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Tse E, Plakitsi K, Voulgaris S, Alexiou GA. Schoolteachers Teach First Aid and Trauma Management to Young Primary School Children: An Experimental Study with Educational Intervention. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1076. [PMID: 37371307 DOI: 10.3390/children10061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of teaching first aid to 6-8-year-old children within their primary school setting. The study aimed to address two key research questions: (1) Can children of this age group acquire first aid and trauma management skills from their schoolteachers? (2) How long do children retain the acquired first aid knowledge? METHODS A pilot experimental study with an educational intervention was conducted in a single primary school in Greece. A total of 60 schoolchildren aged 6-8 years were randomly selected for participation, with 30 children assigned to the training group and 30 children assigned to the control group, which did not receive any intervention. To assess the children's understanding of first aid, a specialized questionnaire was administered to all children one day before the training, as well as to the training group one day after the training, and at two and six months following the training. RESULTS Prior to the training, there were no significant differences in first aid knowledge between the children in the training group and those in the control group. However, one day after the training, the trained children demonstrated significantly higher scores (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Over time, the first aid knowledge of the trained children gradually declined at the two- and six-month follow-up assessments, although it remained higher than their pre-training level. CONCLUSIONS First aid training provided by their teachers improved the knowledge of 6-8-year-old primary school children in first aid and trauma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleana Tse
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Plakitsi
- Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Spyridon Voulgaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - George A Alexiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
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Schroeder DC, Semeraro F, Greif R, Bray J, Morley P, Parr M, Kondo Nakagawa N, Iwami T, Finke SR, Malta Hansen C, Lockey A, Del Rios M, Bhanji F, Sasson C, Schexnayder SM, Scquizzato T, Wetsch WA, Böttiger BW. Temporarily Removed. Resuscitation 2023:109772. [PMID: 37190748 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basic life support education for schoolchildren has become a key initiative to increase bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates. Our objective was to review the existing literature on teaching schoolchildren basic life support to identify the best practices to provide basic life support training in schoolchildren. METHODS After topics and subgroups were defined, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. Systematic reviews and controlled and uncontrolled prospective and retrospective studies containing data on students <20 years of age were included. RESULTS Schoolchildren are highly motivated to learn basic life support. The CHECK-CALL-COMPRESS algorithm is recommended for all schoolchildren. Regular training in basic life support regardless of age consolidates long-term skills. Young children from 4 years of age are able to assess the first links in the chain of survival. By 10 to 12 years of age, effective chest compression depths and ventilation volumes can be achieved on training manikins. A combination of theoretical and practical training is recommended. Schoolteachers serve as effective basic life support instructors. Schoolchildren also serve as multipliers by passing on basic life support skills to others. The use of age-appropriate social media tools for teaching is a promising approach for schoolchildren of all ages. CONCLUSIONS Schoolchildren basic life support training has the potential to educate whole generations to respond to cardiac arrest and to increase survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Comprehensive legislation, curricula, and scientific assessment are crucial to further develop the education of schoolchildren in basic life support.
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Shaukat N, Ali DM, Jaffer M, Jarrar Z, Ashraf N, Hassan S, Daudpota AA, Qadir MA, Khowaja AH, Razzak J. Lifesaving skills training in schools - A qualitative study to explore students, teachers, and parent's perceived opportunities and challenges. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:400. [PMID: 36849931 PMCID: PMC9970688 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to explore the perception of teachers, parents and students' regarding implementation of a school-based lifesaving skills program and help predict potential barriers and solutions. METHODS This qualitative exploratory study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2020- to October 2021. We included students, teachers, and parents of secondary (grades VIII, IX, and X) and higher secondary level students (grades XI and XII) in Karachi, Pakistan's public and private schools and colleges. We selected one public, two semi-private, and two private schools. We recruited students, teachers, and parents through convenience sampling. We conducted fifteen focus group discussions (FGDs) with the students, six FGDs with the teachers, and eighteen in-depth interviews (IDIs) with parents. We transcribed the data from audio recordings and translated it into the English language. Finally, we manually analyzed the data using thematic analyses. RESULTS This study found that bystanders' main barriers to performing lifesaving skills are lack of knowledge, fear of legal involvement, fear of hurting the patient by incorrect technique, lack of empathy among community stakeholders, and gender bias. However, the participants had a positive and supportive attitude toward implementing lifesaving skills training in schools. They suggested starting student training in the early teenage years, preferred medical staff as trainers, and suggested frequent small sessions in English/Urdu both or Urdu language and training via theory and practical hands-on drills. Furthermore, the training was proposed to be integrated into the school curriculum to make it sustainable. Finally, the government needs to support the program and make the legal environment more conducive for bystanders. CONCLUSION This study identified the significant barriers to performing lifesaving skills in an emergency in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). The participants supported implementing a national lifesaving skills program in schools and colleges. However, the participants expressed that support is needed by the government for sustainability, integrating lifesaving skills into the school curriculum, providing legal support to the bystanders, and creating awareness among the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Shaukat
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Daniyal Mansoor Ali
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Mehtab Jaffer
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zeerak Jarrar
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Naela Ashraf
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sheza Hassan
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Junaid Razzak
- Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
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The Role of a First Aid Training Program for Young Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030431. [PMID: 36979990 PMCID: PMC10047314 DOI: 10.3390/children10030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Many first aid programs have been conducted in schools, and researchers have identified that interventions improved students’ knowledge, skills, and attitude. This study examines the content, practices, and assessment of first aid interventions at primary schools and evaluates their effectiveness. Methods: A systematic review was undertaken. We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane library databases from January 1990 to December 2021 using the search terms: ‘’first aid’’ AND ‘’primary school children’’. School-based first aid training targeting 6 to 10 years old studies in English were eligible for inclusion. Results: We included 11 studies that were approached by experimental (n = 6) and by observational studies (n = 5). Researchers conducted interventions in Europe (n = 9) and America (n = 2). An essential part of the teaching was hands-on practice. Most studies included in their program cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 8) and basic life support (n = 7). The main findings showed that trained children have significantly better knowledge of and skills in first aid than those before or without training. Children under 11 years old were not strong enough to achieve the proper depth of chest compressions. Depth of chest compressions correlates with children’s age, weight, height (n = 2), and body mass index (n = 3). Conclusions The effectiveness of resuscitative or non-resuscitative first-aid training for primary school children improved students’ knowledge and skills. Subsequent research could investigate children’s reactions in actual first aid conditions.
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Eysenbach G, Liao WA, Wang W, Seah B. The Effectiveness of Technology-Based Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training on the Skills and Knowledge of Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e36423. [PMID: 36520524 PMCID: PMC9801268 DOI: 10.2196/36423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training for adolescents is a prominent strategy to increase the number of community first responders who can recognize cardiac arrest and initiate CPR. More schools are adopting technology-based CPR training modalities to reduce class time and reliance on instructor availability and increase their capacity for wider training dissemination. However, it remains unclear whether these technology-based modalities are comparable with standard training. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review and perform meta-analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of technology-based CPR training on adolescents' CPR skills and knowledge. METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and Scopus from inception to June 25, 2021. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared technology-based training with standard training for adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager (The Cochrane Collaboration). Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity. Overall certainty of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. RESULTS Seventeen RCTs involving 5578 adolescents were included. Most of the studies had unclear risks of selection bias (9/17, 53%) and high risks of performance bias (16/17, 94%). Interventions that included instructor guidance increased the likelihood of adolescents checking the responsiveness of the person experiencing cardiac arrest (risk ratio 1.39, 95% CI 1.19-1.63) and calling the emergency medical services (risk ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.24). Self-directed technology-based CPR training without instructor guidance was associated with poorer overall skill performance (Cohen d=-0.74, 95% CI -1.02 to -0.45). Training without hands-on practice increased mean compression rates (mean difference 9.38, 95% CI 5.75-13.01), whereas real-time feedback potentially yielded slower compression rates. Instructor-guided training with hands-on practice (Cohen d=0.45, 95% CI 0.13-0.78) and the use of computer programs or mobile apps (Cohen d=0.62, 95% CI 0.37-0.86) improved knowledge scores. However, certainty of evidence was very low. CONCLUSIONS Instructor-guided technology-based CPR training that includes hands-on practice and real-time feedback is noninferior to standard training in CPR skills and knowledge among adolescents. Our findings supported the use of technology-based components such as videos, computer programs, or mobile apps for self-directed theoretical instruction. However, instructor guidance, hands-on practice, and real-time feedback are still necessary components of training to achieve better learning outcomes for adolescents. Such a blended learning approach may reduce class time and reliance on instructor availability. Because of the high heterogeneity of the studies reviewed, the findings from this study should be interpreted with caution. More high-quality RCTs with large sample sizes and follow-up data are needed. Finally, technology-based training can be considered a routine refresher training modality in schools for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenru Wang
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Betsy Seah
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Lo MF, Ng WCJ, Ng CFG, Ng MLP. The past, present, and future of first aid and health education: a case study in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND HEALTHCARE MARKETING 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ijphm-10-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The demand for ambulance services in Hong Kong is increasing and first aid plays an important role in saving lives. The government recognized first aid training courses offered by four organizations. This study aims to review and discuss the past, present and future of first aid and health training in Hong Kong.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopted a case study approach to investigate the operations and development of the first aid and health training in one of the largest training providers in Hong Kong. Publicly available secondary data, including annual reports, websites, newspapers and social media, were collected and analysed. Using the thematic analysis procedure, researchers familiarised the data collected, generated initial codes, searched for themes, reviewed themes, defined themes and reported the results.
Findings
Through data analysis, researchers identified six themes which help to address the research questions regarding the types of first aid and health training courses, quality issue, awareness of first aid in the community and the future delivery of first aid training.
Practical implications
This study provided two implications on both micro and macro levels. At the micro level, training providers can enhance training quality by adopting technology. At the macro level, training providers can continue to advocate and facilitate the integration of first aid into the formal education curriculum. The last section addressed the limitations of this study and provided future research directions.
Originality/value
This study provided insights about the development of the first aid and health education and training. Health-care training providers and policymakers could benchmark the findings from this study and develop appropriate measures for promoting health education.
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Zenani NE, Bello B, Molekodi M, Useh U. Effectiveness of school-based CPR training among adolescents to enhance knowledge and skills in CPR: A systematic review. Curationis 2022; 45:e1-e9. [PMID: 36453813 PMCID: PMC9724146 DOI: 10.4102/curationis.v45i1.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is responsible for 5% - 10% of all deaths among children age 5-19 years; therefore, strategies to prevent poor outcomes post cardiac arrest among children are critical within schools. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to systematically review the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training on CPR knowledge and skills among adolescent school children. METHOD This systematic review was conducted and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The complete bibliographic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched from January 2012 to August 2021. Included studies met all the eligibility criteria. The Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (EPHPP) and Mixed Method Appraisal tool were used to appraise the quality of the included studies. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in the review, and 5418 participants were found in the databases. The studies were mainly conducted during the last decade, which suggests that the public's attention has been directed toward training schoolchildren in CPR. The most common interventions were taught in video simulation training courses. They also used subjective assessments to evaluate the participants' knowledge and skills. CONCLUSION Findings from this systematic review reveal that CPR training within school settings effectively promoted a change in CPR knowledge and skills among adolescents. Hence, continuous training of CPR among schoolchildren should be encouraged by policymakers, school authorities, parents and teachers to optimise the prompt usage of the skills in any cardiac event. However, a high-quality randomised controlled trial would enhance the strength of evidence in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nombulelo E Zenani
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, North-West University, Mafikeng.
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Tse E, Plakitsi K, Voulgaris S, Alexiou GA. First Aid Training for Children in Kindergarten: A Pilot Randomized Control Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9111626. [PMID: 36360354 PMCID: PMC9688767 DOI: 10.3390/children9111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
First aid is a fundamental skill for every human of every age, so training in first aid is necessary at a variety of levels. First aid training in schools is essential, but to date, only short reports have been published on the effectiveness of first aid training in kindergarten. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled study on the impact of first aid training on children in kindergarten. We randomly selected 24 children aged 4-5 years from one kindergarten, who were allocated to either a training group (14 children) or a control group (10 children). The training program consisted of three lessons. An eleven-question questionnaire was administered to the children in the training group one day before, one day after, and two and six months after the training, and once to the those in the control group. Before the training, no significant difference was detected in the score on the questionnaire between the two groups. After the lessons, the children in the training group scored significantly higher on the questionnaire than before the lessons, and than the children in the control group. At two and six months after the training, the scores of the children in the training group had decreased but remained higher than before the training and higher that those of the control group. These preliminary results indicate that kindergarten children may benefit from first aid training, but further studies are needed to verify these observations and to explore ways of maintaining the knowledge acquired in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleana Tse
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 451-10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Plakitsi
- Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 451-10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Spyridon Voulgaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 451-10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - George A. Alexiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 451-10 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6948-525134; Fax: +30-26510-99700
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Avau B, Vanhove AC, Scheers H, Stroobants S, Lauwers K, Vandekerckhove P, De Buck E. Impact of the Use of Simulated Patients in Basic First Aid Training on Laypeople Knowledge, Skills, and Self-efficacy: A Controlled Experimental Study. Simul Healthc 2022; 17:213-219. [PMID: 35921627 PMCID: PMC9351698 DOI: 10.1097/sih.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First aid training is a cost-effective way to improve public health, but the most effective methods to teach first aid are currently unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the added value of simulated patients during first aid certification trainings. METHODS Occupational first aid trainings organized by the Belgian Red Cross between September 2018 and August 2019 were allocated to either training with a simulated patient or regular training, for the topics "stroke" and "burns." Participants' knowledge and self-efficacy related to these topics were assessed at baseline, directly after training and after 1 year. First aid skills for "stroke" and "burns" and participant satisfaction were assessed after training. Knowledge and self-efficacy were measured via a questionnaire, and skills were assessed during a practical skills test. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed model analyses. RESULTS A total of 1113 participants were enrolled, 403 in the simulated patient group and 710 in the control group. First aid knowledge and self-efficacy increased strongly immediately after training. These increases did not differ between groups, nor did the level of practical skills. The simulated patient group had a significantly increased retention in first aid knowledge after 1 year, compared with control, while retention in self-efficacy did not differ. Participant satisfaction with training was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Using simulated patients during occupational first aid trainings for laypeople did not improve outcomes immediately after training but did improve retention of first aid knowledge after 1 year. These results support the use of simulated patients during first aid training.
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Taking Care of Friends: The Implementation Evaluation of a Peer-Focused School Program Using First Aid to Reduce Adolescent Risk-Taking and Injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413030. [PMID: 34948640 PMCID: PMC8702208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Injury is a leading cause of adolescent deaths, with risk-taking associated with a sizeable proportion of injuries and many of those risks undertaken in the presence of peers or with peers’ knowledge. Novel ways to promote safety are required and using the peer-relationship may be an important mechanism for prevention. This study reports on the implementation evaluation of the Skills for Preventing Injury in Youth (SPIY) program. SPIY is a high-school program designed to reduce injury by encouraging peers to look out for one another and prevent risk-taking, complemented by developing peer helping and first aid skills as well as school connectedness. 152 students and 12 teachers who delivered SPIY participated in separate 30 min focus groups and reported on students’ understanding of peer protective behaviour and the program implementation (adherence, dose, quality of program delivery, and participant responsiveness). Students reported on many approaches to protecting friends and both students and teachers reported they found the program interesting, interactive, and able to be delivered. Peer protection messages were relevant and acceptable to teachers and students in a risk-taking harm reduction program to reduce adolescent injury.
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Abstract
Any citizen can be involved in a situation that requires basic first aid knowledge. For this reason, it is important to be trained in this kind of activity. Serious games have been presented as a good option to integrate entertainment into the coaching process. This work presents a video game for mobile platforms which facilitate the formation and training in the PWA (Protect, Warn, Aid) first aid protocol. Users have to overcome a series of challenges to bring theoretical concepts closer to practice. To easily change the point of view of the game play, Augmented Reality technology has been used. In order to make each game looks different, neural networks have been implemented to perform the behavior of the Non-Playable Characters autonomous. Finally, in order to evaluate the quality and playability of the application, as well as the motivation and learning of content, several experiments were carried out with a sample of 50 people aged between 18 and 26. The obtained results confirm the playability and attractiveness of the video game, the increase of interest in learning first aid, as well as the greater fixation of the different concepts dealt with in the video game. The results support that this application facilitates and improves the learning of first aid protocols, making it more enjoyable, attractive, and practical.
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Cheng YH, Yeung CY, Sharma A, So KY, Ko HF, Wong K, Lam P, Lee A. Non-resuscitative first aid training and assessment for junior secondary school students: A pre-post study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27051. [PMID: 34449493 PMCID: PMC8389963 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
School-based first aid interventions can contribute to the number of adults trained in first aid in the community over time but few studies have examined the effectiveness of teaching non-resuscitative first aid on knowledge, attitudes and skills. Currently, there is no consensus on the optimal content and duration of first aid training for junior secondary students. The aim of this study was to evaluated the effectiveness of a 2.5 hour introductory non-resuscitative first aid course for junior secondary students.This prospective, single-centre, pre-post study included 140 students (11-13 years old). Students completed a questionnaire on first aid knowledge, attitude towards first aid and self-confidence to perform first aid before and after a training session. Six emergency medicine physicians taught practical first aid skills training. A game-based formative assessment was undertaken where the instructors assessed small teams of students' role-playing injured classmates and first aid responders (and vice-versa) treating abrasions, ankle sprain, choking and a scald injury.Few students had prior first aid training (14%). After adjusting for student's age, sex, prior first aid training and format delivery, the course was associated with increased mean knowledge score (pre-training 53%, post-training 88%; mean difference [MD] 35%, 95% CI: 32% to 38%), positive attitudes and more confidence in performing first aid after training (all P < .001). All teams showed a good level of competency in treating simulated injuries with first aid kits.This brief non-resuscitative first aid course was associated with noticeable and valuable changes in knowledge score and self-confidence level in performing first aid. The game-based formative assessment facilitated a positive learning environment for skill competency evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Han Cheng
- Accident and Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chi Yeung Yeung
- Accident and Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amar Sharma
- Yew Chung International Secondary School, 3 To Fuk Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kit Ying So
- Accident and Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hiu Fai Ko
- Accident and Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kevin Wong
- Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Paul Lam
- Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Mehreen S, Mathur A, Jat J, Pathak A. Effectiveness of an Educational School-Based Intervention on Knowledge of Unintentional Injury Prevention and First Aid Among Students in Ujjain, India. Indian Pediatr 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Martínez-Isasi S, García-Suárez M, De La Peña Rodríguez MA, Gómez-Salgado J, Fernández N, Méndez-Martínez C, Leon-Castelao E, Clemente-Vivancos A, Fernández-García D. Basic life support training programme in schools by school nurses: How long and how often to train? Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24819. [PMID: 33787576 PMCID: PMC8021366 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in schools, despite being legislated in Spain, is not established as such within the subjects that children are taught in schools. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the acquisition of CPR skills by 11-year-old children after a brief theoretical-practical teaching programme taught by nurses at school. METHODS 62 students were assessed in a quasi-experimental study on 2 cohorts (51.4% of the sample in control group [CG]). In total, 2 sessions were given, a theoretical one, and a practical training for skill development in children, in which the CG performed the CPR in 2-minute cycles and the intervention group in 1-minute cycles. The anthropometric variables recorded were weight and height, and the variables compression quality and ventilation quality were recorded using the Laerdal ResusciAnne manikin with Personal Computer/Wireless SkillReport. RESULTS The assessment showed better results, in terms of BLS sequence performance and use of automated external defibrillator, in the CG and after training, except for the evaluation of the 10-second breathing assessment technique. The quality of chest compressions was better in the CG after training, as was the quality of the ventilations. There were no major differences in CPR quality after training and 4 months after the 1-minute and 2-minute training cycles. CONCLUSIONS 11-year-old children do not perform quality chest compressions or ventilations but, considering their age, they are able to perform a BLS sequence correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Martínez-Isasi
- Life Support and Medical Simulation Research Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CLINURSID Research Group. Faculty of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela
| | - Mario García-Suárez
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Leon
| | | | - Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Labour Sciences, Social Work and Public Health, University of Huelva, Huelva
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Nélida Fernández
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon
| | - Carlos Méndez-Martínez
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Leon
| | - Esther Leon-Castelao
- Clinical Simulation Lab, School of Medicine and Healthcare Sciences, University of Barcelona
| | - Alvaro Clemente-Vivancos
- Clinical Simulation Lab, School of Medicine and Healthcare Sciences, University of Barcelona
- Escola Superior de Enfermeria Mar (ESIMar), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
| | - Daniel Fernández-García
- Unidad de Radiología Vascular Intervencionista, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Leon, Spain
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15
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El Bashtaly A, Khalil E, Méthot F, Ledoux-Hutchinson L, Franc JM, Homier V. Tourniquet application by schoolchildren-a randomized crossover study of three commercially available models. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 90:666-672. [PMID: 33405474 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life-threatening hemorrhage is a major cause of preventable mortality in trauma. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of commercial tourniquets when used by adult civilians. However, there are no data about tourniquet application by children.This study's goal is to determine which of three commercially available tourniquets is most effective when used by children. METHODS A randomized crossover study was conducted in four elementary schools in Montreal to compare three commercially available tourniquets. The study population is primary school children aged 10 to 12 years (5th-6th grade). A total of 181 students were invited to participate; 96 obtained parental approval and were recruited. Participants underwent a short 7-minute video training on the use of three commercial tourniquets and were subsequently given a 2-minute practice period. Students were evaluated on their ability to successfully apply the tourniquet and the time to complete application. After applying all three tourniquets, the students selected their favorite model. The primary outcome is the proportion of successful applications per tourniquet model. Secondary outcomes include time to successful application for each tourniquet model and tourniquet model preference. RESULTS The mechanical advantage tourniquet (MAT) outperformed the combat application tourniquet (CAT) and the stretch wrap and tuck tourniquet (SWATT) in terms of success rate (MAT, 67%; CAT, 44%; SWATT, 24%; p < 0.0001), time to application (MAT, 57 seconds; CAT, 80 seconds; SWATT, 90 seconds; p < 0.0001), and preference (MAT, 64%; CAT, 30%; SWATT, 6%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION In this study, the MAT performs better in terms of success rate, time to application, and preference when used by school-aged children. This study can be helpful when facilities are purchasing tourniquets for use by students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El Bashtaly
- From the Faculty of Medicine (A.E.B., F.M., L.L.-H.), Université de Montreal; Pediatric Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec; Faculty of Medicine (J.M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; and Adult Emergency Medicine (V.H.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Reveruzzi B, Buckley L, Sheehan M. First aid training in secondary schools: A comparative study and implementation considerations. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 75:32-40. [PMID: 33334490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION School-based first aid training has benefits for adolescents with an opportunity to increase health and safety knowledge relating to injury and cardiac arrest. METHOD Using a quasi-experimental design we evaluated differences among students (Mage = 13.46 years, 55% female) taught first aid through the Skills for Preventing Injury in Youth (SPIY) program (n = 1942), treatment-as-usual school-based first aid training (n = 675), and students who did not receive first aid training (n = 489). RESULTS Results showed significant differences in self-reported knowledge scores at twelve-month follow-up (controlling for baseline knowledge). Students in the SPIY group and the treatment-as-usual first aid group had higher total scores than the control group. Teachers and students reported positive perceptions to first aid study, in particular the interactive delivery and scenarios for contextualizing information. Practical Applications: The study provides support for the retention of first aid knowledge up to 12-months and thus the inclusion and feasibility of first aid training in secondary school curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Reveruzzi
- Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Qld 4059, Australia
| | - Lisa Buckley
- The University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Mary Sheehan
- Queensland University of Technology, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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17
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Rossetto A, Morgan AJ, Hart LM, Kelly CM, Jorm AF. Frequency and quality of first aid offered by older adolescents: a cluster randomised crossover trial of school-based first aid courses. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9782. [PMID: 32874786 PMCID: PMC7439956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research indicates that school-based first aid programmes appear to improve students’ knowledge and skills. However, evidence for their effectiveness is limited by a lack of rigorously designed studies. This research used a cluster randomised crossover trial to assess the effects of two different types of first aid training on the frequency and appropriateness of older adolescents’ first aid behaviours towards their peers 12 months after training. Methods Schools eligible to participate were government funded and able to accommodate first aid training and survey time for two consecutive Year 10 student cohorts. Four Australian public schools were matched in two pairs and randomly assigned to receive either physical first aid (PFA) or teen mental health first aid (tMHFA) training for their Year 10 student cohort (mean age 16 years). In the second year, the new Year 10 cohort received the other intervention. Four cohorts were randomised to receive PFA and four were randomised to receive tMHFA. Online surveys were administered at baseline and 12 months after training, measuring whether students had encountered a peer needing PFA, whether they had provided PFA, what actions they performed and, if applicable, why they had been unable to help the person. Only research staff analysing the data could be blinded to measurement occasion, school identity and condition. Results Four cohorts received PFA and four received tMHFA. The results indicated that there were no differences between groups regarding the frequency of appropriate first aid actions performed 12 months after training. The most common types of PFA provided to a peer were sending for help and wound care. Students most commonly mentioned someone else attending to their peer or lacking skills or experience as reasons for not performing PFA actions. Conclusions More research that examines first aid behaviours using rigorous, longitudinal study designs is needed to establish the effectiveness of school-based first aid training for older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssia Rossetto
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Mental Health First Aid Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy J Morgan
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura M Hart
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire M Kelly
- Mental Health First Aid Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony F Jorm
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Mental Health First Aid Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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De Buck E, Laermans J, Vanhove AC, Dockx K, Vandekerckhove P, Geduld H. An educational pathway and teaching materials for first aid training of children in sub-Saharan Africa based on the best available evidence. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:836. [PMID: 32493323 PMCID: PMC7268765 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First aid training is a cost-effective way to decrease the burden of disease and injury in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Since evidence from Western countries has shown that children are able to learn first aid, first aid training of children in LMIC may be a promising way forward. Hence, our project aim was to develop contextualized materials to train sub-Saharan African children in first aid, based on the best available evidence. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted to identify studies on first aid education to children up to 18 years old (research question one), and studies investigating different teaching approaches (broader than first aid) in LMIC (research question two). A multidisciplinary expert panel translated the evidence to the context of sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence and expert input were used to develop teaching materials. RESULTS For question one, we identified 58 studies, measuring the effect of training children in resuscitation, first aid for skin wounds, poisoning etc. For question two, two systematic reviews were included from which we selected 36 studies, revealing the effectiveness of several pedagogical methods, such as problem-solving instruction and small-group instruction. However, the certainty of the evidence was low to very low. Hence expert input was necessary to formulate training objectives and age ranges based on "good practice" whenever the quantity or quality of the evidence was limited. The experts also placed the available evidence against the African context. CONCLUSIONS The above approach resulted in an educational pathway (i.e. a scheme with educational goals concerning first aid for different age groups), a list of recommended educational approaches, and first aid teaching materials for children, based on the best available evidence and adapted to the African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy De Buck
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium.
- Cochrane First Aid, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium.
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jorien Laermans
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Vanhove
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
- Cochrane First Aid, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
- Cochrane Belgium, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (Cebam), Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Dockx
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Belgian Red Cross, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Heike Geduld
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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First aid education popularization calls for attention. Burns 2017; 43:1356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hoque DME, Islam MI, Sharmin Salam S, Rahman QSU, Agrawal P, Rahman A, Rahman F, El-Arifeen S, Hyder AA, Alonge O. Impact of First Aid on Treatment Outcomes for Non-Fatal Injuries in Rural Bangladesh: Findings from an Injury and Demographic Census. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070762. [PMID: 28704972 PMCID: PMC5551200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-fatal injuries have a significant impact on disability, productivity, and economic cost, and first-aid can play an important role in improving non-fatal injury outcomes. Data collected from a census conducted as part of a drowning prevention project in Bangladesh was used to quantify the impact of first-aid provided by trained and untrained providers on non-fatal injuries. The census covered approximately 1.2 million people from 7 sub-districts of Bangladesh. Around 10% individuals reported an injury event in the six-month recall period. The most common injuries were falls (39%) and cuts injuries (23.4%). Overall, 81.7% of those with non-fatal injuries received first aid from a provider of whom 79.9% were non-medically trained. Individuals who received first-aid from a medically trained provider had more severe injuries and were 1.28 times more likely to show improvement or recover compared to those who received first-aid from an untrained provider. In Bangladesh, first-aid for non-fatal injuries are primarily provided by untrained providers. Given the large number of untrained providers and the known benefits of first aid to overcome morbidities associated with non-fatal injuries, public health interventions should be designed and implemented to train and improve skills of untrained providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewan Md Emdadul Hoque
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Irteja Islam
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Shumona Sharmin Salam
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Qazi Sadeq-Ur Rahman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Priyanka Agrawal
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, House #B-162, Road #23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh.
| | - Fazlur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, House #B-162, Road #23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh.
| | - Shams El-Arifeen
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Adnan A Hyder
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Olakunle Alonge
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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