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Haq Z, Nazir J, Manzoor T, Saleem A, Hamadani H, Khan AA, Saleem Bhat S, Jha P, Ahmad SM. Zoonotic spillover and viral mutations from low and middle-income countries: improving prevention strategies and bridging policy gaps. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17394. [PMID: 38827296 PMCID: PMC11144393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of zoonotic spillover events and viral mutations in low and middle-income countries presents a critical global health challenge. Contributing factors encompass cultural practices like bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade for traditional medicine, habitat disruption, and the encroachment of impoverished settlements onto natural habitats. The existing "vaccine gap" in many developing countries exacerbates the situation by allowing unchecked viral replication and the emergence of novel mutant viruses. Despite global health policies addressing the root causes of zoonotic disease emergence, there is a significant absence of concrete prevention-oriented initiatives, posing a potential risk to vulnerable populations. This article is targeted at policymakers, public health professionals, researchers, and global health stakeholders, particularly those engaged in zoonotic disease prevention and control in low and middle-income countries. The article underscores the importance of assessing potential zoonotic diseases at the animal-human interface and comprehending historical factors contributing to spillover events. To bridge policy gaps, comprehensive strategies are proposed that include education, collaborations, specialized task forces, environmental sampling, and the establishment of integrated diagnostic laboratories. These strategies advocate simplicity and unity, breaking down barriers, and placing humanity at the forefront of addressing global health challenges. Such a strategic and mental shift is crucial for constructing a more resilient and equitable world in the face of emerging zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfqarul Haq
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Junaid Nazir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tasaduq Manzoor
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - H. Hamadani
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Azmat Alam Khan
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Khemiri H, Ayouni K, Triki H, Haddad-Boubaker S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric population before and during the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants era. Virol J 2022; 19:144. [PMID: 36076271 PMCID: PMC9452867 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, the coronavirus disease that emerged in December 2019, caused drastic damage worldwide. At the beginning of the pandemic, available data suggested that the infection occurs more frequently in adults than in infants. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children before and after B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.1.529 Omicron variants emergence in terms of prevalence, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, complications and risk factors. METHODS Our method is based on the literature search on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. From January 2020 to July 2022, a total of 229 references, relevant for the purpose of this review, were considered. RESULTS The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants was underestimated. Up to the first half of May, most of the infected children presented asymptomatic or mild manifestations. The prevalence of COVID-19 varied from country to another: the highest was reported in the United States (22.5%). COVID-19 can progress and become more severe, especially with the presence of underlying health conditions. It can also progress into Kawasaki or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS) manifestations, as a consequence of exacerbating immune response. With the emergence of the B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.1.529 Omicron variants, it seems that these variants affect a large proportion of the younger population with the appearance of clinical manifestations similar to those presented by adults with important hospitalization rates. CONCLUSION The pediatric population constitutes a vulnerable group that requires particular attention, especially with the emergence of more virulent variants. The increase of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization rate among children highlights the need to extend vaccination to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Khemiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR 20 IPT 02 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Ayouni
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR 20 IPT 02 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.
- LR 20 IPT 02 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Chlorpromazine, a Clinically Approved Drug, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid-Mediated Induction of IL-6 in Human Monocytes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123651. [PMID: 35744777 PMCID: PMC9228867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 virus, led to the unprecedented mobilization of scientists, resulting in the rapid development of vaccines and potential pharmaceuticals. Although COVID-19 symptoms are moderately severe in most people, in some cases the disease can result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure as well as can be fatal. The severe course of COVID-19 is associated with a hyperinflammatory state called a cytokine storm. One of the key cytokines creating a proinflammatory environment is IL-6, which is secreted mainly by monocytes and macrophages. Therefore, this cytokine has become a target for some therapies that inhibit its biological action; however, these therapies are expensive, and their availability is limited in poorer countries. Thus, new cheaper drugs that can overcome the severe infections of COVID-19 are needed. Here, we show that chlorpromazine inhibits the expression and secretion of IL-6 by monocytes activated by SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleocapsid protein and affects the activity of NF-κB and MEK/ERK signaling. Our results, including others, indicate that chlorpromazine, which has been used for several decades as a neuroleptic, exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory activity, is safe and inexpensive, and might be a desirable drug to support the therapy of patients with COVID-19.
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He Q, Lu J, Liu N, Lu W, Li Y, Shang C, Li X, Hu L, Jiang G. Antiviral Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2: Effects of Surface Coating and Particle Size. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060990. [PMID: 35335803 PMCID: PMC8950764 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly and led to over 5 million deaths to date globally. Due to the successively emerging mutant strains, therapeutics and prevention against the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are urgently needed. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in public and hospital areas is essential to reduce the frequency of infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with virucidal effects have been reported. Therefore, we investigated the virucidal activity and safety of ten types of AgNPs with different surface modifications and particle sizes, in cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The AgNPs could effectively inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2, and different surface modifications and particle sizes conferred different virucidal effects, of which 50-nm BPEI showed the strongest antiviral effect. We concluded that the efficacy of each type of AgNP type was positively correlated with the corresponding potential difference (R2 = 0.82). These in vitro experimental data provide scientific support for the development of therapeutics against COVID-19, as well as a research basis for the development of broad-spectrum virucides. Given the increasing acquired resistance of pathogens against conventional chemical and antibody-based drugs, AgNPs may well be a possible solution for cutting off the route of transmission, either as an external material or a potential medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (G.J.)
| | - Jing Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China;
| | - Nian Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Wenqing Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China;
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (G.J.)
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (G.J.)
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (G.J.)
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China;
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Common SM, Shadbolt T, Walsh K, Sainsbury AW. The risk from SARS-CoV-2 to bat species in england and mitigation options for conservation field workers. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:694-705. [PMID: 33570837 PMCID: PMC8014681 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The newly evolved coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which has precipitated a global COVID-19 pandemic among the human population, has been shown to be associated with disease in captive wild animals. Bats (Chiroptera) have been shown to be susceptible to experimental infection and therefore may be at risk from disease when in contact with infected people. Numerous conservation fieldwork activities are undertaken across the United Kingdom bringing potentially infected people into close proximity with bats. In this study, we analysed the risks of disease from SARS-CoV-2 to free-living bat species in England through fieldworkers undertaking conservation activities and ecological survey work, using a qualitative, transparent method devised for assessing threats of disease to free-living wild animals. The probability of exposure of bats to SARS-CoV-2 through fieldwork activities was estimated to range from negligible to high, depending on the proximity between bats and people during the activity. The likelihood of infection after exposure was estimated to be high and the probability of dissemination of the virus through bat populations medium. The likelihood of clinical disease occurring in infected bats was low, and therefore, the ecological, economic and environmental consequences were predicted to be low. The overall risk estimation was low, and therefore, mitigation measures are advisable. There is uncertainty in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in bats and therefore in the risk estimation. Disease risk management measures are suggested, including the use of personal protective equipment, good hand hygiene and following the existing government advice. The disease risk analysis should be updated as information on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses in bats improves. The re-analysis may be informed by health surveillance of free-living bats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy Shadbolt
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
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Lohrasbi-Nejad A. Detection of homologous recombination events in SARS-CoV-2. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:399-414. [PMID: 35037234 PMCID: PMC8761517 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 disease with acute respiratory symptoms emerged in 2019. The causal agent of the disease, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is classified into the Betacoronaviruses family. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a huge family of viruses. Therefore, homologous recombination studies can help recognize the phylogenetic relationships among these viruses. METHODS In order to detect possible recombination events in SASRS-CoV-2, the genome sequences of Betacoronaviruses were obtained from the GenBank. The nucleotide sequences with the identity ≥ 60% to SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence were selected and then analyzed using different algorithms. RESULTS The results showed two recombination events at the beginning and the end of the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2. Bat-SL-CoVZC21 (GenBank accession number MG772934) was specified as the minor parent for both events with p-values of 8.66 × 10-87 and 3.29 × 10-48, respectively. Furthermore, two recombination regions were detected at the beginning and the middle of the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene. Pangolin-CoV (PCoV_GX-P4L) and Rattus CoV (ChRCoV-HKU24) were determined as the potential parents with the GenBank accession number MT040333 and KM349742, respectively. Analysis of the spike gene revealed more similarity and less nucleotide diversity between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin-CoVs. CONCLUSION Detection of the ancestors of SARS-CoV-2 in the coronaviruses family can help identify and define the phylogenetic relationships of the family Coronaviridae. Furthermore, constructing a phylogenetic tree based on the recombination regions made changes in the phylogenetic relationships of Betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Lohrasbi-Nejad
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
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Zhang X, Wang W, Yu X, Liu Y, Li W, Yang H, Cui Y, Tian X. Biological composition analysis of a natural medicine, Faeces Vespertilionis, with complex sources using DNA metabarcoding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:375. [PMID: 35013500 PMCID: PMC8748881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Faeces Vespertilionis is a commonly used fecal traditional Chinese medicine. Traditionally, it is identified relying only on morphological characters. This poses a serious challenge to the composition analysis accuracy of this complex biological mixture. Thus, for quality control purposes, an accurate and effective method should be provided for taxonomic identification of Faeces Vespertilionis. In this study, 26 samples of Faeces Vespertilionis from ten provinces in China were tested using DNA metabarcoding. Seven operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected as belonging to bats. Among them, Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson, 1835) and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schober and Grimmberger, 1997) were the main host sources of Faeces Vespertilionis samples, with average relative abundances of 59.3% and 24.1%, respectively. Biodiversity analysis showed that Diptera and Lepidoptera were the most frequently consumed insects. At the species level, 19 taxa were clearly identified. Overall, our study used DNA metabarcoding to analyze the biological composition of Faeces Vespertilionis, which provides a new idea for the quality control of this special traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaolei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Hongxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Ying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Urushadze L, Babuadze G, Shi M, Escobar LE, Mauldin MR, Natradeze I, Machablishvili A, Kutateladze T, Imnadze P, Nakazawa Y, Velasco-Villa A. A Cross Sectional Sampling Reveals Novel Coronaviruses in Bat Populations of Georgia. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010072. [PMID: 35062276 PMCID: PMC8778869 DOI: 10.3390/v14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammal-associated coronaviruses have a long evolutionary history across global bat populations, which makes them prone to be the most likely ancestral origins of coronavirus-associated epidemics and pandemics globally. Limited coronavirus research has occurred at the junction of Europe and Asia, thereby investigations in Georgia are critical to complete the coronavirus diversity map in the region. We conducted a cross-sectional coronavirus survey in bat populations at eight locations of Georgia, from July to October of 2014. We tested 188 anal swab samples, remains of previous pathogen discovery studies, for the presence of coronaviruses using end-point pan-coronavirus RT-PCR assays. Samples positive for a 440 bp amplicon were Sanger sequenced to infer coronavirus subgenus or species through phylogenetic reconstructions. Overall, we found a 24.5% positive rate, with 10.1% for Alphacoronavirus and 14.4% for Betacoronavirus. Albeit R. euryale, R. ferrumequinum, M. blythii and M. emarginatus were found infected with both CoV genera, we could not rule out CoV co-infection due to limitation of the sequencing method used and sample availability. Based on phylogenetic inferences and genetic distances at nucleotide and amino acid levels, we found one putative new subgenus and three new species of Alphacoronavirus, and two new species of Betacoronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Urushadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia; (L.U.); (G.B.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (P.I.)
| | - George Babuadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia; (L.U.); (G.B.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (P.I.)
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Main Campus, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mang Shi
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Luis E. Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24601, USA;
| | - Matthew R. Mauldin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.R.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ioseb Natradeze
- Institute of Zoology, Campus S, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia;
| | - Ann Machablishvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia; (L.U.); (G.B.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (P.I.)
| | - Tamar Kutateladze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia; (L.U.); (G.B.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (P.I.)
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia; (L.U.); (G.B.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (P.I.)
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Main Campus, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.R.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Andres Velasco-Villa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.R.M.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Global Pandemic as a Result of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Outbreak: A Biomedical Perspective. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus had emerged in Wuhan city, China that led to an outbreak resulting in a global pandemic, taking thousands of lives. The infectious virus was later classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Individuals infected by this novel virus initially exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as dry cough, fever, dizziness and many more bodily complications. From the “public health emergency of international concern” declaration by the World Health Organisation (WHO), several countries have taken steps in controlling the transmission and many researchers share their knowledge on the SARS-COV-2 characteristics and viral life cycle, that may aid in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and antiviral drugs that interfere with the viral life cycle. In this literature review the origin, classification, aetiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are all reviewed.
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Pamplona J, Solano R, Soler C, Sabat M. Epidemiological approximation of the enteric manifestation and possible fecal-oral transmission in COVID-19: a preliminary systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:e21-e29. [PMID: 32956179 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has led to the publication of the first evidence on gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), the possible enteric involvement of the virus and the detection of RNA in stool, with its possible implication in the fecal-oral transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to conduct a systematic review to describe the epidemiological scientific evidence on GIS, enteric involvement and fecal excretion of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and to discuss the possible fecal-oral transmission pathway of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Soler
- Internal Medicine Service, Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Miriam Sabat
- Gastroenterology Service, Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona
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Dubost JM, Kongchack P, Deharo E, Sysay P, Her C, Vichith L, Sébastien D, Krief S. Zootherapeutic uses of animals excreta: the case of elephant dung and urine use in Sayaboury province, Laos. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2021; 17:62. [PMID: 34711254 PMCID: PMC8552211 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-021-00484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a widespread aversion towards faeces and urine, animal excreta are used in traditional medicine in many countries since centuries, but records are scattered and few therapeutic uses have been accurately documented while in the current context of emerging zoonoses such records may be of major interest. METHODOLOGY In this study, we investigated the therapeutic uses that mahouts in Xayaboury province, Lao PDR make of elephant urine and faeces as well as of the brood chamber that beetles (Heliocopris dominus) fashion from elephant dung. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mahouts on elephant diet, health problems and responses to disease, andwhether they use elephant products. Data were supplemented by interviews with traditional healers. RESULTS Seven respondents reported the use of elephant urine in ethnoveterinary care for elephants and in human medicine in case of diabetes and otitis. 25 respondents reported therapeutic use of elephant faeces (EF) and elephant dung beetle brood chambers. The major indications are gastrointestinal and skin problems. Macerations or decoctions are drunk or used externally as a lotion. The mahouts attribute the therapeutic effectiveness of EFs to their content which includes the remains of many species from the elephant diet which they consider to be medicinal. DISCUSSION The indications of these uses are consistent with pharmacological and clinical studies highlighting the properties of different animals' urine and faeces and their curative potential tested in vivo. The acknowledgement by the mahouts of medicinal properties of elephant faecal bolus contrasts with the rare justifications of animal material use recorded in zootherapeutic studies, which falls within the symbolic domain. However, numerous studies highlight the preponderant role of the microbiota in physiological processes, raising the hypothesis of a curative action of EF, by rebalancing the user's microbiota. CONCLUSION The therapeutic uses of EF preparations despite their possible curative properties are a potential source of zoonotic transmission from elephants to humans. In the current context of globalisation of trade which favours the emergence of zoonoses and in relation with the issue of One Health, it becomes crucial to further document the zootherapeutic practices to prevent emerging diseases. As elephants and local related ethnoethological knowledge are threatened, documenting them is urgent to contribute to their preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Dubost
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle-UMR 7206, Paris, France.
- UMR 152 Pharmadev, IRD, UPS, 35 chemin des maraîchers, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 Pharmadev, IRD, UPS, 35 chemin des maraîchers, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Palamy Sysay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Chithdavone Her
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Lamxay Vichith
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Duffillot Sébastien
- Elephant Conservation Center, Nam Tien Reservoir, Xayabury District, Lao PDR
| | - Sabrina Krief
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle-UMR 7206, Paris, France
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12
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Muhammed Y, Yusuf Nadabo A, Pius M, Sani B, Usman J, Anka Garba N, Mohammed Sani J, Opeyemi Olayanju B, Zeal Bala S, Garba Abdullahi M, Sambo M. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RNA dependent RNA polymerase as targets for drug and vaccine development: A review. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021; 3:249-263. [PMID: 34396086 PMCID: PMC8346354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present pandemic has posed a crisis to the economy of the world and the health sector. Therefore, the race to expand research to understand some good molecular targets for vaccine and therapeutic development for SARS-CoV-2 is inevitable. The newly discovered coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA, and enveloped virus, assigned to the beta CoV genus. The virus (SARS-CoV-2) is more infectious than the previously detected coronaviruses (MERS and SARS). Findings from many studies have revealed that S protein and RdRp are good targets for drug repositioning, novel therapeutic development (antibodies and small molecule drugs), and vaccine discovery. Therapeutics such as chloroquine, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, spike binding peptides, and small molecules could alter the ability of S protein to bind to the ACE-2 receptor, and drugs such as remdesivir (targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp), favipir, and emetine could prevent SASR-CoV-2 RNA synthesis. The novel vaccines such as mRNA1273 (Moderna), 3LNP-mRNAs (Pfizer/BioNTech), and ChAdOx1-S (University of Oxford/Astra Zeneca) targeting S protein have proven to be effective in combating the present pandemic. Further exploration of the potential of S protein and RdRp is crucial in fighting the present pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Muhammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria,Corresponding author: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria
| | | | - Mkpouto Pius
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Bashiru Sani
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria
| | - Jafar Usman
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Basit Opeyemi Olayanju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, FL 33199, USA
| | | | | | - Misbahu Sambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria
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13
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Jacob Machado D, Scott R, Guirales S, Janies DA. Fundamental evolution of all Orthocoronavirinae including three deadly lineages descendent from Chiroptera-hosted coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Cladistics 2021; 37:461-488. [PMID: 34570933 PMCID: PMC8239696 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in humans in 2002. Despite reports showing Chiroptera as the original animal reservoir of SARS-CoV, many argue that Carnivora-hosted viruses are the most likely origin. The emergence of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 also involves Chiroptera-hosted lineages. However, factors such as the lack of comprehensive phylogenies hamper our understanding of host shifts once MERS-CoV emerged in humans and Artiodactyla. Since 2019, the origin of SARS-CoV-2, causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), added to this episodic history of zoonotic transmission events. Here we introduce a phylogenetic analysis of 2006 unique and complete genomes of different lineages of Orthocoronavirinae. We used gene annotations to align orthologous sequences for total evidence analysis under the parsimony optimality criterion. Deltacoronavirus and Gammacoronavirus were set as outgroups to understand spillovers of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus among ten orders of animals. We corroborated that Chiroptera-hosted viruses are the sister group of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-related viruses. Other zoonotic events were qualified and quantified to provide a comprehensive picture of the risk of coronavirus emergence among humans. Finally, we used a 250 SARS-CoV-2 genomes dataset to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and Chiroptera-hosted coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jacob Machado
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte9331 Robert D. Snyder RdCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Rachel Scott
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte9331 Robert D. Snyder RdCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Sayal Guirales
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte9331 Robert D. Snyder RdCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Daniel A. Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte9331 Robert D. Snyder RdCharlotteNC28223USA
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14
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An Overview of COVID-19 and the Potential Plant Harboured Secondary Metabolites against SARS-CoV-2: A Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19, a pandemic disease, and it is called the novel coronavirus. It belongs to the Coronaviridae family and has been plagued the world since the end of 2019. Viral infection to the lungs causes fluid filling and breathing difficulties, which leads to pneumonia. Pneumonia progresses to ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), in which fluid fills the air sac and seeps from the pulmonary veins. In the current scenario, several vaccines have been used to control the pandemic worldwide. Even though vaccines are available and their effectiveness is short, it may be helpful to curb the pandemic, but long-term protection is inevitable when we look for other options. Plants have diversified components such as primary and secondary metabolites. These molecules show several activities such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-helminthic. In addition, these molecules have good binding ability to the SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins such as RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), Mpro (Main Protease), etc. Therefore, these herbal molecules could probably be used to control the COVID-19. However, pre-requisite tests, such as cytotoxicity, in vivo, and human experimental studies, are required before plant molecules can be used as potent drugs. Plant metabolites such as alkaloids, isoquinoline ß-carboline, and quinoline alkaloids such as skimmianine, quinine, cinchonine, and dictamine are present in plants and used in a traditional medicinal system.
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15
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Domingo JL. What we know and what we need to know about the origin of SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111785. [PMID: 34329631 PMCID: PMC8316641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the appearance of the first cases of COVID-19 in 2019, an unprecedented number of documents on that disease have been published in a short space of time. The current available information covers a large number of topics related with COVID-19 and/or the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible of the disease. However, only a limited number of publications have been focused on a controversial issue: the origin of the SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, the scientific literature on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 has been reviewed. Documents published during 2020 and 2021 (January 1-July 19) in journals that are indexed in PubMed and/or Scopus has been considered. The revised studies were grouped according to these two potential origins: natural and unnatural. The analyses of the conclusions of the different documents here assessed show that even considering the zoonotic hypothesis as the most likely, with bats and pangolins being possibly in the origin of the coronavirus, today's date the intermediate source species of SARS-CoV-2 has not been confirmed yet. On the other hand, some researchers point to an unnatural origin of this coronavirus, but their conclusions are not strongly supported by a clear scientific evidence. Given the tremendous severity of the current pandemic, investigations to establish clearly and definitively the origin of SARS-CoV-2, are basic and essential in order to prevent potential future pandemics of similar nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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16
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Abstract
Bats are a key reservoir of coronaviruses (CoVs), including the agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the recent deadly viral pneumonia pandemic. However, understanding how bats can harbor several microorganisms without developing illnesses is still a matter under discussion. Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms-both externally and within the host. Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described. In this review, we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic and well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination. Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination. Moreover, understanding the biofilm lifestyle of CoVs in reservoirs might contribute to explaining several burning questions as to persistence and transmissibility of highly pathogenic emerging CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gomes Von Borowski
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR) UMR6290, Rennes, France
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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17
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Klaus J, Zini E, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Kipar A, Bergmann M, Palizzotto C, Zhao S, Rossi F, Franco V, Porporato F, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats from Southern Germany and Northern Italy during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:1453. [PMID: 34452319 PMCID: PMC8402904 DOI: 10.3390/v13081453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people globally since its first detection in late 2019. Besides humans, cats and, to some extent, dogs were shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the need for surveillance in a One Health context. Seven veterinary clinics from regions with high incidences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were recruited during the early pandemic (March to July 2020) for the screening of patients. A total of 2257 oropharyngeal and nasal swab specimen from 877 dogs and 260 cats (including 18 animals from COVID-19-affected households and 92 animals with signs of respiratory disease) were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targeting the viral envelope (E) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes. One oropharyngeal swab from an Italian cat, living in a COVID-19-affected household in Piedmont, tested positive in RT-qPCR (1/260; 0.38%, 95% CI: 0.01-2.1%), and SARS-CoV-2 infection of the animal was serologically confirmed six months later. One oropharyngeal swab from a dog was potentially positive (1/877; 0.1%, 95% CI: 0.002-0.63%), but the result was not confirmed in a reference laboratory. Analyses of convenience sera from 118 animals identified one dog (1/94; 1.1%; 95% CI: 0.02-5.7%) from Lombardy, but no cats (0/24), as positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies and neutralizing activity. These findings support the hypothesis that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pet cat and dog populations, and hence, the risk of zoonotic transmission to veterinary staff, was low during the first wave of the pandemic, even in hotspot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klaus
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell′Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Carlo Palizzotto
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Francesco Rossi
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Vittoria Franco
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Federico Porporato
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
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18
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Marazziti D, Cianconi P, Mucci F, Foresi L, Chiarantini I, Della Vecchia A. Climate change, environment pollution, COVID-19 pandemic and mental health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145182. [PMID: 33940721 PMCID: PMC7825818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Converging data would indicate the existence of possible relationships between climate change, environmental pollution and epidemics/pandemics, such as the current one due to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Each of these phenomena has been supposed to provoke detrimental effects on mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the available scientific literature on these variables in order to suggest and comment on their eventual synergistic effects on mental health. The available literature report that climate change, air pollution and COVID-19 pandemic might influence mental health, with disturbances ranging from mild negative emotional responses to full-blown psychiatric conditions, specifically, anxiety and depression, stress/trauma-related disorders, and substance abuse. The most vulnerable groups include elderly, children, women, people with pre-existing health problems especially mental illnesses, subjects taking some types of medication including psychotropic drugs, individuals with low socio-economic status, and immigrants. It is evident that COVID-19 pandemic uncovers all the fragility and weakness of our ecosystem, and inability to protect ourselves from pollutants. Again, it underlines our faults and neglect towards disasters deriving from climate change or pollution, or the consequences of human activities irrespective of natural habitats and constantly increasing the probability of spillover of viruses from animals to humans. In conclusion, the psychological/psychiatric consequences of COVID-19 pandemic, that currently seem unavoidable, represent a sharp cue of our misconception and indifference towards the links between our behaviour and their influence on the "health" of our planet and of ourselves. It is time to move towards a deeper understanding of these relationships, not only for our survival, but for the maintenance of that balance among man, animals and environment at the basis of life in earth, otherwise there will be no future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy; UniCamillus - Saint Camillus University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Cianconi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Region, NHS Local Health Unit, Italy
| | - Lara Foresi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiarantini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy.
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19
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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200355. [PMID: 34096963 PMCID: PMC8182890 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”. Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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20
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Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R. Quality 4.0 technologies to enhance traditional Chinese medicine for overcoming healthcare challenges during COVID-19. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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21
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Cortes-Ramirez J, Vilcins D, Jagals P, Soares Magalhaes R. Environmental and sociodemographic risk factors associated with environmentally transmitted zoonoses hospitalisations in Queensland, Australia. One Health 2021; 12:100206. [PMID: 33553560 PMCID: PMC7847943 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses impart a significant public health burden in Australia particularly in Queensland, a state with increasing environmental stress due to extreme weather events and rapid expansion of agriculture and urban developments. Depending on the organism and the environment, a proportion of zoonotic pathogens may survive from hours to years outside the animal host and contaminate the air, water, food, or inanimate objects facilitating their transmission through the environment (i.e. environmentally transmitted). Although most of these zoonotic infections are asymptomatic, severe cases that require hospitalisation are an important indicator of zoonotic infection risk. To date, no studies have investigated the risk of hospitalisation due to environmentally transmitted zoonotic diseases and its association with proxies of sociodemographic and environmental stress. In this study we analysed hospitalisation data for a group of environmentally transmitted zoonoses during a 15-year period using a Bayesian spatial hierarchical model. The analysis incorporated the longest intercensal-year period of consistent Local Government Area (LGA) boundaries in Queensland (1996-2010). Our results showed an increased risk of environmentally transmitted zoonoses hospitalisation in people in occupations such as animal farming, and hunting and trapping animals in natural habitats. This risk was higher in females, compared to the general population. Spatially, the higher risk was in a discrete set of north-eastern, central and southern LGAs of the state, and a probability of 1.5-fold or more risk was identified in two separate LGA clusters in the northeast and south of the state. The increased risk of environmentally transmitted zoonoses hospitalisations in some LGAs indicates that the morbidity due these diseases can be partly attributed to spatial variations in sociodemographic and occupational risk factors in Queensland. The identified high-risk areas can be prioritised for health support and zoonosis control strategies in Queensland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cortes-Ramirez
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - D. Vilcins
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - P. Jagals
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - R.J. Soares Magalhaes
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
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22
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Shoraka S, Ferreira MLB, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Review on Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674922. [PMID: 34040615 PMCID: PMC8141918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has been facing an outbreak of a new disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel beta-coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly affects the respiratory system. Recently, there have been some reports of extra-respiratory symptoms such as neurological manifestations in COVID-19. According to the increasing reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19, we mainly focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome in this review. We tried to explain the possibility of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome and potential pathogenic mechanisms based on current and past knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Shoraka
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Chakravarti R, Singh R, Ghosh A, Dey D, Sharma P, Velayutham R, Roy S, Ghosh D. A review on potential of natural products in the management of COVID-19. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16711-16735. [PMID: 35479175 PMCID: PMC9031656 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a life threatening viral infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported. This virus has spread worldwide in a short duration and forced the world to face unprecedented life and economic loss. To date, there are no known specific drugs to combat this virus and the process for new drug development is lengthy. Most promising candidates, which emerged as potential leads, were abandoned in the later phases of clinical trials. Repurposing of already approved drugs for other therapeutic applications can be done only after extensive testing for safety and efficacy. With no definite therapeutics in the horizon, natural products are in extensive use arbitrarily as anti-viral agents and immune boosters. For ages it has been known that most natural products possess potent anti-viral activity and it is no different for SARS-CoV-2. It has been shown that natural products display inhibitory effects on MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infections. In silico studies have shown that various natural products have strong binding affinity for and inhibitory action on the non-structural proteins of the virus, namely PLPRO, MPRO, and RdRp, and structural proteins such as spike (S) protein. Since the virus utilizes the transmembrane ACE2 receptor of the host cell, it also proves to be a valid target for drug development. In this review promising targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2 and anti-viral activities of some of the known natural products are discussed. In this review promising targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2 and anti-viral activities of some of the known natural products (including plant secondary metabolites) are discussed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Chakravarti
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata India
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta Kolkata India
| | - Dhritiman Dey
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata India
| | - Syamal Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur Kolkata India
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata India
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Koganti R, Memon A, Shukla D. Emerging Roles of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Viral Pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:283-294. [PMID: 33851373 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan present in nearly all mammalian tissues. Heparan sulfate moieties are attached to the cell surface via heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) which are composed of a protein core bound to multiple heparan sulfate chains. HSPGs contribute to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix and participate in cell signaling by releasing bound cytokines and chemokines once cleaved by an enzyme, heparanase. HSPGs are often exploited by viruses during infection, particularly during attachment and egress. Loss or inhibition of HSPGs initially during infection can yield significant decreases in viral entry and infectivity. In this review, we provide an overview of HSPGs in the lifecycle of multiple viruses, including herpesviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, human papillomavirus, and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abdullah Memon
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Njoga EO, Zakariya YF, Jaja IF, Okoli CE, Mshelbwala PP. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 and lessons for effective control of this and future pandemics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.78-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Barely 1 year after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China, the virus has infected approximately 120 million people, caused around 3 million deaths, and adversely affected the global economy. Despite stringent measures to flatten the epidemiologic curve of the pandemic, there have been spikes and waves of the infection in many countries, particularly in the American, European, and Asian continents. This review critically evaluated the global epidemiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide advice on other possible ways of managing the disease as various COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out. To effectively control this and possible future epidemics/pandemics, there is a need to maintain a healthy balance between saving lives and livelihoods in the implementation of lockdowns. Unwarranted human exposures to animals, particularly pangolins, civet cats, bats, dromedary camels, and other wildlife known to be reservoirs and intermediate hosts of coronaviruses should be prevented. All the identified strains of SARS-CoV-2, including the highly infectious UK and South African variants, should be incorporated in COVID-19 vaccine production; to widen the protection spectrum. Some of the COVID-19 vaccines require primary inoculation, booster vaccination after 2-4 weeks and annual revaccination for adequate immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Survivors of COVID-19 may require only a single vaccine dozing and annual revaccination thereafter. Adoption of One Health approach and the development of globally coordinated active surveillance systems against emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Feyisara Zakariya
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Philip Paul Mshelbwala
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Jang WS, Lim DH, Yoon J, Kim A, Lim M, Nam J, Yanagihara R, Ryu SW, Jung BK, Ryoo NH, Lim CS. Development of a multiplex Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay for on-site diagnosis of SARS CoV-2. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248042. [PMID: 33657176 PMCID: PMC7928493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified coronavirus, designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), has spread rapidly from its epicenter in China to more than 150 countries across six continents. In this study, we have designed three reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) primer sets to detect the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), Envelope (E) and Nucleocapsid protein (N) genes of SARS CoV-2. For one tube reaction, the detection limits for five combination SARS CoV-2 LAMP primer sets (RdRP/E, RdRP/N, E/N, RdRP/E/N and RdRP/N/Internal control (actin beta)) were evaluated with a clinical nasopharyngeal swab sample. Among the five combination, the RdRP/E and RdRP/N/IC multiplex LAMP assays showed low detection limits. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-LAMP assay were evaluated and compared to that of the widely used Allplex™ 2019-nCoV Assay (Seegene, Inc., Seoul, South Korea) and PowerChek™ 2019-nCoV Real-time PCR kit (Kogenebiotech, Seoul, South Korea) for 130 clinical samples from 91 SARS CoV-2 patients and 162 NP specimens from individuals with (72) and without (90) viral respiratory infections. The multiplex RdRP (FAM)/N (CY5)/IC (Hex) RT-LAMP assay showed comparable sensitivities (RdRP: 93.85%, N: 94.62% and RdRP/N: 96.92%) to that of the Allplex™ 2019-nCoV Assay (100%) and superior to those of PowerChek™ 2019-nCoV Real-time PCR kit (RdRP: 92.31%, E: 93.85% and RdRP/E: 95.38%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sik Jang
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Lim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahran Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsup Lim
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Sook-Won Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Kangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyeung Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Nam-Hee Ryoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Mishra A, Bentur SA, Thakral S, Garg R, Duggal B. The use of integrative therapy based on Yoga and Ayurveda in the treatment of a high-risk case of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 with multiple comorbidities: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:95. [PMID: 33627186 PMCID: PMC7903378 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report a high-risk case of a coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)-positive patient with comorbidities including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease (CKD), treated successfully using an integrative therapy plan based on Ayurveda and Yoga, along with government-mandated compulsory modern western medicine (MWM) treatment. Recently, some evidence has been emerging on the use of Ayurveda for treatment of COVID-19. The classical texts of Ayurvedic medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita contain descriptions of pandemics of similar proportions and describe them as Janapadoddhvansa, meaning the destruction of communities, along with their causes and treatment. Case presentation The case reported herein is a 55-year-old man from Delhi, India, with confirmed (tested) COVID-19, who first took MWM for 7 days before seeking integrative therapy. The patient has comorbidities including DM, HTN, hypothyroidism and CKD and had developed symptoms including fever (which was resolved by the time integrative therapy was started), sore throat, dry cough, body aches, weakness, bad taste and smell, and heaviness in the abdomen. Based on the patient’s symptoms and comorbidities, a treatment plan including Ayurvedic medicines, Yoga protocol, dietary recommendations and lifestyle modifications was prescribed by a registered Ayurveda doctor and a Yoga consultant. The patient started experiencing improvement in all the symptoms within 2 days after starting the treatment; he reported approximately \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$75\%$$\end{document}75% relief from the symptoms after 5 days, and almost complete relief within 9 days. Also, the blood sugar levels (both fasting blood sugar [FBS] and postprandial blood sugar [PPBS]) exhibited significant improvement after 5 days, and decreased to within the normal range within 12 days. Besides relief in symptoms, the patient’s real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test done on the 19th day returned negative results. Conclusions Integrative therapy was found to be effective in mitigating the symptoms of COVID-19 in this patient with multiple comorbidities. Moreover, a significant improvement in blood sugar levels (not under control with modern medicine) was also achieved. Integrative therapy based on the classical texts of Ayurveda and Yoga may offer a promising and scalable treatment option for COVID-19 patients. A case series or a suitably designed randomized controlled trial is needed to assess its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Mishra
- Department of Ayurveda and Holistic Health, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | | | - Sonika Thakral
- Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. .,National Resource Center for Value Education in Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Rahul Garg
- National Resource Center for Value Education in Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.,Amar Nath and Shashi Khosla School of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Bhanu Duggal
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
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28
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Hedman HD, Krawczyk E, Helmy YA, Zhang L, Varga C. Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface. Pathogens 2021; 10:180. [PMID: 33567598 PMCID: PMC7915269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Summit County Local Public Health Agency, Summit County, Frisco, CO 80443, USA;
| | - Eric Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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29
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Nagendran M, John J, Annamalai K, Gandhi Sethuraman MI, Balamurugan N, Rajendran HK, Deen Fakrudeen MA, Chandrasekar R, Ranjan S, Padmanaban VC. Can human overcome viral hijack-? Comprehensive review on COVID-19 in the view of diagnosis and mitigation across countries. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 61:102120. [PMID: 33014150 PMCID: PMC7521359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel COVID-19, a pandemic disease, is showing an alarming spread and severity throughout the world. Globally, the community transmission of this disease is affecting people in large clusters and so it is necessary to mitigate and control them in order to minimise the social and economic consequences. This review emphasize on the origin of the coronoviral epidemics, discussion on the structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology, pathognomonic symptoms, fatality, available rapid diagnostic methods and proposed possible treatment methods for the treatment of COVID-19. The diagnostic markers with respect to genetic material of the virus based on PCR, CRISPR & APTAMER and with respect to proteins based on Antigens were discussed which provides new arena for the development. In control of a pandemic situation the policy adoption and implementation by the governments plays a major role and the policy implementation in different countries are discussed which establishes the effectiveness of the policies framed by the governments. The effectiveness of ethnic traditional medicines of various countries such as India and China in Immunity enhancement, along with their utilisation is also discussed. This review provides an insights towards the COVID-19 which helps in continuous investigation on different dimensions which could help us to understand the mysteries behind the havoc created by this invisible creature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswari Nagendran
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Juliana John
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kavithakani Annamalai
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Nirkayani Balamurugan
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Harish Kumar Rajendran
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohammed Askkar Deen Fakrudeen
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ragavan Chandrasekar
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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30
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Biodiversity loss and COVID-19 pandemic: The role of bats in the origin and the spreading of the disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:2-13. [PMID: 33092787 PMCID: PMC7566801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The loss of biodiversity in the ecosystems has created the general conditions that have favored and, in fact, made possible, the insurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic. A lot of factors have contributed to it: deforestation, changes in forest habitats, poorly regulated agricultural surfaces, mismanaged urban growth. They have altered the composition of wildlife communities, greatly increased the contacts of humans with wildlife, and altered niches that harbor pathogens, increasing their chances to come in contact with humans. Among the wildlife, bats have adapted easily to anthropized environments such as houses, barns, cultivated fields, orchards, where they found the suitable ecosystem to prosper. Bats are major hosts for αCoV and βCoV: evolution has shaped their peculiar physiology and their immune system in a way that makes them resistant to viral pathogens that would instead successfully attack other species, including humans. In time, the coronaviruses that bats host as reservoirs have undergone recombination and other modifications that have increased their ability for inter-species transmission: one modification of particular importance has been the development of the ability to use ACE2 as a receptor in host cells. This particular development in CoVs has been responsible for the serious outbreaks in the last two decades, and for the present COVID-19 pandemic.
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31
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Tang ML, Li YQ, Chen X, Lin H, Jiang ZC, Gu DL, Chen X, Tang CX, Xie ZQ. Co-Infection with Common Respiratory Pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia and Laboratory Biochemistry Findings: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of 78 Patients from a Single Center in China. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929783. [PMID: 33388738 PMCID: PMC7789049 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective study aimed to investigate co-infections with common respiratory pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 and laboratory biochemistry findings in patients with COVID-19 in the Zhuzhou area of China, in order to provide a reference for the disease assessment and clinical treatment of COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS The clinical data of COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital of Zhuzhou City from January 28 to March 15, 2020, as well as laboratory test results for respiratory pathogens and biochemical indicators, were collected to conduct correlation analyses. All patients were diagnosed based on fluorescence-based PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Eleven of the 78 patients (14.1%) were co-infected with other respiratory pathogens, among which Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n=5, 45.5%) and respiratory syncytial virus (n=4, 36.4%) were the most frequent. There were 8 patients co-infected with 1 other pathogen and 3 patients co-infected with 2 other pathogens. Compared with mono-infected COVID-19 patients, patients with co-infections had significantly higher levels of procalcitonin (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that Mycoplasma pneumonia and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common co-infections in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Increased levels of PCT in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were associated with co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ling Tang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Yue-Qiu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Lin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhong-Chun Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Dai-Li Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Cai-Xi Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Qin Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
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32
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Goyal A, Shukla S, Acharya S, Vagha S, Goyal V, Goyal M. Pathogenesis of covid - 19 –Pandemonium of the pandemic in Pandora's box. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:4376-4382. [PMID: 35280638 PMCID: PMC8884312 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_34_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel disease of 2019 by name coronavirus (Covid - 19 or SARS - CoV - 2), was first detected in December of 2019 in the Seafood Market of Huanan in Wuhan region of China. In less than a month it was proclaimed as a pandemic by The World Health Organization (WHO). Now, even after a year, it still remains to be a concern as a jeopardy to the global public health. The inception of Covid-19 has been identified as the third encounter of a highly morbific coronavirus after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS - CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS_CoV) causing coronaviruses, in merely two decades. In this review, we illustrate the general features of coronavirus and highlight the pathogenesis of the disease, bringing forth the different theories of disease progression, which may help clinicians and other health professionals to achieve a direction for further research, therapeutic protocols and development of the vaccine for combating SARS - CoV - 2 infection.
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Limsakul P, Charupanit K, Moonla C, Jeerapan I. Advances in emergent biological recognition elements and bioelectronics for diagnosing COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:231-247. [PMID: 33718775 PMCID: PMC7937783 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses pose a serious threat to public health. Tremendous efforts are dedicated to advance reliable and effective detection of coronaviruses. Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis mainly relies on the detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic materials by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. However, simpler and more rapid and reliable alternatives are needed to meet high demand during the pandemic. Biosensor-based diagnosis approaches become alternatives for selectively and rapidly detecting virus particles because of their biorecognition elements consisting of biomaterials that are specific to virus biomarkers. Here, we summarize biorecognition materials, including antibodies and antibody-like molecules, that are designed to recognize SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers and the advances of recently developed biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. The design of biorecognition materials or layers is crucial to maximize biosensing performances, such as high selectivity and sensitivity of virus detection. Additionally, the recent representative achievements in developing bioelectronics for sensing coronavirus are included. This review includes scholarly articles, mainly published in 2020 and early 2021. In addition to capturing the fast development in the fields of applied materials and biodiagnosis, the outlook of this rapidly evolving technology is summarized. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 could help prevent the spread of this contagious disease and provide significant information to medical teams to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praopim Limsakul
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Krit Charupanit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Chochanon Moonla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111, University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
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Kayarat B, Khanna P, Sarkar S. Superadded Coinfections and Antibiotic Resistance in the Context of COVID-19: Where do We Stand? Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:699-703. [PMID: 34316152 PMCID: PMC8286404 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Poor outcomes in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been attributed to superadded bacterial coinfections. The World Health Organization has reported overzealous usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics during this current pandemic raising concerns of increasing antimicrobial resistance? Therefore, the knowledge of coinfection and the common pathogens during these challenging times is essential for antibiotic stewardship practices. Recent findings The incidence of reported superimposed bacterial and viral coinfections in COVID-19 patients is around 0.04 to 17%. However, more than 70% of patients have received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The presence of a simultaneous coinfection can be suspected in patients with neutrophilic lymphocytosis and elevated procalcitonin in the setting of COVID-19. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels, with its short turnaround time, aid in the definitive diagnosis of possible coinfection. Acinetobacter baumanii, Mycoplasma pneumonia, influenza virus, Aspergillus, Candida, etc., are commonly implicated pathogens. Summary Rapid characterization of coinfection and avoidance of overzealous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in COVID-19 patients are the key to prevent antibiotic resistance during this pandemic. How to cite this article Kayarat B, Khanna P, Sarkar S. Superadded Coinfections and Antibiotic Resistance in the Context of COVID-19: Where do We Stand? Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(6):699–703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Kayarat
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Khanna
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Sarkar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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35
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The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:353-369. [PMID: 33258903 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seven zoonoses - human infections of animal origin - have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Kuzmin K, Adeniyi AE, DaSouza AK, Lim D, Nguyen H, Molina NR, Xiong L, Weber IT, Harrison RW. Machine learning methods accurately predict host specificity of coronaviruses based on spike sequences alone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:553-558. [PMID: 32981683 PMCID: PMC7500881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many animals, including humans, due to interspecies transmission. Three of the known human coronaviruses: MERS, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen for the COVID-19 pandemic, cause severe disease. Improved methods to predict host specificity of coronaviruses will be valuable for identifying and controlling future outbreaks. The coronavirus S protein plays a key role in host specificity by attaching the virus to receptors on the cell membrane. We analyzed 1238 spike sequences for their host specificity. Spike sequences readily segregate in t-SNE embeddings into clusters of similar hosts and/or virus species. Machine learning with SVM, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest gave high average accuracies, F1 scores, sensitivities and specificities of 0.95-0.99. Importantly, sites identified by Decision Tree correspond to protein regions with known biological importance. These results demonstrate that spike sequences alone can be used to predict host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Kuzmin
- Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, 1 Park Place, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | | | - Arthur Kevin DaSouza
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Deuk Lim
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Huyen Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Nuria Ramirez Molina
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lanqiao Xiong
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Irene T Weber
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Robert W Harrison
- Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, 1 Park Place, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Tiwari R, Dhama K, Sharun K, Iqbal Yatoo M, Malik YS, Singh R, Michalak I, Sah R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Vet Q 2020; 40:169-182. [PMID: 32393111 PMCID: PMC7755411 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread over 210 countries and territories beyond China shortly. On February 29, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) denoted it in a high-risk category, and on March 11, 2020, this virus was designated pandemic, after its declaration being a Public Health International Emergency on January 30, 2020. World over high efforts are being made to counter and contain this virus. The COVID-19 outbreak once again proves the potential of the animal-human interface to act as the primary source of emerging zoonotic diseases. Even though the circumstantial evidence suggests the possibility of an initial zoonotic emergence, it is too early to confirm the role of intermediate hosts such as snakes, pangolins, turtles, and other wild animals in the origin of SARS-CoV-2, in addition to bats, the natural hosts of multiple coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The lessons learned from past episodes of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV are being exploited to retort this virus. Best efforts are being taken up by worldwide nations to implement effective diagnosis, strict vigilance, heightened surveillance, and monitoring, along with adopting appropriate preventive and control strategies. Identifying the possible zoonotic emergence and the exact mechanism responsible for its initial transmission will help us to design and implement appropriate preventive barriers against the further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This review discusses in brief about the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 with a particular focus on the role of animals, the veterinary and associated zoonotic links along with prevention and control strategies based on One-health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E, Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Rodríguez Hernández C, Sanz Moreno L. [Immunity against SARS-CoV-2: walking to the vaccination]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2020; 33:392-398. [PMID: 32935536 PMCID: PMC7712341 DOI: 10.37201/req/086.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Los coronavirus (CoVs) son un amplio grupo de virus en el que se encuentra el SARS-CoV-2 (familia Coronaviridae, subfamilia Coronavirinae, género Betacoronavirus y subgénero Sarbecovirus). Sus principales proteínas estructurales son la de membrana (M), la de envoltura (E), la nucleocápside (N) y la espicular (S). La respuesta inmune frente a SARS-CoV-2 implica la vertiente celular y humoral, con anticuerpos neutralizantes potencialmente defensivos fundamentalmente dirigidos frente al antígeno S. Aunque los datos de seroprevalencia se asumen muy frecuentemente como marcadores de protección, no necesariamente lo son. En España se estima que al menos cuatro quintas partes de la población deberían estar inmuno-protegidas para asegurar la inmunidad de grupo. Dada la alta tasa de letalidad por COVID-19, la adquisición de esta protección únicamente mediante el contagio natural no es asumible y se debe abogar por otras medidas como puede ser la inmunización masiva. En la actualidad existen varios prototipos de vacunas (que incluyen virus vivos, vectores virológicos, péptidos y proteínas y ácidos nucleicos) en diversas etapas de evaluación clínica. Se prevé que en breve alguna de estas nuevas vacunas se encuentre ya disponible en el mercado. En este texto se revisan aspectos relacionados con estos asuntos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Sanz Moreno
- Juan Carlos Sanz Moreno, Unidad de Microbiología Clínica. Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid. Dirección General de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid. Centro de Especialidades Médicas Vicente Soldevilla 2ª planta. C/ Sierra de Alquife 8. Madrid 28053 Spain.
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Koganti R, Suryawanshi R, Shukla D. Heparanase, cell signaling, and viral infections. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5059-5077. [PMID: 32462405 PMCID: PMC7252873 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is a multifunctional protein endowed with many non-enzymatic functions and a unique enzymatic activity as an endo-β-D-glucuronidase. The latter allows it to serve as a key modulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) via a well-regulated cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans at cell surfaces. The cleavage and associated changes at the ECM cause release of multiple signaling molecules with important cellular and pathological functions. New and emerging data suggest that both enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic functions of HPSE are important for health and illnesses including viral infections and virally induced cancers. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of HPSE in activation, inhibition, or bioavailability of key signaling molecules such as AKT, VEGF, MAPK-ERK, and EGFR, which are known regulators of common viral infections in immune and non-immune cell types. Altogether, our review provides a unique overview of HPSE in cell-survival signaling pathways and how they relate to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Sałkowska A, Karwaciak I, Karaś K, Dastych J, Ratajewski M. SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Induce IFNG in Th1 Lymphocytes Generated from CD4+ Cells from Healthy, Unexposed Polish Donors. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E673. [PMID: 33198287 PMCID: PMC7712722 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in December 2019 has caused the deaths of several hundred thousand people worldwide. Currently, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is poorly understood. During the course of COVID-19 infection, many patients experience deterioration, which might be associated with systemic inflammation and cytokine storm syndrome; however, other patients have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. There are some suggestions that impaired cellular immunity through a reduction in Th1 response and IFNG (interferon gamma) expression, as well as cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses, might be involved in the differential COVID-19 course. Here, we show that CD4+ cells isolated from unexposed healthy donors that were differentiated towards the Th1 lineage in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins exhibited induction of IFNG. Interestingly, the same cells induced to differentiate towards a Th17 lineage did not exhibit changes in IFNG expression or Th17-related cytokines. This suggests the cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins is primarily associated with Th1 lymphocytes and may be dependent on past infections with common cold coronaviruses or vaccinations that induce unspecific cellular responses, e.g., BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin). Thus, our results might explain the high variability in the course of COVID-19 among populations of different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sałkowska
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Iwona Karwaciak
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kaja Karaś
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Jarosław Dastych
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.K.)
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Wang Y, Yao L, Zhang JP, Tang PJ, Ye ZJ, Shen XH, Xu JC, Wu MY, Yu X. Clinical characteristics and laboratory indicator analysis of 67 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Suzhou, China. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:747. [PMID: 33046047 PMCID: PMC7549339 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sudden exacerbations and respiratory failure are major causes of death in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pneumonia, but indicators for the prediction and treatment of severe patients are still lacking. Methods A retrospective analysis of 67 collected cases was conducted and included approximately 67 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were admitted to the Suzhou Fifth People’s Hospital from January 1, 2020 to February 8, 2020. The epidemiological, clinical and imaging characteristics as well as laboratory data of the 67 patients were analyzed. Results The study found that fibrinogen (FIB) was increased in 45 (65.2%) patients, and when FIB reached a critical value of 4.805 g/L, the sensitivity and specificity、DA, helping to distinguish general and severe cases, were 100 and 14%、92.9%, respectively, which were significantly better than those for lymphocyte count and myoglobin. Chest CT images indicated that the cumulative number of lung lobes with lesions in severe patients was significantly higher than that in general patients (P < 0.05), and the cumulative number of lung lobes with lesions was negatively correlated with lymphocyte count and positively correlated with myoglobin and FIB. Our study also found that there was no obvious effect of hormone therapy in patients with severe COVID-19. Conclusions Based on the retrospective analysis, FIB was found to be increased in severe patients and was better than lymphocyte count and myoglobin in distinguishing general and severe patients. The study also suggested that hormone treatment has no significant effect on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Jun Tang
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Ye
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing-Hua Shen
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Chi Xu
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000. .,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Mei-Ying Wu
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000. .,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, 10, Guangqian Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 215000. .,The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
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Hassani A, Khan G. Human-Animal Interaction and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e22117. [PMID: 33001837 PMCID: PMC7546868 DOI: 10.2196/22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all sectors of society, from health and economics to socialization and travel. The level and extent of this impact are unprecedented. Although the cause of COVID-19 was quickly identified to be a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the world was poorly prepared for preventing its spread. One important pillar of preparedness is surveillance of the sources of emerging pathogens and responding appropriately to prevent their spread in the human population. The ever-increasing interaction between humans and animals is one leading factor in facilitating the emergence of new pathogens. In this viewpoint, we discuss the possibility of the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, highlight the importance of understanding human-animal interaction to improve preparedness for future outbreaks, and outline recommendations for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hassani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32580969 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20/asset/32473ce7-130a–42a6-b589-0dd2f00518eb/assets/graphic/cmr.00028-20-f0007.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Li S, Li S, Disoma C, Zheng R, Zhou M, Razzaq A, Liu P, Zhou Y, Dong Z, Du A, Peng J, Hu L, Huang J, Feng P, Jiang T, Xia Z. SARS‐CoV‐2: Mechanism of infection and emerging technologies for future prospects. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2168. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Li
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Cyrollah Disoma
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Pinjia Liu
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
- Section of Infection and Immunity Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Zijun Dong
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Ashuai Du
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of General Surgery Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- The First Hospital of Changsha University of South China Changsha China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Central South University Changsha China
- School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology School of Life Sciences Central South University Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Center for Medical Genetics School of Life Sciences Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases Central South University Changsha China
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32580969 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00028-20. [PMID: 32580969 PMCID: PMC7405836 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Tizaoui K, Zidi I, Lee KH, Ghayda RA, Hong SH, Li H, Smith L, Koyanagi A, Jacob L, Kronbichler A, Shin JI. Update of the current knowledge on genetics, evolution, immunopathogenesis, and transmission for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2906-2923. [PMID: 33061805 PMCID: PMC7545713 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.48812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, an acute respiratory disease caused by novel species of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China and has spread throughout the world. On 11th March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) a pandemic, severe coronavirus-mediated human disease. Based on genomic and phylogenetic studies, SARS-CoV-2 might originate from bat coronaviruses and infects humans directly or through intermediate zoonotic hosts. However, the exact origin or the host intermediate remains unknown. Genetically, SARS-CoV-2 is similar to several existing coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV, but differs by silent and non-silent mutations. The virus uses different transmission routes and targets cells and tissues with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, which makes it contagious. COVID-19 shares both the main clinical features and excessive/dysregulated cell responses with the two previous Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) epidemics. In this review, we provide an update of the current knowledge on the COVID-19 pandemic. Gaining a deeper understanding of SARS-CoV-2 structure, transmission routes, and molecular responses, will assist in the prevention and control of COVID-19 outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Laboratory Microorganismes and Active Biomolecules, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Zidi
- Laboratory Microorganismes and Active Biomolecules, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramy Abou Ghayda
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Witkowska D. Mass Spectrometry and Structural Biology Techniques in the Studies on the Coronavirus-Receptor Interaction. Molecules 2020; 25:E4133. [PMID: 32927621 PMCID: PMC7571139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and some other biophysical methods, have made substantial contributions to the studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human proteins interactions. The most interesting feature of SARS-CoV-2 seems to be the structure of its spike (S) protein and its interaction with the human cell receptor. Mass spectrometry of spike S protein revealed how the glycoforms are distributed across the S protein surface. X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy made huge impact on the studies on the S protein and ACE2 receptor protein interaction, by elucidating the three-dimensional structures of these proteins and their conformational changes. The findings of the most recent studies in the scope of SARS-CoV-2-Human protein-protein interactions are described here.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sequence Alignment
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Witkowska
- Institute of Health Sciences, Opole University, Katowicka 68, 45-060 Opole, Poland
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49
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Wang Y, Mao JM, Wang GD, Luo ZP, Yang L, Yao Q, Chen KP. Human SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to reduce CG dinucleotide in its open reading frames. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12331. [PMID: 32704018 PMCID: PMC7378049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought great threat to human health. Its causative agent is a severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus which has been officially named SARS-CoV-2. Here we report the discovery of extremely low CG abundance in its open reading frames. We found that CG reduction in SARS-CoV-2 is achieved mainly through mutating C/G into A/T, and CG is the best target for mutation. Meanwhile, 5'-untranslated region of SARS-CoV-2 has high CG content and is capable of forming an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to recruit host ribosome for translating its RNA. These features allow SARS-CoV-2 to reproduce efficiently in host cells, because less energy is consumed in disrupting the stem-loops formed by its genomic RNA. Notably, genomes of cellular organisms also have very low CG abundance, suggesting that mutating C/G into A/T occurs universally in all life forms. Moreover, CG is the dinucleotide related to CpG island, mutational hotspot and single nucleotide polymorphism in cellular organisms. The relationship between these features is worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Mao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guang-Dong Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ke-Ping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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50
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Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the global COVID-19 outbreak has once again made coronaviruses a hot topic. Vaccines are hoped to be an effective way to stop the spread of the virus. However, there are no clinically approved vaccines available for coronavirus infections. Reverse genetics technology can realize the operation of RNA virus genomes at the DNA level and provide new ideas and strategies for the development of new vaccines. In this review, we systematically describe the role of reverse genetics technology in studying the effects of coronavirus proteins on viral virulence and innate immunity, cell and tissue tropism and antiviral drug screening. An efficient reverse genetics platform is useful for obtaining the ideal attenuated strain to prepare an attenuated live vaccine.
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