1
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Calado M, Ferreira R, Pires D, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E, Brites D, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Unravelling the triad of neuroinvasion, neurodissemination, and neuroinflammation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2534. [PMID: 38588024 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, many improvements have been made to control viral replication in the peripheral blood and to treat opportunistic infections. This has increased life expectancy but also the incidence of age-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders and HIV-associated neurodegeneration/neurocognitive impairment and depression collectively referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND encompasses a spectrum of different clinical presentations ranging from milder forms such as asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment or mild neurocognitive disorder to a severe HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Although control of viral replication and suppression of plasma viral load with combination antiretroviral therapy has reduced the incidence of HAD, it has not reversed milder forms of HAND. The objective of this review, is to describe the mechanisms by which HIV-1 invades and disseminates in the CNS, a crucial event leading to HAND. The review will present the evidence that underlies the relationship between HIV infection and HAND. Additionally, recent findings explaining the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of HAND will be discussed, along with prospects for treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Liu SM, Li M, Ma C, Liu C, Lv A, Li Q, Niu Y, Wang P, Huang B, Tong WM. HIV encephalopathy is contributed by macrophages and microglia. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:836-838. [PMID: 37934352 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Meng Liu
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- Center For Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - An Lv
- Center For Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yamei Niu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100010, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei-Min Tong
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Molecular Pathology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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3
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Chen X, Wei J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang T. Crosstalk between gut microbiome and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurol Sci 2024; 457:122889. [PMID: 38262196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has become a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting the quality of life in people living with HIV (PLWH). Despite an established association between HAND and neuroinflammation induced by HIV proteins (gp120, Tat, Rev., Nef, and Vpr), the pathogenesis of HAND remains to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that the gut microbiome is emerging as a critical regulator of various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), suggesting that the crosstalk between the gut microbiome and neuroinflammation may contribute to the development of these diseases, for example, gut dysbiosis and microbiota-derived metabolites can trigger inflammation in the brain. However, the potential role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of HAND remains largely unexplored. In this review, we aim to discuss and elucidate the HAND pathogenesis correlated with gut microbiome and neuroinflammation, and intend to explore the probable intervention strategies for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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4
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Guo S, Qian C, Li W, Zeng Z, Cai J, Luo Y. Modulation of Neuroinflammation: Advances in Roles and Mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 Axis Involved in Ischemic Stroke. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:226-236. [PMID: 37729881 PMCID: PMC10614518 DOI: 10.1159/000533984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 was initially recognized as a constituent of the IL-1 cytokine family in 2005. It exerts pleiotropic effects by regulating immune responses via its binding to the receptor ST2 (IL-33R). The IL-33/ST2 pathway has been linked to several inflammatory disorders. In human and rodents, the broad expression of IL-33 in spinal cord tissues and brain indicates its central nervous system-specific functions. Growing evidence supports the protective effects of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in ischemic stroke, along with a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. IL-33 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the release of inflammatory molecules from glial cells in response to neuropathological lesions. Moreover, IL-33/ST2-mediated neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia may be linked to T-cell function, specifically regulatory T cells. Soluble ST2 (sST2) acts as a decoy receptor in the IL-33/ST2 axis, blocking IL-33 signaling through the membrane ST2 receptor. sST2 has also been identified as a potential inflammatory biomarker of ischemic stroke. Targeting sST2 specifically to eliminate its inhibition of the protective IL-33/ST2 pathway in ischemic brain tissues is a promising approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengli Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical College, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhikun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlong Cai
- Clinical Trial Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Dutta D, Liu J, Xiong H. The Impact of COVID-19 on People Living with HIV-1 and HIV-1-Associated Neurological Complications. Viruses 2023; 15:1117. [PMID: 37243203 PMCID: PMC10223371 DOI: 10.3390/v15051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a fatal respiratory illness. The associated risk factors for COVID-19 are old age and medical comorbidities. In the current combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, a significant portion of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) with controlled viremia is older and with comorbidities, making these people vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated severe outcomes. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic and causes neurological complications, resulting in a health burden and an adverse impact on PLWH and exacerbating HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity on neuroinflammation, the development of HAND and preexisting HAND is poorly explored. In the present review, we compiled the current knowledge of differences and similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1, the conditions of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and HIV-1/AIDS syndemic and their impact on the central nervous system (CNS). Risk factors of COVID-19 on PLWH and neurological manifestations, inflammatory mechanisms leading to the neurological syndrome, the development of HAND, and its influence on preexisting HAND are also discussed. Finally, we have reviewed the challenges of the present syndemic on the world population, with a particular emphasis on PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | | | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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6
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Ripamonti E, Edén A, Nilsson S, Sönnerborg A, Zetterberg H, Gisslén M. Longitudinal decline of plasma neurofilament light levels after antiretroviral initiation in people living with HIV. J Intern Med 2023; 293:445-456. [PMID: 36443917 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective follow-up study aims to investigate the dynamic longitudinal change of plasma neurofilament light (NfL) levels after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in a cohort of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH). METHODS We tested a convenience sample of 116 patients from the NORTHIV study. Plasma NfL levels-measured using Single molecule array (Simoa) technology-as well as other laboratory parameters were collected at baseline, weeks 4, 48, 96, and 144. Linear mixed-effects models were estimated to evaluate longitudinal change over time. Baseline CD4+ T-cell levels, CDC classification, and HIV RNA levels were considered. Models were adjusted by age, sex, treatment regimen, and baseline serum creatinine levels. RESULTS Plasma NfL levels were higher at baseline and also declined faster during the follow-up for participants with CD4+ count <100 cells/µl compared with >100 cells/µl. No significant difference was found between the CD4+ strata 100-199 and 200-499/µl. Participants with CDC classification stages B and C had higher levels of plasma NfL at baseline, as well as faster decline compared with participants with stage A. No significant main effects or change over time was found in baseline HIV RNA levels, treatment regimen, or sex. CONCLUSION Plasma NfL is a sensitive biomarker to assess ongoing central nervous system injury in PWH. Plasma NfL concentrations decline relatively fast following ART initiation and then stabilize after 48 weeks. Plasma NfL concentrations are associated with CD4+ count and stage of HIV disease. No correlations were seen with different ART regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ripamonti
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arvid Edén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine ANA Futura Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Rao X, Hua F, Zhang L, Lin Y, Fang P, Chen S, Ying J, Wang X. Dual roles of interleukin-33 in cognitive function by regulating central nervous system inflammation. J Transl Med 2022; 20:369. [PMID: 35974336 PMCID: PMC9382782 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of an aging society, the incidence of dementia is increasing, resulting in a vast burden on society. It is increasingly acknowledged that neuroinflammation is implicated in various neurological diseases with cognitive dysfunction such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and central nervous system infections. As an important neuroinflammatory factor, interleukin-33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in various tissues and cells in the mammalian brain, where it plays a role in the pathogenesis of a number of central nervous system conditions. Reams of previous studies have shown that IL-33 has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, playing dual roles in the progression of diseases linked to cognitive impairment by regulating the activation and polarization of immune cells, apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity. This article will summarize the current findings on the effects IL-33 exerts on cognitive function by regulating neuroinflammation, and attempt to explore possible therapeutic strategies for cognitive disorders based on the adverse and protective mechanisms of IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lieliang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shoulin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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8
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El-Azab MF, Al-Karmalawy AA, Antar SA, Hanna PA, Tawfik KM, Hazem RM. A novel role of Nano selenium and sildenafil on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats by modulation of inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic pathways. Life Sci 2022; 303:120691. [PMID: 35671809 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nano selenium, sildenafil, and their combination on inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Herein, a new anti-inflammatory pathway for sildenafil as a high-mobility group box (HMGB1) inhibitor was proposed using the molecular docking technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into 7 groups: normal control, control nano selenium, control sildenafil, control diabetic, diabetic+ nano selenium, diabetic+ sildenafil, diabetic+ nano selenium+ sildenafil. The effects of drugs were evaluated by measuring serum urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), HMGB1, receptor advanced glycation end product (RAGE), malondialdehyde (MDA), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) by biochemical assays, nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-κB), toll-like receptor (TLR4) by immunohistochemistry, gene expressions of caspase 3 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) besides histopathological investigations of renal cells. KEY FINDINGS Results showed beneficial effects of 8 weeks of treatment by nano selenium and sildenafil supported by improvement in kidney function, histopathological changes, and reduction in all of these parameters. These results supported molecular docking that indicated sildenafil had a high binding score and interactions with the HMGB1 receptor. SIGNIFICANCE The current study demonstrated a renoprotective effect of nano‑selenium and sildenafil by interfering at multiple pathways, especially the HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F El-Azab
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Pierre A Hanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Karim M Tawfik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Reem M Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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9
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Types of necroinflammation, the effect of cell death modalities on sterile inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:423. [PMID: 35501340 PMCID: PMC9061831 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Distinct types of immune responses are activated by infections, which cause the development of type I, II, or III inflammation, regulated by Th1, Th2, Th17 helper T cells and ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 cells, respectively. While the classification of immune responses to different groups of pathogens is widely accepted, subtypes of the immune response elicited by sterile inflammation have not yet been detailed. Necroinflammation is associated with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) from dying cells. In this review, we present that the distinct molecular mechanisms activated during apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis lead to the release of different patterns of DAMPs and their suppressors, SAMPs. We summarize the currently available data on how regulated cell death pathways and released DAMPs and SAMPs direct the differentiation of T helper and ILC cells. Understanding the subtypes of necroinflammation can be crucial in developing strategies for the treatment of sterile inflammatory diseases caused by cell death processes.
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10
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Borrajo A, Spuch C, Penedo MA, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Important role of microglia in HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and the molecular pathways implicated in its pathogenesis. Ann Med 2021; 53:43-69. [PMID: 32841065 PMCID: PMC7877929 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1814962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) led to a significant reduction in the death rate associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, recent studies indicate that considerably more than 50% of all HIV-1 infected patients develop HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Microglia are the foremost cells infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS), and so, are also likely to contribute to the neurotoxicity observed in HAND. The activation of microglia induces the release of pro-inflammatory markers and altered secretion of cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which activate signalling pathways that initiate neuroinflammation. In turn, ROS and inflammation also play critical roles in HAND. However, more efforts are required to understand the physiology of microglia and the processes involved in their activation in order to better understand the how HIV-1-infected microglia are involved in the development of HAND. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms and role of HIV-induced ROS in the development of HAND. We also examine the academic literature regarding crucial HIV-1 pathogenicity factors implicated in neurotoxicity and inflammation in order to identify molecular pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this disease. KEY MESSAGES Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity mechanisms are crucial in the pathogenesis of HAND. CNS infiltration by HIV-1 and immune cells through the blood brain barrier is a key process involved in the pathogenicity of HAND. Factors including calcium dysregulation and autophagy are the main challenges involved in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Borrajo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - C. Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - M. A. Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - J. M. Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - R. C. Agís-Balboa
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Área Sanitaria de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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11
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Borrajo López A, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanas T, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Alonso-Crespo D, Fernández-Pereira C, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Microglia: The Real Foe in HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders? Biomedicines 2021; 9:925. [PMID: 34440127 PMCID: PMC8389599 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is leading to a significant decrease in deaths and comorbidities associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Nonetheless, none of these therapies can extinguish the virus from the long-lived cellular reservoir, including microglia, thereby representing an important obstacle to curing HIV. Microglia are the foremost cells infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and are believed to be involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). At present, the pathological mechanisms contributing to HAND remain unclear, but evidence suggests that removing these infected cells from the brain, as well as obtaining a better understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency in these cells, should help in the design of new strategies to prevent HAND and achieve a cure for these diseases. The goal of this review was to study the current state of knowledge of the neuropathology and research models of HAND containing virus susceptible target cells (microglial cells) and potential pharmacological treatment approaches under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borrajo López
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Laboratory, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Virgo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanas
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Laboratory, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Virgo, Spain
| | - David Alonso-Crespo
- Nursing Team-Intensive Care Unit, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, Estrada de Clara Campoamor 341, SERGAS-UVigo, 36312 Virgo, Spain;
| | - Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Laboratory, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Virgo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, Estrada de Clara Campoamor 341, SERGAS-UVigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- Translational Neuroscience Group-CIBERSAM, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.P.); (T.R.-B.); (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.O.)
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Yang S, Deng X, Zhang T, Xiao Y, Peng L, Li L, He X, Wei Y, Liu L, Cao H, Long B, Huang S. [SBi4211 alleviates gp120-induced central nervous system injury via inhibiting S100B/ RAGE]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1693-1702. [PMID: 33380406 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the protective effect of SBi4211 (heptamidine), an inhibitor of S100B, against central nervous system injury induced by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. METHODS In an in vitro model, U251 glioma cells were co-cultured with SH-SY5Y cells to explore the protective effect of SBi4211 against gp120-induced central nervous system injury. In a gp120 transgenic (Tg) mouse model (8 months old) mimicking HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), the effect of treatment with gp120 or both gp120 and SBi4211 on neuronal activity and apoptosis were assessed using Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry. ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression levels of S100B, RAGE, GFAP, NeuN, Syn, MAP-2 and the inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α. RESULTS In the cell co-culture system, SBi4211 treatment significantly inhibited gp120-induced expression of S100B, RAGE and GFAP in U251 cells (P < 0.001), reduced the levels of inflammatory factors iNOS, IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.001) and enhanced the expressions of neuron-related proteins NeuN, Syn and MAP-2 (P < 0.001). In the transgenic mouse model, SBi4211 treatment significantly reduced the expressions of S100B, RAGE and inflammation levels (P < 0.05), inhibited the activation of astrocytes in the brain, and maintained the integrity of the neurons (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SBi4211 can protect neurons from gp120-induced neurotoxicity possibly by inhibiting the S100B/ RAGE-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Li Li
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Beiguo Long
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shenghe Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Wang Y, Liu M, Lu Q, Farrell M, Lappin JM, Shi J, Lu L, Bao Y. Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Neurology 2020; 95:e2610-e2621. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo characterize the prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and assess associated factors in the global population with HIV.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting the prevalence of HAND or its subtypes in HIV-infected adult populations from January 1, 1996, to May 15, 2020, without language restrictions. Two reviewers independently undertook the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. We estimated pooled prevalence of HAND by a random effects model and evaluated its overall burden worldwide.ResultsOf 5,588 records identified, we included 123 studies involving 35,513 participants from 32 countries. The overall prevalence of HAND was 42.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.7–45.5) and did not differ with respect to diagnostic criteria used. The prevalence of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, and HIV-associated dementia were 23.5% (20.3–26.8), 13.3% (10.6–16.3), and 5.0% (3.5–6.8) according to the Frascati criteria, respectively. The prevalence of HAND was significantly associated with the level of CD4 nadir, with a prevalence of HAND higher in low CD4 nadir groups (mean/median CD4 nadir <200 45.2% [40.5–49.9]) vs the high CD4 nadir group (mean/median CD4 nadir ≥200 37.1% [32.7–41.7]). Worldwide, we estimated that there were roughly 16,145,400 (95% CI 15,046,300–17,244,500) cases of HAND in HIV-infected adults, with 72% in sub-Saharan Africa (11,571,200 cases, 95% CI 9,600,000–13,568,000).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that people living with HIV have a high burden of HAND in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Earlier initiation of ART and sustained adherence to maintain a high-level CD4 cell count and prevent severe immunosuppression is likely to reduce the prevalence and severity of HAND.
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Hu T, Gong Z, Wan Y, Li Y, Gao X, Lun J, Huang S, Cao H. [Establishment of a gp120 transgenic mouse model with α7 nAChR knockout]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1184-1191. [PMID: 32895175 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse model (gp120+) with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) gene knockout. METHODS The α7nAChR gene knockout mice (α7R-/-) were crossed with HIV-1gp120 transgenic mice (gp120+) to generate F1 generation mice. We selected the F1 mice with the genotype of α7R+/-/gp120+ to mate to obtain the F2 mice. The genotypes of the F3 mice were identified by PCR, and the protein expressions in the double transgenic animal model was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. BV2 cells were treated with gp120 protein and α7nAChR inhibitor, and the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were detected using ELISA. RESULTS The results of PCR showed the bands of the expected size in F3 mice. Two F3 mice with successful double gene editing (α7R-/-/gp120+) were obtained, and immunohistochemistry showed that the brain tissue of the mice did not express α7 nAChR but with high gp120 protein expression. In the in vitro cell experiment, treatment with gp120 promoted the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in BV2 cells, while inhibition of α7nAChR significantly decreased the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS By mating gp120 Tg mice with α7R-/- mice, we obtained gp120 transgenic mice with α7nAChR gene deletion, which serve as a new animal model for exploring the role of α7nAChR in gp120-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zelong Gong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jingxian Lun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shenghe Huang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Los Angeles Children's Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90027, USA
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Sil S, Niu F, Chivero ET, Singh S, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Role of Inflammasomes in HIV-1 and Drug Abuse Mediated Neuroinflammaging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081857. [PMID: 32784383 PMCID: PMC7464640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing virus replication, chronic inflammation remains one of the cardinal features intersecting HIV-1, cART, drug abuse, and likely contributes to the accelerated neurocognitive decline and aging in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) that abuse drugs. It is also estimated that ~30–60% of PLWH on cART develop cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), with symptomatology ranging from asymptomatic to mild, neurocognitive impairments. Adding further complexity to HAND is the comorbidity of drug abuse in PLWH involving activated immune responses and the release of neurotoxins, which, in turn, mediate neuroinflammation. Premature or accelerated aging is another feature of drug abusing PLWH on cART regimes. Emerging studies implicate the role of HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and abused drugs in altering the inflammasome signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) cells. It is thus likely that exposure of these cells to HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and/or abused drugs could have synergistic/additive effects on the activation of inflammasomes, in turn, leading to exacerbated neuroinflammation, ultimately resulting in premature aging referred to as “inflammaging” In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and aging in central nervous system (CNS) cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the context of HIV-1 and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilpa Buch
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (S.B.); Tel.: +1-402-559-3165 (S.B.)
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Zhang N, Jing X, Liu Y, Chen M, Zhu X, Jiang J, Wang H, Li X, Hao P. Interfering with retrotransposition by two types of CRISPR effectors: Cas12a and Cas13a. Cell Discov 2020; 6:30. [PMID: 32435507 PMCID: PMC7235257 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPRs are a promising tool being explored in combating exogenous retroviral pathogens and in disabling endogenous retroviruses for organ transplantation. The Cas12a and Cas13a systems offer novel mechanisms of CRISPR actions that have not been evaluated for retrovirus interference. Particularly, a latest study revealed that the activated Cas13a provided bacterial hosts with a "passive protection" mechanism to defend against DNA phage infection by inducing cell growth arrest in infected cells, which is especially significant as it endows Cas13a, a RNA-targeting CRISPR effector, with mount defense against both RNA and DNA invaders. Here, by refitting long terminal repeat retrotransposon Tf1 as a model system, which shares common features with retrovirus regarding their replication mechanism and life cycle, we repurposed CRISPR-Cas12a and -Cas13a to interfere with Tf1 retrotransposition, and evaluated their different mechanisms of action. Cas12a exhibited strong inhibition on retrotransposition, allowing marginal Tf1 transposition that was likely the result of a lasting pool of Tf1 RNA/cDNA intermediates protected within virus-like particles. The residual activities, however, were completely eliminated with new constructs for persistent crRNA targeting. On the other hand, targeting Cas13a to Tf1 RNA intermediates significantly inhibited Tf1 retrotransposition. However, unlike in bacterial hosts, the sustained activation of Cas13a by Tf1 transcripts did not cause cell growth arrest in S. pombe, indicating that virus-activated Cas13a likely acted differently in eukaryotic cells. The study gained insight into the actions of novel CRISPR mechanisms in combating retroviral pathogens, and established system parameters for developing new strategies in treatment of retrovirus-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niubing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Xinyun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Xianfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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Tanshinone IIA Alleviates CCL2-Induced Leaning memory and Cognition Impairment in Rats: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2702175. [PMID: 32185196 PMCID: PMC7060416 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2702175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2) is one of the most recognized proinflammatory chemokines, and the expression of CCL2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients infected with HIV-1 is significantly higher than that of healthy people. As such, it is seen as an important cause of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Our previous investigation has confirmed the pathological role of CCL2 in mediating brain damage leading to cognitive dysfunction. Currently, however, research on therapeutic drugs for the central nervous system targeting CCL2 is very limited. Our present study used brain stereotactic technology to induce cognitive impairment in rats by injecting CCL2 (5 ng) into the bilateral hippocampus. To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Tanshinone IIA (25, 50, 75 mg/kg/d) on CCL2-induced learning memory and cognitive impairment in rats, we performed the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition tests (NORT) on the rats. The results showed that Tanshinone IIA significantly alleviated CCL2-induced learning memory and cognitive dysfunction. Further studies on the hippocampal tissue of the rats revealed that Tanshinone IIA treatment significantly increased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px while the level of MDA decreased compared to the model group. Additionally, the relative expression of apoptosis-associated genes caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and inflammation-associated genes IL-1β and IL-6 in Tanshinone IIA-treated rats was lower than that in model rats. Finally, we confirmed hippocampal neuron loss and apoptosis by Nissl staining and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick end labeling (TUNEL). Taken together, these data imply that Tanshinone IIA can ameliorate CCL2-induced learning memory and cognitive impairment by impacting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Tanshinone IIA may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HAND.
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Holley CL, Schroder K. The rOX-stars of inflammation: links between the inflammasome and mitochondrial meltdown. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e01109. [PMID: 32055400 PMCID: PMC7008497 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nod‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome drives inflammation in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. As metabolic powerhouses with prokaryotic ancestry, mitochondria are a cache for danger‐associated molecular patterns and pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐like molecules that elicit potent innate immune responses. Persistent mitochondrial damage caused by infection, or genetic or environmental factors, can lead to inappropriate or sustained inflammasome signalling. Here, we review the features of mitochondria that drive inflammatory signalling, with a particular focus on mitochondrial activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Given that mitochondrial network dynamics, metabolic activity and redox state are all intricately linked to each other and to NLRP3 inflammasome activity, we highlight the importance of a holistic approach to investigations of NLRP3 activation by dysfunctional mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Holley
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
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Leal VNC, Reis EC, Pontillo A. Inflammasome in HIV infection: Lights and shadows. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:9-18. [PMID: 31835091 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of inflammasome, and related cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18, in host defense against pathogens is well documented, however, at the same time, dysregulation of inflammasome has been associated to multifactorial diseases characterized by chronic inflammation (i.e.: metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, cancer). Inflammasome activation has been described in response to HIV-1 and possibly contributes to the resistance against virus establishment, however, on the other hand, when viral infection becomes chronic, independently from antiretroviral therapy, the increase constitutive activation of inflammasome has been eventually associated to a worse prognosis, raising the question about the role played by inflammasome and/or some specific receptors in this context. Due to the chance to imply targeted therapies that inhibit inflammasome activation and/or cytokines release, it will be important to define the impact of the complex in the pathogenesis of HIV. The purpose of this review is to depict the double-faced inflammasome role in HIV-1 infection, trying to unveil whether besides its role in first line defense against the virus, it exerts a harmful effect during the chronic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Nunes Cordeiro Leal
- Laboratorio de Imunogenetica, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edione Cristina Reis
- Laboratorio de Imunogenetica, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Laboratorio de Imunogenetica, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Tripathi A, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Periyasamy P, Callen S, Burkovetskaya ME, Guo ML, Buch S. Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation Involves Dysregulated Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101168. [PMID: 31569373 PMCID: PMC6829395 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), as infected individuals continue to have longer lifespans, there is also an increased prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Inflammation is one of the underlying features of HAND, with the role of viral proteins and antiretroviral drugs implicated in this process. Microglia are extremely sensitive to a plethora of stimuli, including viral products and cART. The current study was undertaken to understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying cART-mediated activation of microglia. Herein we chose a combination of three commonly used drugs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC), and dolutegravir (DTG). We demonstrated that exposure of microglia to this cART cocktail induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which subsequently resulted in impaired lysosomal functioning involving elevated pH and decreased cathepsin D (CTSD) activity. cART exposure of microglia resulted in increased formation of autophagosomes as demonstrated by a time-dependent increase of autophagy markers, with a concomitant defect in the fusion of the lysosomes with the autophagosome. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which cART impairs lysosomal functioning, resulting in dysregulated autophagy and increased neuroinflammation. Interventions aimed at lysosome protection could likely be envisioned as promising therapeutic targets for abrogating cART-mediated microglia activation, which in turn, could thus be considered as adjunctive therapeutics for the treatment of HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Maria E Burkovetskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Imaizumi T, Satake U, Miyashita R, Kawaguchi S, Matsumiya T, Seya K, Ding J, Tanaka H. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 and Myxovirus resistance protein 1 are induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in cultured hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577047. [PMID: 31520792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of antiviral innate immune reactions in brain microvascular endothelial cells remain unclear. Interferon (IFN)-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) and Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MX1), the members of IFN-stimulated genes, are known as antiviral molecules. IFITM1 inhibits virus entry into host cell cytoplasm, whereas MX1 antagonizes virus replication. Here we observed that IFITM1 and MX1, and a proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 expression was induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) in hCMEC/D3 human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Poly IC-induced IFITM1 and MX1 expression were decreased by NF-κB inhibitor SN50, IFN regulatory factor 3 inhibitor MRT67307 and human type I IFN neutralizing antibody mixture. These findings suggest that IFITM1 and MX1 may help protect the brain from viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Urara Satake
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ruri Miyashita
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Jiangli Ding
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of School Health Science, Hirosaki University Faculty of Education, Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan
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22
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Heil M, Brockmeyer NH. Self-DNA Sensing Fuels HIV-1-Associated Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:941-954. [PMID: 31300343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, over-reacting innate immunity, and CD4+ T cell depletion are hallmarks of HIV-1 infection. Self-DNA is usually not considered in the context of HIV-1-associated inflammation, although self-DNA contributes to inflammation in diverse pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, multiorgan failure after trauma, and even virus infections. Cells undergoing HIV-1-associated pyroptotic bystander cell death release self-DNA and other damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including chaperones and histones. In complexes with such DAMPs or extracellular vesicles, self-DNA gains immunogenic potential and becomes accessible to intracellular DNA sensors. Therefore, we hypothesize that self-DNA can contribute to HIV-1-associated inflammation. Self-DNA might not only drive HIV-1-associated 'inflamm-ageing' but also provide new opportunities for 'shock and kill' strategies aimed at eliminating latent HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Norbert H Brockmeyer
- WIR 'Walk In Ruhr' - Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, German Competence Net HIV/AIDS, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Katuri A, Bryant J, Heredia A, Makar TK. Role of the inflammasomes in HIV-associated neuroinflammation and neurocognitive disorders. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 108:64-72. [PMID: 30922769 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is a unique form of neurological impairment that stems from HIV. This disease and its characteristics can be accredited to incorporation of DNA and mRNA of HIV-1 into the CNS. A proper understanding of the intricacies of HAND and the underlying mechanisms associated with corresponding immune reactions are vital for the potential development of a reliable treatment for HAND. A common phenomenon observed in CNS cells, specifically microglia, that are infected with HAND is inflammation, which is a consequence of the activation of innate immune response due to a variety of stimuli, in this case, being the HIV infection. The CNS based inflammation is mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and secondary messengers, which occurs at CNS glia, endothelial cells and peripherally derived immune cells. Inflammasomes play a significant role with regard to neuroinflammation due to their ability to dictate the activation of various inflammatory responses. Certain stimuli can result in the activation of caspase-1; hence, leading to the processing of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 pro-inflammatory cytokines. The processed IL-1β and IL-18 activate signaling pathways that begin the process of neuroinflammation. Due to the fact that the NLRP3 inflammasome is the most abundant in the CNS, it is the most extensively investigated inflammasome with regard to the nervous system. Due to the importance of neuroinflammation in the evolution of HAND and proliferation of neuroinflammation due to HAND, it can be concluded that there exists a relationship between HAND and inflammasomes. The aim of our review is to consolidate current knowledge of important mechanisms in HAND, specifically related to its relationship with neuroinflammation and inflammasomes to shed light on a possible improved treatment for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Katuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
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24
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Infections: Viruses. IMAGING BRAIN DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120597 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1544-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Lu M, Dong H, Bao D, Liu B, Liu H. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate induces pheochromocytoma cells apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 844:139-144. [PMID: 30529468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the triumph of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in anti-HIV infection, more than half of the HIV infection individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy acquire HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Previously researches had reported that the HAART neurotoxicity is implicated in HAND-related morbidity. The molecular mechanism of HAND is not clear. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), which was recommended as first-line therapeutic schedule for free AIDS antiviral drugs. Whether the neurotoxicity of TDF is associated with HAND is not well known. In this study, the cell viability of TDF-treated pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12) line was detected using MTT assay, while apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33342 staining, TUNEL assay, as well as flow cytometry. In addition, the level of reactive oxygen species and BAX protein expression were evaluated using DCFH-DA staining and western blotting. The results showed that the proliferation of PC-12 cells was significantly inhibited by TDF. The morphological assay, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry showed that TDF efficiently triggered apoptosis in PC-12 cells. The reactive oxygen species levels were BAX expression was markedly up-regulated in PC-12 cells after treatment with TDF. These findings indicated that TDF may induce PC-12 cell apoptosis. TDF has neural toxicity effect that is relevant to the cell apoptosis, which may be related to the increasing prevalence of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Henan Health Cadre College, Zhenzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Dengke Bao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Nursing College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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26
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Heil M, Vega-Muñoz I. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Mammals and Plants: Facts and Caveats. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:225-285. [PMID: 30904194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of nucleic acids in aberrant compartments is a signal of danger: fragments of cytosolic or extracellular self-DNA indicate cellular dysfunctions or disruption, whereas cytosolic fragments of nonself-DNA or RNA indicate infections. Therefore, nucleic acids trigger immunity in mammals and plants. In mammals, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) RNA or CpG-rich DNA, whereas various cytosolic receptors sense dsDNA. Although a self/nonself discrimination could favor targeted immune responses, no sequence-specific sensing of nucleic acids has been reported for mammals. Specific immune responses to extracellular self-DNA versus DNA from related species were recently reported for plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The subcellular localization of mammalian receptors can favor self/nonself discrimination based on the localization of DNA fragments. However, autoantibodies and diverse damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) shuttle DNA through membranes, and most of the mammalian receptors share downstream signaling elements such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the master transcription regulators, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). The resulting type I interferon (IFN) response stimulates innate immunity against multiple threats-from infection to physical injury or endogenous DNA damage-all of which lead to the accumulation of eDNA or cytoplasmatic dsDNA. Therefore, no or only low selective pressures might have favored a strict self/nonself discrimination in nucleic acid sensing. We conclude that the discrimination between self- and nonself-DNA is likely to be less strict-and less important-than assumed originally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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27
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Robinson-Papp J, Nmashie A, Pedowitz E, Benn EKT, George MC, Sharma S, Murray J, Machac J, Heiba S, Mehandru S, Kim-Schulze S, Navis A, Elicer I, Morgello S. Vagal dysfunction and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: novel pathways to chronic inflammation in HIV. AIDS 2018; 32:1147-1156. [PMID: 29596112 PMCID: PMC5945300 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals drives disease progression and the development of comorbidities, despite viral suppression with combined antiretroviral therapy. Here, we sought evidence that vagal dysfunction, which occurs commonly as part of HIV-associated autonomic neuropathy, could exacerbate inflammation through gastrointestinal dysmotility, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and alterations in patterns of soluble immune mediators. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional observational study. METHODS Forty participants on stable combined antiretroviral therapy with gastrointestinal symptoms, and no causes for vagal or gastrointestinal dysfunction other than HIV, underwent autonomic testing, hydrogen/methane breath testing for SIBO, and gastric emptying scintigraphy. A panel of 41 cytokines, high-mobility group box 1, and markers of bacterial translocation (lipopolysaccharide) and monocyte/macrophage activation (sCD14 and sCD163) were tested in plasma. RESULTS We found that participants with vagal dysfunction had delayed gastric emptying and higher prevalence of SIBO. SIBO was associated with IL-6, but not sCD14; lipopolysaccharide could not be detected in any participant. We also found alteration of cytokine networks in participants with vagal dysfunction, with stronger and more numerous positive correlations between cytokines. In the vagal dysfunction group, high mobility group box 1 was the only soluble mediator displaying strong negative correlations with other cytokines, especially those cytokines that had numerous other strong positive correlations. CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence that the vagal component of HIV-associated autonomic neuropathy is associated with changes in immune and gastrointestinal function in individuals with well treated HIV. Further study will be needed to understand whether therapies targeted at enhancing vagal function could be of benefit in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robinson-Papp
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects roughly half the HIV-positive population. The symptoms of cognitive slowing, poor concentration, and memory problems can impact on everyday life. Its diagnosis is validated where possible by identifying deficits in two cognitive domains on neuropsychologic testing in patients either with or without symptoms. Corroborating evidence may be found on imaging, blood tests, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, though sensitive and specific biomarkers are currently lacking. The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy in the 1990s has generated a therapeutic paradox whereby the number of severe cases of HAND has fallen, yet milder forms continue to rise in prevalence. New emphasis has been placed on identifying the cause of apparent ongoing HIV infection and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the face of durable systemic viral suppression, and how this equates to the neuronal dysfunction underlying HAND. The interaction with aging and comorbidities is becoming increasingly common as the HIV-positive population enters older adulthood, with neurodegenerative, metabolic, and vascular causes of cognitive impairment combining and probably accelerating in the context of chronic HIV infection. Therapies targeted to the CNS, but without neurotoxic side-effects, are being investigated to attempt to reduce the likelihood of developing, and improving, HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce James Brew
- Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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29
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Mamik MK, Power C. Inflammasomes in neurological diseases: emerging pathogenic and therapeutic concepts. Brain 2017; 140:2273-2285. [PMID: 29050380 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation in the central nervous system occurs in both health and disease. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that sense specific infectious or host stimuli and initiate inflammatory responses through caspase activation. Assembly of inflammasomes results in caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, with initiation of pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death. Recent developments in the inflammasome field have uncovered novel molecular mechanisms that contribute to a broad range of neurological disorders including those associated with specific mutations in inflammasome genes as well as diseases modulated by inflammasome activation. This update focuses on recent developments in the field of inflammasome biology highlighting different inflammasome activators and pathways discovered in the nervous system. We also discuss targeted therapies that regulate inflammasomes and improve neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet K Mamik
- Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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30
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Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) induce proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS via Wnt5a signaling. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28646196 PMCID: PMC5482870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HAART is very effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication in patients. However, patients staying on long-term HAART still develop various HIV-associated neurological disorders, even when the viral load is low. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown. Emerging evidence implicated that persistent neuroinflammation plays an important role in NeuroAIDS. Although residual virus or viral proteins are commonly thought as the causal factors, we are interested in the alternative possibility that HAART critically contributes to the neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). To test this hypothesis, we have determined the effect of NRTIs on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the various CNS regions. Mice (C57Bl/6) were administered with AZT (Zidovudine 100 mg/kg/day), 3TC (Lamivudine 50 mg/kg/day) or D4T (Stavudine 10 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, and cortices, hippocampi and spinal cords were collected for immunoblotting. Our results showed that NRTI administration up-regulated cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in various CNS regions. In addition, we found that NRTIs also up-regulated Wnt5a protein. Importantly, BOX5 attenuated NRTI-induced cytokine up-regulation. These results together suggest that NRTIs up-regulate proinflammatory cytokines via a Wnt5a signaling-dependent mechanism. Our findings may help understand the potential pathogenic mechanisms of HAART-associated NeuroAIDS and design effective adjuvants.
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31
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Wiman KG, Zhivotovsky B. Introduction to Nobel Conference: 'The Cell Cycle and Cell Death in Disease'. J Intern Med 2017; 281:418-421. [PMID: 28425586 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K G Wiman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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