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Araújo-Rodrigues H, Sousa AS, Relvas JB, Tavaria FK, Pintado M. An Overview on Mushroom Polysaccharides: Health-promoting Properties, Prebiotic and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effects and Structure-function Correlation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121978. [PMID: 38494231 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mushroom polysaccharides are recognized as "biological response modifiers". Besides several bioactivities, a growing interest in their prebiotic potential has been raised due to the gut microbiota modulation potential. This review comprehensively summarizes mushroom polysaccharides' biological properties, structure-function relationship, and underlying mechanisms. It provides a recent overview of the key findings in the field (2018-2024). Key findings and limitations on structure-function correlation are discussed. Although most studies focus on β-glucans or extracts, α-glucans and chitin have gained interest. Prebiotic capacity has been associated with α-glucans and chitin, while antimicrobial and wound healing potential is attributed to chitin. However, further research is of utmost importance. Human fecal fermentation is the most reported approach to assess prebiotic potential, indicating impacts on intestinal biological, mechanical, chemical and immunological barriers. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been directly connected with intestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Concerning gut microbiota modulation, animal experiments have suggested proinflammatory cytokines reduction and redox balance re-establishment. Most literature focused on the anticancer and immunomodulatory potential. However, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, antilipidemic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties are discussed. A significant overview of the gaps and research directions in synergistic effects, underlying mechanisms, structure-function correlation, clinical trials and scientific data is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Araújo-Rodrigues
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Program of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Sofia Sousa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- Program of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Freni K Tavaria
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Zhou G, Liu H, Yuan Y, Wang Q, Wang L, Wu J. Lentinan progress in inflammatory diseases and tumor diseases. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:8. [PMID: 38172925 PMCID: PMC10763102 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiitake mushrooms are a fungal food that has been recorded in Chinese medicine to nourish the blood and qi. Lentinan (lLNT) is an active substance extracted from shiitake mushrooms with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor functions. Inflammatory diseases and cancers are the leading causes of death worldwide, posing a serious threat to human life and health and posing enormous challenges to global health systems. There is still a lack of effective treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer. LNT has been approved as an adjunct to chemotherapy in China and Japan. Studies have shown that LNT plays an important role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases as well as oncological diseases. Moreover, clinical experiments have confirmed that LNT combined with chemotherapy drugs has a significant effect in improving the prognosis of patients, enhancing their immune function and reducing the side effects of chemotherapy in lung cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. However, the relevant mechanism of action of the LNT signaling pathway in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Therefore, this article reviews the mechanism and clinical research of LNT in inflammatory diseases and tumor diseases in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zhou
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xingtai Third Hospital, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Lanping Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Jianghua Wu
- School of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China.
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Fan W, You B, Wang X, Zheng X, Xu A, Liu Y, Peng H, Yin W, Xu M, Dong X, Liu Y, Zhao P, Liang X. Safety and efficacy of lentinan nasal drops in patients infected with the variant of COVID-19: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1292479. [PMID: 38108068 PMCID: PMC10722177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1292479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Lentinan has antiviral, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, stimulating interferon production, and other pharmacological effects. Previous animal experiments have shown that lentinan nasal drops can assist [Corona Virus Disease 2019) COVID-19] vaccine to induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies and can effectively resist the invasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lentinan nasal drops in patients infected with Omicron (SARS-CoV-2 variant) through a dose-escalation study and a placebo-controlled trial. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The study was divided into two phases: Phase I: a dose escalation trial in which 24 COVID-19 patients were enrolled, that is, 12 in the escalation dose group (50, 75, and 100 µg/day) and 12 in the standard treatment group. The aim was to evaluate the safety and tolerance of lentinan nasal drops. The second stage was a placebo-controlled study. The optimal dose group of the first stage was used as the therapeutic dose, and the sample size was expanded to verify the anti-COVID-19 efficacy of lentinan nasal drops. Results: In the dose-increasing study, lentinan nasal drops showed good safety, and no serious adverse reactions occurred. The virus shedding time of the 100 µg dose group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (7.75 ± 1.71 VS 13.41 ± 3.8 days) (p = 0.01), and the 100 µg/day lentinan nasal drops were tolerated well. The results of the placebo-controlled study showed that compared with that in the placebo group, the time for COVID-19 antigen to turn negative was significantly shorter in the 100 µg lentinan nasal drop group (p = 0.0298), but no significant difference was observed in symptom improvement between the two groups. In the placebo-controlled study, two patients experienced mild nasal discomfort with nasal drops, but the symptoms relieved themselves. Conclusion: Lentinan nasal drops are tolerated well and can shorten the time of virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Fan
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benming You
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, PLA Key Laboratory of Biodetection and Biodefense, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijing Xu
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, PLA Key Laboratory of Biodetection and Biodefense, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, PLA Key Laboratory of Biodetection and Biodefense, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxiao Xu
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayun Liu
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, PLA Key Laboratory of Biodetection and Biodefense, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Liang
- Department of Infection Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Baghersad MH, Maleki A, Khodabakhshi MR. Design and development of novel magnetic Lentinan/PVA nanocomposite for removal of diazinon, malathion, and diclofenac contaminants. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 256:104193. [PMID: 37229922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing population growth and rapid expansion of the industrialization of the world society have caused severe environmental pollution to the planet. This study was carried out in order to investigate the synthesis of biopolymeric texture nano adsorbent based on the Lentinan (LENT), Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Iron Oxide nanoparticles for the removal of environmental pollutants. The spherical structural morphology of Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposite has been determined by FE-SEM analyses. According to the obtained results from FTIR analyses, all absorption bands of the Fe3O4, LENT, and PVA, had been existed in nanocomposite and approved the successful formation of it. From EDS analysis, it has been revealed that 57.21 wt% Fe, 17.56 wt% C and 25.23 wt% O. Also, the XRD pattern of the nanocomposite, approved the presence of polymeric and magnetic parts with card no. JCPDS, 01-075-0033. The BET analysis has defined specific surface area (47 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.15 cm3/g). Moreover, high heterogeneity and structural stability of the fabricated Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposite have been proven by TGA. Besides, VSM analysis measured great magnetic property of the nanocomposite (48 emu/g). Also, the Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposite potential for effective removal of malathion (MA), Diazinon (DA), and Diclofenac (DF) from watery solution has studied by an experiment based on the efficacy of adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature. The adsorption kinetics of three pollutants had investigated using pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO) and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) velocity equations, the results showed that the kinetics followed PSO velocity equations. Also, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubbin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin isotherm models had investigated, and the adsorption isotherm was adopted from the Langmuir model. The results demonstrated that in the presence of Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposite, at the optimal conditions (contact time = 180 min, pH = 5, nanocomposite dosage = 0.20 g/L and temperature of 298 K) the maximum adsorption capacity of MA, DF, and DA were 101.57, 153.28, and 102.75 mg/g, respectively. The antibacterial features of the Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposite, had evaluated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, but the result did not show any antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Baghersad
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Square, Mollasadra Ave, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Khodabakhshi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Square, Mollasadra Ave, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran.
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Lin ZC, Hsu CY, Hwang E, Wang PW, Fang JY. The role of cytokines/chemokines in an aging skin immune microenvironment. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 210:111761. [PMID: 36496171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversing or slowing down the skin aging process is one of the most intriguing areas of focus across the social and scientific communities around the world. While aging is considered a universal and inevitable natural process of physiological decline, the aging of the skin is the most apparent visual representation of an individual's health. Aging skin may be objectively defined by epidermal thinning; increased transepidermal water loss; decreased cutaneous barrier function; loss of elasticity, laxity, and textured appearance; and gradual deterioration of the epidermal immune environment. As the largest structure of the immune system and of the body as a whole, the skin is the most vulnerable barrier of defense against the environment. The skin reflects an individual's exposures, lifestyle habits, and overall health. From an immunological perspective, cytokines and chemokines act as a central character in the communicating of the immunity in skin aging. These cell signaling proteins serve as the intercellular communication link. This review aims to elucidate how cell-cell crosstalk through cytokines and chemokines, and the interplay between host cells, infiltrating immune cells, and exogenous factors contribute to the overall aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Chan Lin
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Erica Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Huo X, Pei Z, Wang W, Liu Y, Sun J, Wang H, Ai N. Lentinan Enhances the Function of Oxaliplatin on the Esophageal Tumors by Persuading Immunogenic Cell Death. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2296574. [PMID: 35844448 PMCID: PMC9286936 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2296574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective The focus of this research was to look at the effects of the combination of the lentinan (LNT) and oxaliplatin (Oxa) on the apoptosis of human esophageal cancer cells, as well as the underlying mechanism. Methods LNT and Oxa were used to treat EC-109 human esophageal cancerous cells at various doses, and the cell survival rate was measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. In addition, 24 h after treatment of EC-109 cells with a combination of LNT and Oxa, flow cytometry was used to analyze their apoptotic effect on these cells. Additionally, LNT on EC-109 cell apoptotic upshot was assessed via measuring the consequence of LNT on the mRNA and protein expression levels pertaining to immunogenic cell death factors CALR, HSP90, and HSP70 by qPCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and western blot analysis, correspondingly. Results Cell proliferation was inhibited only when EC-109 cells were added with LNT at 1,200 μg/mL to the maximum concentrations, but the combination of LNT and Oxa at a low dose (800 μg/mL and 20 μM, respectively) significantly increased their sensitivity to Oxa and reduced their proliferation (P < 0.05), and their apoptosis was significantly increased by LNT (P < 0.05). The immunogenic cell death-related genes CALR, HSP90, and HSP70 had dramatically enhanced mRNA and protein expression levels after therapy with a combination of LNT and Oxa (P < 0.05). Conclusion These data imply that LNT increases the susceptibility of esophageal cancerous cells to Oxa by driving EC-109 cells to display immunogenic death. Therefore, LNT combined with Oxa may be an effective method in esophageal cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Pei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Nanping Ai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
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Yang Y, Song S, Nie Y, Chen R, Chen P. Lentinan alleviates arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via downregulation of OX40/IL-17A and activation of Nrf2 signaling. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:16. [PMID: 35313999 PMCID: PMC8939159 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic, existing ubiquitously in soil, drinking water, or food, is well known to be an environmental pollutants concerned by European Food Safety Authority. Lentinan, a beta-1,6;1,3-glucan extracts from Lentinus edodes, which has the properties of antioxidant and immunomodulation, present study explored the pharmacological effects of Lentinan on arsenic induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods Mice experiments were performed by sodium arsenite (SA) treatment or Lentinan intervention, then histopathology, ELISA, Flow Cytometry, or Western-Blotting were applied to evaluate hepatic injury, oxidative stress, CD4+ type 17 helper T (Th17) cells, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), T cells receptor OX40/CD134, IL-17A, NLRP3, Nrf2, and NQO1. Results SA treatment showed hepatic pathological injury and the elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum, and induced the increases of malondialdehyde (MDA), Th17 cells, OX40 or IL-17A in liver tissues, which were consistently ameliorated by Lentinan intervention. Further, immunoblotting experiments showed that Lentinan intervention downregulated the levels of OX40, IL-17A, and NLRP3 signals, while elevated the levels of anti-oxidative Nrf2, NQO1 signals compared to arsenic treatment group. For Tregs, Lentinan intervention showed no significant difference from SA treatment group. Conclusion Lentinan antagonizes SA-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, may be involved in the downregulations of pro-inflammatory OX40 or IL-17A and the activation of anti-oxidative Nrf2, NQO1 signals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-022-00557-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China. .,Dong Medicine Key laboratory of Hunan Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China. .,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Nie
- Dong Medicine Key laboratory of Hunan Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Dong Medicine Key laboratory of Hunan Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Dong Medicine Key laboratory of Hunan Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China
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Du T, Fang Q, Zhang Z, Zhu C, Xu R, Chen G, Wang Y. Lentinan Protects against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via the PPARα Pathway. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010055. [PMID: 35050176 PMCID: PMC8780611 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentinan (LNT), a type of polysaccharide derived from Lentinus edodes, has manifested protective effects during liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma, but little is known about its effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate whether LNT can affect the progression of NAFLD and the associated mechanisms. C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without LNT (6 mg/kg/d). AML12 cells were exposed to 200 μM palmitate acid (PA) with or without LNT (5 μg/mL). After 21 wk of the high-fat diet, LNT significantly decreased plasma triglyceride levels and liver lipid accumulation, reduced excessive reactive oxygen species production, and subsequently attenuated hepatic apoptosis in NAFLD mice. These effects were associated with increased PPARα levels, a decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and enhancement of the antioxidant defense system in vivo. Similar effects were also observed in cultured cells. More importantly, these protective effects of LNT on palmitate acid-treated AML12 cells were almost abolished by PPARα knockdown. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that LNT may ameliorate hepatic steatosis and decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the PPARα pathway and is a potential drug target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Du
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chuanmeng Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Renfan Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Guangzhi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-6937-8422 (G.C. & Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (T.D.); (Q.F.); (Z.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-6937-8422 (G.C. & Y.W.)
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Pu X, Li F, Lin X, Wang R, Chen Z. Oxidative stress and expression of inflammatory factors in lung tissue of acute mountain sickness rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:49. [PMID: 34913080 PMCID: PMC8711020 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in lung histomorphology and oxidative stress, as well as the expression of interleukin (IL)-17C and other inflammatory factors during acute mountain sickness (AMS) in male Sprague-Dawley rats and to explore the underlying mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into a control group (0 h) and three hypoxia stress groups, exposed to low-pressure oxygen storage at a simulated altitude of 6,000 m for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Morphological changes in lung tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of inflammatory factors IL-17C, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung tissue was assessed by RNA sequencing and verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting (WB). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) expression were also measured. Experimental groups were compared to the control group following 24, 48 and 72 h of hypoxic stress. Lung tissue suffered from different degrees of injury, and the damage was the most severe after 48 h of hypoxic stress. RNA sequencing data from the lung tissue of rats from each group suggested that the expression of IL-17C, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased significantly after hypoxic stress. RT-qPCR and WB demonstrated that the expression of IL-17C and NF-κB increased significantly after hypoxia lasting 48 and 72 h. IL-1β expression increased significantly after hypoxia stress lasting 24 and 48 h, and the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 increased significantly after hypoxia stress lasting 24, 48 and 72 h (P<0.01). The enzyme activity of SOD and GSH-Px decreased significantly after lasting 24, 48 and 72 h of hypoxia (P<0.01), and MDA increased significantly after hypoxic stress lasting 48 and 72 h (P<0.01). In conclusion, under hypoxic stress, rats quickly initiate oxidative stress and immune responses. However, with prolonged hypoxic stress time, excessive oxidative stress can further stimulate the immune system in vivo, and release a large quantity of inflammatory factors accumulating in the body. This, in turn, may lead to the occurrence of inflammatory storms and further damage the lung tissue resulting in AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Pu
- Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Fuxin Li
- College of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
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Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Kujawowicz K, Witkowska AM. Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Nutrients 2021; 13:3960. [PMID: 34836215 PMCID: PMC8623785 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucans comprise a group of polysaccharides of natural origin found in bacteria, algae, and plants, e.g., cereal seeds, as well as microfungi and macrofungi (mushrooms), which are characterized by diverse structures and functions. They are known for their metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral. Recent reports suggest a potential of beta-glucans in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In contrast to β-glucans from other sources, β-glucans from mushrooms are characterized by β-1,3-glucans with short β-1,6-side chains. This structure is recognized by receptors located on the surface of immune cells; thus, mushroom β-glucans have specific immunomodulatory properties and gained BRM (biological response modifier) status. Moreover, mushroom beta-glucans also owe their properties to the formation of triple helix conformation, which is one of the key factors influencing the bioactivity of mushroom beta-glucans. This review summarizes the latest findings on biological and health-promoting potential of mushroom beta-glucans for the treatment of civilization and viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.W.)
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Yin H, Xue G, Dai A, Wu H. Protective Effects of Lentinan Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755768. [PMID: 34630124 PMCID: PMC8497700 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a worldwide production disease in dairy cows, which mainly affects milk yield, causing huge economic losses to dairy farmers. Lentinan is a kind of polysaccharide extracted from Lentinus edodes, which has no toxicity and possesses various pharmacological activities including antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory function of lentinan on LPS-stimulated mastitis was carried out, and the mechanism involved was explored. In vivo, lentinan greatly reduced LPS-stimulated pathological injury, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the proinflammatory factor production (TNF-α and IL-1β) in mice. Further study was performed to determine the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during LPS stimulation. These results suggested that LPS-induced activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was suppressed by lentinan administration. In vitro, we observed that the mouse mammary epithelial cell (mMEC) viability was not affected by lentinan treatment. As expected, LPS increased the TNF-α and IL-1β protein secretion and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that was inhibited by lentinan administration in a dose-dependent manner in mMECs. Conclusively, lentinan exerts the anti-inflammatory function in LPS-stimulated mastitis via inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, the results of our study also gave an insight that lentinan may serve as a potential treatment for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yin
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Guanhong Xue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ailing Dai
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Haichong Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Wu T, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Li X, Guo Y, Dong W, Wang L, Chen F, Han X. Lentinan protects against pancreatic β-cell failure in chronic ethanol consumption-induced diabetic mice via enhancing β-cell antioxidant capacity. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6161-6173. [PMID: 33837638 PMCID: PMC8256364 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption is a well-established independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, increasing studies have confirmed that excessive heavy ethanol exerts direct harmful effect on pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which may be a mechanism of pancreatic β-cell failure in T2DM. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Lentinan (LNT), an active ingredient purified from the bodies of Lentinus edodes, on pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction caused by ethanol and the possible mechanisms implicated. Functional studies reveal that LNT attenuates chronic ethanol consumption-induced impaired glucose metabolism in vivo. In addition, LNT ameliorates chronic ethanol consumption-induced β-cell dysfunction, which is characterized by reduced insulin synthesis, defected insulin secretion and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic assays suggest that LNT enhances β-cell antioxidant capacity and ameliorates ethanol-induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway. Our results demonstrated that LNT prevents ethanol-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, and therefore may be a potential pharmacological agent for preventing pancreatic β-cell failure associated with T2DM and stress-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yixue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xirui Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of StomatologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of StomatologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Niego AG, Rapior S, Thongklang N, Raspé O, Jaidee W, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Macrofungi as a Nutraceutical Source: Promising Bioactive Compounds and Market Value. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:397. [PMID: 34069721 PMCID: PMC8161071 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi production and economic value have been increasing globally. The demand for macrofungi has expanded rapidly owing to their popularity among consumers, pleasant taste, and unique flavors. The presence of high quality proteins, polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, triterpene sterols, and secondary metabolites makes macrofungi an important commodity. Macrofungi are well known for their ability to protect from or cure various health problems, such as immunodeficiency, cancer, inflammation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Many studies have demonstrated their medicinal properties, supported by both in vivo and in vitro experimental studies, as well as clinical trials. Numerous bioactive compounds isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, fats, phenolic compounds, and vitamins, possess strong bioactivities. Consequently, they can be considered as an important source of nutraceuticals. Numerous edible mushrooms have been studied for their bioactivities, but only a few species have made it to the market. Many species remain to be explored. The converging trends and popularity of eastern herbal medicines, natural/organic food product preference, gut-healthy products, and positive outlook towards sports nutrition are supporting the growth in the medicinal mushroom market. The consumption of medicinal mushrooms as functional food or dietary supplement is expected to markedly increase in the future. The global medicinal mushroom market size is projected to increase by USD 13.88 billion from 2018 to 2022. The global market values of promising bioactive compounds, such as lentinan and lovastatin, are also expected to rise. With such a market growth, mushroom nutraceuticals hold to be very promising in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Grace Niego
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo 5000, Philippines
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEFE, CNRS, University Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, CS 14491, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
| | - Naritsada Thongklang
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Olivier Raspé
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Jaidee
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
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Murphy EJ, Masterson C, Rezoagli E, O'Toole D, Major I, Stack GD, Lynch M, Laffey JG, Rowan NJ. β-Glucan extracts from the same edible shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes produce differential in-vitro immunomodulatory and pulmonary cytoprotective effects - Implications for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) immunotherapies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139330. [PMID: 32413619 PMCID: PMC7211630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus pneumonia is accompanied by rapid virus replication, where a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine storm may lead to acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. The uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, is associated with ARDS. This constituted the first study to report on the variability in physicochemical properties of β-glucans extracts from the same edible mushroom Lentinus edodes on the reduction of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Specifically, the impact on the immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties of our novel in 'house' (IH-Lentinan, IHL) and a commercial (Carbosynth-Lentinan, CL) Lentinan extract were investigated using in vitro models of lung injury and macrophage phagocytosis. CL comprised higher amounts of α-glucans and correspondingly less β-glucans. The two lentinan extracts demonstrated varying immunomodulatory activities. Both Lentinan extracts reduced cytokine-induced NF-κB activation in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells, with the IHL extract proving more effective at lower doses. In contrast, in activated THP-1 derived macrophages, the CL extract more effectively attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-2, IL-6, IL-22) as well as TGF-β and IL-10. The CL extract attenuated oxidative stress-induced early apoptosis, while the IHL extract attenuated late apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate significant physicochemical differences between Lentinan extracts, which produce differential in vitro immunomodulatory and pulmonary cytoprotective effects that may also have positive relevance to candidate COVID-19 therapeutics targeting cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Claire Masterson
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Gary D Stack
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Mark Lynch
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland; Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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15
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Zhang Z, Zha Z, Zhao Z, Liu W, Li W. Lentinan Inhibits AGE-Induced Inflammation and the Expression of Matrix-Degrading Enzymes in Human Chondrocytes. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2819-2829. [PMID: 32764881 PMCID: PMC7373527 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s243311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Chondrocyte-mediated inflammation is an important pathological component of osteoarthritis (OA) development. There are currently no therapies that completely reverse the development of OA. Lentinan, a type of polysaccharide derived from Lentinus edodes, has been demonstrated to possess significant anti-viral, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, and has been recently used in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases. However, little research has focused on the pharmacological effect of lentinan in human OA. Materials and Methods We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-ROS effects of lentinan in SW1353 chondrocytes treated with AGEs using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the nitro oxide-specific stain DAF-FM DA. The regulatory effects of lentinan on NF-κB and MAPK p38 signaling were investigated via promoter assay and Western blot analysis. Results We found that lentinan inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8 and the secretion of PGE2 and NO, by reducing the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in AGE-challenged chondrocytes. Lentinan also reduces AGE-induced increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1, −3, and −13 (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13). Furthermore, lentinan has a similar effect on a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 and −5 (ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5). Mechanistically, lentinan reduces the activation of NF-κB. Conclusion Our findings indicate that lentinan shows a protective effect against AGE-induced inflammatory response in chondrocytes. These findings suggest that lentinan is a promising agent for the treatment of OA that could be used as a dietary supplement for patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhen Zhang
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqing Zha
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyin Li
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
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