and ImageJ software were used to take measurements on a plastic endocast. RESULTS The presence of the subarcuate fossa, flat cochlea, radii curvature of the semicircular canals, particularly the lateral semicircular canal, orthogonality, and the union between the semicircular canals, along with slightly increased saccule and utricle size, maintains camel balance on sandy ground, even during heavy sandstorms. The cochlear basilar membrane length and cochlea radii ratio aided low-frequency hearing and perception over a wide octave range. CONCLUSION The camel's cochlear characteristics revealed a lengthy basilar membrane, a high radii ratio, 3.0 cochlear canal turns, and a very broad cochlea. The orthogonality of the semicircular canals, the high curvature of the lateral semicircular canal, the presence of the subarcuate fossa, and the confluence between the lateral and posterior semicircular canal were particular specifications that allowed the inner ear of the camel to adapt to desert living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwat Ali
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Abdelraheem Esmat
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Atef Erasha
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Yasuda
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mohamed Alsafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees 10th, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Abstract
The labyrinth of the vertebrate inner ear is a sensory system that governs the perception of head rotations. Central hypotheses predict that labyrinth shape and size are related to ecological adaptations, but this is under debate and has rarely been tested outside of mammals. We analyze the evolution of labyrinth morphology and its ecological drivers in living and fossil turtles, an understudied group that underwent multiple locomotory transitions during 230 million years of evolution. We show that turtles have unexpectedly large labyrinths that evolved during the origin of aquatic habits. Turtle labyrinths are relatively larger than those of mammals, and comparable to many birds, undermining the hypothesis that labyrinth size correlates directly with agility across vertebrates. We also find that labyrinth shape variation does not correlate with ecology in turtles, undermining the widespread expectation that reptilian labyrinth shapes convey behavioral signal, and demonstrating the importance of understudied groups, like turtles. The size and shape of the inner ear, or bony labyrinth, is thought to be related to ecological adaptations in vertebrates. Here, the authors examine this relationship in turtles across 230 million years of evolution, unexpectedly finding large labyrinth size and no association with ecology.
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22
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Le Maître A, Guy F, Merceron G, Kostopoulos DS. Morphology of the Bony Labyrinth Supports the Affinities of Paradolichopithecus with the Papionina. INT J PRIMATOL 2022; 44:209-236. [PMID: 36817734 PMCID: PMC9931825 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Discoveries in recent decades indicate that the large papionin monkeys Paradolipopithecus and Procynocephalus are key members of the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene mammalian faunas of Eurasia. However, their taxonomical status, phylogenetic relationships, and ecological profile remain unclear. Here we investigate the two latter aspects through the study of the inner ear anatomy, as revealed by applying micro-CT scan imaging techniques on the cranium LGPUT DFN3-150 of Paradolichopithecus from the lower Pleistocene (2.3 Ma) fossil site Dafnero-3 in Northwestern Greece. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified shape variation and the allometric and phylogenetic signals in extant cercopithecines (n = 80), and explored the morphological affinities of the fossil specimen with extant taxa. LGPUT DFN3-150 has a large centroid size similar to that of baboons and their relatives. It shares several shape features with Macacina and Cercopithecini, which we interpret as probable retention of a primitive morphology. Overall, its inner ear morphology is more consistent with a stem Papionini more closely related to Papionina than Macacina, or to a basal crown Papionina. Our results, along with morphometrical and ecological features from previous studies, call into question the traditional hypothesis of a Paradolichopithecus-Macacina clade, and provide alternative perspectives in the study of Eurasian primate evolution during the late Neogene-Quaternary. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10764-022-00329-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Le Maître
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Franck Guy
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gildas Merceron
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Dimitris S Kostopoulos
- Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kim KW, Hwang JS, Chang J, Shin YJ. Association of Dry Eye Diseases and Auditory Sensitivity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144171. [PMID: 35887934 PMCID: PMC9318287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association between dry eye and inner ear diseases in a Korean population. Methods: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES V, 2010−2012), a national cross-sectional health examination and survey, were collected by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The association between dry eye and inner ear disease was determined using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. The individuals were divided into two age groups (<60 and ≥60 years). Results: In total, 17,542 individuals (n = 11,932 in the <60 years group and n = 5610 in the ≥60 years group) were enrolled. After adjusting for confounding factors, the logistic regression model revealed that the associated factors were dizziness and loss of balance experience (OR, 1.315; 95% CI, 1.143−1.513), self-awareness of abnormal voice (OR, 1.372; 95% CI, 1.120−1.679), subjective hearing discomfort (OR, 1.278; CI, 1.084−1.506), and tinnitus (OR, 1.265; 95% CI, 1.101−1.453). The inversely associated factor for dry eye was bilateral hearing loss (OR, 0.497; 95% CI, 0.367−0.672). The hearing threshold was lower in the dry eye group than in the non-dry eye group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Tinnitus was associated with dry eye and bilateral hearing loss was inversely associated with dry eye. These results suggest that hypersensitivity of the senses and nerves, which is neuropathic hyperesthesia, is one of the main mechanisms of dry eye. Treatment of neuropathy may help in treating dry eye associated with dizziness or tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Wook Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (K.W.K.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea;
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (K.W.K.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea;
| | - Jiwon Chang
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (K.W.K.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6960-1240
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Nguyen TN, Park JS. Intratympanic drug delivery systems to treat inner ear impairments. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Mackowetzky K, Dicipulo R, Fox SC, Philibert DA, Todesco H, Doshi JD, Kawakami K, Tierney K, Waskiewicz AJ. Retinoic acid signaling regulates late stages of semicircular canal morphogenesis and otolith maintenance in the zebrafish inner ear. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1798-1815. [PMID: 35710880 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (RA) regulates early stages of inner ear development. As the early disruption of the RA pathway results in profound mispatterning of the developing inner ear, this confounds analyses of specific roles in later stages. Therefore, we used the temporal-specific exposure of all-trans RA or diethylaminobenzaldehyde to evaluate RA functions in late otic development. RESULTS Perturbing late RA signaling causes behavioral defects analogous to those expected in larvae suffering from vestibular dysfunction. These larvae also demonstrate malformations of the semi-circular canals, as visualized through (a) use of the transgenic strain nkhspdmc12a, a fluorescent reporter expressed in otic epithelium; and (b) injection of the fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI. We also noted the altered expression of genes encoding ECM proteins or modifying enzymes. Other malformations of the inner ear observed in our work include the loss or reduced size of the utricular and saccular otoliths, suggesting a role for RA in otolith maintenance. CONCLUSION Our work has identified a previously undescribed late phase of RA activity in otic development, demonstrating that vestibular defects observed in human patients in relation to perturbed RA signaling are not solely due to its early disruption in otic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Mackowetzky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renée Dicipulo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabrina C Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hayley Todesco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jainil D Doshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keith Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Hosoya M, Fujioka M, Okahara J, Yoshimatsu S, Okano H, Ozawa H. Early development of the cochlea of the common marmoset, a non-human primate model. Neural Dev 2022; 17:6. [PMID: 35524278 PMCID: PMC9077934 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-022-00162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fine-tuned cochlear development is essential for hearing. Owing to the difficulty in using early human fetal samples, most of our knowledge regarding cochlear development has been obtained from rodents. However, several inter-species differences in cochlear development between rodents and humans have been reported. To bridge these differences, we investigated early otic development of a non-human primate model animal, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Methods We examined 20 genes involved in early cochlear development and described the critical developmental steps for morphogenesis, which have been reported to vary between rodents and marmosets. Results The results revealed that several critical genes involved in prosensory epithelium specifications showed higher inter-species differences, suggesting that the molecular process for hair cell lineage acquisition in primates differs considerably from that of rodents. We also observed that the tempo of cochlear development was three times slower in the primate than in rodents. Conclusions Our data provide new insights into early cochlear development in primates and humans and imply that the procedures used for manipulating rodent cochlear sensory cells cannot be directly used for the research of primate cells due to the intrinsic inter-species differences in the cell fate determination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hosoya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Junko Okahara
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama, 351-0193, Japan.,Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshimatsu
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama, 351-0193, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama, 351-0193, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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27
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Zedda M, Brunetti A, Palombo MR. First Attempt to Infer Sound Hearing and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications in the Extinct Insular Canid Cynotherium sardous Studiati, 1857 (Sardinia, Italy). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070833. [PMID: 35405823 PMCID: PMC8996844 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The microtomographic approach allows nondestructive acquisition of anatomical details of the bone labyrinth that houses the inner ear. The petrosal bone can be a gold mine of information for a variety of questions in different research fields, including taxonomic, behavioral, and genetic studies. The semicircular canals provide information on head posture and locomotor ability, whereas the cochlea provides data on hearing ability. The petrosal bone is the hardest structure in the skeleton and could be well preserved in fossil specimens. As a result, it is becoming more and more popular in current archaeological and paleontological studies. In this study, petrosal microtomographic analysis was applied for the first time to Cynotherium sardous, a highly modified endemic canid that inhabited Sardinia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. Indications about its hearing ability may provide interesting insights to better understand the new lifestyle and behavior this canid acquired during the long evolutionary process it underwent in the peculiar insular ecosystem with a depleted fauna. The poor hearing and echolocalization capabilities of Cynotherium sardous would have been the outcome of reduced competition pressure due to the absence of predators and the abundance of prey, such as the large ochotonid Prolagus sardus, while the high-frequency hearing could be interpreted as an adaptation to detect sounds emitted by its preferred prey. Abstract This is the first study on the bony labyrinth of Cynotherium sardous, an intriguing extinct canid that inhabited Sardinia in the late Middle and Late Pleistocene. The morphological features of the cochlea indicate that C. sardous had a lower number of cochlear turns (2.25) than all extant canids. This feature, as well as the reduced length of the spiral canal, the cochlear curvature rate, and the narrow basal membrane, indicates that C. sardous had poor hearing abilities limited to high-frequency sounds with a low limit of 250 Hz and poor echolocalization skills. From the data available, it is not possible to infer whether C. sardous was unable to echolocalize its prey and relied on other senses (e.g., smell and sight) to locate them or whether the acoustic range of C. sardous was specialized for identifying the sounds produced by its most common prey to transmit signals for predator warnings or group communication. All things considered, the results obtained confirm the utility of cochlea morphological studies in reconstructing the hearing abilities of this species and in providing some suggestions about its ethology, but they fall short of providing any new sound evidence regarding the ecological role of C. sardous in the Late Pleistocene Sardinian ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zedda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-583
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Palombo
- CNR-IGAG c/o Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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28
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Aydin O, Passaro AP, Raman R, Spellicy SE, Weinberg RP, Kamm RD, Sample M, Truskey GA, Zartman J, Dar RD, Palacios S, Wang J, Tordoff J, Montserrat N, Bashir R, Saif MTA, Weiss R. Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:010903. [PMID: 35274072 PMCID: PMC8893975 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in bioengineering over the past two decades has enabled the formulation of fundamental design principles for a variety of medical and non-medical applications. These advancements have laid the foundation for building multicellular engineered living systems (M-CELS) from biological parts, forming functional modules integrated into living machines. These cognizant design principles for living systems encompass novel genetic circuit manipulation, self-assembly, cell-cell/matrix communication, and artificial tissues/organs enabled through systems biology, bioinformatics, computational biology, genetic engineering, and microfluidics. Here, we introduce design principles and a blueprint for forward production of robust and standardized M-CELS, which may undergo variable reiterations through the classic design-build-test-debug cycle. This Review provides practical and theoretical frameworks to forward-design, control, and optimize novel M-CELS. Potential applications include biopharmaceuticals, bioreactor factories, biofuels, environmental bioremediation, cellular computing, biohybrid digital technology, and experimental investigations into mechanisms of multicellular organisms normally hidden inside the "black box" of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ritu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Robert P. Weinberg
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Matthew Sample
- Center for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - George A. Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jeremiah Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roy D. Dar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sebastian Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jesse Tordoff
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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29
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The Shape of the Olfactory Bulb Predicts Olfactory Function. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020128. [PMID: 35203892 PMCID: PMC8870545 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) plays a key role in the processing of olfactory information. A large body of research has shown that OB volumes correlate with olfactory function, which provides diagnostic and prognostic information in olfactory dysfunction. Still, the potential value of the OB shape remains unclear. Based on our clinical experience we hypothesized that the shape of the OB predicts olfactory function, and that it is linked to olfactory loss, age, and gender. The aim of this study was to produce a classification of OB shape in the human brain, scalable to clinical and research applications. Results from patients with the five most frequent causes of olfactory dysfunction (n = 192) as well as age/gender-matched healthy controls (n = 77) were included. Olfactory function was examined in great detail using the extended “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. A high-resolution structural T2-weighted MRI scan was obtained for all. The planimetric contours (surface in mm2) of OB were delineated manually, and then all surfaces were added and multiplied to obtain the OB volume in mm3. OB shapes were outlined manually and characterized on a selected slice through the posterior coronal plane tangential to the eyeballs. We looked at OB shapes in terms of convexity and defined two patterns/seven categories based on OB contours: convex (olive, circle, and plano-convex) and non-convex (banana, irregular, plane, and scattered). Categorization of OB shapes is possible with a substantial inter-rater agreement (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.73). Our results suggested that non-convex OB patterns were significantly more often observed in patients than in controls. OB shapes were correlated with olfactory function in the whole group, independent of age, gender, and OB volume. OB shapes seemed to change with age in healthy subjects. Importantly, the results indicated that OB shapes were associated with certain causes of olfactory disorders, i.e., an irregular OB shape was significantly more often observed in post-traumatic olfactory loss. Our study provides evidence that the shape of the OB can be used as a biomarker for olfactory dysfunction.
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30
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ONISHI S, MURAI A, KITO A, KAWASHIMA Y, OHMORI Y, KATO A. A simple specimen preparation method for histopathological evaluation of vestibular organs. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:275-279. [PMID: 35832898 PMCID: PMC9256003 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi ONISHI
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsuko MURAI
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Aki KITO
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Yuka KAWASHIMA
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Yusuke OHMORI
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko KATO
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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31
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Elferich J, Clark S, Ge J, Goehring A, Matsui A, Gouaux E. Molecular structures and conformations of protocadherin-15 and its complexes on stereocilia elucidated by cryo-electron tomography. eLife 2021; 10:74512. [PMID: 34964715 PMCID: PMC8776254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory transduction (MT), the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, underpins hearing and balance and is carried out within hair cells in the inner ear. Hair cells harbor actin-filled stereocilia, arranged in rows of descending heights, where the tips of stereocilia are connected to their taller neighbors by a filament composed of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23), deemed the ‘tip link.’ Tension exerted on the tip link opens an ion channel at the tip of the shorter stereocilia, thus converting mechanical force into an electrical signal. While biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the molecular composition and structure of isolated portions of the tip link, the architecture, location, and conformational states of intact tip links, on stereocilia, remains unknown. Here, we report in situ cryo-electron microscopy imaging of the tip link in mouse stereocilia. We observe individual PCDH15 molecules at the tip and shaft of stereocilia and determine their stoichiometry, conformational heterogeneity, and their complexes with other filamentous proteins, perhaps including CDH23. The PCDH15 complexes occur in clusters, frequently with more than one copy of PCDH15 at the tip of stereocilia, suggesting that tip links might consist of more than one copy of PCDH15 complexes and, by extension, might include multiple MT complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Elferich
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Sarah Clark
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jingpeng Ge
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - April Goehring
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Aya Matsui
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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32
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Mammalian Petrosals from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Utah, USA) Reveal Non-canonical Evolution of Middle and Inner Ear Characters. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Lin X, Luo J, Tan J, Yang L, Wang M, Li P. Experimental animal models of drug-induced sensorineural hearing loss: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1393. [PMID: 34733945 PMCID: PMC8506545 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective This narrative review describes experimental animal models of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) caused by ototoxic agents. Background SNHL primarily results from damage to the sensory organ within the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). The main etiology of SNHL includes genetic diseases, presbycusis, ototoxic agents, infection, and noise exposure. Animal models with functional and anatomic damage to the sensory organ within the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve mimicking the damage seen in humans are employed to explore the mechanism and potential treatment of SNHL. These animal models of SNHL are commonly established using ototoxic agents. Methods A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed for research articles on hearing loss and ototoxic agents in animal models of hearing loss. Conclusions Common ototoxic medications such as aminoglycoside antibiotics (AABs) and platinum antitumor drugs are extensively used to induce SNHL in experimental animals. The effect of ototoxic agents in vivo is influenced by the chemical mechanisms of the ototoxic agents, the species of animal, routes of administration of the ototoxic agents, and the dosage of ototoxic agents. Animal models of drug-induced SNHL contribute to understanding the hearing mechanism and reveal the function of different parts of the auditory system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingqian Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luoying Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mitian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Yuedong Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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34
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Lei IM, Jiang C, Lei CL, de Rijk SR, Tam YC, Swords C, Sutcliffe MPF, Malliaras GG, Bance M, Huang YYS. 3D printed biomimetic cochleae and machine learning co-modelling provides clinical informatics for cochlear implant patients. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6260. [PMID: 34716306 PMCID: PMC8556326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implants restore hearing in patients with severe to profound deafness by delivering electrical stimuli inside the cochlea. Understanding stimulus current spread, and how it correlates to patient-dependent factors, is hampered by the poor accessibility of the inner ear and by the lack of clinically-relevant in vitro, in vivo or in silico models. Here, we present 3D printing-neural network co-modelling for interpreting electric field imaging profiles of cochlear implant patients. With tuneable electro-anatomy, the 3D printed cochleae can replicate clinical scenarios of electric field imaging profiles at the off-stimuli positions. The co-modelling framework demonstrated autonomous and robust predictions of patient profiles or cochlear geometry, unfolded the electro-anatomical factors causing current spread, assisted on-demand printing for implant testing, and inferred patients' in vivo cochlear tissue resistivity (estimated mean = 6.6 kΩcm). We anticipate our framework will facilitate physical modelling and digital twin innovations for neuromodulation implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iek Man Lei
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chon Lok Lei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Rosalie de Rijk
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Chuen Tam
- Emmeline Centre for Hearing Implants, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Swords
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neurosciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manohar Bance
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Yan Yan Shery Huang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. .,The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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35
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Ghilardi M, Schiettekatte NMD, Casey JM, Brandl SJ, Degregori S, Mercière A, Morat F, Letourneur Y, Bejarano S, Parravicini V. Phylogeny, body morphology, and trophic level shape intestinal traits in coral reef fishes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13218-13231. [PMID: 34646464 PMCID: PMC8495780 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are increasingly used to study species assemblages and understand ecosystem functioning. The strength of these approaches lies in the appropriate choice of functional traits that relate to the functions of interest. However, trait-function relationships are often supported by weak empirical evidence.Processes related to digestion and nutrient assimilation are particularly challenging to integrate into trait-based approaches. In fishes, intestinal length is commonly used to describe these functions. Although there is broad consensus concerning the relationship between fish intestinal length and diet, evolutionary and environmental forces have shaped a diversity of intestinal morphologies that is not captured by length alone.Focusing on coral reef fishes, we investigate how evolutionary history and ecology shape intestinal morphology. Using a large dataset encompassing 142 species across 31 families collected in French Polynesia, we test how phylogeny, body morphology, and diet relate to three intestinal morphological traits: intestinal length, diameter, and surface area.We demonstrate that phylogeny, body morphology, and trophic level explain most of the interspecific variability in fish intestinal morphology. Despite the high degree of phylogenetic conservatism, taxonomically unrelated herbivorous fishes exhibit similar intestinal morphology due to adaptive convergent evolution. Furthermore, we show that stomachless, durophagous species have the widest intestines to compensate for the lack of a stomach and allow passage of relatively large undigested food particles.Rather than traditionally applied metrics of intestinal length, intestinal surface area may be the most appropriate trait to characterize intestinal morphology in functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ghilardi
- Reef Systems Research GroupDepartment of EcologyLeibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT)BremenGermany
- Department of Marine EcologyFaculty of Biology and ChemistryUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
| | - Nina M. D. Schiettekatte
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
| | - Jordan M. Casey
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
- Department of Marine ScienceMarine Science InstituteUniversity of Texas at AustinPort AransasTXUSA
| | - Simon J. Brandl
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
- Department of Marine ScienceMarine Science InstituteUniversity of Texas at AustinPort AransasTXUSA
- CESABCentre for the Synthesis and Analysis of BiodiversityInstitut Bouisson BertrandMontpellierFrance
| | - Samuel Degregori
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Alexandre Mercière
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
| | - Fabien Morat
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
| | - Yves Letourneur
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
- UMR ENTROPIE (UR‐IRD‐CNRS‐IFREMER‐UNC)Université de la Nouvelle‐CalédonieNouméa CedexNew Caledonia
| | - Sonia Bejarano
- Reef Systems Research GroupDepartment of EcologyLeibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT)BremenGermany
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRSUSR3278 CRIOBEPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”PerpignanFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
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36
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Racicot R. Evolution of whale sensory ecology: Frontiers in nondestructive anatomical investigations. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:736-752. [PMID: 34546007 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies surrounding the evolution of sensory system anatomy in cetaceans over the last ~100 years have shed light on aspects of the early evolution of hearing sensitivities, the small relative size of the organ of balance (semicircular canals and vestibule), brain (endocast) shape and relative volume changes, and ontogenetic development of sensory-related structures. Here, I review advances in our knowledge of sensory system anatomy as informed by the use of nondestructive imaging techniques, with a focus on applied methods in computed tomography (CT and μCT), and identify the key questions that remain to be addressed. Of these, the most important are: Is lower frequency hearing sensitivity the ancestral condition for whales? Did echolocation evolve more than once in odontocetes; and if so, when and why? How has the structure of the cetacean brain changed, through the evolution of whales, and does this correspond to changes in hearing sensitivities? Finally, what are the general pathways of ontogenetic development of sensory systems in odontocetes and mysticetes? Answering these questions will allow us to understand important macroevolutionary patterns in a fully aquatic mammalian group and provides baseline data on species for which we have limited biological information because of logistical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Racicot
- Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturkundemuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Ketten DR, Simmons JA, Riquimaroux H, Simmons AM. Functional Analyses of Peripheral Auditory System Adaptations for Echolocation in Air vs. Water. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.661216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarity of acoustic tasks performed by odontocete (toothed whale) and microchiropteran (insectivorous bat) biosonar suggests they may have common ultrasonic signal reception and processing mechanisms. However, there are also significant media and prey dependent differences, notably speed of sound and wavelengths in air vs. water, that may be reflected in adaptations in their auditory systems and peak spectra of out-going signals for similarly sized prey. We examined the anatomy of the peripheral auditory system of two species of FM bat (big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus; Japanese house bat Pipistrellus abramus) and two toothed whales (harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena; bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus) using ultra high resolution (11–100 micron) isotropic voxel computed tomography (helical and microCT). Significant differences were found for oval and round window location, cochlear length, basilar membrane gradients, neural distributions, cochlear spiral morphometry and curvature, and basilar membrane suspension distributions. Length correlates with body mass, not hearing ranges. High and low frequency hearing range cut-offs correlate with basilar membrane thickness/width ratios and the cochlear radius of curvature. These features are predictive of high and low frequency hearing limits in all ears examined. The ears of the harbor porpoise, the highest frequency echolocator in the study, had significantly greater stiffness, higher basal basilar membrane ratios, and bilateral bony support for 60% of the basilar membrane length. The porpoise’s basilar membrane includes a “foveal” region with “stretched” frequency representation and relatively constant membrane thickness/width ratio values similar to those reported for some bat species. Both species of bats and the harbor porpoise displayed unusual stapedial input locations and low ratios of cochlear radii, specializations that may enhance higher ultrasonic frequency signal resolution and deter low frequency cochlear propagation.
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Verma R, Vyas P, Kaur J, Javed MN, Sarafroz M, Ahmad M, Gilani SJ, Taleuzzaman M. Approaches for ear-targeted delivery systems in neurosensory disorders to avoid chronic hearing loss mediated neurological diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:479-491. [PMID: 34477535 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210903102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Hearing loss is a common audio-vestibular-related neurosensory disability of inner ears, in which patients exhibit clinical symptoms of dizziness, gait unsteadiness, and oscillopsia, at an initial stage. While, if such disorders are untreated for a prolonged duration then the progression of disease into a chronic state significantly decreases GABA level as well as an alteration in the neurotransmission of CNS systems. Hence, to control the progression of disease into a chronic state, timely and targeted delivery of the drug into the site of action in the ear is now attracting the interest of neurologists for effective and safe treatment of such disorders. Among delivery systems, owing to small dimension, better penetration, rate-controlled release, higher bioavailability; nanocarriers are preferred to overcome delivery barriers, improvement in residence time, and enhanced the performance of loaded drugs. Subsequently, these carriers also stabilize encapsulated drugs while the opportunity to modify the surface of carriers favors guided direction for site-specific targeting. Conventional routes of drug delivery such as oral. intravenous, and intramuscular are poorer in performance because of inadequate blood supply to the inner ear and limited penetration of blood-inner ear barrier. CONCLUSION This review summarized novel aspects of non-invasive and biocompatible nanoparticles-based approaches for targeted delivery of drugs into the cochlea of the ear to reduce the rate, and extent of the emergence of any hearing loss mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohammad Sarafroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, City Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Makhmur Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Buraydah College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, P.O Box- 31717, Buraydah- 51452, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- College of Basic Health Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Taleuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur, 342802, Rajasthan, India
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Moore AM, Hartstone-Rose A, Gonzalez-Socoloske D. Review of sensory modalities of sirenians and the other extant Paenungulata clade. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:715-735. [PMID: 34424615 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extant members of Paenungulata (sirenians, proboscideans, and hyracoideans) form a monophyletic clade which originated in Africa. While paenungulates are all herbivorous, they differ greatly in size, life history, and habitat. Therefore, we would expect both phylogenetically related similarities and ecologically driven differences in their use and specializations of sensory systems, especially in adaptations in sirenians related to their fully aquatic habitat. Here we review what is known about the sensory modalities of this clade in an attempt to better elucidate their sensory adaptations. Manatees have a higher frequency range for hearing than elephants, who have the best low-frequency hearing range known to mammals, while the hearing range of hyraxes is unknown. All paenungulates have vibrissae assisting in tactile abilities such as feeding and navigating the environment and share relatively small eyes and dichromatic vision. Taste buds are present in varying quantities in all three orders. While the olfactory abilities of manatees and hyraxes are unknown, elephants have an excellent sense of smell which is reflected by having the relatively largest cranial nerve related to olfaction among the three lineages. Manatees have the relatively largest trigeminal nerve-the nerve responsible for, among other things, mystacial vibrissae-while hyraxes have the relatively largest optic nerve (and therefore, presumably, the best vision) among the Paenungulata. All three orders have diverged significantly; however, they still retain some anatomical and physiological adaptations in common with regard to sensory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marie Moore
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Intelligent Segmentation Algorithm for Diagnosis of Meniere's Disease in the Inner Auditory Canal Using MRI Images with Three-Dimensional Level Set. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2021; 2021:2329313. [PMID: 34366724 PMCID: PMC8315872 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2329313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to explore segmentation effects of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the inner auditory canal of patients with Meniere's disease under the intelligent segmentation method of the inner ear based on three-dimensional (3D) level set (IS3DLS). The statistical shape model and the level set segmentation algorithm were combined to propose the IS3DLS. First, the shape training samples of the inner ear model were determined, and the results were manually segmented to further obtain region of interest (ROI) of the inner ear. The IS3DLS was employed to accurately segment MRI images of the inner auditory canal of patients with Meniere's disease. The segmentation performance of IS3DLS was compared with the expert manual segmentation method and the region growth level set-based segmentation algorithm. Results showed that Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), false positive rate (FPR), and false negative rate (FNR) of this algorithm were 0.9599, 0.9594, 0.0325, and 0.03655, respectively. Therefore, the IS3DLS could achieve good segmentation effect in MRI images of the inner auditory canal of patients with Meniere's disease, which was helpful for diagnosis and subsequent treatment of Meniere's disease.
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Ruf I, Meng J, Fostowicz-Frelik Ł. Anatomy of the Nasal and Auditory Regions of the Fossil Lagomorph Palaeolagus haydeni: Systematic and Evolutionary Implications. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.636110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palaeolagus, a late Eocene to early Miocene North American lagomorph genus, represented by numerous and well-preserved specimens, has been long considered a basal leporid, although it is currently understood as a stem lagomorph. Based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) data and 3D reconstructions, here we present the first description of intracranial structures of the nasal and auditory regions of a complete skull of Palaeolagus haydeni from the early Oligocene of Nebraska. Although Palaeolagus haydeni shows a puzzling mixture of extant leporid and ochotonid characters, it helps to polarize and re-evaluate already known lagomorph intracranial characters based on outgroup comparison with Rodentia and Scandentia. Common derived features of Palaeolagus haydeni and extant Lagomorpha are the dendritic maxilloturbinal and the excavated nasoturbinal that contacts the lamina semicircularis. Generally, Palaeolagus haydeni and Leporidae have several characters in common, some of which are certainly plesiomorphic (e.g., thin wall of bulla tympani and flat conic cochlea). Palaeolagus haydeni resembles Leporidae in having an interturbinal between the two frontoturbinals, and three ethmoturbinals plus one interturbinal between ethmoturbinal I and II. Now, this should also be regarded as a plesiomorphic grundplan pattern for Leporidae whereas ochotonids are derived from the lagomorph grundplan as concerns the number of frontoturbinals. Concerning the middle ear, Palaeolagus haydeni significantly contributes to the polarization of the anterior anchoring of the malleus in extant lagomorphs. Palaeolagus haydeni resembles the pattern observed in early ontogenetic stages of Ochotonidae, i.e., the attachment of the malleus to the ectotympanic via a short processus anterior. The patterns in adult ochotonids and leporids now can be regarded as two different and apomorphic character states. Autapomorphic characters of Palaeolagus haydeni are the reduced frontoturbinal 2 and the additional anterolaterally oriented process of the lamina semicircularis. Interestingly, among the investigated intracranial structures the loss of the secondary crus commune is the only apomorphic grundplan character of crown Lagomorpha.
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42
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Choiniere JN, Neenan JM, Schmitz L, Ford DP, Chapelle KEJ, Balanoff AM, Sipla JS, Georgi JA, Walsh SA, Norell MA, Xu X, Clark JM, Benson RBJ. Evolution of vision and hearing modalities in theropod dinosaurs. Science 2021; 372:610-613. [PMID: 33958472 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Owls and nightbirds are nocturnal hunters of active prey that combine visual and hearing adaptations to overcome limits on sensory performance in low light. Such sensory innovations are unknown in nonavialan theropod dinosaurs and are poorly characterized on the line that leads to birds. We investigate morphofunctional proxies of vision and hearing in living and extinct theropods and demonstrate deep evolutionary divergences of sensory modalities. Nocturnal predation evolved early in the nonavialan lineage Alvarezsauroidea, signaled by extreme low-light vision and increases in hearing sensitivity. The Late Cretaceous alvarezsauroid Shuvuuia deserti had even further specialized hearing acuity, rivaling that of today's barn owl. This combination of sensory adaptations evolved independently in dinosaurs long before the modern bird radiation and provides a notable example of convergence between dinosaurs and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah N Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - James M Neenan
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.,Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Scripps, and Pitzer Colleges, 925 N Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA.,Dinosaur Institute, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - David P Ford
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kimberley E J Chapelle
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Amy M Balanoff
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Justin S Sipla
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, 100 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Justin A Georgi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Stig A Walsh
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.,School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Mark A Norell
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Xing Xu
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xizhimenwai Street, Beijing 100044, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
| | - James M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Pleštilová L, Hrouzková E, Burda H, Meheretu Y, Šumbera R. Ear morphology in two root-rat species (genus Tachyoryctes) differing in the degree of fossoriality. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:469-478. [PMID: 33956210 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is supposed that the subterranean lifestyle in mammals is reflected in ear morphology and tuning of hearing to low frequencies. We studied two root-rat species to see if their ear morphology reflects the difference in the amount of their surface activity. Whereas the more subterranean Tachyoryctes splendens possesses shorter pinnae as expected, it has smaller bullae compared to the more epigeic Tachyoryctes macrocephalus. The ratio between the eardrum and the stapedial footplate area and the ratio between the mallear and the incudal lever were lower in T. splendens (19.3 ± 0.3 and 1.9 ± 0.0, respectively) than in T. macrocephalus (21.8 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.1), probably reflecting the latter's higher surface activity. The cochlea in both species has 3.5 coils, yet the basilar membrane is longer in the smaller T. splendens (13.0 ± 0.5 versus 11.4 ± 0.7 mm), which indicates its wider hearing range and/or higher sensitivity (to some frequencies). In both root-rat species, the highest density of outer hair cells (OHC) was in the apical part of the cochlea, while the highest density of inner hair cells (IHC) was in its middle part. This OHC density pattern corresponds with good low-frequency hearing, whereas the IHC pattern suggests sensitivity to higher frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pleštilová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ema Hrouzková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Yonas Meheretu
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Mekelle, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Radim Šumbera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Sawamura S, Ogata G, Asai K, Razvina O, Ota T, Zhang Q, Madhurantakam S, Akiyama K, Ino D, Kanzaki S, Saiki T, Matsumoto Y, Moriyama M, Saijo Y, Horii A, Einaga Y, Hibino H. Analysis of Pharmacokinetics in the Cochlea of the Inner Ear. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633505. [PMID: 34012393 PMCID: PMC8128070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss affects >5% of the global population and therefore, has a great social and clinical impact. Sensorineural hearing loss, which can be caused by different factors, such as acoustic trauma, aging, and administration of certain classes of drugs, stems primarily from a dysfunction of the cochlea in the inner ear. Few therapeutic strategies against sensorineural hearing loss are available. To develop effective treatments for this disease, it is crucial to precisely determine the behavior of ototoxic and therapeutic agents in the microenvironment of the cochlea in live animals. Since the 1980s, a number of studies have addressed this issue by different methodologies. However, there is much less information on pharmacokinetics in the cochlea than that in other organs; the delay in ontological pharmacology is likely due to technical difficulties with accessing the cochlea, a tiny organ that is encased with a bony wall and has a fine and complicated internal structure. In this review, we not only summarize the observations and insights obtained in classic and recent studies on pharmacokinetics in the cochlea but also describe relevant analytical techniques, with their strengths, limitations, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishiro Sawamura
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Olga Razvina
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.,G-MedEx Office, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeru Ota
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sasya Madhurantakam
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koei Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Saiki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Moriyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Saijo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Osaka, Japan
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45
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MacPhee R, Del Pino SH, Kramarz A, Forasiepi AM, Bond M, Sulser RB. Cranial Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2021. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.D.E. MacPhee
- Department of Mammalogy/Vertebrate Zoology and Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History
| | | | - Alejandro Kramarz
- Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariano Bond
- Departamento Científico de Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - R. Benjamin Sulser
- Department of Mammalogy/Vertebrate Zoology and Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History
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Exploring the biomechanical responses of human cupula by numerical analysis of temperature experiments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8208. [PMID: 33859270 PMCID: PMC8050243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular receptor of cupula acts an important role in maintaining body balance. However, the cupula buried in the semicircular canals (SCCs) will be destroyed if it is detached from the relevant environment. The mechanical properties of human cupula still remain ambiguous. In this paper, we explored the cupula responses changing with temperature by experiments and numerical simulation of SCCs model. We obtained 3 volunteers’ nystagmus induced by constant angular acceleration when the temperature of volunteers’ SCCs was 36 °C and 37 °C respectively. The slow-phase velocity of 3 volunteers decreased by approximately 3°/s when the temperature of SCCs reduced by 1 °C, which corresponded to the reduction of cupula deformation by 0.3–0.8 μm in the numerical model. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of the variation of endolymphatic properties induced by temperature reduction on cupula deformation through numerical simulation. We found that the decrease of cupula deformation was not caused by the change of endolymphatic properties, but probably by the increase of cupula’s elastic modulus. With the temperature reducing by 1 °C, the cupula’s elastic modulus may increase by 6–20%, suggesting that the stiffness of cupula is enhanced. This exploration of temperature characteristic of human cupula promotes the research of alleviating vestibular diseases.
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Tang S, Yonezawa T, Maeda Y, Ono M, Maeba T, Miyoshi T, Momota R, Tomono Y, Oohashi T. Lack of collagen α6(IV) chain in mice does not cause severe-to-profound hearing loss or cochlear malformation, a distinct phenotype from nonsyndromic hearing loss with COL4A6 missense mutation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249909. [PMID: 33848312 PMCID: PMC8043391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hearing loss affects 1 in every 1000 births, with genetic mutations contributing to more than 50% of all cases. X-linked nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss is associated with six loci (DFNX1-6) and five genes. Recently, the missense mutation (c.1771G>A, p.Gly591Ser) in COL4A6, encoding the basement membrane (BM) collagen α6(IV) chain, was shown to be associated with X-linked congenital nonsyndromic hearing loss with cochlear malformation. However, the mechanism by which the COL4A6 mutation impacts hereditary hearing loss has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we investigated Col4a6 knockout (KO) effects on hearing function and cochlear formation in mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that the collagen α6(IV) chain was distributed throughout the mouse cochlea within subepithelial BMs underlying the interdental cells, inner sulcus cells, basilar membrane, outer sulcus cells, root cells, Reissner's membrane, and perivascular BMs in the spiral limbus, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis. However, the click-evoked auditory brainstem response analysis did not show significant changes in the hearing threshold of Col4a6 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice with the same genetic background. In addition, the cochlear structures of Col4a6 KO mice did not exhibit morphological alterations, according to the results of high-resolution micro-computed tomography and histology. Hence, loss of Col4a6 gene expression in mice showed normal click ABR thresholds and normal cochlear formation, which differs from humans with the COL4A6 missense mutation c.1771G>A, p.Gly591Ser. Therefore, the deleterious effects in the auditory system caused by the missense mutation in COL4A6 are likely due to the dominant-negative effects of the α6(IV) chain and/or α5α6α5(IV) heterotrimer with an aberrant structure that would not occur in cases with loss of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yonezawa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yukihide Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Momota
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomono
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Hearing Loss Caused by HCMV Infection through Regulating the Wnt and Notch Signaling Pathways. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040623. [PMID: 33917368 PMCID: PMC8067389 DOI: 10.3390/v13040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent sensory disabilities worldwide with huge social and economic burdens. The leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children is congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Though the implementation of universal screening and early intervention such as antiviral or anti-inflammatory ameliorate the severity of CMV-associated diseases, direct and targeted therapeutics is still seriously lacking. The major hurdle for it is that the mechanism of CMV induced SNHL has not yet been well understood. In this review, we focus on the impact of CMV infection on the key players in inner ear development including the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Investigations on these interactions may gain new insights into viral pathogenesis and reveal novel targets for therapy.
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Wrobel C, Bevis NF, Meyer AC, Beutner D. Access to the Apical Cochlear Modiolus for Possible Stem Cell-based and Gene Therapy of the Auditory Nerve. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e371-e377. [PMID: 33165157 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) is permanent and responsible for a substantial number of patients suffering from hearing impairment. It can derive from the degeneration of SGNs due to the death of sensory hair cells as well as from auditory neuropathy. Utilizing stem cells to recover lost SGNs increasingly emerges as a possible therapeutic option, but access to human SGNs is difficult due to their protected location within the bony impacted cochlea. Aim of this study was to establish a reliable and practicable approach to access SGNs in the human temporal bone for possible stem cell and gene therapies. METHODS In seven human temporal bone specimen a transcanal approach was used to carefully drill a cochleostomy in the lateral second turn followed by insertion of a tungsten needle into the apical modiolus to indicate the spot for intramodiolar injections. Subsequent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) served as evaluation for positioning of the marker and cochleostomy size. RESULTS The apical modiolus could be exposed in all cases by a cochleostomy (1.6 mm2, standard deviation ±0.23 mm2) in the lateral second turn. 3D reconstructions and analysis of CBCT revealed reliable positioning of the marker in the apical modiolus, deviating on average 0.9 mm (standard deviation ±0.49 mm) from the targeted center of the second cochlear turn. CONCLUSION We established a reliable, minimally invasive, transcanal surgical approach to the apical cochlear modiolus in the human temporal bone in foresight to stem cell-based and gene therapy of the auditory nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wrobel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS) is a special treatment modality for those patients who are profoundly deaf in the high-frequency (HF) region and retain usable hearing in the low-frequency (LF) region. Combining the electric stimulation with cochlear implant (CI) in the HF and acoustic amplification of residual hearing using a conventional hearing aid (HA) in the LF region defines EAS. The EAS concept was first proposed by C. von Ilberg from Frankfurt, Germany in the year 1997. In association with MED-EL, all the necessary safety studies were performed in non-human subjects before the first patient received it in 1997. In association with MED-EL, all the necessary safety studies were performed in non-human subjects before the first patient received it in 1999. For the patient to successfully use the EAS concept, the residual hearing needs to be preserved to a high extent and for several years. This requires a highly flexible electrode array in safeguarding the intra-cochlear structures during and after the CI electrode array insertion. Combining the HA unit with the audio processor unit of the CI was necessary for the convenient wearing of the unified audio processor. Fitting of the unified audio processor is another important factor that contributes to the overall success of the EAS treatment. The key translational research efforts at MED-EL were on the development of flexible electrodes, a unified audio processor, innovations in the fitting process, intra-operative monitoring of cochlear health during electrode insertion, pre-operative soft-ware tool to evaluate the cochlear size and electrode selection and some new innovations tried within EAS topic. This article covers the milestones of translational research from the first concept to the widespread clinical use of EAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingeborg Hochmair
- MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geraete Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
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