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Fletcher C, Riva M, Lyonnais MC, Baron A, Saunders I, Lynch M, Baron M. Epistemic inclusion in the Qanuilirpitaa? Nunavik Inuit health survey: developing an Inuit model and determinants of health and well-being. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2024; 115:20-30. [PMID: 36547790 PMCID: PMC10830955 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At the request of Nunavik Inuit health authorities and organizations, the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik regional health survey included an innovative "community component" alongside youth and adult epidemiological cohort studies. The community component objective was to identify and describe community and culturally relevant concepts and processes that lead to health and well-being. METHODS A qualitative, community-based research process involving workshops and semi-structured interviews was used to generate a corpus of data on health concepts and processes specific to Inuit communities in Nunavik. Thematic analysis and repeated community validation allowed for the identification of three key dimensions of health salient to Inuit experience and eight community-level health determinants. RESULTS The health model consists of three linked concepts: ilusirsusiarniq, qanuinngisiarniq, and inuuqatigiitsianiq, which reflect distinct dimensions of Inuit health phenomenology. The determinants community, family, identity, food, land, knowledge, economy, and services were generated through analysis and reflect community-level sources of health and well-being. CONCLUSION The development of the culturally grounded health models and determinants is an exercise of epistemic inclusivity through which researchers and Indigenous communities may form new and equitable paths of knowledge creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fletcher
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Mylène Riva
- Canada Research Chair in Housing, Community and Health, Institute for Health and Social Policy, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Annie Baron
- Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Kuujjuaq, QC, Canada
| | | | - Melody Lynch
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Malli A, Monteith H, Hiscock EC, Smith EV, Fairman K, Galloway T, Mashford-Pringle A. Impacts of colonization on Indigenous food systems in Canada and the United States: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2105. [PMID: 37885000 PMCID: PMC10601184 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous populations in Canada and the United States (US) have maintained reciprocal relationships with nature, grounded in respect for and stewardship of the environment; however, disconnection from traditional food systems has generated a plethora of physical and mental health challenges for communities. Indigenous food sovereignty including control of lands were found to be factors contributing to these concerns. Therefore, our aim was to conduct a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature to describe Indigenous disconnection from Indigenous food systems (IFS) in Canada and the US. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SR) and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, SCOPUS, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Sociological Abstracts, and Bibliography of Native North Americans. Data was extracted from 41 studies and a narrative review completed based on study themes. RESULTS The overarching theme identified in the included studies was the impact of colonization on IFS. Four sub-themes emerged as causes for Indigenous disconnection from traditional food systems, including: climate change; capitalism; legal change; and socio-cultural change. These sub-themes highlight the multiple ways in which colonization has impacted Indigenous food systems in Canada and the US and important areas for transformation. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to reconnect Indigenous knowledge and values systems with future food systems are essential for planetary health and sustainable development. Traditional knowledge sharing must foreground authentic Indigenous inclusion within policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malli
- Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H Monteith
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - E C Hiscock
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue Suite 160, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - E V Smith
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Waakebiness Institute for Indigenous Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - K Fairman
- Institute for Circumpolar Health Research, 3506 MacDonald Drive, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 2H1, Canada
| | - T Galloway
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - A Mashford-Pringle
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Waakebiness Institute for Indigenous Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
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Gutierrez BV, Kaloostian D, Redvers N. Elements of Successful Food Sovereignty Interventions within Indigenous Communities in the United States and Canada: a Systematic Review. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:101973. [PMID: 37635710 PMCID: PMC10450844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inherent resiliency and strengths, Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Canada have been impacted by colonialism, which has led to a loss of land, culture, and identity. Loss of land in particular has had substantial impacts on Indigenous food system practices. Indigenous food sovereignty (IFS) has been determined to be a mechanism for Indigenous communities to build their capacity to address food insecurity. A systematic review methodology was therefore engaged to gather and analyze the currently published literature to date to identify common elements of successful IFS interventions within Indigenous communities in the United States and Canada. We carried out a systematic search of the following electronic databases: Academic Search Premier, Agricola, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Indigenous Studies Portal, the Native Health Database, SocIndex, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to apply a methodologic quality score to the included articles. We used a 2-stage process for article selection with 2 independent reviewers screening the titles and abstracts of articles identified. Relevant databases were initially searched up to June 2022 with an updated search occurring in January 2023. Content analysis was carried out on the included articles using qualitative analysis software. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria of the review. Four main categories of successful elements within IFS interventions were identified, including 1) transmission of knowledge and skills within the community through workshops, 2) cultural connectedness through cultivation practices, 3) preparation and consumption of traditional foods through community programs, and 4) community-based partnerships and collaborations. An IFS approach has led to the development of several intervention strategies within Indigenous communities, which have been highlighted in this review. The successful elements identified in this review may serve to support future food sovereignty-related programmatic and intervention development within Indigenous communities. PROSPERO (number: CRD42022342100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda V. Gutierrez
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Damita Kaloostian
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Nicole Redvers
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Indigenous Health, School of Medicine & Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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Miltenburg E, Neufeld HT, Perchak S, Skene D. " Where Creator Has My Feet, There I Will Be Responsible": Place-Making in Urban Environments through Indigenous Food Sovereignty Initiatives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5970. [PMID: 37297574 PMCID: PMC10253025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing emergence of Indigenous Food Sovereignty (IFS) initiatives across urban centers within many regions of Canada. Urban Indigenous communities are leading these efforts to revitalize Indigenous foods and agricultural practices while promoting food security and increasing Land-based connections within cities. However, the socio-ecological environments within these urban contexts affect IFS initiatives in unique ways which have not been previously explored. This study addresses these gaps by drawing on qualitative interviews with seven urban Indigenous people leading IFS initiatives within Grand River Territory (situated within southern Ontario, Canada). Applying community-based participatory methods, this research explored how place impacts IFS initiatives within urban environments. Thematic analysis generated two overarching thematic categories: Land access, and place-making practices, revealing a bi-directional, dynamic interaction between place and urban IFS initiatives. Relationships with landowners, control of land, and external factors determined how Land was accessed in urban environments. Place-making practices involved fostering relationships with Land, upholding responsibilities, and cultivating Land-based knowledges. Therefore, IFS initiatives are impacted by Land access, but also facilitate place-making for urban Indigenous Peoples. These findings demonstrate pathways towards Indigenous self-determination and IFS within urban contexts, which can be applicable to other urban Indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Miltenburg
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Hannah Tait Neufeld
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Sarina Perchak
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Dave Skene
- White Owl Native Ancestry Association, Kitchener, ON N2C 2H6, Canada;
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Alabi BO, Robin T. Food insecurities and dependencies: Indigenous food responses to COVID-19. ALTERNATIVE (AUCKLAND, N.Z. : 2005) 2023; 19:204-210. [PMID: 38603194 PMCID: PMC9713519 DOI: 10.1177/11771801221137639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Food sovereignty is a relatively new concept in the literature that has evolved as a way to address widespread food-related issues for many Indigenous communities around the world. One of the many crucial lessons we have learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is the importance of this concept in ensuring food sufficiency in Indigenous communities in Canada. In this article, we provide a commentary on food insecurity in Indigenous communities in Canada and how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated it. We also highlight the government's response to mitigating hunger and spotlight how Indigenous peoples are navigating the pandemic's impact through food sovereignty.
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Willows N, Blanchet R, Wasonti Io Delormier T. Decolonizing research in high-income countries improves Indigenous peoples' health and wellbeing. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:1-4. [PMID: 36472342 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Willows
- 4-378 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rosanne Blanchet
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (DMSP), School of Public Health, Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Treena Wasonti Io Delormier
- School of Human Nutrition, Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition & Environment (CINE), McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Coleman P, Keaulana S, Vegas JK, Hwang PW, Keliiholokai L, Rogerson I, Chung-Do JJ, Ho-Lastimosa I. Pili Pono Practice: A Qualitative Study on Reimagining Native Hawaiian Food Sovereignty through MALAMA Backyard Aquaponics. JOURNAL OF HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 16:1-22. [PMID: 39239153 PMCID: PMC11377016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Living in one of the most remote island chains in the world, Native Hawaiians developed sophisticated food cultivation systems that sustained a thriving and robust population for centuries. These systems were disrupted by colonization, which has contributed to the health disparities that Native Hawaiians face today. MALAMA, a culturally grounded backyard aquaponics program, was developed to promote food sovereignty among Native Hawaiians. This study utilized participant interview and focus group data to identify how participating in the MALAMA program impacts the wellbeing. The findings demonstrate that MALAMA enhanced the participants' pilina (relationship, connection) to traditional foods, land, cultural identity, family, and community, which contributed to the quick adoption of the program into Native Hawaiian communities. To address food insecurity, it is imperative to seek Indigenous-developed, community-based, and culturally grounded programs and solutions like the MALAMA program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilima Ho-Lastimosa
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Ke Kula Nui O Waimānalo, God's Country Waimānalo
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Shafiee M, Keshavarz P, Lane G, Pahwa P, Szafron M, Jennings D, Vatanparast H. Food Security Status of Indigenous Peoples in Canada According to the 4 Pillars of Food Security: A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2537-2558. [PMID: 35876642 PMCID: PMC9776675 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity is a significant public health problem for Indigenous peoples in Canada. A comprehensive literature review is needed to organize the evidence according to the 4 pillars of food security (i.e., availability, access, utilization, and stability) and identify gaps in the published literature on this topic. Therefore, in this scoping review we aimed to summarize the published research discussing any of the 4 pillars of food security among Indigenous peoples in Canada. We conducted a literature search of the following databases: Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), and CINAHL, as well as the Indigenous Studies Portal (up to June 19, 2021). Population-based studies of any design were included, except for review-style articles. Articles published in languages other than English were also excluded. Of the 4687 studies identified by the database searches, 91 met our inclusion criteria. Evidence from these studies indicates that all dimensions of food security among Indigenous peoples in Canada have been impacted. Lack of availability of both traditional and market foods is highlighted among Inuit and First Nation communities. Economic disadvantages, high food prices, and lack of access to transportation are major factors affecting the accessibility pillar of food security. Major factors affecting the utilization pillar of food security are the loss of traditional knowledge and skills, lack of knowledge on market foods, low quality of market foods, and food safety issues. Climate change has affected all 4 pillars of food security among Indigenous peoples. These findings suggest that resolving food insecurity issues among Indigenous peoples in Canada, especially those living in remote communities, requires a culturally specific integrated approach targeting food availability, food cost, food knowledge, food safety, and food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pardis Keshavarz
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ginny Lane
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Punam Pahwa
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael Szafron
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek Jennings
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Kuhnlein HV, Chotiboriboon S. Why and How to Strengthen Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems With Examples From Two Unique Indigenous Communities. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.808670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples' food systems contain extensive and sophisticated knowledge that is often undocumented and underutilized in contemporary society that has increasingly poor nutrition and loss of food biodiversity. Indigenous Peoples in all global regions are among the most vulnerable to marginalization, food insecurity and chronic disease and will benefit greatly from strengthening their resource-rich food systems to make them more resilient and sustainable. It is in this spirit that we contribute to the databases of Indigenous Peoples' food system knowledge with information on unique traditional foods from the Nuxalk Nation in British Columbia, Canada, and the Pwo Karen People of Sanephong Community, Thailand. Several publications from these case studies originated from interdisciplinary mixed-method research, in part through the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. We highlight selected foods with nutrient data and various qualitative and quantitative methods used to identify and promote their use within these unique communities. Our intent is to stimulate complementary strengthening efforts among other traditional and Indigenous Peoples that will contribute to global intercultural food system evidence and advances.
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Miltenburg E, Neufeld HT, Anderson K. Relationality, Responsibility and Reciprocity: Cultivating Indigenous Food Sovereignty within Urban Environments. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091737. [PMID: 35565705 PMCID: PMC9105266 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are collective movements of Indigenous food sovereignty (IFS) initiatives taking up place and space within urban environments across the Grand River Territory, within southern Ontario, Canada. Indigenous Peoples living within urban centres are often displaced from their home territories and are seeking opportunities to reconnect with culture and identity through Land and food. This research was guided by Indigenous research methodologies and applied community-based participatory research to highlight experiences from seven Indigenous community members engaged in IFS programming and practice. Thematic analysis revealed four inter-related themes illustrated by a conceptual model: Land-based knowledge and relationships; Land and food-based practices; relational principles; and place. Participants engaged in five Land and food-based practices (seed saving; growing and gathering food; hunting and fishing; processing and preserving food; and sharing and distributing), guided by three relational principles (responsibility, relationality, and reciprocity), framed by the social and physical environments of the place. Key findings revealed that employing self-determined processes to grow, harvest, and share food among the Indigenous community provide pathways towards IFS. This study is the first to explore urban IFS initiatives within this region, offering a novel understanding of how these initiatives are taking shape within urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Miltenburg
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Hannah Tait Neufeld
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kim Anderson
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Blanchet R, Willows N, Johnson S, Salmon Reintroduction Initiatives ON, Batal M. Enhancing cultural food security among the Syilx Okanagan adults with the reintroduction of Okanagan Sockeye salmon. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:124-133. [PMID: 34807751 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For the Syilx Okanagan Nation, food sovereignty is foundational to ensuring their cultural food security and health. Salmon being a central Syilx food, the Nation has worked relentlessly since the 1990s to reintroduce Okanagan Sockeye salmon into their traditional territory. This study describes the reach of this initiative and assesses its impact on Syilx households' income-related and cultural household food security status. In total, 265 households participated in the study. Overall, 48.6% of participants ate Okanagan Sockeye salmon during the year prior to the survey. Most participants (89.1%) reported that during the prior year their household accessed salmon from a community member or through trade (53.7%), community program (49.8%), a feast or ceremony (35.8%), or household harvest (27.2%). The number of ways that households accessed salmon was associated with a greater frequency of salmon consumption (p<0.0001). Income-related (46.5%) and cultural (63.1%) food insecurity were prevalent. Households' access to salmon was significantly associated with cultural food security and the perceived importance of cultural food security. This study suggests Indigenous food sovereignty initiatives can increase traditional food access and consumption, thereby enhancing cultural food security. They should be supported by governments, organizations and corporations. Novelty points ●Indigenous food sovereignty initiatives can increase traditional food access and consumption, thereby enhancing cultural food security. ●Indigenous-led wild habitat restoration interventions can help reconcile past social and environmental injustices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Blanchet
- University of Alberta, 3158, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, 4-398 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Mailbox #54, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2P5;
| | - Noreen Willows
- University of Alberta Faculty of Agricultural Life and Environmental Sciences, 98655, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2P5;
| | - Suzanne Johnson
- Okanagan Nation Alliance, West Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada;
| | | | - Malek Batal
- Universite de Montreal, 5622, 2405 chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1A8, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 3J7;
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Ohén:ton Karihwatéhkwen and Kanien’kehá:ka Teachings of Gratitude and Connection. GENEALOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/genealogy5030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article stems from a conversation with Otsi’tsakén:ra Charlie Patton that took place on Mohawk/Kanien’kehá:ka territory in Southern Turtle Island (Also known as Quebec, Canada) Otsi: tsaken’ra is a Kanien’kehá:ka who teaches the importance of harvest and the inter-relational connection that human beings have with what they harvest. His teachings begin with the Ohén:ton Karihwatéhkwen (Also known as the Thanksgiving address, greetings, or opening prayer), an opening address, which invites all who partake to be “of one mind”. The Ohén:ton Karihwatéhkwen embodies the importance of storytelling, the Creation story, harvest teachings, and cultural continuity, which are all important teachings that are necessary for Onkwehónwe (The Original People) to begin healing from the effects of colonialism, cultural and linguistic disconnection, state-imposed violence, and racism.
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Blue Bird Jernigan V, Maudrie TL, Nikolaus CJ, Benally T, Johnson S, Teague T, Mayes M, Jacob T, Taniguchi T. Food Sovereignty Indicators for Indigenous Community Capacity Building and Health. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.704750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined as a lack of stable access to sufficient and nutritious food, is a global public health priority due to its relationships with diminished mental and physical human health. Indigenous communities experience disproportionality high rates of food insecurity as a byproduct of settler-colonial activities, which included forced relocation to rural reservation lands and degradation of traditional subsistence patterns. Many Indigenous communities have worked to revitalize their local food systems by pursuing food sovereignty, regularly expressed as the right and responsibility of people to have access to healthy and culturally appropriate foods, while defining their own food systems. Food sovereignty is a promising approach for improving health. However, limited literature is available that identifies the diverse practices of food sovereignty or strategies communities can implement to strengthen their food sovereignty efforts. This article reviews the scientific literature and highlights key indicators that may support community capacity building for food sovereignty and health. The seven indicators are: (1) access to resources, (2) production, (3) trade, (4) food consumption, (5) policy, (6) community involvement, and (7) culture. A total of 25 sub-indicators are outlined to allow communities to understand how an indicator is operationalized as well as explore their own community's progress within each indicator. It is not expected that every indicator and their subcategories will apply fully to any given Indigenous community, and the application of these indicators must be adapted for each community's local context, however the indicators may provide support for building and assessing efforts to create more sustainable Indigenous food systems.
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Blanchet R, Batal M, Johnson-Down L, Johnson S, Willows N. An Indigenous food sovereignty initiative is positively associated with well-being and cultural connectedness in a survey of Syilx Okanagan adults in British Columbia, Canada. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1405. [PMID: 34271895 PMCID: PMC8283975 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the Syilx Okanagan Nation in Canada, salmon has vital nutritional, cultural, and spiritual significance. Yet, the Okanagan Sockeye salmon population came to near extinction, resulting in a drastic decline in salmon consumption from high historical levels. Thus, restoring and protecting salmon is crucial to Syilx well-being and way of life. A Syilx-led food sovereignty initiative re-established the Okanagan Sockeye salmon population, which has resulted in a rise in fish harvesting. The aim of this study was to assess whether engaging with this initiative was associated with health, well-being, and cultural connectedness (i.e., degree to which one is integrated in their culture) among Syilx adults. Eating Okanagan Sockeye salmon was conceptualized as a proxy for engaging with this Indigenous food sovereignty initiative. METHODS 265 Syilx adults completed a survey including a traditional food frequency questionnaire and questions on health status (e.g., BMI, self-assessed physical health), well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, stress levels), and cultural connectedness (e.g., sense of belonging, importance of cultural practices). Participants were divided into 3 groups based on their wild salmon eating during the year prior to the survey: (1) adults who ate Okanagan Sockeye salmon, (2) adults who ate salmon but did not usually know the species of the salmon they ate, or who solely ate salmon that were not Okanagan Sockeye; and (3) adults who did not eat any salmon. RESULTS A statistically significant gradient was observed for enhanced well-being and cultural connectedness, with individuals in group 1 having better indicators than those in group 2, and adults in groups 1 and 2 having better indicators than adults in group 3. No differences were observed in physical health outcomes between the three groups. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the initiative to re-establish Okanagan Sockeye salmon in the Okanagan River system may have led to better well-being and cultural connectedness among Syilx adults. This study highlights the importance of Indigenous food sovereignty as a way to enhance well-being and cultural connectedness among First Nations in Canada. Findings also reinforce the importance of assessing health and well-being in a wholistic way in Indigenous health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Blanchet
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave, Mailbox #54, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal [CReSP], 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X7, Canada.
| | - Louise Johnson-Down
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Suzanne Johnson
- Okanagan Nation Alliance, 3535 Old Okanagan Hwy, West Kelowna, BC, V4T 3L7, Canada
| | - Noreen Willows
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave, Mailbox #54, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
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15
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Domingo A, Spiegel J, Guhn M, Wittman H, Ing A, Sadik T, Fediuk K, Tikhonov C, Schwartz H, Chan HM, Batal M. Predictors of household food insecurity and relationship with obesity in First Nations communities in British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta and Ontario. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:1021-1033. [PMID: 32366338 PMCID: PMC8025097 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019004889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further understandings of household food insecurity in First Nations communities in Canada and its relationship with obesity. DESIGN Analysis of a cross-sectional dataset from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study representative of First Nations communities south of the 60th parallel. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess associations between food insecurity and sociodemographic factors, as well as the odds of obesity among food-insecure households adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. SETTING Western and Central Canada. PARTICIPANTS First Nations peoples aged ≥19 years. RESULTS Forty-six percent of First Nations households experienced food insecurity. Food insecurity was highest for respondents who received social assistance; had ≤10 years of education; were female; had children in the household; were 19-30 years old; resided in Alberta; and had no year-round road access into the community. Rates of obesity were highest for respondents residing in marginally food-insecure households (female 56·6 %; male 54·6 %). In gender-specific analyses, the odds of obesity were highest among marginally food-insecure households in comparison with food-secure households, for both female (OR 1·57) and male (OR 1·57) respondents, adjusting for sociodemographic variables. For males only, those in severely food-insecure (compared with food-secure) households had lower odds of obesity after adjusting for confounding (OR 0·56). CONCLUSIONS The interrelated challenges of food insecurity and obesity in First Nations communities emphasise the need for Indigenous-led, culturally appropriate and food sovereign approaches to food security and nutrition in support of holistic wellness and prevention of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Domingo
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jerry Spiegel
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Guhn
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannah Wittman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QCH3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Tonio Sadik
- Environment, Assembly of First Nations, Ottawa, ONK1P 6L5, Canada
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karen Fediuk
- First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Constantine Tikhonov
- Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Indigenous Services Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harold Schwartz
- Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Indigenous Services Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QCH3T 1A8, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montreal, QCH3N 1X7, Canada
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Richmond C, Steckley M, Neufeld H, Kerr RB, Wilson K, Dokis B. First Nations Food Environments: Exploring the Role of Place, Income, and Social Connection. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa108. [PMID: 32734134 PMCID: PMC7382622 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Canada, few studies have examined how place shapes Indigenous food environments, particularly among Indigenous people living in southern regions of Ontario. OBJECTIVE This paper examines and compares circumstances of food insecurity that impact food access and dietary quality between reserve-based and urban-based Indigenous peoples in southwestern Ontario. METHODS This study used a community-based survey containing a culturally adapted food-frequency questionnaire and cross-sectional study design to measure food insecurity, food access, and dietary quality among Indigenous respondents living in urban (n = 130) and reserve-based (n = 99) contexts in southwestern Ontario. RESULTS Rates of food insecurity are high in both geographies (55% and 35% among urban- and reserve-based respondents, respectively). Urban-based participants were 6 times more likely than those living on-reserve to report 3 different measures of food insecurity. Urban respondents reported income to be a significant barrier to food access, while for reserve-based respondents, time was the most pressing barrier. Compared with recommendations from Canada's Food Guide, our data revealed overwhelming trends of insufficient consumption in 3 food categories among all respondents. Close to half (54% and 52%) of the urban- and reserve-based samples reported that they eat traditional foods at least once a week, and respondents from both groups (76% of urban- and 52% of reserve-based respondents) expressed interest in consuming traditional foods more often. CONCLUSIONS Indigenous Food Sovereignty and community-led research are key pathways to acknowledge and remedy Indigenous food insecurity. Policies, social movements, and research agendas that aim to improve Indigenous food security must be governed and defined by Indigenous people themselves. Indigenous food environments constitute political, social, and cultural dimensions that are infinitely place based.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kathi Wilson
- University of Toronto–Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Dokis
- The Southwest Ontario Aboriginal Health Access Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Neufeld HT, Richmond C. Exploring First Nation Elder Women's Relationships with Food from Social, Ecological, and Historical Perspectives. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa011. [PMID: 32110768 PMCID: PMC7039853 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing negative health effects of colonization have disproportionately affected Indigenous women, who are disproportionately affected by diabetes, food insecurity, and undernutrition. Indigenous women also perceive their health less positively than men do. This article draws theoretically from the socio-ecological model to explore health inequalities experienced by Indigenous women associated with the intergenerational effects of the residential school legacy, specifically related to food practices. OBJECTIVES Study objectives were to describe and compare the historical context of present-day urban and rural food environments, and explore the hypothesis that food insecurity may be associated with cultural loss resulting from the intergenerational trauma of residential schools in this region of southwestern Ontario, Canada. METHODS Framed by a larger community-based participatory study, life history interviews took place with 18 Elder women living on- and off-reserve in southwestern Ontario, Canada. RESULTS Women discussed painful circumstances of displacement from the land and social disconnection from families and communities. The 10 participants who were residential school survivors conveyed the intergenerational effects of loss, responsibility, lack of support, and an altered sense of identity as narratives of survival. Six women had moved away from their home communities, which created challenges to fully engage in local food procurement and sharing practices. These altered geographies present practical limitations, along with apparent mechanisms of social and cultural exclusion. CONCLUSIONS Research on Indigenous Peoples' food systems requires further analysis of the root causes of disparities in the context of societal and gender relations. Food sovereignty has been the domain of women, who have led movements aimed at both social and environmental justice. Unraveling the historical, social, and environmental determinants of Indigenous food knowledge will support and guide community and policy recommendations, highlighting the ongoing effects of residential schooling and other indirect examples of environmental dispossession that have disproportionately affected Indigenous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tait Neufeld
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Ray L, Burnett K, Cameron A, Joseph S, LeBlanc J, Parker B, Recollet A, Sergerie C. Examining Indigenous food sovereignty as a conceptual framework for health in two urban communities in Northern Ontario, Canada. Glob Health Promot 2019; 26:54-63. [PMID: 30964405 DOI: 10.1177/1757975919831639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While land is a nexus for culture, identity, governance, and health, as a concept land is rarely addressed in conversations and policy decisions about Indigenous health and well-being. Indigenous food sovereignty, a concept which embodies Indigenous peoples' ability to control their food systems, including markets, production modes, cultures and environments, has received little attention as a framework to approach Indigenous health especially for Indigenous people living in urban spaces. Instead, discussions about Indigenous food sovereignty have largely focused on global and remote and rural communities. Addressing this gap in the literature, this article presents exploratory work conducted with Waasegiizhig Nanaandawe'iyewigamig and Shkagamik-Kwe Health Centre, two Indigenous-led Aboriginal Health Access Centres in urban service centers located in Northern Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ray
- 1 Department of Indigenous Learning, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristin Burnett
- 1 Department of Indigenous Learning, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Cameron
- 2 Waasegiizhig Nanaandaweiyewigamig, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serena Joseph
- 2 Waasegiizhig Nanaandaweiyewigamig, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Barbara Parker
- 4 Department of Sociology, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Sergerie
- 1 Department of Indigenous Learning, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
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Delormier T, Horn-Miller K, McComber AM, Marquis K. Reclaiming food security in the Mohawk community of Kahnawà:ke through Haudenosaunee responsibilities. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 13 Suppl 3. [PMID: 29359439 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples are reclaiming their food security, nutrition, and well-being by revitalizing food systems, livelihoods, knowledge-systems, and governance. Our food security research is guided by sustainable self-determination that focuses on restoring Indigenous cultural responsibilities and relationships to land, each other, and the natural world (Corntassel, 2008). Our Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) research team from Kahnawà:ke, in Quebec, Canada, examines food insecurity experiences in our community to explore ways of upholding our Haudenosaunee responsibilities and enhancing local food security. We collaboratively designed the study and interviewed Kahnawakehró:non (people from the Kahnawake community) with traditional knowledge, extensive community experience, and interests in food and culture. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed by the team. Analysis characterized food insecurity experiences and conditions that challenge and enable food security with attention to traditional food systems, relationships to land, and gender-related responsibilities. Findings show that communal responsibilities generate resilient strategies that provide for all in times of crisis, and long-term food insecurity is managed through social programs, organized charities, and family support. Enhancing food security involves healing and protecting a limited land-base for food production, integrating food production with community priorities for education, training, health, economic development, and scientific innovation. Nurturing spiritual connections with tionhnhéhkwen (life sustaining foods), the natural world, and each other calls for accelerated teaching and practicing our original instructions. Challenges in developing food security leadership, balancing capitalism and subsistence economies, and strengthening social relationships are rooted in the historical colonial and current settler-colonial context that disrupts all aspects of Kanien'kehá:ka society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treena Delormier
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kahente Horn-Miller
- School of Indigenous and Canadian Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex M McComber
- Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project, Kahnawake, QC, Canada
| | - Kaylia Marquis
- Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project, Kahnawake, QC, Canada
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20
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Kuhnlein HV. Gender roles, food system biodiversity, and food security in Indigenous Peoples' communities. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 13 Suppl 3. [PMID: 29359432 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditional knowledge and practice of Indigenous Peoples related to their food use and well-being is a wealth of information for academic study and for public health nutrition. Despite unique long-evolved heritages of knowledge of ecosystem resources, Indigenous Peoples comprise 15% of the global poor, but only 5% of the world's population, and they experience poverty, discrimination, and poor nutritional health at far greater rates than mainstream populations in their nations of residence. These disparities are unacceptable in all human rights frameworks, and the call to alleviate them resonates through all human development programmes and the United Nations organizations. The scholars contributing to this special issue of Maternal and Child Nutrition describe how gender roles and the right to food for several cultures of Indigenous Peoples can be fostered to protect their unique foods and traditions, providing food sovereignty and food and nutrition security benefits, especially for women and children. Aspects of societal maternal or paternal lineality and locality, division of labour, spirituality and decision-making are described. These factors structure the impact of gender roles with Indigenous worldviews on the dynamics of family food access, its availability and use, and the use of local food biodiversity. Cultures of Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador, Nigeria, Thailand, India, Canada, Japan, and Morocco are discussed. This publication is a work of the Task Force on Traditional, Indigenous and Cultural Food and Nutrition of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet V Kuhnlein
- Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment and School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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21
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Delormier T, Marquis K. Building Healthy Community Relationships Through Food Security and Food Sovereignty. Curr Dev Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackgroundFood insecurity disproportionately affects Indigenous Peoples and is linked to poor health outcomes. Indigenous Peoples’ food systems once sustained their thriving societies; however, colonial policies of displacement and imposed assimilation severed connections to Indigenous food systems and lands, disrupting identity, culture, and well-being.ObjectiveIn this article we share a grass-roots designed program that addresses food security and heeds Haudenosaunee teachings. The Story of Creation, the Great Law, and Ohénton Karihwatéhkwen (the words that come before all else) were the basis of the framework. The program acknowledges and uses community strengths and skills to enhance social connections and links with land and creation.MethodsThe program brought together interested and knowledgeable community members and stakeholders to discuss and better understand food security in the community. This group formed as an advisory group called Ieiénthos Akotióhkwa – ‘Planting Group’ who shaped the food security activities.ResultsThe program delivered workshops to build skills and share knowledge about food production and preparation. It targeted diverse participant interests and needs within an environment meant to nurture social connections. The program planted food-bearing trees and plants and created a seed library to create edible landscapes. We invited a broad scope of community knowledge- and skill-holders to share their talents with the community, to reinforce positive connections with each other, and to carry on cultural practices.ConclusionsChallenges included program sustainability linked to short-term funding and personnel turnover. Strengths involved using a culturally based framework that enhanced program coherence, and facilitated collaboration with local initiatives focused on well-being, practicing culture, and respecting the environment. Haudenosaunee teachings hold values and principles for a society that provides food for all. These teachings are a framework for a culturally rich program to support food security skills and resources, but also Indigenous cultural identity and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treena Delormier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project, Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kaylia Marquis
- Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project, Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada
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