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Johansen Å, Lin J, Yamada S, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Yassin MA, Gjerde C, Hutchinson DJ, Mustafa K, Malkoch M. Photo-Clickable Triazine-Trione Thermosets as Promising 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401202. [PMID: 39021283 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
There is an overwhelming demand for new scaffolding materials for tissue engineering (TE) purposes. Polymeric scaffolds have been explored as TE materials; however, their high glass transition state (Tg) limits their applicability. In this study, a novel materials platform for fabricating TE scaffolds is proposed based on solvent-free two-component heterocyclic triazine-trione (TATO) formulations, which cure at room temperature via thiol-ene/yne photochemistry. Three ester-containing thermosets, TATO-1, TATO-2, and TATO-3, are used for the fabrication of TE scaffolds including rigid discs, elastic films, microporous sponges, and 3D printed objects. After 14 days' incubation the materials covered a wide range of properties, from the soft TATO-2 having a compression modulus of 19.3 MPa and a Tg of 30.4 °C to the hard TATO-3 having a compression modulus of 411 MPa and a Tg of 62.5 °C. All materials exhibit micro- and nano-surface morphologies suited for bone tissue engineering, and in vitro studies found them all to be cytocompatible, supporting fast cell proliferation while minimizing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of the materials are successfully differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neuronal cells, underlining the broad potential for the biofabrication of TATO materials for TE clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åshild Johansen
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Jinjian Lin
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Shuntaro Yamada
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Mohammed A Yassin
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Cecilie Gjerde
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Daniel J Hutchinson
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Michael Malkoch
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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Karembe H, Geneteau A, Lacoste S, Varinot N, Magnier R, Coussanes E, Lopez S, Sperling D, Peyrou M. Comparison of an injectable toltrazuril-gleptoferron and an oral toltrazuril + injectable gleptoferron in piglets: Hematinic activities and pharmacokinetics. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38898550 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and cystoisosporosis are the most common clinical conditions of fast-growing piglets. Until now, IDA and cystoisosporosis have been managed by intramuscular injection of iron complexes (such as dextran or gleptoferron) and oral administration of toltrazuril. Recently, a new combination product containing toltrazuril and gleptoferron for intramuscular application (Forceris®) has been registered. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of toltrazuril and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, following a single oral (Baycox®) or intramuscular (Forceris®, a toltrazuril-iron combination product) administration at 20 mg/kg to young suckling piglets. The orally treated piglets were also supplemented with iron (Gleptosil®), and the hematinic activities were compared. Piglets in both groups received comparable doses. The peak concentration (Cmax) of toltrazuril after intramuscular administration was 11% lower than that after oral administration (p = .376). However, the exposure to toltrazuril (AUC) was significantly increased (40% higher) when toltrazuril was administered intramuscularly (p = .036). The Cmax and AUC values of the active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone were 39% and 34% higher, respectively, after intramuscular administration (p = .007 and 0.008, respectively). Piglets in both groups were properly protected against IDA. In conclusion, a higher relative bioavailability of toltrazuril is observed when toltrazuril is administered intramuscularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadi Karembe
- Ceva Santé Animale, ZI de la Ballastière, Libourne, France
| | - Anne Geneteau
- Ceva Santé Animale, ZI de la Ballastière, Libourne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Lopez
- Ceva Santé Animale, ZI de la Ballastière, Libourne, France
| | | | - Mathieu Peyrou
- Ceva Santé Animale, ZI de la Ballastière, Libourne, France
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Nilsson B, Bylund J, Halldin MM, Rother M, Rein-Hedin E, Önnestam K, Segerdahl M. ACD856, a novel positive allosteric modulator of Trk receptors, single ascending doses in healthy subjects: Safety and pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:717-727. [PMID: 38353689 PMCID: PMC11001683 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE AlzeCure Pharma AB is developing novel positive allosteric modulators of Trk-receptors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, depression, other psychiatric conditions and other disorders where cognition is impaired. The preceding candidate drug ACD855 was shown to have a too long half-life in humans to allow further development. To de-risk the development of the follow-up compound ACD856, the oral single ascending dose study of ACD856 in humans was preceded by an intravenous microdose study, assessing the elimination half-life in plasma. METHODS A phase 0 study with a microdose of ACD856 (0.100 mg), was conducted in six healthy male subjects all receiving ACD856. Sequentially, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase I single ascending oral dose study (1 - 150 mg) was conducted, including 56 healthy subjects. Both studies assessed the safety and tolerability, as well as the PK properties of ACD856 after single dose intravenous and oral administration. RESULTS ACD856 was well tolerated with no treatment emergent, or dose related adverse events or other safety assessments. In the microdose study, ACD856 exhibited a bi-exponential plasma decline, low distribution volume, low plasma clearance with a half-life of approximately 20 hours. Orally, ACD856 exhibited rapid absorption, an almost complete bioavailability and a dose proportional increase in exposure. While the Cmax was lowered and delayed by food intake, the effect on plasma half-life and the overall bioavailability was low. No renal elimination of ACD856 was detected. CONCLUSION The prediction proved accurate demonstrating the value of conducting a microdose study prior to ascending dose studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05783830 March 24, 2023 (microdose study, retrospectively registered) and NCT05077631 October 14, 2021 (single ascending dose study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel Nilsson
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- CTC Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias Rother
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erik Rein-Hedin
- CTC Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Märta Segerdahl
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Alfred Nobels allé 23, SE-141 52, Huddinge, Sweden.
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4
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Guedes AC, Conde-Felipe M, Barba E, Molina JM, Del Carmen Muñoz M, Ferrer O, Martín S, Hermosilla C, Taubert A, Ruiz A. Metaphylactic strategies using toltrazuril against coccidiosis in goat kids. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110133. [PMID: 38266373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Goat coccidiosis compromises animal welfare, reduces productivity and may cause mortality and delayed growth rates in goat kids around the weaning period worldwide. This field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of metaphylactic treatments with two doses of toltrazuril (20 or 40 mg/kg body weight - BW, p. o.), at different timing, in kids naturally infected with Eimeria spp. A total of 97 healthy goat kids (Majorera milk aptitude breed) were divided into five groups, depending on the age of treatment (2 or 7 weeks). One group remained untreated as a negative control until the end of the study. Faecal oocyst shedding, faecal consistency, and body weight of the animals were monitored at day 0 and at weekly intervals. Counts of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) were determined by a modified McMaster technique. Morphometric identification of Eimeria species was carried out on individual faecal samples from each experimental group after oocyst sporulation. Goat kids treated at two weeks of age maintained OPG values close to zero during the 5 weeks post-treatment and, overall, had lower faecal oocyst counts than untreated control animals. No significant differences were observed between the two doses of toltrazuril used in two-week-old treated animals. By contrast, when treatment was carried out at seven weeks of age, the dose of 40 mg/kg BW of toltrazuril reduced oocyst levels for longer and to a greater extent than the 20 mg/kg dose. Irrespectively of the treatment and dose, toltrazuril delayed the appearance of pathogenic Eimeria species, i. e. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and Eimeria arloingi. As a whole, Eimeria christenseni, with a rather moderate pathogenicity, was highly predominant throughout the study period, including the untreated control group, which was probably the reason why clinical signs of coccidiosis were barely observed throughout the experiment. Under these circumstances, the positive effect of toltrazuril on body weight condition observed in some treated groups was difficult to correlate to the timing and doses. Metaphylactic treatments with 20 mg/kg BW toltrazuril given at two weeks of age are sufficient to control oocyst excretion in goat kids; whereas if administered later in 7-week-old animals, thereby coinciding with the frequently observed peak of oocyst elimination in goat kids under field conditions, a higher dose might be advisable to prevent environmental contamination with infectious oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu C Guedes
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Magnolia Conde-Felipe
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Emilio Barba
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Muñoz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Sergio Martín
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Yuan Y, Yang L, Zhao Q, Xiong L, Yang M, Suo X, Hao Z. Ponazuril: Clinical efficacy, ultrastructure, and histopathology studies of in vivo anticoccidial action against Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2024; 326:110098. [PMID: 38194736 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ponazuril, a novel antiprotozoal drug in the class of triazine, has shown a promising application on apicomplexan infections in poultry and livestock. However, the effect and mechanism of action of ponazuril against Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are unclear. The efficacy against E. tenella was initially studied by administering different doses of ponazuril in drinking water. The treated stage and site of ponazuril on E. tenella were observed through ultrastructural and histopathological analyses. Chicks were orally treated with a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of ponazuril at different endogenous stages of E. tenella post-infection. According to the clinical study, the values of anticoccidial indices (ACI) were 157.0, 162.3, 196.9, 194.5, and 190.9, respectively, when the ponazuril was administered in drinking water at doses of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 mg/L for two consecutive days after infection. Among them, the 20 mg/L ponazuril group showed the best anticoccidial effect, which was superior to that of the toltrazuril treatment group, with an ACI value of 191.7. Histological analysis indicated that ponazuril effectively relieved cecal lesions, and decreased the number of merozoites. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) observed that merozoites became irregular in shape, and some apparent protrusions of the outer membrane were presented especially the second-generation merozoites. Additionally, abnormalities in the development of WFBI and WFBII in the macrogametocyte were observed, which may affect the formation of the ovule wall. Moreover, merozoites in the treated group showed uneven and marginalized chromatin and mitochondrial swelling. These results suggested ponazuril is a potential anticoccidial drug, providing information on the mechanism of anticoccidial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li'nan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi 830052, PR China
| | - Xun Suo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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6
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Yeh TW, Rairat T, Wang CM, Wu CF, Huang SW, Chou CC, Kuo HC. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, in suckling piglets following oral and intramuscular administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:36-47. [PMID: 37593974 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Toltrazuril (TZR) is currently the only registered chemotherapeutic drug in the European Union for the treatment of Cystoisospora suis. This study investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration-time profiles of TZR and its active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZR-SO2 ), after oral (per os, p.o.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration to suckling piglets. Following a single administration of TZR orally at 50 mg/piglet or intramuscularly at 45 mg/piglet, higher concentrations of TZR and TZR-SO2 were observed in all three investigated tissues after p.o. administration. The mean TZR concentration in serum peaked at 14 μg/mL (34.03 h) and 5.36 μg/mL (120 h), while TZR-SO2 peaked at 14.12 μg/mL (246 h) and 9.92 μg/mL (330 h) after p.o. and i.m. administration, respectively. TZR was undetectable in the liver after p.o. administration (18 days) and in the jejunum (24 days) after i.m. injection, while TZR-SO2 was still detectable in all three tissues after 36 days regardless of administration routes. This study showed that p.o. formulation exhibited faster absorption and higher serum/tissue TZR/TZR-SO2 concentrations than i.m. formulation. Both formulations generated sufficient therapeutic concentrations in the serum and jejunum, and sustained enough time to protect against Cystoisospora suis infection in the piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Wei Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chao-Ming Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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7
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Ren G, Si H, Song X, Liu X, Suo X, Hu D. Forward genetic analysis of monensin and diclazuril resistance in Eimeria tenella. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 22:44-51. [PMID: 37247559 PMCID: PMC10238932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide distributed coccidiosis is caused by infection of both Eimeria species and Cystoisospora in the host intestine and causes huge economic losses to the livestock industry, especially the poultry industry. The control of such diseases relies mainly on chemoprophylaxis with anticoccidials, which has led to a very common drug resistance in this field. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying resistance to many anticoccidial drugs remain unknown. In this study, strains of E. tenella resistant to 250 mg/kg monensin were generated and characterized. Forward genetic approaches based on pooled genome sequencing, including experimental evolution and linkage group selection, were used to locate candidate targets responsible for resistance to monensin and diclazuril in E. tenella. A total of 16 nonsynonymous mutants in protein-coding genes were identified in monensin-resistant strains, and two genomic regions with strong selection signals were also detected in diclazuril-resistant strains. Our study reveals the genetic characterization of the experimental evolution and linkage group selection in Eimeria species, and also provides important information that contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China
| | - Ganglin Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xingju Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China.
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8
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Du S, Song X, Hu D. In Vitro Transcriptional Response of Eimeria tenella to Toltrazuril Reveals That Oxidative Stress and Autophagy Contribute to Its Anticoccidial Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098370. [PMID: 37176073 PMCID: PMC10179680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal coccidiosis is a common parasitic disease in livestock, caused by the infection of Eimeria and Cystoisospora parasites, which results in great economic losses to animal husbandry. Triazine compounds, such as toltrazuril and diclazuril, are widely used in the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of coccidiosis. Unfortunately, widespread drug resistance has compromised their effectiveness. Most studies have focused on prophylaxis and therapeutics with toltrazuril in flocks, while a comprehensive understanding of how toltrazuril treatment alters the transcriptome of E. tenella remains unknown. In this study, merozoites of E. tenella were treated in vitro with 0.5 μg/mL toltrazuril for 0, 1, 2 and 4 h, respectively. The gene transcription profiles were then compared by high-throughput sequencing. Our results showed that protein hydrolysis genes were significantly upregulated after drug treatment, while cell cycle-related genes were significantly downregulated, suggesting that toltrazuril may affect parasite division. The expression of redox-related genes was upregulated and elevated levels of ROS and autophagosomes were detected in the parasite after toltrazuril treatment, suggesting that toltrazuril may cause oxidative stress to parasite cells and lead to its autophagy. Our results provide basic knowledge of the response of Eimeria genes to toltrazuril and further analysis of the identified transcriptional changes can provide useful information for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of toltrazuril against Eimeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shiqi Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xingju Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
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9
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Onzere CK, Hulbert M, Sears KP, Williams LBA, Fry LM. Tulathromycin and Diclazuril Lack Efficacy against Theileria haneyi, but Tulathromycin Is Not Associated with Adverse Clinical Effects in Six Treated Adult Horses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030453. [PMID: 36986375 PMCID: PMC10055745 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine theileriosis, caused by Theileria haneyi and Theileria equi, leads to anemia, exercise intolerance, and occasionally, death. Theileriosis-free countries prohibit the importation of infected horses, resulting in significant costs for the equine industry. Imidocarb dipropionate is the only treatment for T. equi in the United States, but lacks efficacy against T. haneyi. The goal of this study was to assess the in vivo efficacy of tulathromycin and diclazuril against T. haneyi. Fourteen T. haneyi-infected horses were utilized. Six were treated with eight weekly 2.5 mg/kg doses of tulathromycin. Three were treated daily for eight weeks with 2.5 mg/kg diclazuril. Three were pre-treated with 0.5 mg/kg diclazuril daily for one month to determine whether low-dose diclazuril prevents infection. Following infection, the dose was increased to 2.5 mg/kg for eight weeks. Two infected horses remained untreated as controls. The horses were assessed via nested PCR, physical exams, complete blood counts, serum chemistry panels, and cytology. Tulathromycin and diclazuril failed to clear T. haneyi and the treated and control groups exhibited similar parasitemia and packed cell volume declines. To obtain additional safety data on tulathromycin use in adult horses, necropsy and histopathology were performed on tulathromycin-treated horses. No significant lesions were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K. Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Morgan Hulbert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kelly P. Sears
- Department of Clinical Science, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Laura B. A. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Habibi H, Ghahtan N, Kameli A, Hosseinian AR, Baghban N. The anticoccidial effect of alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynthis fruit and Juglans regia peel in experimentally infected domestic chicken. Res Vet Sci 2023; 156:22-28. [PMID: 36764047 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the main illnesses within the poultry industry is coccidiosis. Anticoccidial medicines applied in the poultry industry show many shortcomings and new control measures are necessary. The current research aimed to study the effect of extract of Citrullus colocynthis and Juglans regia peel on growth performance, gut bacteria, Haematological, Anticoccidial Index (ACI), and Optimum Anticoccidial Activity (OAA) of coccidiosis-infected domestic chicken. The maximum weight gain was observed in the groups treated with 0.001% and 0.01% C. colocynthis extract. Moreover, 0.01% C. colocynthis extract treatment increased two factors of ACI and OAA by 121.42 and 109, respectively, which were higher than commercial anticoccidial (Sulfaclozine). The extract of C. colocynthis fruit and J. regia peel decreased monocytes and eosinophils haematological factors and increased basophils in birds infected with Eimeria. Both extracts modulated intestinal microbiome haematological factors in birds infected with Eimeria, while J. regia peel extract had better performance than C. colocynthis fruit extract. These results indicate that used C. colocynthis and J. regia extracts have an anti-coccidial effect and the potential to control Eimeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Habibi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran..
| | - Najmeh Ghahtan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Kameli
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Hosseinian
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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11
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Sun W, Wang B, Wang P, Liu B, Pan B. Microenvironment pH modified solid dispersion of Toltrazuril as a new strategy to improve the treatment of experimental Apicomplexan infection. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106797. [PMID: 36528088 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa contains some of the most serious human and veterinary parasites, including Eimeria magna, Toxoplasma gondii, and many others. Toltrazuril (TOL) has activity against multiple stages of Apicomplexan parasites, but its clinical use is limited by low bioavailability. In present study, we prepared one new formulation named the microenvironment pH modified solid dispersion (pHM-SD), which was composed of three components including Ca(OH)2, TOL, and PVPk30 with the weight ratio of 1:8:8. In vivo evaluation for bioavailability and efficacy of the pHM-SD was conducted following oral administration and hypodermic injection. The performance of the pHM-SD was also contrast to corresponding results of raw material drug and commercial Baycox® to evaluate the advantages for clinical application. The results showed that the bioavailability of prototype TOL and its active metabolites toltrazuril sulfoxide (TOLSO), toltrazuril sulfone (TOLSO2) in rabbits were improved remarkably after oral administration of the pHM-SD. The safety of the pHM-SD via oral administration was adequately verified via the histopathological examination. We subsequently evaluated effects of the pHM-SD on Eimeria magna oocysts and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. In vivo anti-coccidia efficacy further confirmed that the pHM-SD could be used as a strategy to minimize the oocyst exposure. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-Toxoplasma tests showed that the pHM-SD had little damage to host cells within the concentration of 100 μg/ mL, and the anti-Toxoplasma efficacy was significantly improved compared with TOL. Combined with the above-mentioned experimental results, we conclude that the pHM-SD maybe a promising candidate for providing better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boxing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Wang W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Nie J, Hu D, Yang W, Shen Y, Cui X, Ding H, Li L, Huang X. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and excretion of ponazuril in piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1054417. [PMID: 36570513 PMCID: PMC9768325 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1054417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponazuril is a triazine anticoccidial drug which is the main metabolite of toltrazuril in animals, it has excellent activity against many protozoa, including Cystoisospora suis, and has broad application prospects in the control of swine coccidiosis. To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and excretion characteristics of ponazuril, 12 healthy piglets aged 10-14 days were divided into 2 groups for pharmacokinetic studies, which were given 20 mg/kg body weight ponazuril orally and intravenously, respectively. And 6 other piglets were housed individually in metabolic cages and given the same oral dose of ponazuril. After administration, the concentration of ponazuril in plasma, fecal, and urine samples collected was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma concentration profiles of ponazuril obtained after intravenous and oral administration were analyzed simultaneously by the nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) model. Following the results, the pharmacokinetics of ponazuril exhibited a Michaelis-Menten elimination with Michaelis-Menten constant Km and maximum metabolic rate Vm of 10.8 μg/mL and 0.083 mg/kg/h. The apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 735 mL/kg, and the final estimated oral bioavailability was 81%. Besides, cumulatively 86.42 ± 2.96% of ponazuril was recovered from feces and 0.31% ± 0.08% from urine during 0-1,020 h after oral administration. These findings indicated a good oral absorption of ponazuril in piglets with nonlinear disposition and slow excretion largely via feces, implying sustained drug concentration in vivo and long-lasting anticoccidial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiao Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinglong Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Li Li
| | - Xianhui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xianhui Huang
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Tetrabromobisphenol A and Diclazuril Evoke Tissue-Specific Changes of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Male Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314782. [PMID: 36499108 PMCID: PMC9738630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is a prerequisite of normal tissue function. Environmental pollutants with the potential to disrupt endocrine functions represent an emerging threat to human health and agricultural production. We used our Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator (THAI) mouse model to study the effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA; 150 mg/bwkg/day orally for 6 days) and diclazuril (10.0 mg/bwkg/day orally for 5 days), a known and a potential hormone disruptor, respectively, on local TH economy. Tissue-specific changes of TH action were assessed in 90-day-old THAI mice by measuring the expression of a TH-responsive luciferase reporter in tissue samples and by in vivo imaging (14-day-long treatment accompanied with imaging on day 7, 14 and 21 from the first day of treatment) in live THAI mice. This was followed by promoter assays to elucidate the mechanism of the observed effects. TBBPA and diclazuril impacted TH action differently and tissue-specifically. TBBPA disrupted TH signaling in the bone and small intestine and impaired the global TH economy by decreasing the circulating free T4 levels. In the promoter assays, TBBPA showed a direct stimulatory effect on the hdio3 promoter, indicating a potential mechanism for silencing TH action. In contrast, diclazuril acted as a stimulator of TH action in the liver, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue without affecting the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. Our data demonstrate distinct and tissue-specific effects of TBBPA and diclazuril on local TH action and prove that the THAI mouse is a novel mammalian model to identify TH disruptors and their tissue-specific effects.
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A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE BLUE-CROWNED LAUGHING THRUSHES (PTERORHINUS COURTOISI): 1998–2018. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:545-550. [DOI: 10.1638/2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Huo M, Ma W, Zhou K, Xu X, Liu Z, Huang L. Migration and toxicity of toltrazuril and its main metabolites in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134888. [PMID: 35561774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs heavily used in livestock are passed into the environment through different ways, resulting in risks to terrestrial environments and humans. The migration of toltrazuril (TOL), an important anticoccidial drug used intensively in livestock, and its main metabolites between the chicken manure compost, soil and vegetables was investigated, and then the impacts of TOL on the soil bacterial community and ARGs, soil enzyme activities and phytotoxicity were detected. In the process of aerobic composting for 80 days, except for toltrazuril sulfoxide (the degradation half-life was 59.74 d), TOL and ponazuril (PON) were not significantly degraded. However, TOL and its metabolites were significantly degraded in fertilized soil, and the degradation half-life was 28.17-346.50 d. Among the three drugs, only PON could migrate from soil to vegetables, and the residual concentrations of PON in lettuce and radish were 2.64-70.02 μg kg-1 and 0-2.80 μg kg-1, respectively. Moreover, TOL and its main metabolisms had no significant effect on the bacterial community structure and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes during composting, but affected the microbial activity in the soil. The presence of TOL and its main metabolites reduced soil urease activity, increased catalase activity, and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity at the beginning and then increased slightly. They had negative effects on plant growth. Compared with the control group, the inhibition rates of TOL and its metabolites on lettuce and radish seed germination were 8.33% and 26.74% respectively, and the inhibition rates of root elongation length were 25.88% and 34.45% respectively. These results showed that TOL and its main metabolites were ineffectively removed by aerobic composting, and could be migrated from composting to soil and vegetables, which had adverse effects on soil enzyme activity and plant growth. Therefore, its environmental ecological risk and human health risk needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Huo
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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16
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Cheng X, Zheng H, Wang C, Wang X, Fei C, Zhou W, Zhang K. Effects of salinomycin and ethanamizuril on the three microbial communities in vivo and in vitro. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941259. [PMID: 36033856 PMCID: PMC9413843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of a drug is not only the process of drug metabolism in vivo and in vitro but also the homeostasis of drug-exposed microbial communities may be disturbed. Anticoccidial drugs are widely used to combat the detrimental effects of protozoan parasites in the poultry industry. Salinomycin and ethanamizuril belong to two different classes of anticoccidial drugs. The effect of salinomycin and ethanamizuril on the microbiota of cecal content, manure compost, and soil remains unknown. Our results showed that although both salinomycin and ethanamizuril treatments suppressed some opportunistic pathogens, they failed to repair the great changes in chicken cecal microbial compositions caused by coccidia infection. Subsequently, the metabolite5 profiling of cecal content by LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed the great impact of coccidia infection on chicken cecum and showed that histidine metabolism may be the main action pathway of salinomycin, and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis may be the major regulatory mechanism of ethanamizuril. The microbial community of manure compost showed a mild response to ethanamizuril treatment, but ethanamizuril in soil could promote Actinobacteria reproduction, which may inhibit other taxonomic bacteria. When the soil and manure were exposed to salinomycin, the Proteobacteria abundance of microbial communities showed a significant increase, which suggested that salinomycin may improve the ability of the microbiota to utilize carbon sources. This hypothesis was confirmed by a BIOLOG ECO microplate analysis. In the animal model of coccidia infection, the treatment of salinomycin and ethanamizuril may reconstruct a new equilibrium of the intestinal microbiota. In an in vitro environment, the effect of ethanamizuril on composting and soil microbiota seems to be slight. However, salinomycin has a great impact on the microbial communities of manure composting and soil. In particular, the promoting effect of salinomycin on Proteobacteria phylum should be further concerned. In general, salinomycin and ethanamizuril have diverse effects on various microbial communities.
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Shen H, Li C, Sun H, Chen W, Chen B, Yi Y, Mei J, Zhang Y, Ying G. Generation and Characterization of an Anti-diclazuril Monoclonal Antibody and Development of a Diagnostic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Poultry. Front Nutr 2022; 9:910876. [PMID: 35651507 PMCID: PMC9149080 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.910876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An anti-diclazuril monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based detection of diclazuril with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used to measure anti-coccidial drug residues. The anti-diclazuril mAb had a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.449–0.517 ng/mL. The mAb cross-reactivity with toltrazuril, toltrazuril 18 sulfone, clozaril, monesin, madurmycin, and salinomycin was very minimal (< 0.1%). The detection limit of the ELISA using this mAb was 0.10 ng/mL and the sensitivity was 0.05 ng/mL. A standard curve generated in the range of 0.05–16.2 ng/mL had a linear correlation coefficient value of ≥ 0.99. The average recoveries of diclazuril from chicken and duck samples ranged from 85.0 to 102.5%.Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 5.9 to 8.5% and 9.2 to 12.6%, respectively. Using the International Immunogenetics Information System®, the VH domain of the mAb was found to be encoded by an IGHV3 family gene and had the following complementarity determining region (CDR) sequences: GFTFSRY (CDR1), SRGGS (CDR2), and GDDNYAFAY (CDR3). The VL domain was encoded by an IGKV1 family gene and had the following CDR sequences: KSSQSLLNSRTRKNYLA (CDR1), WASTRES (CDR2), and KQSYNLHT (CDR3). This study provides a method to generate anti-diclazuril mAbs and determine their variable region sequences. The diagnostic ELISA developed using this mAb may drive additional studies on the monitoring and detection of food and veterinary drug residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanqin Chen
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Mei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Ying,
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Huang J, Huang J, Husien HM, Peng W, Liu M, Bo R, Li J. Comparison of endogenous development, invasion ability and apoptotic features between diclazuril resistant and sensitive strains of Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2022; 305:109719. [PMID: 35597690 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diclazuril (DIC) is widely used in the poultry industry to control coccidiosis. However, drug resistance makes it less effective, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. One DIC-resistant E. tenella (RE) isolate and one sensitive E. tenella (SE) isolate were used to compare the differences in their endogenous development, pathogenicity, invasion-related gene expression and apoptotic characteristics. Chickens were allocated into four groups to receive RE or SE strain and their corresponding DIC treatment or not. Caeca tissues were sampled at 96 h, 120 h and 144 h post-infection (PI) for pathological analysis. Meanwhile, second-generation merozoites (Mz2) were separated at 120 h PI to detect alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity and mRNA expression of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) and microneme proteins (MICs). Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that DIC treatment strictly blocked the development of the SE strain but slightly affected the RE strain. Meanwhile, the number of SE Mz2 and their MMP decreased at the same time the apoptotic rate increased after DIC treatment. Real-time quantitative PCR and caspase-3 activity studies demonstrated that Mz2 from the RE strain had higher mRNA expression of ADF and MICs along with no significant changes in GAPDH and caspase-3 activity under DIC pressure compared to its control; in contrast, the mRNA expression of ADF, MICs and PP5 was markedly suppressed in Mz2 from SE with upregulated caspase-3 activity and GAPDH transcription. In addition, the mRNA expression of GAPDH and PP5 in Mz2 from RE was remarkably higher than that of SE. Taken together, the higher mRNA expression of invasion-related genes and almost unaffected endogenous development provide a better understanding of coccidian resistance to DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Hosam Mohamed Husien
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; College of veterinary medicine, Albutana University, Sudan
| | - Weilong Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Mingjiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Ruonan Bo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - JinGui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Dirikolu L, Lehner AF, Tobin T. Plasma concentrations of diclazuril following oral administration of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt to cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:392-401. [PMID: 35488857 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diclazuril is a triazine-based antiprotozoal agent widely used in veterinary practice that may have clinical application in the treatment of bovine protozoal diseases. The present study reports on the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt in cattle following administration of diclazuril suspended in water and by direct application of diclazuril sodium salt to the oral mucosa. Compared with diclazuril itself, the sodium salt formulation of diclazuril applied to the oral mucosa was rapidly and reliably absorbed. Plasma concentrations of diclazuril peaked at around 8 h after oral-mucosal administration of diclazuril sodium salt. On the contrary, application of diclazuril itself orally resulted in delayed and variable absorption. The mean bioavailability of diclazuril as pure powder was 42.5% relative to diclazuril sodium salt indicating approximately 2.5-fold increase in bioavailability of diclazuril as a sodium salt relative to diclazuril as a pure compound in cattle. The present study also reports finding of a previously unreported diclazuril metabolite at high concentrations in plasma especially after oral administration of diclazuril. Further studies, including synthesis and characterization of the novel described metabolite, are required to accurately determine aspects of the metabolism of diclazuril in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andreas Fritz Lehner
- MSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Tobin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Li B, Wang Y, Feng Y, Yuan D, Xu R, Jiang C, Xiao X, Lu S. Design and molecular insights of drug-active metabolite based co-amorphous formulation: A case study of toltrazuril-ponazuril co-amorphous. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121475. [PMID: 35041914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous supersaturated drug delivery systems are emerging as an alternative strategy to improve the water solubility of BCS II drugs. Typically, the supersaturation and stability of co-amorphous systems largely depend on the type of employed co-former. This study aims to assess the potential for active metabolites of drugs as co-former in drug-drug co-amorphous formulations. Toltrazuril (Tol) was chosen as the model drug, to which ponazuril (Pon) was added as co-former. Considering the importance of intermolecular interactions in co-amorphous systems, we performed highlighted investigations including molecular dynamics simulation and quantum mechanics calculations. The results indicated that Tol and Pon molecules were connected by N-H···O = C hydrogen bonds in the form of a complementary pairing of amide groups. Further, the solubility/dissolution and solid-state stability of the co-amorphous system were investigated. We found that co-amorphous Tol-Pon was stable for at least one month at 40 °C/75% RH, while amorphous materials underwent recrystallization within 10 days. Moreover, both drugs in the co-amorphous system exhibited enhanced "spring parachute effect" during the dissolution process. This could be attributed to the noticeably increased solid-state stabilization as well as inhibition of Pon on the crystallization of Tol from a supersaturated state. In general, our study provides some useful information and molecular insights to guide the development of drug-active metabolite-based co-amorphous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yingyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuecheng Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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21
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Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites toltrazuril sulphoxide and toltrazuril sulphone in pregnant and non-pregnant goats. ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of toltrazuril (TZR) and its metabolites toltrazuril sulphoxide (TZR.SO) and toltrazuril sulphone (TZR.SO2) were assessed in non-pregnant and pregnant goats. Ten healthy Baladi female goats were allocated into two groups (n = 5 per group): non-pregnant goats (group 1) and pregnant goats at 2–3 months of gestation (group 2). Toltrazuril was administered once orally to all goats at 20 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected at 0 (before TZR administration), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 h and 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, and 35 days post therapy to measure the concentrations of TZR and its metabolites. In pregnant goats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last sample (AUC0-last) of TZR were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the non-pregnant ones, whereas the volume of distribution (Vz_F_obs) and clearance (Cl_F_obs) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in pregnant goats. No significant differences were observed in the elimination half-life (T1/2λz), and mean residence time (MRT) between the two groups. In non-pregnant goats, TZR.SO and TZR.SO2 could be detected in plasma until 12 and 30 days, respectively; whereas in pregnant goats, they were quantified up to 16 and 35 days, respectively. Conclusively, TZR was well absorbed and rapidly metabolized to TZR.SO and TZR.SO2, after oral dosing in goats. Pregnancy caused significant alterations in some of the pharmacokinetic indicators of TZR and its metabolites in goats.
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22
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Cox S, Harvill L, Singleton S, Bergman JB, DeBolt B. The influence of storage time on ponazuril concentrations in feline plasma. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12516. [PMID: 34900432 PMCID: PMC8628618 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pharmacokinetics of ponazuril have been determined in several species; however, there is very little information on the stability of the drug after storage for long periods of time. This study was undertaken to determine the stability of ponazuril in plasma samples stored at -80 °C, which is the temperature most commonly used in the author's laboratory. Method Spiked plasma samples (0.3, 7.5, and 15 µg/mL) were stored at -80 °C for three months. Analysis occurred on the first day and then once a week for the following twelve weeks. The drug was extracted using a chloroform extraction and separated by high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection. Results There was no loss of drug for any concentration for the first four weeks of storage. There was an average loss of less than 5% from day 35 through day 70 and an average loss of 6% on day 77 and 84. The data suggest that ponazuril is stable for 4 weeks when stored at -80 °C and undergoes minimal loss in the remaining 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Lainey Harvill
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Sarah Singleton
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joan B Bergman
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Becky DeBolt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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Cheng P, Zhang Z, Yang F, Cai S, Wang L, Wang C, Wang M, Liu Y, Fei C, Zhang L, Xue F, Gu F. FnCas12a/crRNA-Mediated Genome Editing in Eimeria tenella. Front Genet 2021; 12:738746. [PMID: 34630528 PMCID: PMC8494306 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.738746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species are intracellular parasites residing inside the intestinal epithelial cell, which cause poultry coccidiosis and result in significant financial losses in the poultry industry. Genome editing of Eimeria is of immense importance for the development of vaccines and drugs. CRISPR/Cas9 has been utilized for manipulating the genome of Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). Ectopic expression of Cas9, i.e., via plasmids, would introduce transgene, which substantially limits its application, especially for vaccine development. In this study, we initially optimized the condition of the transfection protocol. We demonstrated that with the optimized condition, the transfection of FnCas12a (also known as "FnCpf1") protein and crRNA targeting EtHistone H4 triggered DNA double-strand breaks in vivo. We then used this strategy to knock-in a coding cassette for an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene (DHFR) as a selection marker to tag endogenous EtActin. The engineered E. tenella parasite possesses EYFP expression in its entire life cycle. Our results demonstrated that FnCas12a could trigger genome editing in E. tenella, which augments the applicability of the dissection of gene function and the development of anticoccidial drugs and vaccines for Eimeria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fayu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Cai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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24
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Cox S, Harvill L, Singleton S, Bergman J, DeBolt B. Bioanalytical RP-HPLC method for the determination of ponazuril in plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5210. [PMID: 34216023 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to establish a reliable technique for the quantitation of ponazuril in limited sample volumes. Samples were extracted with chloroform and separation was achieved with a Symmetry RP18 column. Ultraviolet absorption was measured at 254 nm. A combination of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (50:50) was used as the mobile phase. The calibration curve was linear from 0.1-25 μg/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 μg/mL with a 100 μL sample. The precision and accuracy were well within the range set by the Food and Drug Administration and the recovery was over 95%. This technique was used to analyze ponazuril samples and found to be appropriate for pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lainey Harvill
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Singleton
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joan Bergman
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Becky DeBolt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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25
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Dolzhenko AV, Bin Shahari MS, Junaid A, Tiekink ERT. A New One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of 4-Aryl-6-cycloamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines under Microwave Irradiation. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1401-2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA new method for the fast synthesis of diverse 4-aryl-6-cycloamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines was developed. The synthesis is performed under microwave irradiation in a one-pot manner from cyanoguanidine, aromatic aldehydes, and cyclic amines. Their three-component reaction in the presence of hydrochloric acid produced dihydrotriazines, which were then converted (without isolation) into the targeted compounds via aromatic dehydrogenation in the presence of alkali. The reaction tolerated various aromatic aldehydes (including heterocyclic) and cyclic amines. Crystal structures of two representative 4-aryl-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines were established by X-ray crystallography. The results of preliminary biological screening identified potent antileukemic activity for 6-[3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-4-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University
| | | | - Ahmad Junaid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University
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26
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PHARMACOKINETICS OF A SINGLE ORAL DOSE OF PONAZURIL IN THE INDIAN PEAFOWL ( PAVO CRISTATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:548-554. [PMID: 34130397 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponazuril, a novel coccidiocidal triazinetrione, has shown promise in addressing apicomplexan diseases in mammals and birds. This study describes the pharmacokinetics of ponazuril in healthy adult Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) following a single oral dose administered at two different dosages. Peafowl (four males and four females) were administered compounded ponazuril at 20 or 40 mg/kg orally in a double crossover design, with a 2-wk washout period. Blood was collected from each bird at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after administration for plasma concentration of ponazuril using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Fecals were evaluated for coccidial shedding for 3 consecutive d prior to the ponazuril trial, 1 wk after the first dose of ponazuril, and 1 wk after the second dose of the trial. After the first trial, one peafowl administered 20 mg/kg ponazuril was shedding coccidia, but no coccidia were detected by the end of the second trial. Ponazuril reached peak concentrations (Tmax) at 21.38 h + 5.25 and 22.04 h + 7.39, and peak concentration (Cmax) were 11.82 µg/ml + 3.01 and 18.42 µg/ml + 4.13, for 20 and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Ponazuril was detected at 120 h with a concentration of 9.48 µg/ml + 2.59 and 12.25 µg/ml + 2.89 and a half-life of 219.4 + 58.7 h and 186.7 + 58.7 h, for and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Ponazuril in peafowl was well absorbed orally, plasma concentrations increased with dose, and elimination was slower than current dosages for birds would suggest. No obvious adverse effects were observed at either dosage.
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Kim E, Park S, Park H, Choi J, Yoon HJ, Kim JH. Determination of Anthelmintic and Antiprotozoal Drug Residues in Fish Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:2575. [PMID: 33925124 PMCID: PMC8125621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive and simple method for the simultaneous determination of anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drug residues in fish. For sample preparation, we used the "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) method with a simple modification. The sample was extracted with water and 1% formic acid in acetonitrile/methanol (MeCN/MeOH) (95:5, v/v), followed by phase separation (salting out) with MgSO4 and NaCl (4:1, w/w). After centrifugation, an aliquot of the extract was purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The method was validated at three concentration levels for all matrices, in accordance with the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL-71). Quantitative analysis was performed using the method of matrix-matched calibration. The recoveries were between 60.6% and 119.9%, with coefficients of variation (CV) <30% for all matrices. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method ranged from 0.02 μg kg-1 to 4.8 μg kg-1 for all matrices. This comprehensive method can be used for the investigation of both anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drugs belonging to different chemical families in fishery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (E.K.); (S.P.); (H.P.); (J.C.); (H.J.Y.)
- Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sihyun Park
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (E.K.); (S.P.); (H.P.); (J.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (E.K.); (S.P.); (H.P.); (J.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Jangduck Choi
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (E.K.); (S.P.); (H.P.); (J.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Hae Jung Yoon
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Korea; (E.K.); (S.P.); (H.P.); (J.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Fu Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Fei C, Wang X, Wang M, Wang C, Zhang K, Xue F, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and anticoccidial activity of ethanamizuril in broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2021; 289:109318. [PMID: 33249303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment effect of ethanamizuril (EZL) to broiler chickens experimentally infected with 8 × 104Eimeria tenella was evaluated. On the third day after infection, the broiler chickens were treated with EZL by gavage at doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg body weight (bw) for once. For double administration, the challenged broiler chickens were administered EZL at doses of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg bw by gavage continually on the third day and fourth day and once a day. Throughout the experimental period, performance parameters including body weight gain, mortality, cecal lesion score, bloody diarrhoea and oocyst output were recorded. The anticoccidial efficacy was evaluated using the anticoccidial index (ACI). Meanwhile, the concentrations of EZL in chicken cecal contents were measured, and the data were analyzed with a non-compartmental model. The results indicated that EZL showed good anticoccidial activity at single dose of 4 mg/kgbw, with the corresponding ACI of 175.73. When the challenged chickens were treated with EZL under double administration, the EZL showed a medium level of anticoccidial activity at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw, with the corresponding ACI of 162.48. The maximum concentrations (Cmax) of EZL in content were 2.43 ± 1.16, 4.28 ± 1.56, and 8.57 ± 1.33 mg/kg after the chickens were administrated at doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg bw, respectively. The respective areas under the curve were 36.93 ± 8.91, 96 ± 16.31, and 262.76 ± 51.52 mg/kg h. The respective half-lives (T1/2) were 10.82 ± 2.02, 10.53 ± 2.23, and 10.60 ± 1.50 h. The results show that when the concentrations of EZL in chicken cecal contents reached 4.28 ± 1.56 mg/kg, there is a significant therapeutic effect on chicken coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junwen Zhou
- China College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Zhang K, Zheng H, Wei S, Wang X, Fei C, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhang L, Xue F, Tang S. Beagle dog 90-day oral toxicity study of a novel coccidiostat - ethanamizuril. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:444. [PMID: 33203451 PMCID: PMC7673092 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triazine coccidiostats are widely used in chickens and turkeys for coccidiosis control. Ethanamizuril is a novel triazine compound that exhibits anticoccidial activity in poultry. This study was designed to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of ethanamizuril in beagle dogs at doses of 12, 60 or 300 mg/kg/day in diet for 90 days. RESULTS Ethanamizuril was well tolerated at low and middle dosages in beagle dogs, and no drug-related toxical effects were observaed in terms of survival, clinical observations, organs weight and damage in these dose groups. However, in high dose administration group, food consumption and histologic changes in kidneys were noticed in both sexes of beagle dog, although the renal lesions were finally resolved at the end of 4 weeks exposure of ethanamizuril. CONCLUSIONS No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered for ethanamizuril at dose of 60 mg/kg/day in Beagle dog. This result added toxicity effects of ethanamizuril to the safety database, which might guide safely using of ethanamizuril as a novel coccidiostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Wei
- School of Biological Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Cystoisospora suis merozoite development assay for screening of drug efficacy in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2020; 220:108035. [PMID: 33189737 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystoisospora suis is a common diarrheal pathogen of piglets and typically controlled by metaphylactic toltrazuril application. Recently, toltrazuril resistance has been reported in the field; however, both evaluation of toltrazuril efficacy against field isolates and the anticoccidial drug development for pigs is hampered by costs and labor of animal experimentation. Therefore an in vitro merozoite development assay was developed to evaluate the efficacy of compounds against C. suis in vitro. Monolayers of IPEC-1 cells were infected with sporozoites derived from oocysts of defined C. suis laboratory strains and the optimal infection dose as well as concentration, time point and duration of treatment were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell cultures were treated with bumped kinase inhibitor (BKI) 1369 at different time points to evaluate the possibility to delineate effects on different developmental stages in vitro during invasion and early infection, and to determine different inhibitory concentrations (IC50, IC95). BKI 1369 had an IC50 of 35 nM and an IC95 of 350 nM. Dose- and duration-dependent efficacy was seen when developing stages were treated with BKI 1369 after infection (days 0-1, 2-3 and 2-5) but not when sporozoites were pre-incubated with BKI 1369 before infection. Efficacies of further BKIs were also evaluated at 200 nM. BKI 1318, 1708, 1748 and 1862 had an efficacy comparable to that of BKI 1369 (which is also effective in vivo). BKI 1862 showed a more pronounced loss of efficacy in lower concentrations than BKI 1369, signifying pharmacokinetic differences of similar compounds detectable in vitro. In addition, the effects of toltrazuril and its metabolites, toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone, on a toltrazuril sensitive and a resistant strain of C. suis were evaluated. Inhibition of merozoite growth in vitro by toltrazuril and its metabolites was dose-dependent only for toltrazuril. Clear differences were noted for the effect on a toltrazuril-sensitive vs. a resistant strain, indicating that this in vitro assay has the capacity to delineate susceptible from resistant strains in vitro. It could also be used to evaluate and compare the efficacy of novel compounds against C. suis and support the determination of the optimal time point of treatment in vivo.
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Winzer P, Imhof D, Anghel N, Ritler D, Müller J, Boubaker G, Aguado-Martinez A, Ortega-Mora LM, Ojo KK, VanVoorhis WC, Hemphill A. The Impact of BKI-1294 Therapy in Mice Infected With the Apicomplexan Parasite Neospora caninum and Re-infected During Pregnancy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:587570. [PMID: 33195616 PMCID: PMC7593410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.587570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Neospora caninum tachyzoites to BKI-1294 in vitro results in the formation of long-lived multinucleated complexes (MNCs). However, in vivo treatment of BALB/c mice with BKI-1294 shortly after N. caninum infection during pregnancy was safe and profoundly reduced pup mortality and vertical transmission. We hypothesized that the formation of MNCs could trigger immune responses that contribute to BKI efficacy in vivo. In this study, mice were first vaccinated with a sublethal dose of N. caninum tachyzoites and were treated with BKI-1294. We then investigated the effects of these treatments after mating and re-infection during pregnancy. Effects on fertility, pup survival, vertical transmission, and parasite load in dams were evaluated. Cytokines in sera or splenocyte culture supernatants were assessed by either ELISA or the Luminex™ 200 system, and humoral immune responses against tachyzoite and MNC antigens were compared by ELISA, Western blotting and immunoproteomics. Our results showed that BKI-1294 treatment of live-vaccinated mice reduced the cerebral parasite load in the dams, but resulted in higher neonatal pup mortality and vertical transmission. In live-vaccinated mice, cytokine levels, most notably IFN-y, IL-10, and IL-12, were consistently lower in BKI-1294 treated animals compared to non-treated mice. In addition, comparative Western blotting identified two protein bands in MNC extracts that were only recognized by sera of live-vaccinated mice treated with BKI-1294, and were not found in tachyzoite extracts. We conclude that treatment of live-vaccinated mice with BKI-1294 influenced the cellular and humoral immune responses against infection, affected the safety of the live-vaccine, and decreased protection against re-infection and vertical transmission during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Ritler
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Luis-Miguel Ortega-Mora
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wesley C VanVoorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Departments of Global Health and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tailor YK, Khandelwal S, Verma K, Gopal R, Kumar M. Multicomponent synthesis of dispiroheterocycles using a magnetically separable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36713-36722. [PMID: 35517964 PMCID: PMC9057058 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispiroheterocycles have been synthesized by pseudo-four component reaction of 6-aminouracil/6-amino-2-thiouracil/2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole, p-toluidine and isatins in an ethanol-water mixture as solvent using β-cyclodextrin functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetically separable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. The nanocatalyst was synthesized and characterized by physicochemical characterization including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar Tailor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Sarita Khandelwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Kanchan Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Ram Gopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Mahendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
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Wang C, Liu Y, Zheng H, Li Y, He J, Wang X, Wang M, Zhang L, Xue F, Zhang K. Safety pharmacology assessment of Ethanamizuril, a novel triazines coccidiostat. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:271-278. [PMID: 32693252 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, to support the safety pharmacology assessment of Ethanamizuril as a new potent anticoccidial agent of triazine compounds, the effects of Ethanamizuril on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system were investigated. Using locomotor activity test, climbing behavior test and nembutal subthreshold hypnotic test at each time point after oral administration of Ethanamizuril to mice, the effects on the central nervous system were evaluated. An assessment of Ethanamizuril effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory system were performed by the use of a telemetry system in conscious beagle dogs. The results showed that the treatment of Ethanamizuril had no effects on motor activity, behavioral changes, coordination, and sensory/motor reflex responses in mice. There were also no changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram at all doses and each time points in beagle dogs. Our data suggested that Ethanamizuril showed no adverse effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Centre for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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34
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Winzer P, Müller J, Imhof D, Ritler D, Uldry AC, Braga-Lagache S, Heller M, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Ortega-Mora LM, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum: Differential Proteome of Multinucleated Complexes Induced by the Bumped Kinase Inhibitor BKI-1294. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060801. [PMID: 32466554 PMCID: PMC7355844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum causes important reproductive problems in farm animals, most notably in cattle. After infection via oocysts or tissue cysts, rapidly dividing tachyzoites infect various tissues and organs, and in immunocompetent hosts, they differentiate into slowly dividing bradyzoites, which form tissue cysts and constitute a resting stage persisting within infected tissues. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) of calcium dependent protein kinase 1 are promising drug candidates for the treatment of Neospora infections. BKI-1294 exposure of cell cultures infected with N. caninum tachyzoites results in the formation of massive multinucleated complexes (MNCs) containing numerous newly formed zoites, which remain viable for extended periods of time under drug pressure in vitro. MNC and tachyzoites exhibit considerable antigenic and structural differences. Methods: Using shotgun mass spectrometry, we compared the proteomes of tachyzoites to BKI-1294 induced MNCs, and analyzed the mRNA expression levels of selected genes in both stages. Results: More than half of the identified proteins are downregulated in MNCs as compared to tachyzoites. Only 12 proteins are upregulated, the majority of them containing SAG1 related sequence (SRS) domains, and some also known to be expressed in bradyzoites Conclusions: MNCs exhibit a proteome different from tachyzoites, share some bradyzoite-like features, but may constitute a third stage, which remains viable and ensures survival under adverse conditions such as drug pressure. We propose the term “baryzoites” for this stage (from Greek βαρυσ = massive, bulky, heavy, inert).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.W.); (D.I.); (D.R.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.W.); (D.I.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (A.H.); Tel.: +41-31-631-23-84 (A.H.); Fax: +41-31-631-24-76 (A.H.)
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.W.); (D.I.); (D.R.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Ritler
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.W.); (D.I.); (D.R.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland; (A.-C.U.); (S.B.-L.); (M.H.)
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland; (A.-C.U.); (S.B.-L.); (M.H.)
| | - Manfred Heller
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland; (A.-C.U.); (S.B.-L.); (M.H.)
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Luis-Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.W.); (D.I.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (A.H.); Tel.: +41-31-631-23-84 (A.H.); Fax: +41-31-631-24-76 (A.H.)
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Wang X, Zhang K, Wang M, Zhang L, Fei C, Wang C, Liu Y, Xue F, Hang T. Population pharmacokinetics of ethanamizuril in normal and coccidiosis-infected chickens through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:331-338. [PMID: 32374465 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethanamizuril is a new triazine compound that shows potential for application in novel anticoccidial treatment. In this study, a pharmacokinetic model of ethanamizuril was established on the basis of the blood concentration of 81 experimental animals. The final model showed that ethanamizuril was distributed as a two-compartment model with first-order absorption after oral administration in chickens. Its clearance rate and volumn of central compartment distribution (Vc ) were affected by age and body weight, and volumn of central compartment distribution (Vc ) and volume of peripheral compartment distribution(Vp ) were influenced by weight and infection. External verification revealed that the model had good prediction accuracy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Taijun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Verma T, Sinha M, Bansal N. Heterocyclic Compounds Bearing Triazine Scaffold and Their Biological Significance: A Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:4-28. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191028111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a six-membered hydrocarbon ring system and if three carbon-hydrogen units of benzene ring are replaced by nitrogen atoms then triazine is formed. Triazines are present in three isomeric forms 1,2,3- triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, and 1,3,5-triazine according to the position of the nitrogen atom. These are weak bases having weaker resonance energy than benzene, so nucleophilic substitution is preferred than electrophilic substitution. Triazine is an interesting class of heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry. Numerous synthetic derivatives of triazine have been prepared and evaluated for a wide spectrum of biological activities in different models with desired findings such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer, antiviral, antimalarial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, insecticidal and herbicidal agents. Triazine analogs have exposed potent pharmacological activity. So, triazine nucleus may be considered as an interesting core moiety for researchers for the development of future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarawanti Verma
- I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University (IKGPTU), Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Sinha
- Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, BELA, Ropar, Punjab, India
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37
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Zhao J, Wang M, Wang X, Fei C, Xue F, Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhang K. Two-generation reproduction and limited teratology studies of ethanamizuril fed to rats. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:573-583. [PMID: 32239664 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ethanamizuril, a new anticoccidial agent that belongs to triazine derivatives, has a broad and good anticoccidial activity. To evaluate the reproductive toxicity and teratogenic potential of ethanamizuril, different concentrations of ethanamizuril were administered to Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding diets containing 0, 2, 8, and 30 ppm, respectively. Each group consisting of 30 males and 30 females (F0) was treated with different concentrations of ethanamizuril through a 13-week period before mating and during mating, gestation, parturition and lactation. In the 30 ppm dose group, pup body weight on days 7 and 21 in F1 offspring and day 21 in the F2a offspring were significantly decreased. A limited teratogenicity study was performed in combination with the F1 generation of a two-generation reproduction study. F1 offspring of the reproduction study were mated after weaning of the F2a offspring. Pregnant female rats were subjected to cesarean section on gestational day 20 for teratogenic examination. No obvious body weights, fetal body lengths, tail lengths, litter weights, number of viable fetuses, external, skeletal, or visceral malformations in fetuses were noted in any groups in the teratogenic test, but ethanamizuril could be passed on to offspring through lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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38
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Marroquin SC, Eshar D, Browning GR, Herrin B. Diagnosis and successful treatment of Eimeria infection in a pair of pet domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) with ponazuril. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Li X, Chen H, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Zhang K, Wang X, Wang M, Liu Y, Wang C, Xue F, Fei C. Preliminary study of the mechanism of action of ethanamizuril against Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1653-1661. [PMID: 32219548 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethanamizuril (EZL) is a novel triazine compound with excellent anticoccidial activity. We carried out a preliminary investigation of the effects of EZL on the different life cycle stages of Eimeria tenella. EZL mainly acted on the schizogony stage, with peak activity during the second-generation merozoite stage. We also studied the possible target of EZL by identifying the majorly differentially expressed gene affected by EZL in second-generation merozoites using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and screening for surface antigen proteins (SAGs). The relative expression levels of SAGs were compared by Western blot analysis showing that expression levels of surface antigen family member (SAGfm) and SAG19 were significantly downregulated by EZL. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that SAGfm and SAG19 were localized on the surface of second-generation merozoites. In addition, fluorescence signals were significantly stronger in second-generation merozoites of infected non-medicated control (INC) group compared with that of the EZL group. Therefore, it was speculated that SAGs might be a potential target of EZL action. The inhibitory effects of anticoccidial drugs on SAG levels in coccidia thus warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, 200241, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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CORRIGENDUM. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang K, Wang C, Li Y, He J, Wang M, Wang X, Zhang L, Fei C, Zheng H, Liu Y, Xue F. Rat two-generation reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity studies of a novel coccidiostat - Ethanamizuril. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104623. [PMID: 32088183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, to support the safety assessment of ethanamizuril as a new potent anticoccidial agent of triazine compounds, a reproductive toxicity and teratogenic potential assay of ethanamizuril was investigated. Groups of 30 males and 30 females were administered 0, 0.02, 0.1 or 0.2 mg/ml ethanamizuril by gastric incubation through a 10-week prebreed period as well as during mating, gestation, parturition and lactation in any generation. Compared to the control group, no test compound-related changes in copulation index, fertility index, gestation length, litter size, pup weight, pup sex ratio, pup viability, epididymal sperm counts or motility or other functional reproductive measures were noted in any generation, except few significant changes in high dose group in the number of sperm motility at III level in F0 males and the body weights of GD14 and GD21 in F1 rats. There were no compound-related necropsy findings or effects on organ weight. Histopathologic examinations revealed no evidence of compound-related changes in any organs including the reproductive organs of both sexes. In conclusion, long-term administrated 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg of ethanamizuril by means of oral gavage did not affect the reproduction of Sprague-Dawley rats and the development ability of their offspring under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Centre for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
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Al-Qadri RF, Abu-Basha EA, Ababneh MM, Bani Ismail Z, Idkaidek NM. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes and determination of their concentrations in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:339-346. [PMID: 32067240 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes following a single oral dose and to determine the plasma concentrations of these compounds in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. Eighteen healthy ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 each): pregnant ewes at 12-13 weeks of gestation (group A), nonpregnant ewes (group B), and pregnant ewes at 1-2 weeks before expected lambing date (group C). Ewes in all groups received a single oral dose of toltrazuril at 20 mg/kg body weight. In groups A and B, blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 hr, every 6 hr to day 3, every 12 hr to day 7 and thereafter every 24 hr to day 14 post-toltrazuril administration. In group C, parturition was induced 24-36 hr after toltrazuril administration then milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma samples were collected immediately after birth. Drug metabolites were assayed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method (UHPLC-UV). The maximum concentration (Cmax ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) , AUC to 24 and 48 hr (AUC0-24 ), and (AUC0-48 ) were significantly higher in pregnant ewes. Longer apparent half-life (T1/2 ), significantly higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) and total clearance (Cl/F) were observed in nonpregnant ewes. The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ), mean residence time (MRT) and elimination rate constant (Kel ) were similar in both groups. The AUC0-24 and AUC0-48 were significantly higher in nonpregnant ewes. The AUC0-t was significantly higher in pregnant ones. The ratio of plasma toltrazuril concentrations in ewes and toltrazuril concentrations in newborn lambs' plasma, allantoic fluid, and milk were 68%, 2.3%, and 5.3%, respectively. Results of this study showed that toltrazuril is well absorbed after a single oral dose in ewes with widespread distribution in different body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan F Al-Qadri
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ehab A Abu-Basha
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammed M Ababneh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasir M Idkaidek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Petra University, Amman, Jordan
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Liu Y, Zhao X, Wang C, Zhang L, Zhang K, Fei C, Wang M, Gu F, Wang X, Li Y, Xue F. Metabolism, Distribution, and Excretion of Ethanamizuril in Chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1563-1570. [PMID: 31927998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethanamizuril(N-{4-[4-(3,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-[1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)-2-methyl-phenoxy]-phenyl}-acetamide, EZL) is a new anticoccidiosis compound and belongs to the class of triazines. In this study, the metabolism, distribution, and excretion of EZL were evaluated in chickens after administration of EZL at a single dosage. According to the relevant drug biotransformation rules, the exact molecular mass detection, the fragmentation characteristics, and the retention times, a total of five metabolites were identified in vivo in chickens, including two phase I metabolites and three phase II conjugated metabolites. The major metabolic pathways of EZL in chickens were deacetylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Regarding 14C-tissue residues after administration, kidney was considered to be the target tissue, as 14C-tissue residues could be detected at 240 h postdose. DeacetylEZL (M3) was the main metabolite, accounting for 68.65% and 25.62% of 14C in kidney at 6 and 24 h, respectively. In heart, muscle, skin+fat, and lung tissues, EZL was the main radioactive substance accounting for 94.88%, 97.32%, 96.23%, and 91.3% of 14C, respectively. In the liver, EZL and M3 were 20.76% and 54.65% of 14C, respectively. In chicken tissues the ratio of M5 was too low to be quantitated and it was mainly detected in chicken fecal and bile samples. In chicken excreta, EZL, M3, and glucuronidation of EZL (M5) accounted for 7.02%, 12.33%, and 10.32% of the dose, respectively and were eliminated primarily. This study presents the first detection of EZL metabolites, which is helpful for further understanding of the metabolic mechanism and in vivo intermediate processes of EZL. The results of this study will be good bases for better understanding EZL's anticoccidiosis mechanism and will serve as a helpful reference for assessing the risks to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Feng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Yanxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District , Shanghai 200241 , P.R. China
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Li XY, Liu LL, Zhang M, Zhang LF, Wang XY, Wang M, Zhang KY, Liu YC, Wang CM, Xue FQ, Fei CZ. Proteomic analysis of the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella under nitromezuril and ethanamizuril stress. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:592. [PMID: 31852494 PMCID: PMC6921512 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria tenella is a highly pathogenic coccidian that causes avian coccidiosis. Both nitromezuril (NZL) and ethanamizuril (EZL) are novel triazine compounds with high anticoccidial activity, but the mechanisms of their action are still unclear. This study explored the response of E. tenella to NZL and EZL by the study of changes in protein composition of the second-generation merozoites. Methods Label-free quantification (LFQ) proteomics of the second-generation merozoites of E. tenella following NZL and EZL treatment were studied by LC-MS/MS to explore the mechanisms of action. The identified proteins were annotated and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks analysis. Results A total of 1430 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS, of which 375 were considered as differential proteins in response to drug treatment (DPs). There were 26 only found in the NZL treatment group (N-group), 63 exclusive to the EZL treatment group (E-group), and 80 proteins were present in both drug groups. In addition, among the DPs, the abundant proteins with significantly altered expression in response to drug treatment (SDPs) were found compared with the C-group, of which 49 were upregulated and 51 were downregulated in the N-group, and 66 upregulated and 79 downregulated in the E-group. Many upregulated proteins after drug treatment were involved in transcription and protein metabolism, and surface antigen proteins (SAGs) were among the largest proportion of the downregulated SDPs. Results showed the top two enriched GO terms and the top one enriched pathway treated with EZL and NZL were related, which indicated that these two compounds had similar modes of action. Conclusions LFQ proteomic analysis is a feasible method for screening drug-related proteins. Drug treatment affected transcription and protein metabolism, and SAGs were also affected significantly. This study provided new insights into the effects of triazine anticoccidials against E. tenella.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Qun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen-Zhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Capaccio V, Sicignano M, Rodríguez RI, Della Sala G, Alemán J. Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethylthio-β-Amino Acids under Phase Transfer Catalysis. Org Lett 2019; 22:219-223. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Capaccio
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sicignano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Ricardo I. Rodríguez
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgio Della Sala
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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General Synthesis of 1-Aryl-6-azaisocytosines and Their Utilization for the Preparation of Related Condensed 1,2,4-Triazines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193558. [PMID: 31581428 PMCID: PMC6804241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple general synthesis of 1-aryl-6-azaisocytosine-5-carbonitriles 4 is described. This method is based on coupling diazonium salts with cyanoacetylcyanamide 2 and then cyclization of the formed 2-arylhydrazono-2-cyanoacetylcyanamides 3. The 6-azaisocytosines 4 were studied with respect to tautomeric equilibrium and the transformation of functional groups, and used in the synthesis of the condensed heterocyclic compounds: Purine isosteric imidazo[2,1-c]-[1,2,4]triazine 8 and the 1,2,4-triazino[2,3-a]quinazolines 9–12.
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Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Anticoccidial activity of novel triazine compounds in broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2019; 267:4-8. [PMID: 30878083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of present studies was to evaluate and compare the anticoccidial activity of triazine compounds in broiler chickens infected with E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, and two field mixed Eimeria species. The anticoccidial efficacy was evaluated using the anticoccidial index (ACI). The results showed that Aminomizuril (AZL) and Ethanamizuril (EZL) were active metabolites of nitromezuril, which demonstrated excellent effectiveness against E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, and the field Eimeria isolates in broiler chickens at a dosage of 10 mg/kg in feed. The anticoccidial activities of AZL and EZL at dose 10 mg/kg were roughly equivalent to the parent nitromezuril at a dosage of 3 mg/kg in feed. The decrease in metabolite anticoccidial activity is probably due to an increasing polarity of compounds in the metabolic processes. The sensitivity of two field Eimeria isolates to triazines EZL, diclazuril and toltrazuril was tested using 4 indices including anticoccidial index (ACI), percent of optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA), reduction of lesion scores (RLS) and relative oocysts production (ROP). Results showed that the sensitivity of EZL treatment against the two field Eimeria isolates were relatively superior to that of diclazuril and toltrazuril treatment. The field Eimeria isolates from Gansu Province was determined to be slightly, moderately and highly resistant to EZL, diclazuril and toltrazuril respectively. The field Eimeria isolates from Zhejiang Province was slightly, highly and slightly resistant to EZL, diclazuril and toltrazuril respectively. The results above indicated that the anticoccidial activity of metabolites was lower than that of the parent nitromezuril and there was partial cross-resistance among triazines EZL, diclazuril and toltrazuril. However the field Eimeria isolates had higher sensitive to EZL than the triazines diclazuril and toltrazuril. It was suggested that the site of C4 substituents of phenol of triazine anticoccidials may have important biological functions and the metabolite EZL would be a potential novel anticoccidial agent worthy of more attention.
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Jiménez-Meléndez A, Rico-San Román L, Hemphill A, Balmer V, Ortega-Mora LM, Álvarez-García G. Repurposing of commercially available anti-coccidials identifies diclazuril and decoquinate as potential therapeutic candidates against Besnoitia besnoiti infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:77-85. [PMID: 30253854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Repurposing of currently marketed compounds with proven efficacy against apicomplexan parasites was used as an approach to define novel candidate therapeutics for bovine besnoitiosis. Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites grown in MARC-145 cells were exposed to different concentrations of toltrazuril, diclazuril, imidocarb, decoquinate, sulfadiazine and trimethoprim alone or in combination with sulfadiazine. Drugs were added either just prior to infection of MARC-145 cells (0 h post infection, hpi) or at 6 hpi. A primary evaluation of drug effects was done by direct immunofluorescence staining and counting. Potential effects on the host cells were assessed using a XTT kit for cell proliferation. Compounds displaying promising efficacy were selected for IC50 and IC99 determination by qPCR. In addition, the impact of drugs on the tachyzoite ultrastructure was assessed by TEM and long-term treatment assays were performed. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that none of the compounds affected the host cells. Decoquinate and diclazuril displayed invasion inhibition rates of 90 and 83% at 0 h pi and 73 and 72% at 6 h pi, respectively. The remaining drugs showed lower efficacy and were not further studied. Decoquinate and diclazuril exhibited IC99 values of 100 nM and 29.9 μM, respectively. TEM showed that decoquinate primarily affected the parasite mitochondrium, whilst diclazuril interfered in cytokinesis of daughter zoites. The present study demonstrates the efficacy of diclazuril and decoquinate against B. besnoiti in vitro and further assessments of safety and efficacy of both drugs should be performed in the target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rico-San Román
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vreni Balmer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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