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Essex DW, Wang L. Recent advances in vascular thiol isomerases and redox systems in platelet function and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1806-1818. [PMID: 38518897 PMCID: PMC11214884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
There have been substantial advances in vascular protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) in platelet function and thrombosis in recent years. There are 4 known prothrombotic thiol isomerases; PDI, endoplasmic reticulum protein (ERp)57, ERp72, and ERp46, and 1 antithrombotic PDI; transmembrane protein 1. A sixth PDI, ERp5, may exhibit either prothrombotic or antithrombotic properties in platelets. Studies on ERp46 in platelet function and thrombosis provide insight into the mechanisms by which these enzymes function. ERp46-catalyzed disulfide cleavage in the αIIbβ3 platelet integrin occurs prior to PDI-catalyzed events to maximally support platelet aggregation. The transmembrane PDI transmembrane protein 1 counterbalances the effect of ERp46 by inhibiting activation of αIIbβ3. Recent work on the prototypic PDI found that oxidized PDI supports platelet aggregation. The a' domain of PDI is constitutively oxidized, possibly by endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase-1α. However, the a domain is normally reduced but becomes oxidized under conditions of oxidative stress. In contrast to the role of oxidized PDI in platelet function, reduced PDI downregulates activation of the neutrophil integrin αMβ2. Intracellular platelet PDI cooperates with Nox1 and contributes to thromboxane A2 production to support platelet function. Finally, αIIb and von Willebrand factor contain free thiols, which alter the functions of these proteins, although the extent to which the PDIs regulate these functions is unclear. We are beginning to understand the substrates and functions of vascular thiol isomerases and the redox network they form that supports hemostasis and thrombosis. Moreover, the disulfide bonds these enzymes target are being defined. The clinical implications of the knowledge gained are wide-ranging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Essex
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Lu Wang
- Allen and Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Zhao Z, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Peng M, Han Y, Wu D, Yang A, Wu Y. Transmembrane thiol isomerase TMX1 counterbalances the effect of ERp46 to inhibit platelet activation and integrin αIIbβ3 function. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102524. [PMID: 39247212 PMCID: PMC11378175 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that thiol isomerases such as ERp46 positively regulate platelet function by reducing integrin αIIbβ3 disulfides, and the transmembrane thiol isomerase TMX1 negatively regulates integrin αIIbβ3 activation. However, whether and how the positive and negative thiol isomerases interact with each other and their interactions participate in platelet activation remain unknown. Objectives To investigate whether and how TMX1 regulates the effect of ERp46 on platelet function. Methods Using ERp46- and TMX1-deficient platelets, anti-TMX1 antibody, and wild-type TMX1 (TMX1-CPAC, TMX1-SS) and inactive TMX1 (TMX1-SPAS, TMX1-OO) proteins, we studied the antagonistic effect of TMX1 on ERp46 in platelet aggregation, clot retraction, and integrin αIIbβ3 signaling. The underlying mechanisms were further determined using thiol labeling, reductase activity, and other assays. Results Anti-TMX1 antibody and TMX1-OO reversed the decreased aggregation of ERp46-deficient platelets induced by thrombin, convulxin, and U46619. Anti-TMX1 antibody reversed the attenuated integrin αIIbβ3 function of ERp46-deficient platelets. TMX1 inhibited ERp46 reductase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. TMX1 oxidized thiols of ERp46 and those of integrin αIIbβ3 generated by ERp46. Moreover, TMX1 deficiency increased free thiols of ERp46 in platelets, which was reversed by the addition of wild-type TMX1 protein. Besides, anti-TMX1 antibody increased free thiols of ERp46 in wild-type activated platelets. Conclusion TMX1 not only oxidizes integrin αIIbβ3 disulfides that are reduced by ERp46 but also directly oxidizes ERp46 to suppress its reduction of integrin αIIbβ3. Thus, TMX1 is critical for maintaining platelets in a quiescent state and counterbalancing the effect of ERp46 to prevent platelet overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yixin Cheng
- Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meinan Peng
- Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Zhou J, Rico MC, Rauova L, Poncz M, Essex DW. Thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 negatively regulates coagulation and phosphatidylserine exposure. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102472. [PMID: 39036672 PMCID: PMC11260325 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Five secreted platelet protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) and 1 transmembrane PDI regulate platelet function and thrombosis. Thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 (TMX1) was the first member of the PDI family found to negatively regulate platelet aggregation and platelet accumulation in vivo. The effect of TMX1 on coagulation is unknown. Objectives To determine the effect of TMX1 on coagulation. Methods TMX1-/- mice were used to study platelet accumulation and fibrin deposition in vivo in the laser-induced thrombosis injury model. Annexin V deposition at the site of vascular injury was studied using conditional TMX1 knockout mice. Annexin V binding to platelets was studied using human platelets, anti-TMX1 antibodies, and TMX1-deficient platelets. Results TMX1-/- mice had increased fibrin deposition that was reversed with infusion of recombinant TMX1. Infusion of recombinant TMX1 inhibited platelet accumulation and fibrin deposition in wild-type mice and inhibited fibrin deposition in β3-null mice. Platelet accumulation is absent in β3-null mice, suggesting that TMX1 inhibits coagulation independently of platelets. Annexin V binding was increased in activated human platelets incubated with an anti-TMX1 antibody and mouse platelets lacking TMX1. Addition of recombinant TMX1 decreased annexin V binding to platelets. Annexin V binding was increased at the site of vascular injury in Tie2-Cre/TMX1fl/fl mice deficient in endothelial cell TMX1. Conclusion TMX1 decreases coagulation at the site of vascular injury and negatively regulates phosphatidylserine exposure on endothelial cells and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario C. Rico
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W. Essex
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bidooki SH, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. Thioredoxin Domain Containing 5 (TXNDC5): Friend or Foe? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3134-3163. [PMID: 38666927 PMCID: PMC11049379 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), also known as endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family with a dual role in multiple diseases. TXNDC5 is highly expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pancreatic β-cells, liver cells, and hypoxic tissues, such as cancer endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. TXNDC5 plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and antioxidative stress. Its potential significance in cancer warrants further investigation, given the altered and highly adaptable metabolism of tumor cells. It has been reported that both high and low levels of TXNDC5 expression are associated with multiple diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases, and infections, as well as worse prognoses. TXNDC5 has been attributed to both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive features. It has been concluded that in cancer, TXNDC5 acts as a foe and responds to metabolic and cellular stress signals to promote the survival of tumor cells against apoptosis. Conversely, in normal cells, TXNDC5 acts as a friend to safeguard cells against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, TXNDC5 could serve as a viable biomarker or even a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesus Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Wang X, Meng X, Mao K, Chen H, Cong X, Liu F, Wang J, Liu S, Xin Y, Zhu G, Tan H, Yang YG, Sun T. Maleimide as the PEG end-group promotes macrophage-targeted drug delivery of PEGylated nanoparticles in vivo by enhancing interaction with circulating erythrocytes. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122187. [PMID: 37302279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (IR) is capable of enhancing antitumor immune responses. However, IR treatment also aggravates the infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the tumor, resulting in reversing the therapeutic effects of antitumor immunity. Thus, a strategy to effectively prevent tumor infiltration by macrophages may further improved the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. Herein, we found that PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles with maleimide as PEG end-group (SLN-PEG-Mal) show significantly enhanced adsorption onto RBCs through reacting with reactive sulfhydryl groups on RBCs' surface both in vitro and in vivo, and caused significant changes in the surface properties and morphology of RBCs. These RBCs adsorbed by SLN-PEG-Mal were rapidly removed from circulation due to efficient engulfment by reticuloendothelial macrophages, supporting the usefulness of SLN-PEG-Mal for macrophage-targeted drug delivery. While lacking the use of radioisotope tracing (considered the gold standard for PK/BD studies), our data align with the expected pathway of host defense activation through surface-loaded RBCs. Importantly, injection of paclitaxel-loaded SLN-PEG-Mal effectively inhibited the tumor-infiltration by macrophages, and significantly improved the antitumor immune responses in tumor-bearing mice treated with low-dose irradiation. This study provides insights into the effects of maleimide as PEG end-group on enhancing the interaction between PEGylated nanoparticles and RBCs and offers an effective strategy to inhibit tumor infiltration by circulating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China; Medical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiandi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kuirong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Oncology Chemotherapy, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuxiu Cong
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanbao Xin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huizhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Dupuy A, Ju LA, Chiu J, Passam FH. Mechano-Redox Control of Integrins in Thromboinflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1072-1093. [PMID: 35044225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: How mechanical forces and biochemical cues are coupled remains a miracle for many biological processes. Integrins, well-known adhesion receptors, sense changes in mechanical forces and reduction-oxidation reactions (redox) in their environment to mediate their adhesive function. The coupling of mechanical and redox function is a new area of investigation. Disturbance of normal mechanical forces and the redox balance occurs in thromboinflammatory conditions; atherosclerotic plaques create changes to the mechanical forces in the circulation. Diabetes induces redox changes in the circulation by the production of reactive oxygen species and vascular inflammation. Recent Advances: Integrins sense changes in the blood flow shear stress at the level of focal adhesions and respond to flow and traction forces by increased signaling. Talin, the integrin-actin linker, is a traction force sensor and adaptor. Oxidation and reduction of integrin disulfide bonds regulate their adhesion. A conserved disulfide bond in integrin αlpha IIb beta 3 (αIIbβ3) is directly reduced by the thiol oxidoreductase endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 (ERp5) under shear stress. Critical Issues: The coordination of mechano-redox events between the extracellular and intracellular compartments is an active area of investigation. Another fundamental issue is to determine the spatiotemporal arrangement of key regulators of integrins' mechanical and redox interactions. How thromboinflammatory conditions lead to mechanoredox uncoupling is relatively unexplored. Future Directions: Integrated approaches, involving disulfide bond biochemistry, microfluidic assays, and dynamic force spectroscopy, will aid in showing that cell adhesion constitutes a crossroad of mechano- and redox biology, within the same molecule, the integrin. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1072-1093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Freda H Passam
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Rauova L, Koma G, Wang L, Poncz M, Li H, Liu T, Fong KP, Bennett JS, Kunapuli SP, Essex DW. A novel role for endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46) in platelet function and arterial thrombosis in mice. Blood 2022; 139:2050-2065. [PMID: 34752599 PMCID: PMC8972093 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family support thrombosis, other PDI family members with the CXYC motif remain uninvestigated. ERp46 has 3 CGHC redox-active sites and a radically different molecular architecture than other PDIs. Expression of ERp46 on the platelet surface increased with thrombin stimulation. An anti-ERp46 antibody inhibited platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and αIIbβ3 activation. ERp46 protein potentiated αIIbβ3 activation, platelet aggregation, and ATP release, whereas inactive ERp46 inhibited these processes. ERp46 knockout mice had prolonged tail-bleeding times and decreased platelet accumulation in thrombosis models that was rescued by infusion of ERp46. ERp46-deficient platelets had decreased αIIbβ3 activation, platelet aggregation, ATP release, and P-selectin expression. The defects were reversed by wild-type ERp46 and partially reversed by ERp46 containing any of the 3 active sites. Platelet aggregation stimulated by an αIIbβ3-activating peptide was inhibited by the anti-ERp46 antibody and was decreased in ERp46-deficient platelets. ERp46 bound tightly to αIIbβ3 by surface plasmon resonance but poorly to platelets lacking αIIbβ3 and physically associated with αIIbβ3 upon platelet activation. ERp46 mediated clot retraction and platelet spreading. ERp46 more strongly reduced disulfide bonds in the β3 subunit than other PDIs and in contrast to PDI, generated thiols in β3 independently of fibrinogen. ERp46 cleaved the Cys473-Cys503 disulfide bond in β3, implicating a target for ERp46. Finally, ERp46-deficient platelets have decreased thiols in β3, implying that ERp46 cleaves disulfide bonds in platelets. In conclusion, ERp46 is critical for platelet function and thrombosis and facilitates αIIbβ3 activation by targeting disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gavin Koma
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Li
- Center For Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Tong Liu
- Center For Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Karen P Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joel S Bennett
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David W Essex
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Przyborowski K, Kurpinska A, Wojkowska D, Kaczara P, Suraj‐Prazmowska J, Karolczak K, Malinowska A, Pelesz A, Kij A, Kalvins I, Watala C, Chlopicki S. Protein disulfide isomerase-A1 regulates intraplatelet reactive oxygen species-thromboxane A 2 -dependent pathway in human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:157-169. [PMID: 34592041 PMCID: PMC9292974 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived protein disulfide isomerase 1 (PDIA1) regulates thrombus formation, but its role in the regulation of platelet function is not fully understood. AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize the role of PDIA1 in human platelets. METHODS Proteomic analysis of PDI isoforms in platelets was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry, and the expression of PDIs on platelets in response to collagen, TRAP-14, or ADP was measured with flow cytometry. The effects of bepristat, a selective PDIA1 inhibitor, on platelet aggregation, expression of platelet surface activation markers, thromboxane A2 (TxA2 ), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were evaluated by optical aggregometry, flow cytometry, ELISA, and dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate-based fluorescent assay, respectively. RESULTS PDIA1 was less abundant compared with PDIA3 in resting platelets and platelets stimulated with TRAP-14, collagen, or ADP. Collagen, but not ADP, induced a significant increase in PDIA1 expression. Bepristat potently inhibited the aggregation of washed platelets induced by collagen or convulxin, but only weakly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by TRAP-14 or thrombin, and had the negligible effect on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid. Inhibition of PDIA1 by bepristat resulted in the reduction of TxA2 and ROS production in collagen- or thrombin-stimulated platelets. Furthermore, bepristat reduced the activation of αIIbβ3 integrin and expression of P-selectin. CONCLUSIONS PDIA1 acts as an intraplatelet regulator of the ROS-TxA2 pathway in collagen-GP VI receptor-mediated platelet activation that is a mechanistically distinct pathway from extracellular regulation of αIIbβ3 integrin by PDIA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Dagmara Wojkowska
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic DisordersMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | | | - Kamil Karolczak
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic DisordersMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryInstitute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Agnieszka Pelesz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Ivars Kalvins
- Laboratory of Carbocyclic CompoundsLatvian Institute of Organic SynthesisRigaLatvia
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic DisordersMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Chair of Biomedical SciencesMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Chair of PharmacologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
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9
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Abstract
Significance: Since protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was first described in 1963, researchers have shown conclusively that PDI and sibling proteins are quintessential for thrombus formation. PDI, endoplasmic reticulum protein (ERp)5, ERp57, and ERp72 are released from platelets and vascular cells and interact with integrin αIIbβ3 on the outer surface of platelets. Recent Advances: At the cell surface they influence protein folding and function, propagating thrombosis and maintaining hemostasis. TMX1, which is a transmembrane thiol isomerase, is the first family member shown to negatively regulate platelets. Targets of thiol isomerases have been identified, including integrin α2β1, Von Willebrand Factor, GpIbα, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox)-1, Nox-2, and tissue factor, all of which are pro-thrombotic, and several of which are on the cell surface. In spite of this, PDI can paradoxically catalyze the delivery of nitric oxide to platelets, which decrease thrombus formation. Critical Issues: Although the overall effect of PDI is to positively regulate platelet activation, it is still unclear how thiol isomerases function in pro-thrombotic states, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In parallel, there has been a surge in the development of novel thiol isomerase inhibitors, which display selectivity, potency and modulate thrombosis and hemostasis. The availability of selective thiol isomerase inhibitors has culminated in clinical trials, with promising outcomes for the prevention of cancer-associated thrombosis. Future Directions: Altogether, thiol isomerases are perceived as an orchestrating force that regulates thrombus development. In the current review, we will explore the history of PDI in cardiovascular biology, detail known mechanisms of action, and summarize known thiol isomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Simões Gaspar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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10
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Vascular thiol isomerases: Structures, regulatory mechanisms, and inhibitor development. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:626-635. [PMID: 34757205 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular thiol isomerases (VTIs), including PDI, ERp5, ERp57, ERp72, and thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 (TMX1), have important roles in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Research on VTIs, their substrates in thrombosis, their regulatory mechanisms, and inhibitor development is an emerging and rapidly evolving area in vascular biology. Here, we describe the structures and functions of VTIs, summarize the relationship between the vascular TIs and thrombosis, and focus on the development of VTI inhibitors for antithrombotic applications.
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11
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Holbrook L, Keeton SJ, Sasikumar P, Nock S, Gelzinis J, Brunt E, Ryan S, Pantos MM, Verbetsky CA, Gibbins JM, Kennedy DR. Zafirlukast is a broad-spectrum thiol isomerase inhibitor that inhibits thrombosis without altering bleeding times. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:550-563. [PMID: 33080041 PMCID: PMC9328650 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Multiple members of the thiol isomerase (TI) family of enzymes are present in and released by platelets. Inhibition of these enzymes results in diminished platelet responses, aggregation, adhesion and thrombus formation. Recently, the therapeutic potential of TI inhibition has been recognised and drug-development technologies were used to identify selective small molecule inhibitors. To date, few pan-TI inhibitors have been characterised and the most studied, bacitracin, is known to be nephrotoxic, which prohibits its systemic therapeutic usage. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We therefore sought to identify novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of these enzymes and test their effects in vivo. A total of 3,641 compounds were screened for inhibitory effects on the redox activity of ERp5, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), ERp57, ERp72 and thioredoxin in an insulin turbidity assay. Of the lead compounds identified, zafirlukast was selected for further investigation. KEY RESULTS When applied to platelets, zafirlukast diminished platelet responses in vitro. Zafirlukast was antithrombotic in murine models of thrombosis but did not impair responses in a model of haemostasis. Since TIs are known to modulate adhesion receptor function, we explored the effects of zafirlukast on cell migration. This was inhibited independently of cysteinyl LT receptor expression and was associated with modulation of cell-surface free thiol levels consistent with alterations in redox activity on the cell surface. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We identify zafirlukast to be a novel, potent, broad-spectrum TI inhibitor, with wide-ranging effects on platelet function, thrombosis and integrin-mediated cell migration. Zafirlukast is antithrombotic but does not cause bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa‐Marie Holbrook
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shirley J. Keeton
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Parvathy Sasikumar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Centre for HaematologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sophie Nock
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Justine Gelzinis
- College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWestern New England UniversitySpringfieldMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elizabeth Brunt
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWestern New England UniversitySpringfieldMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sarah Ryan
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Megan M. Pantos
- College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWestern New England UniversitySpringfieldMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christina A. Verbetsky
- College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWestern New England UniversitySpringfieldMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jonathan M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Daniel R. Kennedy
- College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWestern New England UniversitySpringfieldMassachusettsUSA
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12
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Ren L, You T, Li Q, Chen G, Liu Z, Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang L, Wu Y, Tang C, Zhu L. Molecular docking-assisted screening reveals tannic acid as a natural protein disulphide isomerase inhibitor with antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14257-14269. [PMID: 33128352 PMCID: PMC7753999 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) promotes platelet activation and constitutes a novel antithrombotic target. In this study, we reported that a PDI‐binding plant polyphenol, tannic acid (TA), inhibits PDI activity, platelet activation and thrombus formation. Molecular docking using plant polyphenols from dietary sources with cardiovascular benefits revealed TA as the most potent binding molecule with PDI active centre. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that TA bound PDI with high affinity. Using Di‐eosin‐glutathione disulphide fluorescence assay and PDI assay kit, we showed that TA inhibited PDI activity. In isolated platelets, TA inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by either GPVI or ITAM pathway agonists. Flow cytometry showed that TA inhibited thrombin‐ or CRP‐stimulated platelet activation, as reflected by reduced granule secretion and integrin activation. TA also reduced platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen and platelet adhesion under flow conditions. In a laser‐induced vascular injury mouse model, intraperitoneal injection of TA significantly decreased the size of cremaster arteriole thrombi. No prolongation of mouse jugular vein and tail‐bleeding time was observed after TA administration. Therefore, we identified TA from natural polyphenols as a novel inhibitor of PDI function. TA inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation, suggesting it as a potential antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ren
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Tao You
- Jiangsu Institute of HematologyKey Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Qing Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Guona Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ziting Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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13
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Wu Y, Essex DW. Vascular thiol isomerases in thrombosis: The yin and yang. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2790-2800. [PMID: 32702157 PMCID: PMC10496414 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been considerable progress of the field of extracellular protein disulfide isomerases with vascular thiol isomerases in the forefront. Four members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of enzymes, PDI, ERp57, ERp72, and ERp5, have been shown to be secreted from activated platelets and endothelial cells at the site of vascular injury. Each isomerase individually supports platelet accumulation and coagulation, as indicated by multiple levels of evidence, including inhibitory antibodies, targeted knockout mice, and mutant isomerases. The transmembrane PDI family member TMX1 was recently shown to inhibit platelet function and thrombosis, demonstrating that the PDIs can have opposing functions in thrombosis. These observations provide a new concept that thiol isomerases can both positively and negatively regulate hemostasis, constituting off-on redox switches controlling activation of hemostatic factors. This redox network serves to maintain vascular homeostasis. Integrins such as the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor on platelets appear to be major substrates, with the platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein Ibα, as another substrate. S-nitrosylation of the prothrombotic PDIs may additionally negatively regulate platelets and thrombosis. Thiol isomerases also regulate coagulation in mouse models, and a clinical trial with the oral PDI inhibitor isoquercetin substantially decreased markers of coagulation in patients at risk for thrombosis. This review updates recent findings in the field and addresses emerging evidence that thiol/disulfide-based reactions mediated by the prothrombotic secreted PDIs are balanced by the transmembrane member of this family, TMX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Gaspar RS, da Silva SA, Stapleton J, Fontelles JLDL, Sousa HR, Chagas VT, Alsufyani S, Trostchansky A, Gibbins JM, Paes AMDA. Myricetin, the Main Flavonoid in Syzygium cumini Leaf, Is a Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Thiol Isomerases PDI and ERp5. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1678. [PMID: 32116678 PMCID: PMC7011086 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids have been characterized as a prominent class of compounds to treat thrombotic diseases through the inhibition of thiol isomerases. Syzygium cumini is a flavonoid-rich medicinal plant that contains myricetin and gallic acid. Little is known about the potential antiplatelet properties of S. cumini and its constituent flavonoids. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antiplatelet effects and mechanism of action of a polyphenol-rich extract (PESc) from S. cumini leaf and its most prevalent polyphenols, myricetin and gallic acid. METHODS PESc, myricetin, and gallic acid were incubated with platelet-rich plasma and washed platelets to assess platelet aggregation and activation. In vitro platelet adhesion and thrombus formation as well as in vivo bleeding time were performed. Finally, myricetin was incubated with recombinant thiol isomerases to assess its potential to bind and inhibit these, while molecular docking studies predicted possible binding sites. RESULTS PESc decreased platelet activation and aggregation induced by different agonists. Myricetin exerted potent antiplatelet effects, whereas gallic acid did not. Myricetin reduced the ability of platelets to spread on collagen, form thrombi in vitro without affecting hemostasis in vivo. Fluorescence quenching studies suggested myricetin binds to different thiol isomerases with similar affinity, despite inhibiting only protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and ERp5 reductase activities. Finally, molecular docking studies suggested myricetin formed non-covalent bonds with PDI and ERp5. CONCLUSIONS PESc and its most abundant flavonoid myricetin strongly inhibit platelet function. Additionally, myricetin is a novel inhibitor of ERp5 and PDI, unveiling a new therapeutic perspective for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Simões Gaspar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Samira Abdalla da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Stapleton
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - João Lucas de Lima Fontelles
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Hiran Reis Sousa
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Vinicyus Teles Chagas
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Shuruq Alsufyani
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jonathan M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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16
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Cheng Q. PDIA4: The basic characteristics, functions and its potential connection with cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 122:109688. [PMID: 31794946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bond formation is catalyzed by the protein disulfide Isomerases (PDI) family. This is a critical step in protein folding which occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum. PDIA4, as a member of the PDI family, can cause the adjustment of αIIβ 3 affinities which activate platelet and promote thrombosis formation. Endoplasmic reticulum response is triggered by accumulation of abnormal folding proteins concomitant with increasing PDIA4 expression. Besides, current researches indicate that activated platelets and ERS response affect tumor progression. And PDIA4, as previous reported, also participates in tumor progression by affecting cell apoptosis and DNA repair machinery without specific mechanisms revealed.Therefore, PDI inhibitor might possess great potential value in against tumor progression. In this review, we summarize information on PDIA4 including its the basic characteristics and its implication on tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, PR China.
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17
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Eriksson O, Mohlin C, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. The Human Platelet as an Innate Immune Cell: Interactions Between Activated Platelets and the Complement System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1590. [PMID: 31354729 PMCID: PMC6635567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in the circulatory system after an injury by forming a platelet thrombus, but they also occupy a central node in the intravascular innate immune system. This concept is supported by their extensive interactions with immune cells and the cascade systems of the blood. In this review we discuss the close relationship between platelets and the complement system and the role of these interactions during thromboinflammation. Platelets are protected from complement-mediated damage by soluble and membrane-expressed complement regulators, but they bind several complement components on their surfaces and trigger complement activation in the fluid phase. Furthermore, localized complement activation may enhance the procoagulant responses of platelets through the generation of procoagulant microparticles by insertion of sublytic amounts of C5b9 into the platelet membrane. We also highlight the role of post-translational protein modifications in regulating the complement system and the critical role of platelets in driving these reactions. In particular, modification of disulfide bonds by thiol isomerases and protein phosphorylation by extracellular kinases have emerged as important mechanisms to fine-tune complement activity in the platelet microenvironment. Lastly, we describe disorders with perturbed complement activation where part of the clinical presentation includes uncontrolled platelet activation that results in thrombocytopenia, and illustrate how complement-targeting drugs are alleviating the prothrombotic phenotype in these patients. Based on these clinical observations, we discuss the role of limited complement activation in enhancing platelet activation and consider how these drugs may provide opportunities for further dissecting the complex interactions between complement and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Mohlin
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review provides an overview of recent findings on new members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family required for thrombosis. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty years ago PDI was shown to mediate platelet aggregation, and 10 years ago PDI was shown to support thrombosis in vivo. Subsequently, other members of this endoplasmic reticulum family of enzymes, ERp57 and ERp5, were demonstrated to support thrombosis. A fourth member, ERp72, was recently shown to be required for platelet accumulation and fibrin deposition in vivo. None of these enzymes can individually support these processes. Moreover, aggregation of platelets deficient in a specific PDI is only recovered by the PDI that is missing. This implies that each PDI has a distinct role in activation of the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor and platelet aggregation. Free thiols can be labeled in both subunits of αIIbβ3, suggesting cysteine-based reactions are involved in relaying conformational changes from the cytoplasmic tails to the integrin headpiece of this integrin. SUMMARY Multiple members of the PDI family support platelet function, and hemostasis and thrombosis with distinct roles in these processes. The individual cysteine targets of each enzyme and how these enzymes are integrated into a network that supports hemostasis and thrombosis remain to be elucidated.
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19
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Eriksson O, Chiu J, Hogg PJ, Atkinson JP, Liszewski MK, Flaumenhaft R, Furie B. Thiol isomerase ERp57 targets and modulates the lectin pathway of complement activation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4878-4888. [PMID: 30670593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ER protein 57 (ERp57), a thiol isomerase secreted from vascular cells, is essential for complete thrombus formation in vivo, but other extracellular ERp57 functions remain unexplored. Here, we employed a kinetic substrate-trapping approach to identify extracellular protein substrates of ERp57 in platelet-rich plasma. MS-based identification with immunochemical confirmation combined with gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that ERp57 targets, among other substrates, components of the lectin pathway of complement activation: mannose-binding lectin, ficolin-2, ficolin-3, collectin-10, collectin-11, mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1, and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2. Ficolin-3, the most abundant lectin pathway initiator in humans, circulates as disulfide-linked multimers of a monomer. ERp57 attenuated ficolin-3 ligand recognition and complement activation by cleaving intermolecular disulfide bonds in large ficolin-3 multimers, thereby reducing multimer size and ligand-binding affinity. We used MS to identify the disulfide-bonding pattern in ficolin-3 multimers and the disulfide bonds targeted by ERp57 and found that Cys6 and Cys23 in the N-terminal region of ficolin-3 form the intermolecular disulfide bonds in ficolin-3 multimers that are reduced by ERp57. Our results not only demonstrate that ERp57 can negatively regulate complement activation, but also identify a control mechanism for lectin pathway initiation in the vasculature. We conclude that extensive multimerization in large ficolin-3 multimers leads to a high affinity for ligands and strong complement-activating potential and that ERp57 suppresses complement activation by cleaving disulfide bonds in ficolin-3 and reducing its multimer size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joyce Chiu
- the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Philip J Hogg
- the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - John P Atkinson
- the Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - M Kathryn Liszewski
- the Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bruce Furie
- From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
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20
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Zhao Z, Wu Y, Zhou J, Chen F, Yang A, Essex DW. The transmembrane protein disulfide isomerase TMX1 negatively regulates platelet responses. Blood 2019; 133:246-251. [PMID: 30425049 PMCID: PMC6337875 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-844480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted platelet protein disulfide isomerases, PDI, ERp57, ERp5, and ERp72, have important roles as positive regulators of platelet function and thrombosis. Thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 (TMX1) was the first described transmembrane member of the protein disulfide isomerase family of enzymes. Using a specific antibody, the recombinant extracellular domain of TMX1 (rTMX1) protein, a knockout mouse model, and a thiol-labeling approach, we examined the role of TMX1 in platelet function and thrombosis. Expression of TMX1 on the platelet surface increased with thrombin stimulation. The anti-TMX1 antibody increased platelet aggregation induced by convulxin and thrombin, as well as potentiated platelet ATP release. In contrast, rTMX1 inhibited platelet aggregation and ATP release. TMX1-deficient platelets had increased aggregation, ATP release, αIIbβ3 activation, and P-selectin expression, which were reversed by addition of rTMX1. TMX1-knockout mice had increased incorporation of platelets into a growing thrombus in an FeCl3-induced mesenteric arterial injury model, as well as shortened tail-bleeding times. rTMX1 oxidized thiols in the αIIbβ3 integrin and TMX1-deficient platelets had increased thiols in the β3 subunit of αIIbβ3, consistent with oxidase activity of rTMX1 against αIIbβ3. Thus, TMX1 is the first identified extracellular inhibitor of platelet function and the first disulfide isomerase that negatively regulates platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhao
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhow, China; and
| | - Yi Wu
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhow, China; and
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Junsong Zhou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhow, China; and
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fengwu Chen
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhow, China; and
| | - Aizhen Yang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhow, China; and
| | - David W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Eriksson O, Stopa J, Furie B. Identification of PDI Substrates by Mechanism-Based Kinetic Trapping. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1967:165-182. [PMID: 31069770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9187-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) is secreted by activated platelets and endothelial cells and is required for thrombus formation upon vascular injury. PDI catalyzes the reduction, oxidation, or isomerization of disulphide bonds in its substrate proteins. The specific substrates of PDI during thrombus formation have largely remained elusive, in part due to the transient nature of the PDI-substrate interaction.To overcome this challenge we have adapted and developed a kinetic substrate trapping strategy to identify extracellular substrates of PDI. By substitution of selected amino acids in the PDI active sites, we have generated PDI variants that form stable complexes with their substrates for subsequent isolation and identification. We here describe the substrate trapping methodology in detail, including generation and characterization of PDI variants, kinetic trapping experiments, and isolation and identification of bound substrates. The protocol can be adapted for most any biological fluid or sample, and can be applied to other extracellular thiol isomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack Stopa
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Furie
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Sasikumar P, AlOuda KS, Kaiser WJ, Holbrook LM, Kriek N, Unsworth AJ, Bye AP, Sage T, Ushioda R, Nagata K, Farndale RW, Gibbins JM. The chaperone protein HSP47: a platelet collagen binding protein that contributes to thrombosis and hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:946-959. [PMID: 29512284 PMCID: PMC6434988 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a collagen specific chaperone is present on the platelet surface. Collagen mediated platelet function was reduced following blockade or deletion of HSP47. GPVI receptor regulated signalling was reduced in HSP47 deficient platelets. Platelet HSP47 tethers to exposed collagen thus modulating thrombosis and hemostasis. SUMMARY Objective Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is an intracellular chaperone protein that is vital for collagen biosynthesis in collagen secreting cells. This protein has also been shown to be present on the surface of platelets. Given the importance of collagen and its interactions with platelets in triggering hemostasis and thrombosis, in this study we sought to characterize the role of HSP47 in these cells. Methods and Results The deletion of HSP47 in mouse platelets or its inhibition in human platelets reduced their function in response to collagen and the GPVI agonist (CRP-XL), but responses to thrombin were unaltered. In the absence of functional HSP47, the interaction of collagen with platelets was reduced, and this was associated with reduced GPVI-collagen binding, signalling and platelet activation. Thrombus formation on collagen, under arterial flow conditions, was also decreased following the inhibition or deletion of HSP47, in the presence or absence of eptifibatide, consistent with a role for HSP47 in enhancing platelet adhesion to collagen. Platelet adhesion under flow to von Willebrand factor was unaltered following HSP47 inhibition. Laser-induced thrombosis in cremaster muscle arterioles was reduced and bleeding time was prolonged in HSP47-deficient mice or following inhibition of HSP47. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the presence of HSP47 on the platelet surface, where it interacts with collagen, stabilizes platelet adhesion and increases collagen-mediated signalling and therefore thrombus formation and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sasikumar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - K. S. AlOuda
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - W. J. Kaiser
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - L. M. Holbrook
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - N. Kriek
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - A. J. Unsworth
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - A. P. Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - T. Sage
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - R. Ushioda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular BiologyFaculty of Life SciencesKyoto Sangyo UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - K. Nagata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular BiologyFaculty of Life SciencesKyoto Sangyo UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - R. W. Farndale
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - J. M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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23
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of thiol isomerases are intracellular enzymes known to catalyze the oxidation, reduction and isomerization of disulfide bonds during protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. PDI and related members of the thiol isomerase family are known to localize extracellularly where they possess various functions. Among these, the role of PDI in the initiation of thrombus formation is best characterized. PDI is secreted within seconds from activated platelets and endothelial cells at the site of vascular injury and accumulates in the developing platelet-fibrin thrombus. Inhibition of PDI by antibodies or small molecule inhibitors blocks thrombus formation. Efforts are underway to identify extracellular substrates of PDI that participate in the network pathways linking thiol isomerases to thrombus formation. ERp57, ERp5 and ERp72 also play a role in initiation of thrombus formation but their specific extracellular substrates are unknown. Areas covered: The following review gives an overview of biochemistry of vascular thiol isomerases followed by a detailed description of their role in thrombosis and its clinical implications. Expert commentary: The thiol isomerase system, by controlling the initiation of thrombus formation, provides the regulatory switch by which the normal vasculature is protected under physiologic conditions from thrombi generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Sharda
- a Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA USA
| | - Bruce Furie
- a Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA USA
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24
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Modeling thrombosis in silico: Frontiers, challenges, unresolved problems and milestones. Phys Life Rev 2018; 26-27:57-95. [PMID: 29550179 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a complex physiological mechanism that functions to maintain vascular integrity under any conditions. Its primary components are blood platelets and a coagulation network that interact to form the hemostatic plug, a combination of cell aggregate and gelatinous fibrin clot that stops bleeding upon vascular injury. Disorders of hemostasis result in bleeding or thrombosis, and are the major immediate cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis is immensely complex, as it depends on blood cell adhesion and mechanics, hydrodynamics and mass transport of various species, huge signal transduction networks in platelets, as well as spatiotemporal regulation of the blood coagulation network. Mathematical and computational modeling has been increasingly used to gain insight into this complexity over the last 30 years, but the limitations of the existing models remain profound. Here we review state-of-the-art-methods for computational modeling of thrombosis with the specific focus on the analysis of unresolved challenges. They include: a) fundamental issues related to physics of platelet aggregates and fibrin gels; b) computational challenges and limitations for solution of the models that combine cell adhesion, hydrodynamics and chemistry; c) biological mysteries and unknown parameters of processes; d) biophysical complexities of the spatiotemporal networks' regulation. Both relatively classical approaches and innovative computational techniques for their solution are considered; the subjects discussed with relation to thrombosis modeling include coarse-graining, continuum versus particle-based modeling, multiscale models, hybrid models, parameter estimation and others. Fundamental understanding gained from theoretical models are highlighted and a description of future prospects in the field and the nearest possible aims are given.
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25
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Holbrook L, Sandhar GK, Sasikumar P, Schenk MP, Stainer AR, Sahli KA, Flora GD, Bicknell AB, Gibbins JM. A humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits platelet-surface ERp72 reveals a role for ERp72 in thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:367-377. [PMID: 29052936 PMCID: PMC5838528 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Essentials ERp72 is a thiol isomerase enzyme. ERp72 levels increase at the platelet surface during platelet activation. We generated a humanized monoclonal antibody which blocks ERp72 enzyme activity (anti-ERp72). Anti-ERp72 inhibits platelet functional responses and thrombosis. SUMMARY Background Within the endoplasmic reticulum, thiol isomerase enzymes modulate the formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds in newly folded proteins entering the secretory pathway to ensure correct protein folding. In addition to their intracellular importance, thiol isomerases have been recently identified to be present on the surface of a number of cell types where they are important for cell function. Several thiol isomerases are known to be present on the resting platelet surface, including PDI, ERp5 and ERp57, and levels are increased following platelet activation. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of these enzymes results in diminished platelet function and thrombosis. Aim We previously determined that ERp72 is present at the resting platelet surface and levels increase upon platelet activation; however, its functional role on the cell surface was unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of ERp72 in platelet function and its role in thrombosis. Methods Using HuCAL technology, fully humanized Fc-null anti-ERp72 antibodies were generated. Eleven antibodies were screened for their ability to inhibit ERp72 activity and the most potent inhibitory antibody (anti-ERp72) selected for further testing in platelet functional assays. Results and conclusions Anti-ERp72 inhibited platelet aggregation, granule secretion, calcium mobilisation and integrin activation, revealing an important role for extracellular ERp72 in the regulation of platelet activation. Consistent with this, infusion of anti-ERp72 into mice protected against thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.‐M. Holbrook
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - G. K. Sandhar
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - P. Sasikumar
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - M. P. Schenk
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - A. R. Stainer
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - K. A. Sahli
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - G. D. Flora
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - A. B. Bicknell
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
| | - J. M. Gibbins
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchUniversity of ReadingReadingBerkshireUK
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