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Grujicic R, Toskovic O, Lazarević LB, Mandic-Maravic V, Mitkovic-Voncina M, Radanović A, Radosavljev-Kircanski J, Videnović M, Pekmezovic T, Pejovic Milovancevic M. How are parental practices and attitudes towards corporal punishment related to child academic, developmental, or psychological-emotional dysfunctioning? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2175-2185. [PMID: 35948853 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corporal punishment (CP) is a widely spread disciplining practice among parents and caregivers globally. Our paper aimed to explore the relationship between the parental attitudes towards CP, expected outcomes of CP, and parenting practices on one hand, with the reported dysfunctions of their children, on the other. Additionally, we aimed to explore the relationship between the use of CP and the reported academic, developmental, and psychological-emotional dysfunctions of their children. The present study involved a nationally representative sample of 1186 parents in Serbia, who had at least one child aged 0-18 years at the moment of interviewing. The parents filled out a series of questionnaires on their attitudes towards CP, expectations of CP outcomes, and their parental practices. Findings indicate that parents that report having a child with dysfunctions have positive attitudes towards CP and expect positive outcomes of CP. These parents also report using more CP as a disciplining method, as well as other harsh disciplining practices. We also identified parental positive expectations of CP, use of physical assault, psychological aggression, neglect as significant predictors of reported child dysfunctions severity. Having all the results in mind, we can assume that children with health-related and school-related issues might be at potential risk of further maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grujicic
- Institute of Mental Health, Milana Kasanina 3, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliver Toskovic
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana B Lazarević
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vanja Mandic-Maravic
- Institute of Mental Health, Milana Kasanina 3, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mitkovic-Voncina
- Institute of Mental Health, Milana Kasanina 3, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Radanović
- Institute for Educational Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Marina Videnović
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milica Pejovic Milovancevic
- Institute of Mental Health, Milana Kasanina 3, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ward KP, Grogan-Kaylor A, Ma J, Pace GT, Lee S. Associations between 11 parental discipline behaviours and child outcomes across 60 countries. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e058439. [PMID: 37903610 PMCID: PMC10619078 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test associations between 11 caregiver aggressive and non-aggressive discipline behaviours and outcomes (aggression, distraction and prosocial peer relations) of children under 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). PARTICIPANTS Data came from the fourth (2009-2013) and fifth (2012-2017) rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Analyses were restricted to households with children under 5 years, leaving a sample of 229 465 respondents across 60 LMICs. Data were analysed using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS Verbal reasoning (80%) and shouting (66%) were the most common parental discipline behaviours towards young children. Psychological and physical aggression were associated with higher child aggression and distraction. Compared with not using verbal reasoning, verbal reasoning was associated with lower odds of aggression (OR)=0.92, 95% credible interval (CI)=0.86 to 0.99) and higher odds of prosocial peer relations (OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.20 to 1.42). Taking away privileges was associated with higher odds of distraction (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.03 to 1.15) and lower odds of prosocial peer relations (OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.87 to 0.98). Giving the child something else to do was associated with higher odds of distraction (OR=1.06, 95% CI=1.01 to 1.12). The results indicated country-level variation in the associations between parenting behaviours and child socioemotional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Psychological and physical aggression were disadvantageous for children's socioemotional development across countries. Only verbal reasoning was associated with positive child socioemotional development. No form of psychological aggression or physical aggression benefited child socioemotional development in any country. Greater emphasis should be dedicated to reducing parental use of psychological and physical aggression across cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie Ma
- Social Work, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Garrett T Pace
- School of Social Work, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Shawna Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Salmon S, Chartier M, Roos LE, Afifi TO. Typologies of child maltreatment and peer victimization and the associations with adolescent substance use: A latent class analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106177. [PMID: 37058947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment and peer victimization are pervasive public health problems associated with adolescent substance use. Although child maltreatment has been identified as a risk factor for peer victimization, few studies have investigated their co-occurrence (i.e., polyvictimization). The study objectives were to: examine sex differences in the prevalence of child maltreatment, peer victimization, and substance use; identify polyvictimization patterns; and examine the associations between the identified typologies and adolescent substance use. METHODS Data were self-reported from a sample of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years (n = 2910) who participated in the provincially-representative 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Latent class analysis with distal outcomes was conducted to identify typologies of six types of child maltreatment and five types of peer victimization and examine the associations between the polyvictimization typologies and use of cigarettes/cigars, alcohol, cannabis, and prescription drugs. RESULTS Four typologies were identified: Low victimization (76.6 %), Violent home environment (16.0 %), High verbal/social peer victimization (5.3 %), and High polyvictimization (2.1 %). The Violent home environment and High verbal/social peer victimization typologies were associated with increased odds of adolescent substance use (adjusted odds ratio range: 2.06-3.61). The High polyvictimization typology showed increased, but non-significant, odds of substance use. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent-serving health and social services professionals should be aware of polyvictimization patterns and the impact on substance use. For some adolescents, polyvictimization may include exposure to multiple child maltreatment and peer victimization types. Upstream strategies to prevent child maltreatment and peer victimization are needed, which may also contribute to reductions in adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Mariette Chartier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Leslie E Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences & Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Kang J. Spanking and children's social competence: Evidence from a US kindergarten cohort study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 132:105817. [PMID: 35926250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spanking is a risk factor for children's social competency. However, establishing causality is a challenge, given selection bias in samples and the possibility of confounding the harms of excessive spanking with the effects of infrequent spanking. OBJECTIVE This study addressed these causality issues to strengthen the causal estimates of the links between spanking and children's social competency. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study used longitudinal US kindergarten cohort data from children aged 5 to 7. METHODS The study used matching and lagged dependent variables to mitigate selection bias associated with lifetime (Ns = 17,171-17,537) and recent (Ns = 10,393-10,724) incidence of spanking. Cases in which spanking frequency exceeded two times a week were excluded. Sample sizes are provided in ranges due to the variations across multiple imputed samples. RESULTS Lifetime experience of spanking by age 5 was associated with higher externalizing behaviors at ages 6 and 7, and with lower self-control and interpersonal skills at age 6. A recent incidence of spanking at age 5 was associated with higher externalizing behaviors, lower self-control, and lower interpersonal skills at ages 6 and 7. These results remain significant after cases of frequent spanking were excluded. CONCLUSION The results support the argument that spanking harms children's social development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Kang
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, United States of America.
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Baniamin HM. Variations in the Acceptance of Parental Corporal Punishment of Children: What Matters? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18006-NP18031. [PMID: 34330181 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211035856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article tries to identify people's degree of acceptance of parental corporal punishment (CP) of children and the nature of the association of different variables, particularly the value variables with such acceptance. For this purpose, the study uses data from the World Values Survey 6 (2010-2014), which is a large survey of attitudes based on representative samples from 60 different countries (around 1,200 respondents from each). This study tested five hypotheses and two subhypotheses on individuals' acceptance of parental CP: effects of emancipative values (aspiration to autonomy and freedom), nonmasculine values, religiousness, people's dissatisfaction with life in general, and more specifically, dissatisfaction with financial and health conditions and national bans on CP. The findings show that the higher level presence of emancipative values and nonmasculine values are associated with lower support for CP. The study also finds that a number of sociodemographic variables affect the endorsement of CP; on the one hand, people with higher age and lower social classes (subjective) tend to express less support for CP, whereas on the other, people with no partners (divorced/separated/widowed/single) and men tend to express higher support for the use of parental CP. The identification of these associations can help us to develop more effective policies to address the problem of CP.
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Emotion Regulation in Emerging Adults: Do Parenting And Parents’ Own Emotion Regulation Matter? JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Afifi TO, Salmon S, Stewart-Tufescu A, Taillieu T. An Examination of Parents' Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) History and Reported Spanking of Their Child: Informing Child Maltreatment Prevention Efforts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710580. [PMID: 36078294 PMCID: PMC9518050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current evidence indicates that spanking is harmful to children's health and development and should never be used by parents or other caregivers. However, the critical factors that inform effective spanking prevention strategies are still not well understood. The objective of the current study was to determine if a parent's own adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) history was associated with increased likelihood of reporting their child being spanked at age 10 or younger. Data were drawn from the Well-Being and Experiences Study (the WE Study), a community survey of parents and adolescents from 2017-2018 (N = 1000) from Canada. The results indicated that a parent's own history of physical abuse, emotional abuse, spanking, and household mental illness in childhood were associated with an increased likelihood that their child would have been spanked. These findings indicate that a parent's ACEs history may be related to how their own child is parented and identify families who may be more likely to rely on spanking. Preventing physical punishment is necessary for healthy child development, reducing the risk of further violence, and upholding children's rights to protection. Parent's ACEs history may be an important factor to consider when developing and implementing child maltreatment prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
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Ward KP, Lee SJ, Grogan-Kaylor AC, Ma J, Pace GT. Patterns of caregiver aggressive and nonaggressive discipline toward young children in low- and middle-income countries: A latent class approach. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:105606. [PMID: 35349948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregivers use a variety of disciplinary methods to respond to undesired child behavior. Many caregivers use nonaggressive forms of discipline, such as verbal reasoning and redirection. Some caregivers use aggressive forms of discipline, such as spanking and yelling. However, most caregivers use a combination of aggressive and nonaggressive discipline. To date, a disproportionately small number of caregiver discipline studies are conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and few studies in low-resource contexts examine aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors simultaneously. OBJECTIVE This study aims to elucidate caregiver patterns of 11 disciplinary behaviors used in LMICs, and examine how these patterns relate to child outcomes and household characteristics. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data came from the fourth and fifth rounds of UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) distributed between 2009 and 2017 (N = 218,824 respondents across 63 countries). Focal children were 3-4 years old. METHODS Patterns of disciplinary behaviors were estimated using a multilevel latent class analysis (LCA). Multinomial regression analyses examined associations of disciplinary patterns with caregiver-reported child outcomes and household characteristics. RESULTS The LCA suggested caregiver discipline fell into three overall patterns: high behavioral control, moderate behavior control, and lower behavioral control. The lower behavioral control class was associated with the most advantageous child outcomes and household socio-demographic characteristics, whereas the high behavioral control class was associated with the most disadvantageous child outcomes and household characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Efforts should be employed to reduce aggressive behaviors and promote positive parenting among caregivers in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P Ward
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Shawna J Lee
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Andrew C Grogan-Kaylor
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Ma
- University of Michigan-Flint, Department of Social Work, 303 E. Kearsley St., Flint, MI 48502, USA.
| | - Garrett T Pace
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Tompkins V, Villaruel E. Parent Discipline and Pre-schoolers' Social Skills. EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND CARE 2022; 192:410-424. [PMID: 35399602 PMCID: PMC8991749 DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2020.1763978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Educators recognize children's social competence as an indicator of school readiness. Children's social competence may be promoted prior to kindergarten through parents' discipline; however, prior research largely focused on parenting and social competence in older children or only focused on children's problem behaviours. We assessed parent discipline as a predictor of 37 low-income pre-schoolers' social skills over four months. Parents answered open-ended questions about how they would respond to child behaviours; children's pre-school teachers rated their social skills. In a hierarchical regression controlling for children's age and initial social skills, parents' inductions significantly predicted children's later social skills. Although children's social skills were correlated with parents' pairing of consequences and inductions, this relation was no longer significant when controlling for age and initial social skills. Power assertive discipline and time-outs were not significantly correlated with children's social skills. The results suggest that parents' inductions may be beneficial for children's social skills by focusing the child's attention on the reasons the behaviour was inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Tompkins
- Psychology Department, The Ohio State University at Lima, Lima, Ohio, United States
| | - Eve Villaruel
- Psychology Department, The Ohio State University at Lima, Lima, Ohio, United States
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Pudasainee-Kapri S. Moderate low birth weight and socioemotional competence among children: The role of parenting factors in early childhood. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 64:74-83. [PMID: 35240492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the importance of birth weight for socioemotional trajectories among children has become a topic of growing interest for researchers, the majority of prior studies were limited to the more extreme subgroups of low birth weight children. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations among moderate low birth weight status, parenting factors, and socioemotional competence among at-risk children. This paper also examined the role of parenting factors as a moderator in the associations between birth weight and indicators of socioemotional competence at age 9. METHODS Participants include a subsample (N = 1809) of families participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a national longitudinal birth cohort study. Birth weight and prenatal data were taken from medical records. Parenting factors were assessed during in-home assessments at ages 3 and 5. Teachers reported on externalizing behaviors and social skills at age 9. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the associations among study variables. RESULTS Overall, results indicate that moderate low birth weight was significantly associated with lower levels of teacher-reported socioemotional competence at age 9 even after accounting for a large battery of control variables. Results also showed that maternal warmth, but not parenting stress, moderated the longitudinal association between birth weight and indicators of socioemotional competence. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the importance of birth weight and positive parenting processes in socioemotional outcomes among children. The implications of these findings are discussed for targeting positive parenting interventions and developmental outcomes for at-risk children.
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Blume J, Park S, Cox M, Mastergeorge AM. Explicating Child-Driven Patterns of Parent-Child Responsivity in Fragile Families: A Longitudinal Approach. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:813486. [PMID: 35372155 PMCID: PMC8965445 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.813486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that development occurs in the context of a transactional framework, with bidirectional parent-child interactions influencing both proximal and distal outcomes. In particular, child vocabulary development is sensitive to parenting qualities including warmth, sensitivity, and control as well as parental stimulation including language input and access to learning enrichment activities. Similarly, these parenting qualities are influenced by and influence children's development of pro-social behaviors. Given the foundational role of both language and pro-social skills for academic achievement and the establishment of healthy relationships across the lifespan, a comprehensive understanding of the magnitude, stability, and reciprocity of such interactions across childhood has the potential to better inform early intervention and prevention practices and highlight risk and resilience factors. This study investigated the concurrent and successive transactional relationships between child pro-social behavior, child emergent language, and parenting qualities within a large, longitudinal sample. This study utilized Waves 3, 4, and 5 of the Fragile Families and Child Well Being Study (FFCWBS), corresponding to focal child age 3, 5, and 9 years, respectively. A series of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with full-information likelihood (FIML) estimation (n = 3,422) including child prosocial behavior, receptive vocabulary, and supportive parenting behaviors was tested and compared. Our findings indicate significant, positive associations over time between child pro-social behavior and receptive vocabulary, and parenting quality across all three stages of early child development. The steady decline in magnitude of these associations over time highlights the importance of synergistic parent-child interactions in toddlerhood as an early opportunity to propel these developmental outcomes and supportive parenting behaviors. Patterns of change in child pro-social behavior skills and parenting qualities remained positive and relatively stable, while observed growth in child receptive vocabulary skills increased in magnitude over time. Additional investigation of indirect effects specified the role of receptive vocabulary, as well as the bolstering role of prosocial behavior, in eliciting responsive parenting qualities over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blume
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Associations between spanking beliefs and reported spanking among adolescents-parent/caregiver dyads in a Canadian sample. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:493. [PMID: 35279124 PMCID: PMC8918334 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research consistently demonstrates that physical punishment of children including “spanking” is harmful. Interest in effective prevention is growing rapidly. The aim of the current study is to examine spanking beliefs among adolescents and parents in relation to reports of spanking that the adolescents experienced before 11 years of age. Methods Data were drawn from Wave 1 of a study conducted in 2017–2018 that included adolescents (14–17 years old) and one of their parents/caregivers from Manitoba, Canada (n = 1000 pairs). The study objectives were to examine: 1) spanking beliefs of adolescents and their parents; 2) the correlation between parent and adolescent spanking beliefs; 3) whether parents perceive the words “spank” vs. “hit” differently using intraclass correlation; 4) the association between parents’ beliefs about spanking and parent- and adolescent-reported use of it; and 5) the relationship between sociodemographic variables and spanking. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, intraclass correlation, and binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results The prevalence of adolescent-reported and parents’-reported spanking were 46.0% and 39.6%, respectively. The proportions agreeing that spanking is a normal part of parenting were similar among adolescents (22.0%) and parents (18.5%), and were moderately correlated (intraclass correlation = 0.38, SE = 0.038). More than five times as many parents believed that “spanking” is necessary (19.5%) than believed that “hitting” is necessary (3.5%). Parents’ positive spanking beliefs were associated with increased likelihood of adolescent- and parent-reported spanking. Few significant associations were found between sociodemographic variables and parent-reported or adolescent-reported spanking. Conclusions Adolescents’ spanking beliefs are related to their parents’ spanking beliefs, suggesting that they are transmitted across generations. Public education and law reform are needed to decrease the normalization and perceived necessity of spanking in child-rearing. Efforts should include improving the understanding that spanking is a form of violence against children. With only a few significant differences noted between sociodemographic variables and parent- and adolescent- reported spanking and the prevalent use of spanking across all sociodemographic variable categories, it may be useful to develop universal approaches to awareness-raising and implementation of education strategies in Canada.
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Lan X. Perceived parental warmth, emotional awareness, and positive adjustment profiles in Chinese and Italian early adolescents: A person‐centered approach. J Adolesc 2022; 94:206-223. [DOI: 10.1002/jad.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lan
- Promenta Research Center, Department of Psychology, Promenta Research Center University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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Hecker T, Mkinga G, Kirika A, Nkuba M, Preston J, Hermenau K. Preventing maltreatment in institutional care: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in East Africa. Prev Med Rep 2022; 24:101593. [PMID: 34976652 PMCID: PMC8683896 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction Competencies with Children prevents maltreatment in institutional care. Feasibility of intervention despite low resources and heterogeneity of institutions. Participation in intervention significantly reduced maltreatment of orphans. Positive attitudes towards violence declined through intervention participation. Participation in intervention significantly increased childcare knowledge.
An increasing number of orphans in low- and middle-income countries are living in institutional care facilities where they experience poor quality of care and ongoing maltreatment. To prevent maltreatment, we tested the effectiveness and feasibility of the intervention Interaction Competencies with Children – for Caregivers (ICC-C). In a two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial, 203 caregivers (65.5% female, Mage = 36.63 years, SDage = 12.26) and 356 children (46.1% female, Mage = 9.43 years, SDage = 1.93) from 24 orphanages in Dar es salaam (Tanzania) participated from August to October 2018 (Baseline) and March to April 2019 (Follow-Up). Orphanages were assigned to the intervention or waitlist-group. Caregivers in the intervention group received the ICC-C intervention to prevent maltreatment through focusing on non-violent caregiving strategies. The primary outcome was the change in self-reported maltreatment by caregivers (Conflict Tactics Scale). Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594617, 20 July 2018. Participation in the intervention resulted in a significant reduction in reported maltreatment (f2 = 0.153), a decrease of positive attitudes toward violent discipline (f2 = 0.248), and an increased level of childcare knowledge (f2 = 0.220) in the caregiver sample, each indicating a moderate effect. Caregivers’ training participation did not predict reduced maltreatment reported by children. Aspects of feasibility, including motivation to participate, acceptability, and integration of the new strategies were evaluated positively. The study promises initial effectiveness and feasibility of efforts to improve the situation of children in institutional care settings in resource-poor countries by offering training to care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hecker
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,vivo international, 78340 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Getrude Mkinga
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,vivo international, 78340 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anette Kirika
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mabula Nkuba
- vivo international, 78340 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, 2329 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Justin Preston
- vivo international, 78340 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA
| | - Katharin Hermenau
- vivo international, 78340 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Kallitsoglou A, Repana V. Attachment disorganisation and poor maternal discipline in early childhood: independent contributions to symptoms of conduct problems. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2021.1984192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhu YT, Li X, Jiao DD, Tanaka E, Tomisaki E, Watanabe T, Sawada Y, Zhu Z, Ajmal A, Matsumoto M, Anme T. Development of Social Skills in Kindergarten: A Latent Class Growth Modeling Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:870. [PMID: 34682135 PMCID: PMC8534973 DOI: 10.3390/children8100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social skills acquired during early childhood are often the foundation for success later in life. Using a nationwide survey dataset in Japan, this study aims to explore the multiple growth trajectories of social skills among children in kindergarten by using a latent class growth modeling approach. It also examines whether, and to what extent, the home-rearing environment at early age predict trajectories of social skills development. Children in this study were assessed on social skills at three waves, four home-rearing environment dimensions (human stimulation, social stimulation, avoidance of punishment, and social support for parenting) and demographic background were measured at wave 1. The results indicated that three distinct growth trajectories of social skills existed during kindergarten: high increase levels, moderate increase levels, and decreased levels. The avoidance of punishment and children's gender significantly predicted the growth trajectories of social skills. Thus, the results suggest that more attention should be paid to the home-rearing environment and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Tong Zhu
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (Y.-T.Z.); (X.L.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (Y.-T.Z.); (X.L.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Dan-Dan Jiao
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (Y.-T.Z.); (X.L.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Emiko Tanaka
- Faculty of Nursing, Musashino University, Tokyo 2028585, Japan;
| | | | - Taeko Watanabe
- Faculty of Nursing, Shukutoku University, Chiba 2608701, Japan;
| | - Yuko Sawada
- Faculty of Health Medicine, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 5598611, Japan;
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (Y.-T.Z.); (X.L.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Ammara Ajmal
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (Y.-T.Z.); (X.L.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Munenori Matsumoto
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (Y.-T.Z.); (X.L.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Tokie Anme
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan
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Heilmann A, Mehay A, Watt RG, Kelly Y, Durrant JE, van Turnhout J, Gershoff ET. Physical punishment and child outcomes: a narrative review of prospective studies. Lancet 2021; 398:355-364. [PMID: 34197808 PMCID: PMC8612122 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical punishment is increasingly viewed as a form of violence that harms children. This narrative review summarises the findings of 69 prospective longitudinal studies to inform practitioners and policy makers about physical punishment's outcomes. Our review identified seven key themes. First, physical punishment consistently predicts increases in child behaviour problems over time. Second, physical punishment is not associated with positive outcomes over time. Third, physical punishment increases the risk of involvement with child protective services. Fourth, the only evidence of children eliciting physical punishment is for externalising behaviour. Fifth, physical punishment predicts worsening behaviour over time in quasi-experimental studies. Sixth, associations between physical punishment and detrimental child outcomes are robust across child and parent characteristics. Finally, there is some evidence of a dose-response relationship. The consistency of these findings indicates that physical punishment is harmful to children and that policy remedies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Heilmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Anita Mehay
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard G Watt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joan E Durrant
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Population Research Center and Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Ladd GW, Parke RD. Themes and Theories Revisited: Perspectives on Processes in Family-Peer Relationships. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:507. [PMID: 34203826 PMCID: PMC8232691 DOI: 10.3390/children8060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nearly thirty years ago, we invited a consortium of esteemed researchers to contribute to a volume entitled Family-Peer Relations: Modes of Linkage that provided a state-of-the-science appraisal of theory and research within the newly emerging discipline of family-peer relations. The volume's first chapter was titled, "Themes and Theories: Perspectives on Processes in Family-Peer Relationships", and its primary aims were to identify the processes in the family system that were posited to have a bearing on children's development in the peer system (and vice versa), characterize potential mechanisms of linkage, describe extant lines of investigation, appraise empirical accomplishments, and identify issues in need of further investigation. Here, nearly thirty years hence, we are pleased to have the opportunity to reappraise the theory and research on family-peer relations. In this article, we revisit the primary objectives that were addressed in our previously published "Themes and Theories" chapter but do so with the express purpose of evaluating the discipline's progress. Likewise, we also revisit our prior roadmap and associated calls-to-action to update these entities in light of past accomplishments, current limitations, and pressing sociocultural issues and concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Ladd
- Department of Psychology, Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ross D. Parke
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
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19
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Guild DJ, Alto ME, Handley ED, Rogosch F, Cicchetti D, Toth SL. Attachment and Affect between Mothers with Depression and their Children: Longitudinal Outcomes of Child Parent Psychotherapy. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:563-577. [PMID: 33411233 PMCID: PMC8035282 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation examined the longitudinal effects of Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) for toddlers and their mothers with depression on: a) maternal affective expression, b) child affective expression, and c) mother-child cohesion. Mothers with depression (Mage = 31.7 years; 92.8% White, 3.5% Black, 2.1% Hispanic, 2.3% other) and their toddlers were randomized to receive CPP (DI; n = 66) or to a control group (DC; n = 64). Mothers without depression and their toddlers (NC; n = 68) were recruited as an additional comparison group. Dyads were assessed at baseline (T1; 20 months old), post-intervention (T2; 36 months old), and follow-up (T3; 9 years old). Data from a mother-child conflict task was coded as a measure of observed outcome variables. Change in post-intervention attachment security assessed via the Strange Situation was evaluated as a mediator between intervention condition and maternal and child affective expression and dyadic cohesion at T3. Change to secure attachment post-intervention significantly mediated the association between intervention condition and T3 maternal warmth and child anger/problem behavior. Toddlers of mothers with depression who received CPP showed higher rates of change to secure attachment compared to those in both the DC and NC groups. Dyads who changed to secure attachment at T2 displayed higher levels of maternal warmth at T3 and lower levels of child anger and problem behavior at T3. Implications for the use of CPP as a preventive intervention and the importance of attachment as a mediator of long-term outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Guild
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY, 14608, USA
- Discovery Counseling and Assessment Center, 4006 East Highway, Sharpsburg, GA, 30277, USA
| | - Michelle E Alto
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY, 14608, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Handley
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY, 14608, USA
| | - Fred Rogosch
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY, 14608, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY, 14608, USA
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY, 14608, USA.
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Hamby S, Blount Z, Taylor E, Mitchell K, Jones L. The Association of Different Cyber-Victimization Types With Current Psychological and Health Status in Southern Appalachian Communities. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2021; 36:251-271. [PMID: 33361446 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-18-00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on cyber-victimization has primarily focused on cyberbullying conducted in urban and suburban (metropolitan) settings. We explore a range of cyber-victimizations, including financially motivated offenses and cyberbullying, and their associations with current psychological and health status in a nonmetropolitan sample from southern Appalachia. The forms of cyber-victimization were drawn from focus groups and interviews, and then self-report data on 14 types of cyber-victimization were collected from 478 individuals (57.1% female; age M = 36.44, SD = 16.61). Approximately 3 out of 4 participants (74.7%) reported experiencing at least one cyber-victimization. Cyber-victimization made many participants feel "very upset" (average 55.7%). Many forms of cyber-victimization were associated with elevated trauma symptoms, and lower subjective well-being and health-related quality of life. Cyber-victimization is common in this southern Appalachian community, with financially motivated incidents leading to higher prevalence rates than found in many other studies. In these data, numerous specific types of victimization, including cyber-theft, fraud, and legal-but-intrusive privacy invasions, were associated with worse psychological and physical health. More research is needed on technology-mediated victimization and these types of victimization should be more routinely included in violence assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Hamby
- Life Paths Research Center & University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
| | | | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Life Paths Research Center & University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
| | | | - Lisa Jones
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
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21
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O’Gara JL, Calzada EJ, LaBrenz C, Barajas-Gonzalez RG. Examining the Longitudinal Effect of Spanking on Young Latinx Child Behavior Problems. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2020; 29:3080-3090. [PMID: 38283236 PMCID: PMC10817758 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-020-01818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Spanking is a divisive discipline practice in the USA and is considered an inappropriate and harmful discipline tactic by some scholars and practitioners. However, increased diversity in the USA has contributed to varying cultural beliefs regarding discipline, which in turn influences child development. While prior literature has examined correlates of spanking, few studies have examined its impact on Latinx children over time. We examined the use of spanking by Mexican-American (n = 185) and Dominican-American mothers (n = 141) across three time points. The main objective was to investigate whether maternal spanking predicted externalizing problems in young Latinx youth overtime. Families were recruited from public urban schools. Data were collected when children were 4-, 5- and 6-years old. A three-wave cross-lagged multi-group path analysis examined the potential reciprocal relationships between maternal spanking and child externalizing behaviors. According to cross-sectional linear regression models, spanking was concurrently associated with behavior problems at all three time points. However, the results of the cross-lagged multi-group path analyses showed that spanking did not predict subsequent behavior problems, nor did behavior problems predict subsequent spanking. The impact of spanking on child behavior may not be long-lasting in all Latinx families. Spanking and youth externalizing problems are concurrently and positively related; however, maternal use of spanking as a means of discipline did not result in negative and long term effects on child externalizing problems. Implications for practice with Latinx families are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie L. O’Gara
- School of Social Work, Clarke University, 1500 Clarke Dr, Dubuque, IA 52001, USA
| | - Esther J. Calzada
- School of Social Work, Clarke University, 1500 Clarke Dr, Dubuque, IA 52001, USA
| | - Catherine LaBrenz
- University of Texas Arlington, 211 South Cooper St. office B101G, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - R. Gabriela Barajas-Gonzalez
- Center for Early Childhood Health and Development, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 227 East 30th St, Room 732, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Lee SJ, Pace GT, Ward KP, Grogan-Kaylor A, Ma J. Household economic hardship as a moderator of the associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior problems. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 107:104573. [PMID: 32570184 PMCID: PMC8279040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spanking is associated with detrimental outcomes for young children. Research shows that spanking is more commonly used in low-income households. OBJECTIVE To examine whether economic hardship, measured by household income-to-poverty ratio at the time of the child's birth, moderated the longitudinal associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior problems during the first nine years of childhood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Mother-child pairs (N = 4,149) from a cohort study of urban families in 20 US cities. METHODS Cross-lagged path models examined associations between maternal spanking and externalizing behavior when children were between the ages of 1 and 9. Multigroup analyses examined whether income-to-poverty ratio moderated these associations. RESULTS Bivariate analyses showed that income-to-poverty ratio was associated with child externalizing behavior problems at each time point; income-to-poverty ratio was associated with maternal spanking at age 3 only. Longitudinal path model results indicated that, for low- and middle-income groups, maternal spanking at each age had significant associations with child externalizing behavior at each subsequent age. For the high-income group, maternal spanking at age 1 and age 3 had significant associations with child externalizing behavior at each subsequent age; however, spanking at age 5 was not associated with child externalizing behavior at age 9. CONCLUSIONS Spanking is disadvantageous for children at all income levels, with more persistent effects in low- and middle-income families. For higher-income families, the associations of maternal spanking with child externalizing behavior problems may be attenuated as child age increases. Regardless of income level, parents should be advised against spanking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna J Lee
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
| | | | | | | | - Julie Ma
- University of Michigan, Flint, United States
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Ward KP, Lee SJ, Pace GT, Grogan-Kaylor A, Ma J. Attachment Style and the Association of Spanking and Child Externalizing Behavior. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:501-507. [PMID: 31279159 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the longitudinal associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior are moderated by attachment style. METHODS This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2211), a large cohort sample of low-income urban families. Multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior when children were ages 1, 3, and 5. Moderation by attachment style was examined using structural invariance testing. RESULTS For children with an insecure mother-child attachment style, spanking at age 1 was associated with externalizing behavior at age 3. However, for children with a secure mother-child attachment style, the association between maternal spanking at age 1 and child externalizing behavior at age 3 was absent. Attachment style did not moderate the association between maternal spanking at age 3 and externalizing behavior at age 5, suggesting that spanking at age 3 is associated with deleterious outcomes at age 5, regardless of attachment style. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that even in the context of a secure attachment style, spanking is associated with adverse outcomes in early childhood. Findings support the American Academy of Pediatrics 2018 policy statement, which encourages parents to avoid spanking when disciplining children. Results suggest that children, regardless of attachment style, may benefit from policies and services that promote non-violent forms of discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P Ward
- School of Social Work, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan (KP Ward), Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Shawna J Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan (SJ Lee, A Grogan-Kaylor), Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Garrett T Pace
- School of Social Work, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan (GT Pace), Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Andrew Grogan-Kaylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan (SJ Lee, A Grogan-Kaylor), Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Julie Ma
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan-Flint (J Ma), Flint, Mich
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Hoffman
- Pacella Research Center, New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute
- West End Day School, NYC
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University
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25
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Cuartas J, McCoy DC, Rey-Guerra C, Britto PR, Beatriz E, Salhi C. Early childhood exposure to non-violent discipline and physical and psychological aggression in low- and middle-income countries: National, regional, and global prevalence estimates. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 92:93-105. [PMID: 30939376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advocates for children's rights have recommended the elimination of all forms of violent discipline given its detrimental effects on children's development. Yet, little is known about the global prevalence of various forms of discipline, including physical and psychological aggression, as well as alternative forms of non-violent discipline, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVE This study aims to obtain national, regional, and global prevalence estimates of the percentage and number of 2- to- 4-y-olds in LMICs exposed to these disciplinary practices by their caregivers. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We use data collected between 2010 and 2016 from 107,063 2- to- 4-y-old children living in 49 LMICs as part of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). METHODS Using the best-fitting model based on cross-validation techniques, we performed predictive modeling to generate country-level prevalence estimates for 131 LMICs in 2013, as well as 95% confidence intervals around these estimates. RESULTS We estimate that 296.2 million 2- to- 4-y-olds (95% CI 256.9, 300.9) were exposed to non-violent discipline in 2013, which corresponds to 83.9% of the population. Furthermore, 220.4 million (95% CI 138.1, 283.7) and 230.7 million (95% CI 128.4, 300.6) children were exposed to aggressive physical and psychological discipline, respectively, which corresponds to prevalence of 62.5% and 65.4%. We also identify a high heterogeneity in the estimates across and within regions, finding a higher prevalence of both violent disciplinary methods in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the need for new policies and programs to minimize violent discipline around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuartas
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, United States; School of Government, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmel Salhi
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, United States
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26
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Sabey AK, Rauer AJ, Haselschwerdt ML, Volling B. Beyond "Lots of Hugs and Kisses": Expressions of Parental Love From Parents and Their Young Children in Two-Parent, Financially Stable Families. FAMILY PROCESS 2018; 57:737-751. [PMID: 29057469 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Given that parental love is essential for children's optimal development, the current study gathered examples of how parental love was demonstrated within parent-child relationships. Fifty-eight two-parent, financially stable families consisting of a mother, father, and young child (3-7 years old) from the Midwest were interviewed regarding how they demonstrated or perceived parental love. Results from an inductive thematic analysis revealed considerable variability in how parental love was demonstrated, with five themes emerging that overlapped between parents and their children: playing or doing activities together, demonstrating affection, creating structure, helping or supporting, and giving gifts or treats. Some gendered patterns among these themes were found with mothers emphasizing physical and verbal affection and fathers highlighting their more prominent role as playmates. The lay examples provided by parents and children in this exploratory study extend previous conceptualizations of parental love and underscore the importance of parents being attuned and responsive to the specific needs of their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen K Sabey
- The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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Decreasing Caregivers' Positive Attitudes Toward Spanking. J Pediatr Health Care 2018; 32:333-339. [PMID: 29471982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Play Nicely program is a multimedia training program designed to teach caregivers and health care professionals how to manage early childhood aggression and to use positive parenting practices. The aim of this article is to help the practicing clinician determine whether the Play Nicely program should be incorporated into his/her practice and to evaluate whether the program is effective at decreasing positive attitudes toward spanking in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population in both a resident pediatric clinic and a community center. Thirty-three caregivers of children aged 2 to 5 years viewed the Play Nicely program and completed pre- and post-training questionnaires. Decreased positive attitudes toward spanking were reported after training. Favorable attitudes toward spanking were associated with increased use of harsher discipline and higher child externalizing behavior. This study provides support that this brief intervention is effective in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population, is portable, and can be used in a group setting. This program may serve as a prevention and population-based approach to addressing the adverse childhood experience of spanking.
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Larzelere RE, Gunnoe ML, Ferguson CJ. Improving Causal Inferences in Meta-analyses of Longitudinal Studies: Spanking as an Illustration. Child Dev 2018; 89:2038-2050. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gershoff ET, Lee SJ, Durrant JE. Promising intervention strategies to reduce parents' use of physical punishment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 71:9-23. [PMID: 28162793 PMCID: PMC5540797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The strong and ever-growing evidence base demonstrating that physical punishment places children at risk for a range of negative outcomes, coupled with global recognition of children's inherent rights to protection and dignity, has led to the emergence of programs specifically designed to prevent physical punishment by parents. This paper describes promising programs and strategies designed for each of three levels of intervention - indicated, selective, and universal - and summarizes the existing evidence base of each. Areas for further program development and evaluation are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Shawna J Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 South University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joan E Durrant
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, 35 Chancellor's Circle, Fort Garry Campus, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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30
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Taylor CA, Fleckman JM, Lee SJ. Attitudes, beliefs, and perceived norms about corporal punishment and related training needs among members of the "American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children". CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 71:56-68. [PMID: 28457581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hitting children for disciplinary purposes (i.e., spanking or corporal punishment [CP]) is a strong risk factor for child physical abuse and is highly prevalent in the U.S. Yet, little is currently known about the relevant attitudes, beliefs, or training needs of key professionals who often advise parents regarding child discipline strategies. A survey of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) membership, comprised of mental health professionals, physicians, child welfare professionals, and other professionals in the child maltreatment field, was conducted to assess attitudes, beliefs, perceived norms, training needs, and motivations to change norms regarding CP (N=571, response rate=51%). Most respondents agreed that spanking is a bad disciplinary technique (82%), is harmful for children (74%), and leads to negative outcomes (M=3.0, SD=0.6) more frequently than positive outcomes (M=2.1, SD=0.6; t=20.8; p<0.0001) for children. Professionals reported perceiving that their colleagues' level of endorsement of CP (M=2.4, SD=1.0) was higher than their own (M=1.9, SD=1.0; t(568)=-10.7, p<0.0001) though still below the midpoint. Professionals reported high levels of preparedness to effectively advise parents on non-physical child discipline strategies, but reported perceiving lower levels of preparedness amongst their colleagues. They reported highly valuing giving such advice to parents and being very motivated to participate in activities designed to change social norms regarding CP. Most APSAC members are poised to change these norms and, in doing so, to help reduce rates of child physical abuse in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Taylor
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, United States.
| | - Julia M Fleckman
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, United States
| | - Shawna J Lee
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, United States
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Afifi TO, Ford D, Gershoff ET, Merrick M, Grogan-Kaylor A, Ports KA, MacMillan HL, Holden GW, Taylor CA, Lee SJ, Peters Bennett R. Spanking and adult mental health impairment: The case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 71:24-31. [PMID: 28126359 PMCID: PMC7983058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) such as child abuse are related to poor health outcomes. Spanking has indicated a similar association with health outcomes, but to date has not been considered an ACE. Physical and emotional abuse have been shown in previous research to correlate highly and may be similar in nature to spanking. To determine if spanking should be considered an ACE, this study aimed to examine 1): the grouping of spanking with physical and emotional abuse; and 2) if spanking has similar associations with poor adult health problems and accounts for additional model variance. Adult mental health problems included depressive affect, suicide attempts, moderate to heavy drinking, and street drug use. Data were from the CDC-Kaiser ACE study (N=8316, response rate=65%). Spanking loaded on the same factor as the physical and emotional abuse items. Additionally, spanking was associated with increased odds of suicide attempts (Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR)=1.37; 95% CI=1.02 to1.86), moderate to heavy drinking (AOR)=1.23; 95% CI=1.07 to 1.41), and the use of street drugs (AOR)=1.32; 95% CI=1.4 to 1.52) in adulthood over and above experiencing physical and emotional abuse. This indicates spanking accounts for additional model variance and improves our understanding of these outcomes. Thus, spanking is empirically similar to physical and emotional abuse and including spanking with abuse adds to our understanding of these mental health problems. Spanking should also be considered an ACE and addressed in efforts to prevent violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Derek Ford
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
| | - Melissa Merrick
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - George W Holden
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Catherine A Taylor
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, USA.
| | - Shawna J Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, USA.
| | - Robbyn Peters Bennett
- Child Mental Health Specialist, Psychotherapist Private Practice, Portland, OR, USA.
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Smetana JG. Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 15:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Afifi TO, Mota N, Sareen J, MacMillan HL. The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:493. [PMID: 28535755 PMCID: PMC5442668 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical punishment of children is an important public health concern. Yet, few studies have examined how physical punishment is related to other types of child maltreatment and violence across the lifespan. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine if harsh physical punishment (i.e., being pushed, grabbed, shoved, hit, and/or slapped without causing marks, bruises, or injury) is associated with an increased likelihood of more severe childhood maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)) in childhood and perpetration or victimization of IPV in adulthood. METHODS Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected in 2004 to 2005 (n = 34,402, response rate = 86.7%), a representative United States adult sample. RESULTS Harsh physical punishment was associated with increased odds of childhood maltreatment, including emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to IPV after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, family history of dysfunction, and other child maltreatment types (range 1.6 to 26.6). Harsh physical punishment was also related to increased odds of experiencing IPV in adulthood (range 1.4 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS It is important for parents and professionals working with children to be aware that pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting, or slapping children may increase the likelihood of emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to IPV in childhood and also experiencing IPV victimization and/or perpetration in later adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W5 Canada
| | - Natalie Mota
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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