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Roy R, Liu JY. Do products from healthier vending machines on a university campus sell? JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1964-1967. [PMID: 33258735 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1846043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis is a cross-sectional study that compares the sales of "healthy" and "unhealthy" vending machines following the introduction of healthier vending machines on a university campus. Method: Healthy ("green" and "amber" category), competitively priced snacks and beverages in vending machines (n = 4) called Grab Goodness were placed alongside standard vending machines (n = 11). The monthly sales data from all vending machines were captured electronically for 20 months. Results: Assortment of snacks and beverages offered by standard vending machines were of low nutritional quality, with only 16% of all products categorized as "green." The new Grab Goodness machines accounted for 28% of all vending machine purchases over 20 months, and 50% of all products purchased through these machines were "green" category items. Conclusions: The purchases of healthier snack options demonstrate encouraging patterns that support more nutritious and healthy alternatives in vending machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshri Roy
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mann G, Lambert LG, Gupta K, Partacz M. Smart snacks in universities: possibilities for university vending. Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10:393-400. [PMID: 33312935 PMCID: PMC7722994 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study goal was to evaluate the nutritional impact of a healthy snack intervention on a southern university campus. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted during the fall 2017 semester weekly for 14 weeks in a large southern U.S. university. For the intervention, half of vending snacks in four campus residential halls (housing from 216 to 361 students) were substituted with snacks complying with federal Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards for K-12 schools. For analysis, data from the Nutrition Facts labels of 14 vending machines or from manufacturer’s websites was collected by trained graduate and undergraduate researchers. Results: On average, for each Smart Snack sold, there was a statistically significant reduction of 99.38 calories (CI=42.32, 156.43), 4 g saturated fat (CI = 2.23, 5.75), and 10.06 g of sugar(CI=2.92, 17.20). An average reduction of 41.88 mg in sodium and an increase of 0.81g in fiber was also found, but was not statistically significant. There was a significant difference (t(16)=3.02, P < 0.025, 95% CI = 10.77, 55.79) between the Quality Score of Smart Snacks (M=59.13,SD= ± 36.50) and that of non-compliant snacks (M=25.85, SD= ± 24.72). Conclusion: The nutritional impact with even a 50% Smart Snack replacement is promising. Many available comparable snacks mimic the mouthfeel, taste, and appearance of their original full-fat, full-sodium, and full-sugar counterparts. Including healthier snack choices in vending machines may be a viable option for universities to transform the campus eating environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgianna Mann
- Department Nutrition and Hospitality Management, 220 Lenoir Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Laurel Greenway Lambert
- Department Nutrition and Hospitality Management, 220 Lenoir Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Kritika Gupta
- Department Nutrition and Hospitality Management, 220 Lenoir Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Megan Partacz
- University of Memphis Dining, University of Memphis, TN, 38152, United States
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Campbell LZ, Pitt M, Mclennan P. Robust statistical methods for point of sale designs, the example of healthcare snack and drink vending. FACILITIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/f-02-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The experiment introduces nutritional labelling, healthier products and product placement designs to the hospital vending machines, to promote healthy lifestyles.
Design/methodology/approach
The site where this experiment happens is a major London hospital, serving over a million patients every year. In the experiment, the hospital’s snack and drink vending machines are redesigned. The impact on product sales are then analysed using robust statistical methods.
Findings
Nutritional labelling has a statistically significant impact on product sales. Less of the unhealthiest products are sold. Healthier products and product placement designs have a larger impact but with less statistical significance. They require further testing.
Research limitations/implications
Experts in service operations can use this experiment’s regression modelling methods. The methods are ideal for measuring change over time in counting data sets in complex real world environments.
Practical implications
There are suggestions for practical vending service change in this research. They are in line and add a practical example to Government policy guidance.
Social implications
People using the redesigned vending machines have more opportunity for healthy lifestyle choices.
Originality/value
The experiment provides statistical evidence in support of catering for healthier lifestyles.
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Evaluating the Potential Health and Revenue Outcomes of a 100% Healthy Vending Machine Nutrition Policy at a Large Agency in Los Angeles County, 2013-2015. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:215-224. [PMID: 29227423 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Healthy vending machine policies are viewed as a promising strategy for combating the growing obesity epidemic in the United States. Few studies have evaluated the short- and intermediate-term outcomes of healthy vending policies, especially for interventions that require 100% healthy products to be stocked. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential impact of a 100% healthy vending machine nutrition policy. DESIGN The vendor's quarterly revenue, product sales records, and nutritional information data from 359 unique vending machines were used to conduct a baseline and follow-up policy analysis. SETTING County of Los Angeles facilities, 2013-2015. PARTICIPANTS Vending machines in facilities located across Los Angeles County. INTERVENTION A healthy vending machine policy executed in 2013 that required 100% of all products sold in contracted machines meet specified nutrition standards. OUTCOME MEASURES Policy adherence; average number of calories, sugar, and sodium in food products sold; revenue change. RESULTS Policy adherence increased for snacks and beverages sold by the vending machines by 89% and 98%, respectively. Average snack and beverage revenues decreased by 37% and 34%, respectively, during the sampled period. CONCLUSIONS Although a 100% healthy vending policy represents a promising strategy for encouraging purchases of healthier foods, steps should be taken to counteract potential revenue changes when planning its implementation.
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Motta V. The Impact of Local Food Expenditure on School Foodservice Revenues. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:722-729. [PMID: 31264235 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locally grown foods, through farm-to-school (FTS) activities, may be a key component to balancing foodservice budgets and alleviating financial constraints in school districts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of local food expenditures on school foodservice revenues and earnings. We anticipated a positive impact of local food expenditures on foodservice revenues and earnings. METHODS Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis was conducted using data from the 2013 US Department of Agriculture Farm to School Census. The questionnaire primarily asked all US public school districts about their FTS operations during 2011-2012 school year. RESULTS Although our results initially showed a negative impact of local milk and nonmilk expenditures on foodservice revenues from food sales, when combined with revenues from the federal government, the impact is positive. The positive effect seems to hold when adding foodservice revenues from both food sales and federal funds. Our study found a similar pattern for foodservice earnings. CONCLUSIONS This may indicate that competitive foods are still widely preferred in school districts. Revenue from the federal government is critical to maintain FTS activities viable to students and community members although federal funds and food sales may not cover total foodservice expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Motta
- Business Administration School of São Paulo, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Av. 9 de Julho, 2029, São Paulo CEP 01313-902, SP, Brazil
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Sildén KE. Impact of competitive foods in public schools on child nutrition: effects on adolescent obesity in the United States an integrative systematic literature review. Glob Health Action 2018; 11:1477492. [PMID: 29893188 PMCID: PMC5998782 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1477492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The United States (US) is currently facing a public health crisis due to the percentage of obesity in adolescents. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) stated the risks for children due to obesity are many. Adolescents obtain a large portion of their daily caloric intake at school; therefore, what foods/drinks they are consuming is so serious. Objective: To identify and analyze literature on the effects of competitive foods in public schools on adolescent weight, or Body Mass Index (BMI), and possible impacts they may have on adolescent obesity in the United States. Methods: An integrative systematic review of literature was conducted. The literature was collected in CINAHL, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Refined keyword search is further detailed in the report. Year restrictions were 2006–2017 from peer-reviewed journals and published in English, including adolescents 13–18 years old in the US. Criteria for inclusion targeted at least one of (1) sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), (2) competitive foods, (3) commercial foods, (4) vending machines, (5) al a carte venues, and (6) school stores, examining their associations with weight measurements, using either weight or BMI, or caloric intake analysis. Results: A total of 164 articles were detected and assessed, for a final analysis of 34 full text articles. Twenty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. Common aspects of interest involved BMI/Obesity/Weight (73%), (58%) examined Calorie density or consumption, (77%) discussed the Availability of competitive foods in schools, (54%) included Analysis of competitive food, beverage and nutrition policies, and (69%) addressed Other effects. Conclusion: This review discovered substantial evidence that competitive foods are highly available in schools, however, lacking in robust evidence proving causality in increasing BMI or weight. There is strong corroboration in the research revealing that Other effects are factors worthy of studying further. Additional longitudinal and higher-quality research needs to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Sildén
- a Department of Public Health , Lund University , Ängelholm , Sweden
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McIsaac JLD, Spencer R, Chiasson K, Kontak J, Kirk SFL. Factors Influencing the Implementation of Nutrition Policies in Schools: A Scoping Review. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2018; 46:224-250. [PMID: 30173576 DOI: 10.1177/1090198118796891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although school nutrition policies (SNPs) have been highlighted as an important intervention to support childhood nutrition, their implementation and maintenance within real-word settings is complex. There is a need to understand the factors that influence implementation by consolidating existing research and identifying commonalities and differences. AIMS The purpose of this review is to determine what is known about the influence of broad and local system factors on the implementation of SNPs internationally. METHOD This scoping review involved identifying and selecting relevant literature that related SNP implementation in primary and secondary schools. Following the search process, 2,368 articles were screened and 59 articles were synthesized and charted and emerging themes were identified. RESULTS Across the final studies identified, factors emerged as barriers and facilitators to the implementation of SNPs, with system implications that related to five areas to support policy action: providing macro-level support may encourage policy implementation; addressing the financial implications of healthy food access; aligning nutrition and core school priorities; developing a common purpose and responsibility among stakeholders; recognition of school and community characteristics. DISCUSSION While SNPs can help to support childhood nutrition, strategies to address issues related to policy implementation need to be taken to help schools overcome persistent challenges. CONCLUSION The results of this review provide opportunities for action across multiple system levels to ensure synergy and coordinated action toward SNP goals to foster the creation supportive nutrition environments for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie-Lee D McIsaac
- 1 Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,2 Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | - Julia Kontak
- 1 Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sara F L Kirk
- 1 Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Viana J, Leonard SA, Kitay B, Ansel D, Angelis P, Slusser W. Healthier vending machines in a university setting: Effective and financially sustainable. Appetite 2017; 121:263-267. [PMID: 29137969 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Viana
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, 650 Charles Young Dr. S., 31-269 CHS, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Leonard
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 650 Charles Young Dr. S., 71-254 CHS, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Bob Kitay
- UCLA Housing & Hospitality Services, 360 De Neve Drive, Suite 182, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Daryl Ansel
- UCLA Housing & Hospitality Services, 360 De Neve Drive, Suite 182, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Peter Angelis
- UCLA Housing & Hospitality Services, 360 De Neve Drive, Suite 182, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Wendelin Slusser
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, 650 Charles Young Dr. S., 31-269 CHS, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Heo M, Irvin E, Ostrovsky N, Isasi C, Blank AE, Lounsbury DW, Fredericks L, Yom T, Ginsberg M, Hayes S, Wylie-Rosett J. Behaviors and Knowledge of HealthCorps New York City High School Students: Nutrition, Mental Health, and Physical Activity. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2016; 86:84-95. [PMID: 26762819 PMCID: PMC4714839 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HealthCorps provides school wellness programming using curricula to promote changes in nutrition, mental health, and physical activity behaviors. The research objective was to evaluate effects of implementing its curricula on nutrition, mental health, and physical activity knowledge and behavior. METHODS Pre- and postsurvey data were collected (N = 2255) during the 2012-2013 academic year from 14 New York City public high schools. An 18-item knowledge questionnaire addressed 3 domains; 26 behavioral items were analyzed by factor analysis to identify 6 behavior domains, breakfast being a seventh 1-item domain. We examined the effects stratified by sex, applying mixed-effects models to take into account clustering effects of schools and participants adjusted for age. RESULTS The HealthCorps program significantly increased all 3 knowledge domains (p < .05), and significantly changed several key behavioral domains. Boys significantly increased fruits/vegetables intake (p = .03). Girls increased acceptance of new fruits/vegetables (p = .03) and breakfast consumption (p = .04), and decreased sugar-sweetened beverages and energy dense food intake (p = .03). The associations between knowledge and behavior were stronger in boys than girls. CONCLUSION The HealthCorps program significantly increased participants' knowledge on nutrition, mental health, and physical activity. It also improved several key behavioral domains, which are targets of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines to address obesity in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonseong Heo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13-th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Erica Irvin
- HealthCorps, 75 Broad Street, 24th Floor, New York, NY 10004.
| | - Natania Ostrovsky
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13-th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Carmen Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13-th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Arthur E Blank
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Harold and Muriel Block Building, Room 409, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - David W Lounsbury
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13-th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Lynn Fredericks
- FamilyCook Productions, 330 East 43rd Street, Ste. 704, New York, NY 10017.
| | - Tiana Yom
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13-th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Mindy Ginsberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13-th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Shawn Hayes
- HealthCorps, 555 Capitol Mall, Suite 250, Sacramento, CA 95814.
| | - Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, 1307 Belfer Building, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461.
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Grech A, Allman-Farinelli M. A systematic literature review of nutrition interventions in vending machines that encourage consumers to make healthier choices. Obes Rev 2015; 16:1030-41. [PMID: 26593221 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Internationally, vending machines are scrutinized for selling energy-dense nutrient-poor foods and beverages, and the contribution to overconsumption and subsequent risk of obesity. The aim of this review is to determine the efficacy of nutrition interventions in vending machine in eliciting behaviour change to improve diet quality or weight status of consumers. Electronic databases Cochrane, EMBASE, CINAHL, Science Direct and PubMed were searched from inception. INCLUSION CRITERIA (i) populations that have access to vending machines; (ii) nutrition interventions; (iii) measured outcomes of behaviour change (e.g. sales data, dietary intake or weight change); and (iv) experimental trials where controls were not exposed to the intervention. Risk of bias was assessed independently by two researchers, and higher quality research formed the basis of this qualitative review. Twelve articles from 136 searched were included for synthesis. Intervention settings included schools, universities and workplaces. Reducing price or increasing the availability increased sales of healthier choices. The results of point-of-purchase nutrition information interventions were heterogeneous and when measured changes to purchases were small. This review offers evidence that pricing and availability strategies are effective at improving the nutritional quality foods and beverages purchased from vending machines. Evidence on how these interventions alter consumer's overall diet or body mass index is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grech
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - M Allman-Farinelli
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Porto EBS, Schmitz BAS, Recine E, Rodrigues MDLCF. School canteens in the Federal District, Brazil and the promotion of healthy eating. REV NUTR 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-52732015000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To characterize the school cafeterias in the Federal District of Brazil with respect to the promotion of healthy eating in schools. Methods: This is a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study, with a representative sample of schools with cafeterias in the Federal District, Brazil (n=202). The data were collected from April to November 2010 by means of on-site interviews and a structured questionnaire. The Pearson's chi-squared and Student's t tests were used. Results: A higher prevalence of outsourcing, and few employees and dieticians were observed. The prevailing foods were baked sausage, cheese, or chicken rolls or pastries. It was also found that 42.2% of the schools influence the menu of the cafeterias, and 58.6% of the representatives believe in the possibility of influencing the students' eating habits. However, 68.0% of the respondents do not believe in the economic feasibility of completely healthful school cafeterias. Approximately 30.0% of the respondents carry out activities to promote healthy eating. Conclusion: Most of the school cafeterias in the Federal District do not encourage healthful eating. The high prevalence of outsourced services with little interference from the school community gives high autonomy to the cafeteria's owner, whose priority is the pursuit of profit at the expense of the students' nutritional education. Improving the nutritional quality of school foods should be a continuous interactive effort of the food suppliers, principals, students, parents, and government authorities.
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