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Ross M, Proudfoot K, Campbell Nishimura E, Morabito E, Merkies K, Mitchell J, Ritter C. 'It's more emotionally based': Prince Edward Island horse owner perspectives of horse weight management. Anim Welf 2024; 33:e14. [PMID: 38510426 PMCID: PMC10951667 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2024.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Horse obesity is a growing concern that can result in negative welfare. The role horse owners play in horse weight management is not well understood. This study aimed to: (1) explore the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of owners with overweight or obese horses regarding their horses' weight; and (2) understand the motivators and barriers for owners to implement, improve and maintain weight management-related strategies. A semi-structured interview guide based on the Theoretical Domains Framework was developed. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 owners in Prince Edward Island, Canada whose horse(s) were previously classified as overweight or obese by a veterinarian. Interviews were analysed using template analysis, organising patterns in the data into a codebook and overarching themes. Owners believed horse weight management was important, however, their perceived complexity of the issue made the implementation of the weight management practices difficult. Owners held conflicting perceptions, viewing overweight horses as well cared for, yet recognised these horses were at increased risk for negative health outcomes. Ultimately, participants felt emotionally torn about compromising their horse's mental well-being to address weight issues. Owners considered the practicality of weight-management strategies, the strategies' effectiveness, and whether recommended strategies aligned with their beliefs regarding good horse care practices. Knowledge was embedded into owners' understanding of horse weight, however, some highlighted that traditional knowledge dominates the equine industry hindering systemic industry change. Increased understanding of the effectiveness and impacts of weight management strategies on horses and fostering a society that recognises and accepts horses within a healthy weight range are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ross
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Kathryn Proudfoot
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | - Emily Morabito
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Katrina Merkies
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jean Mitchell
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
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Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:727. [PMID: 38473112 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.
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Supanta J, Brown JL, Bansiddhi P, Thitaram C, Punyapornwithaya V, Punturee K, Somboon N, Towiboon P, Khonmee J. Physiological changes in captive elephants in Northern Thailand as a result of the COVID-19 tourism ban - muscle, liver, metabolic function, and body condition. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1303537. [PMID: 38179326 PMCID: PMC10764436 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1303537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The international travel ban initiated in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected how captive elephants were managed in Thailand. A lack of tourists and associated income meant elephants were chained longer with reduced food provisions, had fewer mahouts, and limited exercise like riding, which likely affected health and welfare. Fifty-eight elephants from six tourist camps were assigned a body condition score (BCS) and blood samples were collected monthly for 2 years during the travel ban to measure: (1) muscle enzymes [creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)]; (2) liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)]; (3) lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins]; and metabolic function [glucose, insulin, fructosamine]. Serum CK concentrations were lower at the end of the study, possibly due to no tourist activities like riding. Changes in liver function included increased AST and ALP, also possibly due to physical inactivity. Feeding less bananas and sugar cane was associated with fewer elephants in the obese category and lower TG concentrations. However, increases in glucose, insulin and fructosamine were observed as local people returned to feed elephants after lifting travel restrictions. In sum, changes in several health biomarkers were observed in association with restricted activities and food resources. Camps need better plans to meet the health and welfare needs of elephants during any future disruptions to the tourism industry, although reduced feeding of sweet treats appeared to have positive effects on body condition and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarawee Supanta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Khanittha Punturee
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nopphamas Somboon
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Khonmee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Keller GA, Nielsen BD, Vergara-Hernandez FB, Robison CI. Tracking the Impact of Weather on Equine Activity While Pastured. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 116:104052. [PMID: 35752430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Keeping horses outdoors on pasture full-time with free access to shelter holds numerous advantages over housing in stalls, promoting both better mental and physical health. One reason for these benefits is the potential for increased physical activity in horses outdoors on pasture versus those confined to stalls. However, it is not guaranteed the horse will take advantage of this opportunity for greater movement. For this reason, it is important to understand the various reasons why horse activity patterns change. The objective of this study was to investigate how various weather factors - including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed - directly affect equine movement. To achieve this, horses on two similarly-managed farms were equipped with triaxial accelerometers during five independent time periods from January to August. These devices tracked number of steps, standing time, time lying down, and number of lying bouts. The movement data were then compared to the corresponding weather conditions. No strong correlations were found between the recorded movement of the horses and any of the environmental conditions. However, differences in average number of steps and average time lying down were observed between farms and across testing periods, suggesting other influences such as ground conditions and the use of blankets. Further studies are needed to determine the best management practices to encourage pasture activity and support optimal equine physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel A Keller
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | | | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Furtado T, King M, Perkins E, McGowan C, Chubbock S, Hannelly E, Rogers J, Pinchbeck G. An Exploration of Environmentally Sustainable Practices Associated with Alternative Grazing Management System Use for Horses, Ponies, Donkeys and Mules in the UK. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020151. [PMID: 35049774 PMCID: PMC8772570 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equestrian land could be a potentially important environmental resource, given that pastureland can help to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, prevent soil erosion and provide diverse ecosystems for native plant and wildlife species. However, equestrian land has been overlooked in environmental research and policy. This study reports on the ways which horse, pony, donkey and mule keepers in the UK described environmental practices as part of their equid care. Through an analysis of survey responses (N = 758) from equid keepers using alternative grazing systems, we report on three very different management approaches which resulted in keepers aiming to promote healthy pastures and healthy animals. This study provides the basis for future research exploring attitudes to sustainability in equid keepers, as well as evaluating the impact of their efforts. Abstract Equestrian grazing management is a poorly researched area, despite potentially significant environmental impacts. This study explored keepers’ use of alternative grazing systems in the care of UK horses, donkeys and mules through an internet survey. The survey was available during the summer of 2020 and comprised closed and open questions, which were analysed with descriptive statistics and iterative thematic analysis, respectively. A total of 758 responses was incorporated into the analysis; the most popular system used were tracks (56.5%), Equicentral (19%), “other” (e.g., non-grass turnout) (12.5%), rewilding (7.5%) and turnout on either moorland (0.7%) or woodland (2.5%). The thematic analysis highlighted that equid keepers across the systems were highly engaged in exploring sustainable practices. Their approaches varied according to each system, yet all aimed to fulfil practices in three major categories, i.e., supporting diverse plant life (usually through restricting equid access to certain areas), supporting wildlife (through the creation of biodiverse environments) and sustainably managing droppings and helminths. Additionally, proponents of the Equicentral systems declared to be aiming to support soil health. These data provide a promising insight into equid keepers’ behaviour and attitudes to sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin Furtado
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mollie King
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK; (M.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK;
| | - Catherine McGowan
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK; (M.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Samantha Chubbock
- World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK;
| | - Emmeline Hannelly
- The British Horse Society (Welfare Dept) Abbey Park, Stareton, Warwickshire CV8 2XZ, UK;
| | - Jan Rogers
- The Horse Trust, Slad Ln, Princes Risborough HP27 0PP, UK;
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK;
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Karikoski NP, Box JR, Mykkänen AK, Kotiranta VV, Raekallio MR. Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:905-913. [PMID: 34713928 PMCID: PMC9545906 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral sugar test (OST) is commonly used to diagnose insulin dysregulation (ID) and equine metabolic syndrome; however, possible seasonal changes in OST results have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To determine the possible variation in insulin response to OST throughout the year and risk factors associated with maximum insulin concentration (InsMax) and ID. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. METHODS The OST was performed on 29 Finnhorses every other month six times. Serum total adiponectin concentration and phenotypic variables related to obesity were also measured. Changes in InsMax, adiponectin, scale weight, body condition score, cresty neck score (CNS), and fasting glucose concentration were assessed. Risk factor analyses were performed on InsMax and ID status, and ID groups were compared with each other. RESULTS Fourteen horses were categorised with non-ID each time and 15 as having ID at least once during the follow-up period. The ID status of 12 horses varied throughout the year, but neither the insulin variables measured during the OST nor adiponectin expressed significant seasonal variation. Increasing age and CNS, and decreasing adiponectin were observed as risk factors for a high InsMax after OST. The risk of ID was higher in horses with no exercise compared to horses with exercise (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.2-49.3, P = .03). Horses with ID had lower serum adiponectin concentrations, longer neck circumference and larger height than horses in the non-ID group. MAIN LIMITATIONS The environmental conditions (feeding, exercise) were not constant for all horses throughout the study and only one breed was used. CONCLUSIONS Neither OST results nor adiponectin varies with season; however, there were a substantial number of horses with variable ID status throughout the year, in which repeated OSTs may be beneficial. Lack of exercise was a risk factor for ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninja P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justin R Box
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko V Kotiranta
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Burns TA. "Feeding the Foot": Nutritional Influences on Equine Hoof Health. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:669-684. [PMID: 34674915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role in equine health, including that of the foot. Deficiencies and excesses of dietary components can affect the growth and function of the foot and have been associated with important podiatric diseases. The recognition, prevention, and treatment of specific notable nutritional diseases of the foot are discussed, as well as information regarding specific ingredients included in supplements meant to improve equine hoof quality. Ensuring provision of a balanced diet, maintaining horses in appropriate body condition, and seeking guidance from an equine nutritionist when creating dietary recommendations will prevent most equine foot disease related to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Cameron A, Harris P, Longland A, Horseman S, Hockenhull J. UK Horse Carers' Experiences of Restricting Grazing When Aiming to Prevent Health Issues in Their Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103685. [PMID: 34417001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Laminitis and obesity are leading welfare issues for UK leisure horses. Limiting grass intake is a common preventative measure but may result in other aspects of welfare being compromised. This study aimed to determine how commonly different restricted grazing methods are used in the UK, barriers limiting their accessibility, and the potential benefits and welfare issues associated with each. A cross-sectional online survey was distributed with questions relating to horse carers' opinions of different restricted grazing practices, which methods they used, and how they implemented these. Closed questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Free text questions underwent content analysis. 503 respondents completed the questionnaire, 468 (93.0%) had practiced restricted grazing. Strip grazing was the most commonly tried method (67.7% of restricted grazers), followed by grazing muzzles (61.3%), starvation paddocks (57.4%), stabling (49.9%), crew yards (27.5%) and track systems (15.3%). Perception of welfare impact differed significantly between methods for both those who had (P < .001) and had not (P < .001) restricted grazing. Both groups considered strip grazing best for welfare and stabling worst. Barriers (including ease of implementation [52.0%], yard restrictions [24.0%], cost/affordability [23.7%]) prevented some from using their preferred methods. Respondents had similar priorities when choosing a restricted grazing method but did not agree which methods met these criteria. Strip grazing was favored by the greatest proportion of respondents whilst grazing muzzles and stabling polarized opinion. This study has provided initial insights into the challenges faced by horse carers when aiming to restrict grazing to combat equine health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Cameron
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Pat Harris
- Equine studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wold, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Annette Longland
- Equine Livestock and Nutrition Services, Tregaron, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
| | - Susan Horseman
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jo Hockenhull
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Walshe N, Cabrera-Rubio R, Collins R, Puggioni A, Gath V, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Brennan L, Mulcahy G, Duggan V. A Multiomic Approach to Investigate the Effects of a Weight Loss Program on the Intestinal Health of Overweight Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:668120. [PMID: 34222398 PMCID: PMC8249564 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is endemic in human populations in the western society, and with mounting evidence that the intestinal ecological environment plays a major role in its pathogenesis, identification of therapies based on intestinal microbiota modulation are gaining attention. Obesity in companion animals is also a common clinical problem. We set out using a multidimensional approach, to determine the effectiveness and safety of a weight loss program for horses incorporating diet restriction and exercise. In addition, we aimed to investigate the effect of this program on the overall intestinal health of overweight sedentary horses. The investigation comprised of a randomized, controlled, 6-week study of 14 overweight sedentary horses and ponies who were blocked for age, gender, and breed (controls n = 7, treatment n = 7). The treatment group were fed a restricted diet (1.4% of body weight dry matter intake) and the control group a maintenance diet (2% of body weight as dry matter intake) over the study period. The treatment group were subjected to a prescribed exercise regime, while the control group were exercised to mimic foraging conditions. Several clinical measurements were taken at the start and end of the study, including morphological parameters, ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat, and blood pressure. Fecal microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and fecal metabolome was analyzed using NMR spectroscopy, on samples taken at weeks 1, 3, and 6 of the study. All horses completed the study period successfully. However, two of the treatment group had to have modified exercise regimes. The treatment group showed significant weight loss (p < 0.00001) and an associated decrease in waste circumference (p < 0.0001) when compared with the control group. The alpha-diversity of the fecal microbiota in the treatment group showed a significant increase from the start to the end of the study period (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between groups at any sampling point. There were significant changes (p < 0.05) in the metabolome in both groups between the start and end of the study, but not between groups at any sampling point. Finally, the resting blood pressure of all horses was significantly lower by the end of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Walshe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raul Cabrera-Rubio
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roisin Collins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonella Puggioni
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vivian Gath
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Conway Institute, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vivienne Duggan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Davis KM, Iwaniuk ME, Dennis RL, Harris PA, Burk AO. Effects of grazing muzzles on behavior, voluntary exercise, and physiological stress of miniature horses housed in a herd. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Box JR, McGowan CM, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Carslake H, Karikoski NP. Insulin dysregulation in a population of Finnhorses and associated phenotypic markers of obesity. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1599-1605. [PMID: 32557899 PMCID: PMC7379004 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and insulin dysregulation (ID) predispose horses to laminitis. Determination of management practices or phenotypic markers associated with ID may benefit animal welfare. Objectives Determine ID status of a population of Finnhorses using an oral sugar test (OST) and compare phenotypes and management factors between ID and non‐ID Finnhorses. Animals One hundred twenty‐eight purebred Finnhorses ≥3 years of age. Methods Owners were recruited using an online questionnaire regarding signalment, history, feeding, and exercise of their horses. Selected contributing stables within a predefined area were visited. Phenotypic markers of obesity and the weight of each horse were recorded. After fasting overnight, horses received 0.45 mL/kg corn syrup PO. Serum samples before and at 60 and 90 minutes after syrup administration were analyzed for insulin by chemiluminescent assay. Horses met ID criteria if insulin concentrations were ≥33 μIU/mL at T0, ≥66 μIU/mL at T60 or T90 or some combination thereof. Associations between phenotypic markers, feeding and exercise variables, and ID were examined using mixed effects logistic regression modeling. Results Several phenotypic markers of obesity were significant on univariable analysis but in the final multivariable model, only obesity (body condition score ≥8) was associated with ID (P = .04). Over half of the horses (60% [95% confidence interval (CI), 51%‐68%]) were considered overweight or obese whereas 16% (95% CI, 10%‐23%) were classified as having ID. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Because obesity is associated with ID in cold‐blooded type horses, objective monitoring of phenotypic markers by owners may be beneficial for health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Box
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Marja R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Carslake
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ninja P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Delarocque J, Frers F, Huber K, Feige K, Warnken T. Weight loss is linearly associated with a reduction of the insulin response to an oral glucose test in Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:151. [PMID: 32448298 PMCID: PMC7245939 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin dysregulation (ID) goes along with lasting or transient hyperinsulinemia able to trigger equine laminitis, a painful and crippling foot condition. Promoting weight loss through dietary changes and physical activity is currently the main option to prevent this disease. This study aimed at describing the relationship between weight variations and the level of ID as determined by oral glucose tests (OGT). Therefore, the insulin response of 19 Icelandic horses to repeated OGTs was retrospectively analysed considering the variations in their body weight. RESULTS There was a strong linear relationship between variations in body weight and variations in the total insulin response to OGT as approximated by the area under the curve of insulin (p < 0.001). As indicated by a weighted least squares model, the insulin response decreased by 22% for 5% weight loss on average. However some horses did not respond to weight loss with a reduction of their insulin response to OGT. Additionally, a high correlation between 120 min serum insulin concentration and total insulin response was observed (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results corroborate that weight loss is effective against ID and allow for a better quantification of the expected improvement of the insulin response after weight loss. However, it is unclear why some horses did not respond as expected. The high correlation between the 120 min insulin concentration and total insulin response suggests that insulin status can be accurately determined and monitored with only few samples in a practical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Florian Frers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany
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13
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Norkaew T, Brown JL, Bansiddhi P, Somgird C, Thitaram C, Punyapornwithaya V, Punturee K, Vongchan P, Somboon N, Khonmee J. Influence of season, tourist activities and camp management on body condition, testicular and adrenal steroids, lipid profiles, and metabolic status in captive Asian elephant bulls in Thailand. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210537. [PMID: 30865634 PMCID: PMC6415849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found relationships between body condition and physiological function affecting health and welfare of female tourist camp elephants in Thailand, and used that approach to conduct a similar study of bull elephants in the same camps (n = 13). A body condition score (BCS) was done every other month, and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations were measured twice monthly for 1 year. Effects of season, camp management and tourist activity on lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG)] and metabolic factors [insulin, glucose, fructosamine, glucose to insulin ratio (G:I)] were determined and correlated to measures of body condition, testosterone and FGM. Positive correlations were found between BCS and TG, between FGM and TG, HDL and glucose, and between testosterone and HDL, whereas BCS and testosterone were negatively associated with the G:I. There was a significant positive relationship between FGM and testosterone. Elevated FGM concentrations were associated with altered lipid and metabolic profiles and were higher in winter compared to summer and rainy seasons. Insulin and glucose levels were higher, while the G:I was lowest in the winter season. Strong positive associations were found between TC and HDL, LDL and HDL and glucose, and glucose and insulin. By contrast, negative relationships were found between the G:I and HDL and glucose, and between insulin and G:I. Differences also were found between High and Low tourist season months for FGM, insulin, and G:I. Last, there was notable variation among the camps in measured parameters, which together with tourist season effects suggests camp management may affect physiological function and welfare; some negatively like feeding high calorie treats, others positively, like exercise. Last, compared to females, bull elephants appear to be in better physical health based on normal BCSs, lower insulin levels and higher G:I ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treepradab Norkaew
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khanittha Punturee
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Preeyanat Vongchan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nopphamas Somboon
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Khonmee
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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14
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Meier A, de Laat M, Reiche D, Fitzgerald D, Sillence M. The efficacy and safety of velagliflozin over 16 weeks as a treatment for insulin dysregulation in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:65. [PMID: 30808423 PMCID: PMC6390376 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous six-week (wk) study demonstrated the potential of the sodium-glucose linked transport inhibitor velagliflozin as a novel treatment for equine insulin dysregulation. The present study examined the safety and efficacy of velagliflozin over 16 wk. of treatment, and over 4 wk. of withdrawal. Twenty-four insulin dysregulated ponies were selected, based on their hyper-responsiveness to a diet challenge meal containing 3.8 g non-structural carbohydrates (NSC)/kg bodyweight (BW). Ponies with serum insulin > 90 μIU/mL either 2 or 4 h after feeding were enrolled, and randomly allocated to receive either velagliflozin (0.3 mg/kg BW orally once daily, n = 12), or a placebo (n = 10-12) for 16 wk. The subjects were fed 7.5 g NSC/kg BW/day to maintain a fat body condition. Safety was assessed through daily monitoring, veterinary examination, and the measurement of fasting blood glucose, biochemistry and haematology. Efficacy at reducing post-prandial hyperinsulinemia was assessed using a diet challenge every 8 wk. during treatment and 4 wk. after withdrawal. RESULTS Velagliflozin was well accepted by all subjects and caused no adverse effects or hypoglycaemia. Post-prandial serum insulin (insulin Cmax) did not change significantly in the control animals over the entire study period (P = 0.101). In contrast, insulin Cmax (mean ± SE) concentrations fell over time in the velagliflozin-treated group from 205 ± 25 μIU/mL in wk. 0, to 119 ± 19 μIU/mL (P = 0.015) and 117 ± 15 μIU/ml (P = 0.029) after 8 and 16 wk. of treatment, respectively. Although the insulin Cmax in this group was not significantly lower than in controls at wk-8 (P = 0.061), it was lower at wk-16 (P = 0.003), and all 12 treated ponies were below the previously-determined risk threshold for laminitis at this time. After 4 wk. withdrawal, the insulin Cmax returned to 199 ± 36 μIU/mL in the treated group, with no rebound effect. CONCLUSIONS Velagliflozin appears to be a promising and safe treatment for equine insulin dysregulation, bringing post-prandial insulin concentrations below the laminitis risk threshold, albeit without normalising them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Meier
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - M. de Laat
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - D. Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - D. Fitzgerald
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - M. Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
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15
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Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:335-349. [PMID: 30724412 PMCID: PMC6430910 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long‐term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of clinical sciences and services, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Baskerville CL, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Influence of dietary restriction and low-intensity exercise on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese equids. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:280-286. [PMID: 30520164 PMCID: PMC6335535 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of including exercise with dietary modification for the management of obese equids is not clearly understood. Objectives To evaluate the effect of a practical low‐intensity exercise regimen, in addition to dietary restriction, on indices of insulin sensitivity (SI) and plasma adipokine concentrations in obese equids. Animals Twenty‐four obese (body condition score [BCS] ≥ 7/9) horses and ponies. Methods Over a 12‐week period, animals received either dietary restriction only (DIET) or dietary restriction plus low‐intensity exercise (DIET+EX). All animals were provided with a restricted ration of grass hay at 1.25% body weight (BW) on a dry matter basis, providing 82.5% estimated digestible energy requirements. The DIET+EX group undertook low‐intensity exercise 5 days per week on an automated horse walker. Before and after weight loss, total body fat mass (TBFM) was determined, indices of SI were calculated using minimal model analysis of a frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test, and adipokines plus inflammatory biomarkers were measured using validated assays. Results Decreases in BCS, BW, and TBFM were similar between groups (all P > .05). After weight loss, animals in both groups had decreased basal insulin and leptin concentrations, and increased adiponectin concentrations (all P < .001). Furthermore, animals in the DIET+EX group had significantly improved SI and decreased serum amyloid A concentrations relative to animals in the DIET group (both P = .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Regular low‐intensity exercise provided additional health benefits compared with dietary restriction alone in this population of obese equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bamford
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha J Potter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtnay L Baskerville
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Norkaew T, Brown JL, Bansiddhi P, Somgird C, Thitaram C, Punyapornwithaya V, Punturee K, Vongchan P, Somboon N, Khonmee J. Body condition and adrenal glucocorticoid activity affects metabolic marker and lipid profiles in captive female elephants in Thailand. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204965. [PMID: 30278087 PMCID: PMC6168167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in western zoo elephants have found relationships between body condition and physiological function, and identified mitigating management strategies to optimize health and welfare. A similar methodological approach was used in this study, which evaluated a body condition score (BCS; 1 = thinnest, 5 = fattest) every other month and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations twice monthly in 33 tourist camp elephants in Thailand for a 1-year period to assess seasonal variations, and determine how lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG)] and metabolic parameters [insulin, glucose, fructosamine, glucose to insulin ratio (G:I)] related to measures of body condition and adrenal function. The most prevalent BCS was 3-3.5 (60.6%), with 27.3% at BCS = 4 (overweight) and 12.1% at BCS = 4.5-5 (very overweight); no elephants had a BCS <2. BCSs were higher in rainy and winter seasons compared to summer, with FGM, TG, HDL, LDL, and insulin also higher in the rainy and/or winter seasons (p<0.05). By contrast, TC and glucose were lowest in the rainy season. FGM measures were negatively associated with two environmental factors: temperature and rainfall, but not humidity. Positive correlations were found between BCS and TC, LDL, and HDL, and between FGM and TC, HDL, glucose, and insulin (p<0.05), whereas BCS and FGM were both negatively associated with the G:I (p<0.05). However, there was no relationship between BCS and FGM among the camp elephants. Using BCS and FGM measures as outcome variables in separate regression models, this study found high BCS and elevated FGM concentrations were associated with altered lipid profiles and metabolic status in elephants. Furthermore, more work hours/day was associated with better body condition and health measures. Thus, being overweight and exposed to factors that increase adrenal activity could adversely affect health status, requiring alterations in management for some individuals, whereas exercise appears to have a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treepradab Norkaew
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khanittha Punturee
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Preeyanat Vongchan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nopphamas Somboon
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Khonmee
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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18
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Finding EJT, Lawson C, Elliott J, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Cell specific microvesicles vary with season and disease predisposition in healthy and previously laminitic ponies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:85-92. [PMID: 30078603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles are small (up to 1 μm) vesicles found in plasma and other bodily fluids. They are recognised as part of the normal system of inter-cellular communication but altered numbers are also used as biomarkers of disease. Microvesicles have not been studied in detail in the horse but may be relevant to diseases such as laminitis. Identification of equine cell specific microvesicles was performed by developing a panel of cross reactive antibodies to use in flow cytometry to detect microvesicles of platelet, leucocyte and endothelial origin in plasma from healthy ponies and those predisposed to laminitis. The total number and proportion of microvesicles from the different cell types varied with season and there were more annexin V positive endothelial MV in non laminitic ponies compared to previously laminitic ponies. Development of this antibody panel and the technique for measuring microvesicles in the horse opens a new field for further investigation of these important structures in equine health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J T Finding
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - C Lawson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - P A Harris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, UK
| | - N J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
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19
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Secombe CJ, Bailey SR, de Laat MA, Hughes KJ, Stewart AJ, Sonis JM, Tan RHH. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: current understanding and recommendations from the Australian and New Zealand Equine Endocrine Group. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:233-242. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Secombe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - SR Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee VIC Australia
| | - MA de Laat
- Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - KJ Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - AJ Stewart
- Equine Specialist Hospital, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton QLD Australia
| | - JM Sonis
- Veterinary Associates Equine and Farm, Karaka; Auckland New Zealand
| | - RHH Tan
- Samford Valley Veterinary Hospital; Samford, QLD Australia
- Discipline of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville QLD Australia
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20
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Auyyuenyong R, Henze A, Ungru J, Schweigert FJ, Raila J, Vervuert I. Determination of lipid profiles in serum of obese ponies before and after weight reduction by using multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:111-117. [PMID: 29241051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome, which is highly associated with laminitis. Feed restriction and/or exercise are known to alleviate the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in obese ponies. However, little is known about changes in the serum lipid patterns due to weight reduction and its association with disease outcomes. Therefore, the lipid patterns in the serum of 14 mature ponies before and after a 14-week body weight reduction program (BWRP) were investigated by multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (MOD-TLC). Additionally, sensitivity to insulin (SI), body condition scores (BCS) and cresty neck scores (CNS) were measured. A BWRP resulted in a significant loss of body weight (P<0.001), which was associated with beneficial decreases in BCS and CNS (both, P<0.001). Serum lipid compositions revealed significantly increased free fatty acid (FFA), sphingomyelin (SM; both P<0.001), total cholesterol (C) and cholesterol ester (CE) (both P<0.01) and triacylglycerol (TG; P<0.05) densities. Improvement of SI after the BWRP was associated with increases in neutral lipids (C, CE and TG, all P<0.01), FFA and the phospholipid SM (both, P<0.001). The results show that a BWRP in obese ponies was effective and associated with changes in the concentrations of neutral lipids and the phospholipid SM, indicating that SM may play a role in insulin signaling pathways and thus in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the progression of metabolic syndrome in obese ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchada Auyyuenyong
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andrea Henze
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Julia Ungru
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Bertin FR, Laat MA. The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:570-576. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. R. Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - M. A. Laat
- Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
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