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Qureshi R, Fewtrell M, Wells JCK, Dib S. The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1390232. [PMID: 39021603 PMCID: PMC11253774 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. It is a dynamic biological fluid rich in numerous bioactive components. Emerging research suggests that these components, including hormones, may serve as signals between mother and offspring. From an evolutionary perspective, maternal hormonal signals could allow co-adaptation of maternal and offspring phenotype, with implications for their Darwinian fitness. However, a series of steps need to be considered to establish the role of a component as a signal and this systematic review focuses on one step: 'Do maternal factors influence the concentration of milk hormones?' Objective To systematically review human studies which analyze the association between maternal factors and the concentration of hormones in breast milk. Methods Three databases were searched for studies reporting the association of maternal factors including body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass, age, ethnicity, smoking with hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and cortisol in breast milk. Results Thirty-three studies were eligible for inclusion. Maternal BMI was positively associated with milk leptin (20/21 studies) and with milk insulin (4/6 studies). Maternal weight also displayed a positive correlation with milk leptin levels, and maternal diabetes status was positively associated with milk insulin concentrations. Conversely, evidence for associations between maternal fat mass, smoking, ethnicity and other maternal factors and hormone levels in breast milk was inconclusive or lacking. Conclusion Current evidence is consistent with a signaling role for leptin and insulin in breast milk, however other steps need to be investigated to understand the role of these components as definitive signals. This review represents a first step in establishing the role of signaling components in human milk and highlights other issues that need to be considered going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Zurutuza JI, Caba M, Morales-Romero J, Caba-Flores MD, Viveros-Contreras R. Maternal Overweight and Obesity and Their Effect on the Growth of the Newborn During the First Six Months of Life. Cureus 2024; 16:e64867. [PMID: 39156241 PMCID: PMC11330374 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal overweight and obesity during pregnancy have been shown to have multiple negative effects on the mother's health, which can even affect the infant's growth by increasing weight gain and altering various indicators, such as weight for age, length for age and weight for length. While breast milk on the other hand reduces these risks, and it's the best and most complete food for the newborn. It's a dynamic fluid capable of being modified to meet the needs of each stage of the newborn, but despite this capacity and the fact that maternal body mass index can have an impact on its components, through complex biological mechanisms, it manages to reduce the negative effects accumulated during pregnancy and even promotes a healthy state in the baby. In a country like Mexico, where overweight and obesity affect a large part of the population, it is important to study their causes and which could be the effect of this increased maternal overweight during pregnancy and lactation on newborns. OBJECTIVE Identify the alterations associated with increased maternal body mass index during pregnancy and breastfeeding on mothers' health and their possible effect on the growth of the newborn during the first six months of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. Forty-two healthy binomials (mother and child), without problems during delivery and without serious illnesses during the breastfeeding period, were included. Maternal body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy allowed us to create two comparison groups between mothers: one with adequate weight, another with overweight or obesity. Follow-up was carried out once a month during the first six months of life, evaluating the somatometric development of mothers and children. All mothers completed the six-month period of exclusive breastfeeding. RESULTS There were differences between both groups of women. The one that included overweight and obese women compared to the group of women with adequate weight had a higher number of pregnancies, abortions, plasma glucose levels in the third trimester of pregnancy, and a lower number of prenatal control visits and plasma platelet levels (all with p<0.05). Regarding the baby's growth, there was a difference between the weight for length classification at 60-, 120-, 150- and 180-day follow-ups. The group to which the mother was assigned with respect to her body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy (adequate weight group and overweight/obese group) was the only factor associated with the risk of the baby being overweight according to weight for length indicator at the 180-day follow-up, with an OR = 5.2 (95%CI 1.02-26.59). CONCLUSIONS Maternal overweight and obesity during pregnancy have a negative effect on the mother's health and baby's weight gain in its weight-for-length classification during the first six months of life. Although breastfeeding has been shown to have a positive effect on the growth of the baby, exposure to a higher maternal body mass index during pregnancy triggers important metabolic alterations that promote the development of diseases. It is important to establish weight control guidelines in women who wish to become pregnant to reduce the negative effects on the mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Zurutuza
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, MEX
| | - Mario Caba
- Neurosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, MEX
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Hochman VGA, Nascimento RCFDA, da Silva CBM, Quinderé PNA, Melo RX, Velarde LGC, Bueno AC, Vieira AA. Relationship Between Maternal Age and Macronutrient Content of Colostrum. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:286-295. [PMID: 38411139 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241233500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between maternal age and the macronutrient content of colostrum. RESEARCH AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal age and human milk macronutrient content by comparing the concentrations of lactose, proteins, and lipids in the colostrum of women with younger, moderate, and advanced maternal age. METHODS An observational, cross-sectional study was designed to compare the macronutrient concentrations in the colostrum of women aged < 20 years, 20 to 34 years, and > 34 years (younger, moderate, and advanced maternal age, respectively; n = 33 per group). For each participant, 3 ml of colostrum was collected by manual extraction from the right breast at 10 am, 39-48 hr after delivery, and analyzed using a Miris Human Milk Analyzer. Macronutrient concentrations were compared between the groups using analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mothers with moderate maternal age had a higher colostrum lipid concentration than those with younger or advanced maternal age (2.3 mg, SD = 1.4 mg vs. 1.5 mg, SD = 1.0 mg vs. 1.6 mg, SD = 0.9 mg, respectively; p = 0.007). Lactose and protein contents in the analyzed samples did not differ among the three study groups. CONCLUSION This study lends support to the potential variation of lipids in colostrum by maternal age and suggests individual adaptation to the nutritional components of milk to the needs of the infant may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Ximenes Melo
- National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Costa Bueno
- Faculty of Medicine, Maternal and Child Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan Araújo Vieira
- Faculty of Medicine, Maternal and Child Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Scime NV, Turner S, Miliku K, Simons E, Moraes TJ, Field CJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Mandhane PJ, Azad MB. Association of Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition with Maternal Cardiometabolic Diseases: An Exploratory Prospective Cohort Study. Breastfeed Med 2024; 19:357-367. [PMID: 38501380 PMCID: PMC11250837 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Background: Human milk fatty acids derive from maternal diet, body stores, and mammary synthesis and may reflect women's underlying cardiometabolic health. We explored whether human milk fatty acid composition was associated with maternal cardiometabolic disease (CMD) during pregnancy and up to 5 years postpartum. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the prospective CHILD Cohort Study on 1,018 women with no preexisting CMD who provided breast milk samples at 3-4 months postpartum. Milk fatty acid composition was measured using gas-liquid chromatography. Maternal CMD (diabetes or hypertension) was classified using questionnaires and birth records as no CMD (reference outcome group; 81.1%), perinatal CMD (developed and resolved during the perinatal period; 14.9%), persistent CMD (developed during, and persisted beyond, the perinatal period; 2.9%), and incident CMD (developed after the perinatal period; 1.1%). Multinomial logistic regression was used to model associations between milk fatty acid composition (individual, summary, ratios, and patterns identified using principal component analysis) and maternal CMD, adjusting for pre-pregnancy anthropometry and race/ethnicity. Results: Medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MC-SFA), lauric (C12:0; odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-0.89) and myristic acid (C14:0; OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.97), and the high MC-SFA principal component pattern (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76-0.96) were inversely associated with perinatal CMD. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids adrenic acid (C22:4n-6) was positively associated with perinatal (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.01-1.44) and persistent CMD (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.08-2.25). The arachidonic (C20:4n-6)-to-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) ratio was inversely associated with incident CMD (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28-0.96). Conclusions: These exploratory findings highlight a potential novel utility of breast milk for understanding women's cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie V. Scime
- Department of Health & Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Turner
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kozeta Miliku
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elinor Simons
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Theo J. Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Piushkumar J. Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Meghan B. Azad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Ni X, Zhang Z, Deng Z, Li J. Optimizing ARA and DHA in infant formula: A systematic review of global trends, regional disparities, and considerations for precision nutrition. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114049. [PMID: 38519198 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In the context of precision nutrition, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula needs to consider more factors. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review, including 112 relevant Chinese and English articles, to summarize and analyze the global levels of ARA, DHA, and the ARA/DHA ratio in breast milk. The data were correlated with local aquatic products intake and children's IQ. The results indicated that the average level of DHA in breast milk across regions is lower than that of ARA. Variations in DHA content were identified as a primary factor influencing ARA/DHA ratio fluctuations. Breast milk ARA and DHA levels decrease with prolonged lactation periods but increase over the past 22 years. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between aquatic products intake and breast milk DHA levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). Breast milk DHA levels also showed a significant positive correlation with children's IQ (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Stable breast milk ARA content did not exhibit significant correlations with aquatic products intake or children's IQ (r = 0, p > 0.05). Among 22 infant formula products available in China, only 5 had ARA levels within the range of breast milk. Most formula products had higher ARA levels than DHA, resulting in ARA/DHA ratios generally exceeding 1. The temporal and spatial variability in breast milk ARA and DHA levels may lead to diverse health outcomes in infants. Therefore, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula should consider this variability, including the molecular forms and positional isomerism of the added ARA and DHA. Additionally, considering the impact of different cognitive development tests and infant's gene expression on formula assessment results, there is a need to establish a more comprehensive infant health assessment system to guide the addition of ARA and DHA in formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Choudhary D, Andreani GA, Mahmood S, Wen X, Patel MS, Rideout TC. Postnatal Consumption of Black Bean Powder Protects against Obesity and Dyslipidemia in Male Adult Rat Offspring from Obese Pregnancies. Nutrients 2024; 16:1029. [PMID: 38613062 PMCID: PMC11013182 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The adverse influence of maternal obesity on offspring metabolic health throughout the life-course is a significant public health challenge with few effective interventions. We examined if black bean powder (BBP) supplementation to a high-calorie maternal pregnancy diet or a postnatal offspring diet could offer protection against the metabolic programming of metabolic disease risk in adult offspring. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three diets (n = 10/group) for a 3-week pre-pregnancy period and throughout gestation and lactation: (i) a low-caloric control diet (CON); (ii) a high-caloric obesity-inducing diet (HC); or (iii) the HC diet with 20% black bean powder (HC-BBP). At weaning [postnatal day (PND) 21], one male pup from each dam was weaned onto the CON diet throughout the postnatal period until adulthood (PND120). In addition, a second male from the HC group only was weaned onto the CON diet supplemented with BBP (CON-BBP). Thus, based on the maternal diet exposure and offspring postnatal diet, four experimental adult offspring groups were compared: CON/CON, HC/CON, HC-BPP/CON, and HC/CON-BBP. On PND120, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (e.g., lipids, glycemic control endpoints, etc.), and livers were excised for lipid analysis (triglycerides [TG] and cholesterol) and the mRNA/protein expression of lipid-regulatory targets. Compared with the CON/CON group, adult offspring from the HC/CON group exhibited a higher (p < 0.05) body weight (BW) (682.88 ± 10.67 vs. 628.02 ± 16.61 g) and hepatic TG (29.55 ± 1.31 vs. 22.86 ± 1.85 mmol/g). Although maternal BBP supplementation (HC-BBP/CON) had little influence on metabolic outcomes, the consumption of BBP in the postnatal period (HC/CON-BBP) lowered hepatic TG and cholesterol compared with the other treatment groups. Reduced hepatic TG in the HC/CON-BBP was likely associated with lower postnatal BW gain (vs. HC/CON), lower mRNA and protein expression of hepatic Fasn (vs. HC/CON), and lower serum leptin concentration (vs. CON/CON and HC groups). Our results suggest that the postnatal consumption of a black-bean-powder-supplemented diet may protect male rat offspring against the programming of obesity and dyslipidemia associated with maternal obesity. Future work should investigate the bioactive fraction of BBP responsible for the observed effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Choudhary
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.C.); (G.A.A.); (S.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Gabriella A. Andreani
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.C.); (G.A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Saleh Mahmood
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.C.); (G.A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Xiaozhong Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Mulchand S. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Todd C. Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.C.); (G.A.A.); (S.M.)
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7
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Suwaydi MA, Lai CT, Gridneva Z, Perrella SL, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT. Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid. Nutrients 2024; 16:331. [PMID: 38337616 PMCID: PMC10857176 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Limited attention is given to the efficacy of protocols for the estimation of infant intake of milk components when investigating their impact on infant outcomes. We compared the actual measured intake of human milk components with estimations derived from 15 protocols to determine the most reliable approach for estimating intake of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and total lipid. Twenty mothers who were 3-5 months postpartum completed a 24 h milk profile study with pre-/post-feed milk samples collection. The true infant intake (control group) based on 24 h milk intake (MI) was compared to estimated infant intakes using concentrations from five sampling protocols that were multiplied by one of true infant MI, considered mean MI (800 mL), or global mean MI (766 mL). The mean measured concentrations of six samples (three sets of pre- and post-feed samples, from morning (06:00-09:00), afternoon (13:00-16:00), and evening (19:00-22:00)) multiplied by the true infant MI, mean considered MI, and global mean MI produced the most accurate estimates of infant intake of these components. Therefore, in the absence of 24 h measurements and sampling, a sampling protocol comprising three sets of pre-/post-feed samples provides the most reliable infant intake estimates of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and total lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed A. Suwaydi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia or (M.A.S.); (C.T.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.)
- School of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- ABREAST Network, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- UWA Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia or (M.A.S.); (C.T.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.)
- ABREAST Network, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- UWA Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia or (M.A.S.); (C.T.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.)
- ABREAST Network, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- UWA Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia or (M.A.S.); (C.T.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.)
- ABREAST Network, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- UWA Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia or (M.A.S.); (C.T.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia or (M.A.S.); (C.T.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.)
- ABREAST Network, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- UWA Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Hua MC, Su HM, Yao TC, Liao SL, Tsai MH, Su KW, Chen LC, Lai SH, Chiu CY, Yeh KW, Huang JL. The association between human milk fatty acid composition in mothers with an elevated body mass index and infant growth changes. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:203-210. [PMID: 38071941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Few studies have investigated alternations in human milk polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition in the context of maternal obesity and its effects on infant growth trajectories. This study explored whether maternal weight status and breastfeeding type influence human milk FA composition and infant anthropometry during the first six months of life. METHODS Mother-infant dyads were enrolled from the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children birth cohort study. Data concerning maternal pre-pregnancy weight, infants' breastfeeding practices, and anthropometric data were obtained regularly. We identified and compared between the composition of 30 FAs in the colostrum and 2-month milk, respectively, in obese/overweight (OB/OW) and normal-weight (NW) mothers. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association between PUFA composition at different lactation stages and infant anthropometric parameter changes and to identify the independent variables for body mass index (BMI) z-scores by six months of age. RESULTS We included 338 mother-infant dyads (OB/OW mothers, 16.9 %). OB/OW mothers exhibited lower total n-3 PUFAs (P = 0.035), higher ratios of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) + docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), and n-6/n-3 PUFA in colostrum (P = 0.037 and 0.011, respectively), and their offspring had higher body weight and BMI z-scores. Nevertheless, no PUFA composition or n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in colostrum and 2-month milk were associated with anthropometric parameter changes by age 6 months. Infant birth weight z-scores were independently associated with BMI outcomes at age 6 months (adjusted β = 0.16, 95 % confidence interval (0.05-0.35), P = 0.010) CONCLUSION: Neither n-3 nor n-6 PUFA profiles nor n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios at different lactation stages were found to be associated with anthropometric changes by age 6 months, suggesting that human milk PUFA composition may not be an important determinant of early infant growth trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chin Hua
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Ling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wen Su
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Hao Lai
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Chest, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Chiu
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Chest, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Yeh
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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9
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Brockway MM, Daniel AI, Reyes SM, Granger M, McDermid JM, Chan D, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Patel PP, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes D, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Allen LH, Hampel D, Eriksen KG, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100149. [PMID: 37981047 PMCID: PMC10831902 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Allison I Daniel
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pooja P Patel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donna Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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10
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Brockway MM, Daniel AI, Reyes SM, Gauglitz JM, Granger M, McDermid JM, Chan D, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Patel PP, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes DT, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Bode L, Eriksen KG, Allen LH, Hampel D, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100127. [PMID: 37802214 PMCID: PMC10831900 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 141 articles were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM micronutrients, macronutrients, or bioactive components. Bioactives including hormones, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and immunomodulatory components are reported here, based on 75 articles from 69 unique studies reporting observations from 9980 dyads. Research designs, milk collection strategies, sampling times, geographic and socioeconomic settings, reporting practices, and outcomes varied considerably. Meta-analyses were not possible because data collection times and reporting were inconsistent among the studies included. Few measured infant HM intake, adjusted for confounders, precisely captured breastfeeding exclusivity, or adequately described HM collection protocols. Only 5 studies (6%) had high overall quality scores. Hormones were the most extensively examined bioactive with 46 articles (n = 6773 dyads), compared with 13 (n = 2640 dyads) for HMOs and 12 (n = 1422 dyads) for immunomodulatory components. Two studies conducted untargeted metabolomics. Leptin and adiponectin demonstrated inverse associations with infant growth, although several studies found no associations. No consistent associations were found between individual HMOs and infant growth outcomes. Among immunomodulatory components in HM, IL-6 demonstrated inverse relationships with infant growth. Current research on HM bioactives is largely inconclusive and is insufficient to address the complex composition of HM. Future research should ideally capture HM intake, use biologically relevant anthropometrics, and integrate components across categories, embracing a systems biology approach to better understand how HM components work independently and synergistically to influence infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Allison I Daniel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Pooja P Patel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Unites States
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Unites States
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Unites States
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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11
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Mitguard S, Doucette O, Miklavcic J. Human milk polyunsaturated fatty acids are related to neurodevelopmental, anthropometric, and allergic outcomes in early life: a systematic review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:763-772. [PMID: 38254254 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are critically important for newborn nutrition and in the trajectory of growth and developmental processes throughout early life. This systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023400059) critically analyzes literature pertaining to how omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in human milk are related to health outcomes in early life. Literature selected for the review were published between 2005 and 2020 and included assessments in healthy term children between 0 and 5 years of age. The studies reported the relation between human milk fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3, ALA), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, AA), and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, LA) with three domains of health outcomes: neurodevelopment, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema. Results from the 21 studies consistently suggested better health outcomes across the three domains for infants consuming milk with higher concentrations of total n-3, DHA, EPA, and ALA. Negative health outcomes across the three domains were associated with higher levels of total n-6, AA, and LA in milk. N-3 and n-6 content of milk were related to neurodevelopmental, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema outcomes with moderate certainty. Maternal diet impacting milk fatty acid content and fatty acid desaturase genotype modifying physiologic responses to fatty acid intake were prominent gaps identified in the review using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies and GRADE approach. This research study can inform baby nutrition product development, and fatty acid intake recommendations or dietary interventions for mothers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Mitguard
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Doucette
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - John Miklavcic
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
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12
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Malpeli A, Fasano MV, Sala M, Obregón P, Casado C, Mendez I, Fotia L, Castrogiovanni D, Varea A, Disalvo L, Tournier A, Mazziota L, Rocha D, Kruger AL, Orellano L, Andreoli MF. Leptin receptor expression in blood mononuclear cells of lactating women is associated with infant body weight: Potential role as a molecular biomarker. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13072. [PMID: 37650320 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular biomarkers of maternal leptin resistance associated with infant weight are needed. OBJECTIVES To evaluate gene expression of leptin receptor (LEPR), suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) and insulin receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of lactating women and their relationship with infant body weight and adiposity. METHODS At day 10 postpartum, maternal gene expression in PBMCs as well as leptin and insulin concentrations in plasma and milk were assessed (n = 68). Infant weight and BMI z-scores, skinfolds and arm circumference were obtained at 10 days and/or at 3 months old. RESULTS In mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OW/OB), LEPR expression was reduced (p = 0.013) whereas plasma and milk leptin and milk insulin concentrations were elevated. LEPR expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.40 (0.17, 0.63), p = 0.001) but not with leptin concentrations. SOCS3 expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.28 (0.04, 0.51), p = 0.024) and arm circumference (Beta (95% CI): 0.57 (0.32, 0.82), p < 0.001). Relationships remained significant after adjusting for maternal and infant confounders. CONCLUSIONS LEPR and SOCS3 gene expression in PBMCs are novel maternal molecular biomarkers that reflect leptin resistance and are associated with infant body weight and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Malpeli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Fasano
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- Centro de Matemática de La Plata (CMaLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP) - CIC-PBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marisa Sala
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Obregón
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Casado
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Mendez
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Fotia
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), (UNLP - CIC-PBA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Varea
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Liliana Disalvo
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea Tournier
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Mazziota
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rocha
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Luz Kruger
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura Orellano
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María F Andreoli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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13
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Vieira Queiroz De Paula M, Grant M, Lanigan J, Singhal A. Does human milk composition predict later risk of obesity? A systematic review. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 37475022 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Possible mechanisms behind the association of breastfeeding with a lower risk of later obesity are unknown but one possibility is the unique composition of human milk. Here, we systematically reviewed the evidence linking breast-milk macronutrient and hormonal composition with later obesity. METHODS We searched 7 databases for studies that included infants predominantly breast-fed for the first 3 months and which analysed associations between a measure of breast-milk composition and later (> 6 months) measures of obesity or body composition. RESULTS 47 publications were identified for full-text screening, of which 10 were eligible and only 3 found significant associations. Higher leptin concentration in breast milk at age 1 month was associated with lower infant BMI at 12, 18 and 24 months of age (1 study). Higher breast-milk adiponectin concentration at 6 weeks and 4 months were associated with adiposity at age 12 and 24 months (1 study). In 1 study, breast-milk carbohydrate content was positively associated, and fat content negatively associated, with adiposity at age 12 months. No significant associations were found between other hormones or macronutrients in human milk and later risk of obesity or body composition. CONCLUSIONS The evidence linking breast-milk composition with later obesity was inconsistent and confined to single, individual studies. Our review highlights the methodological limitations of previous studies and the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maude Grant
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Nestlé Nutrition, Société des Produits Nestlé, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Julie Lanigan
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Atul Singhal
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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14
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Blanco E, Martinez SM, East P, Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Breastfeeding Duration and Timing of Bottle Supplementation: Associations with Body Mass Index from Childhood to Young-Adulthood. Nutrients 2023; 15:3121. [PMID: 37513539 PMCID: PMC10384694 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the association between breastfeeding (BF) duration and later body mass index (BMI) is inconsistent. We explored how BF duration and BF type (exclusive or partial) related to BMI from childhood to young adulthood in a Chilean cohort. Infants were recruited at 6 months between 1994 and 1996 in Santiago, Chile (n = 821). Mothers reported date of first bottle and last BF; anthropometry was measured at 1, 5, 10, 16, and 23 years. We tested whether: (1) type of BF at 6 months (none, partial, exclusive) and (2) duration of exclusive BF (<1 month, 1 to <3 months, 3 to <6 months, and ≥6 months) related to BMI. At 6 months, 35% received both breastmilk and formula ("partial BF") and 38% were exclusively breastfed. We found some evidence of an association between longer BF and lower BMI z-scores at young ages but observed null effects for later BMI. Specifically, BF for 3 to <6 months compared to <1 month related to lower BMI z-scores at 1 and 5 years (both p < 0.05). Our results are in partial accordance with others who have not found a protective effect of longer BF for lower BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sociedad y Salud y Núcleo Milenio de Sociomedicina, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - Suzanna M Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patricia East
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul, Santiago 7810000, Chile
| | - Paulina Correa-Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul, Santiago 7810000, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Meng F, Uniacke-Lowe T, Lanfranchi E, Meehan G, O'Shea CA, Dennehy T, Ryan AC, Stanton C, Kelly AL. A longitudinal study of fatty acid profiles, macronutrient levels, and plasmin activity in human milk. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1172613. [PMID: 37229467 PMCID: PMC10203173 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human milk provides nutrients essential for infant growth and health, levels of which are dynamic during lactation. Methods In this study, changes in macronutrients, fatty acids, and plasmin activities over the first six months of lactation in term milk were studied. Results There was a significant influence of lactation stage on levels of protein and plasmin activities, but not on levels of fat and carbohydrate in term milk. Concerning fatty acids in term milk, levels of caproic acid and α-linolenic acid increased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas those of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased, in the six months after birth. Significant impacts of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and infant gender on fatty acid profiles were also found. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that protein level, plasmin activity, and several fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, lignoceric acid, and docasadienoic acid) contributed strongly to discrimination of milk from different lactational stages. Discussion The study demonstrates that not all but some fatty acids were influenced by lactation, whereas protein and protease levels showed clear decreasing trends during lactation, which may help in understanding the nutritional requirements of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Grainne Meehan
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carol-Anne O'Shea
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Theresa Dennehy
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony C. Ryan
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Radford-Smith DE, Anthony DC. Mechanisms of Maternal Diet-Induced Obesity Affecting the Offspring Brain and Development of Affective Disorders. Metabolites 2023; 13:455. [PMID: 36984895 PMCID: PMC10053489 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and metabolic disease are common disorders that share a bidirectional relationship and continue to increase in prevalence. Maternal diet and maternal behaviour both profoundly influence the developmental trajectory of offspring during the perinatal period. At an epidemiological level, both maternal depression and obesity during pregnancy have been shown to increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disease in the subsequent generation. Considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms by which maternal obesity disrupts the developing offspring gut-brain axis, priming offspring for the development of affective disorders. This review outlines such mechanisms in detail, including altered maternal care, the maternal microbiome, inflammation, breast milk composition, and maternal and placental metabolites. Subsequently, offspring may be prone to developing gut-brain interaction disorders with concomitant changes to brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and behaviour, alongside gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome may act as a key modifiable, and therefore treatable, feature of the relationship between maternal obesity and the offspring brain function. Further studies examining the relationship between maternal nutrition, the maternal microbiome and metabolites, and offspring neurodevelopment are warranted to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Radford-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX37JX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13TA, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
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17
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Amaro A, Sousa D, Sá-Rocha M, Ferreira-Júnior MD, Barra C, Monteiro T, Mathias P, Gomes RM, Baptista FI, Matafome P. Sex-specificities in offspring neurodevelopment and behaviour upon maternal glycation: Putative underlying neurometabolic and synaptic changes. Life Sci 2023; 321:121597. [PMID: 36948389 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Lactation is an important programming window for metabolic disease and neuronal alterations later in life. We aimed to study the effect of maternal glycation during lactation on offspring neurodevelopment and behaviour, assessing possible sex differences and underpinning molecular players. METHODS Female Wistar rats were treated with the Glyoxalase-1 inhibitor S-p-Bromobenzylguthione cyclopentyl diester (BBGC 5 mg/kg). A control and vehicle group treated with dimethyl sulfoxide were considered. Male and female offspring were tested at infancy for neurodevelopment hallmarks. After weaning, triglycerides and total antioxidant capacity were measured in breast milk. At adolescence, offspring were tested for locomotor ability, anxious-like behaviour, and recognition memory. Metabolic parameters were assessed, and the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were collected for molecular analysis. KEY FINDINGS Maternal glycation reduced triglycerides and total antioxidant capacity levels in breast milk. At infancy, both male and female offspring presented an anticipation on the achievement of neurodevelopmental milestones. At adolescence, male offspring exposed to maternal glycation presented hyperlocomotion, whereas offspring of both sexes presented a risk-taking phenotype, accompanied by GABAA receptor upregulation in the hippocampus. Females also demonstrated GABAA and PSD-95 changes in prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, lower levels of GLO1 and consequently higher accumulation of AGES were also observed in both male and female offspring hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Early exposure to maternal glycation induces changes in milk composition leading to neurodevelopment changes at infancy, and sex-specific behavioural and neurometabolic changes at adolescence, further evidencing that lactation period is a critical metabolic programming window and in sculpting behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Amaro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Sousa
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Sá-Rocha
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcos D Ferreira-Júnior
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Barra
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tamaeh Monteiro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Mathias
- Department of Physiological Sciences (DCiF), Institute of Biological Sciences, University Federal of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical-Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal.
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18
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Castillo P, Pomar CA, Palou A, Palou M, Picó C. Influence of Maternal Metabolic Status and Diet during the Perinatal Period on the Metabolic Programming by Leptin Ingested during the Suckling Period in Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030570. [PMID: 36771278 PMCID: PMC9921535 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the long-term metabolic effects of leptin supplementation at physiological doses during suckling in the offspring of diet-induced obese rats, together with the potential benefits of improving maternal diet during lactation. Thus, the offspring of: dams fed standard-diet (SD) (CON-dams), dams fed western-diet (WD) before and during gestation and lactation (WD-dams), and dams fed as WD-dams but moved to SD during lactation (REV-dams) were supplemented throughout suckling with leptin or vehicle, and fed SD or WD from weaning to four months. Under SD, leptin treatment significantly improved metabolic profile and body fat accumulation, with stronger effects in the male offspring of CON-dams and REV-dams. Under WD, the offspring of WD-dams presented metabolic alterations that were not evident in the offspring of REV-dams. Moreover, leptin supplementation improved glucose homeostasis in the male offspring of REV-dams. Conversely, leptin supplementation in females born to WD-dams and fed WD from weaning resulted in impaired insulin sensitivity and increased hepatic lipid content. These results highlight the importance of a balanced maternal diet during the perinatal period, especially lactation, for the subsequent metabolic health of the offspring and for the beneficial effects of leptin supplementation during suckling, more evident in the male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971172373
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Badillo-Suárez PA, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Bernabe-García M, Villa-Morales J, Iglesias-Rodríguez R, Canizales-Quinteros S, Carmona-Sierra FV. Influence of Maternal Body Fat on Levels of Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Obestatin. J Hum Lact 2022; 38:619-632. [PMID: 35950305 DOI: 10.1177/08903344221112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin, insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and obestatin in human milk originate from the circulation. There is also limited knowledge about the influence of body fat on the levels of these hormones in human milk. RESEARCH AIM To determine (1) the influence of body fat on levels of insulin, IGF-1, and obestatin in human milk and serum/plasma during the postpartum period; (2) the changes in the levels of these hormones in human milk and serum/plasma postpartum; and (3) the presence of IGF-1 mRNA in human milk. METHODS In this prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study, levels of insulin, IGF-1, and obestatin were measured up to 30 days postpartum in milk and serum/plasma of 58 participants with adequate (≤ 32%) or excess (> 32%) total body fat determined by electrical bioimpedance. Student's t test and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to evaluate the differences between groups. Pearson's test was used to analyze the associations. RESULTS The milk from participants with excess body fat had higher insulin and IGF-1 levels and lower obestatin levels than that of participants with adequate body fat at 3-7, 14-15, and 30 days postpartum (adjusted p < .001). The levels of insulin, IGF-1, and obestatin were significantly higher in human milk than in serum/plasma (p < .05) and correlated with maternal body fat (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maternal body fat was associated with elevated insulin and IGF-1 levels and decreased obestatin levels in human milk up to 30 days postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar A Badillo-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariela Bernabe-García
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Judith Villa-Morales
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Iglesias-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fairt V Carmona-Sierra
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar Number 4, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bryś J, Wesolowska A, Hamulka J. Breastmilk PUFA strongly associated with maternal dietary intake but not anthropometric parameters and breastmilk carotenoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102505. [PMID: 36279603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the optimal n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio are essential for proper neurodevelopment in infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between breastmilk fatty acid intake and maternal dietary intake, anthropometrics and breastmilk carotenoid levels. METHODS This observational, prospective study included 44 women in the first, third, and sixth month of lactation. At each study visit, maternal anthropometric measures were assessed and breastmilk samples were collected and assessed for fatty acids and carotenoids. At the third and sixth month, maternal diet was evaluated by three-day foods record. RESULTS Mean breastmilk docosahexaenoic (DHA) was 0.58%, 0.47%, and 0.49%, respectively at the 1, 3, and 6 month (p ≤ 0.05). Mean DHA intake were higher in month 3 compared to 6: 357 vs. 169 mg/day. Pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with SFA, PUFA, and n-6 PUFA at 1 month, whereas current BMI to SFA at months 1 and 3. DHA was correlated with lycopene, total carotenoids at 1 month and total carotenoids at month 3, whereas n-3 PUFA to lycopene at 1 month. DHA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA and saturated (SFA) levels were associated with its dietary intake both at months 3 and 6, AA/DHA and LA/ALA ratios only at month 3. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were a good predictor of its breastmilk composition, whereas pre-pregnancy and current BMI, as well as breastmilk carotenoids had a limited influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Bengtson AM, le Roux SM, Phillips TK, Brittain K, Zerbe A, Madlala HP, Malaba TR, Petro G, Abrams EJ, Myer L. Relationship between pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index and infant weight trajectories in HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 36:536-547. [PMID: 34859468 PMCID: PMC9163208 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure in utero may influence infant weight, but the contribution of maternal y body mass index (BMI) to early life overweight and obesity is not clear. OBJECTIVE To estimate associations between maternal BMI at entry to antenatal care (ANC) and infant weight through approximately 1 year of age and to evaluate whether associations were modified by maternal HIV status, maternal HIV and viral load, breastfeeding intensity through 6 months or timing of entry into ANC. METHODS We followed HIV-uninfected and -infected pregnant women initiating efavirenz-based ART from first antenatal visit through 12 months postpartum. Infant weight was assessed via World Health Organization BMI and weight-for-length z-scores (WLZ) at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. We used multivariable linear mixed-effects models to estimate associations between maternal BMI and infant z-scores over time. RESULTS In 861 HIV-uninfected infants (454 HIV-exposed; 407 HIV-unexposed), nearly 20% of infants were overweight or obese by 12 months of age, regardless of HIV exposure status. In multivariable analyses, increasing maternal BMI category was positively associated with higher infant BMIZ and WLZ scores between 6 weeks and 12 months of age and did not differ by HIV exposure status. However, HIV-exposed infants had slightly lower BMIZ and WLZ trajectories through 12 months of age, compared with HIV-unexposed infants across all maternal BMI categories. Differences in BMIZ and WLZ scores by HIV exposure were not explained by timing of entry into ANC or maternal viral load pre-ART initiation, but z-scores were slightly higher for HIV-exposed infants who were predominantly or exclusively versus partially breastfed. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest maternal BMI influences early infant weight gain, regardless of infant HIV exposure status. Intervention to reduce maternal BMI may help to address growing concerns about obesity among HIV-uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Bengtson
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Stanzi M le Roux
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tamsin K Phillips
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsty Brittain
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Allison Zerbe
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Hlengiwe P Madlala
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thokozile R. Malaba
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gregory Petro
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Cape Town and New Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Maternal Predictors of Breast Milk Plasmalogens and Associations with Infant Body Composition and Neurodevelopment. Clin Ther 2022; 44:998-1009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Yu HT, Xu WH, Chen YR, Ji Y, Tang YW, Li YT, Gong JY, Chen YF, Liu GL, Xie L. Association of Prepregnancy Obesity and Remodeled Maternal-Fetal Plasma Fatty Acid Profiles. Front Nutr 2022; 9:897059. [PMID: 35651505 PMCID: PMC9149296 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.897059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), are found abundantly in the brain and are fundamental for a fetus's growth. The fatty acid profiles of mothers and fetuses may be affected by maternal prepregnancy body mass index (pre-BMI), thus affecting fetal growth and development. Methods A total of 103 mother-fetus pairs were divided into overweight/obese (OW, n = 26), normal weight (NW, n = 60), and underweight (UW, n = 17) groups according to pre-BMI. Fatty acid profiles in maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results The infant birth BMI z-score of the OW group was higher than that of the NW and UW groups (p < 0.05). The OW mothers had significantly higher plasma n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3, but lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 PUFA (p < 0.05). In cord plasma, the proportions of DHA and n-3 PUFA were lower in the OW group (p < 0.05), whereas the n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in the OW group (p < 0.05). The pre-BMI was negatively correlated with cord plasma DHA in all subjects (r = −0.303, p = 0.002), and the same negative correlation can be observed in the OW group (r = −0.561, p = 0.004), but not in the NW and UW groups (p > 0.05). The pre-BMI was positively correlated with cord plasma n-6/n-3 in all subjects (r = 0.325, p = 0.001), and the same positive correlation can be found in the OW group (r = 0.558, p = 0.004), but not in NW and UW groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions Maternal pre-BMI was associated with the maternal-fetal plasma fatty acid profiles, whereas the adverse fatty acid profiles are more noticeable in the prepregnancy OW mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Hui Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Ru Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Ji
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue-Ting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Yu Gong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Fei Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guo-Liang Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Di Maso M, Bravi F, Ferraroni M, Agostoni C, Eussen SRBM, Decsi T, Quitadamo PA, Tonetto P, Peila C, Profeti C, Salvatori G, Kazmierska I, Decarli A, Vacca E, Bertino E, Stahl B, Moro GE. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet of Breastfeeding Mothers and Fatty Acids Composition of Their Human Milk: Results From the Italian MEDIDIET Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:891376. [PMID: 35719165 PMCID: PMC9201754 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.891376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and AimsThe content of fatty acids (FA) in human milk may be influenced by maternal nutrition. We evaluated the role of a Mediterranean diet in influencing the content of FA in human milk among 282 breastfeeding mothers participating in the MEDIDIET study.Materials and MethodsMediterranean Diet Score (MDS), a composite index, was used to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet. It includes 9 components (i.e., vegetables, fruit, cereals, legumes, monounsaturated to saturated FA ratio – MUFA/SFA, fish, dairy products, meat, and alcohol) and therefore potentially ranges from 0 (no adherence) to 9 (complete adherence) points. None of the mothers obtained the highest score due to the low alcohol consumption in the study population. Mothers were categorized in approximate tertiles of adherence: 0–3 (34.4%), 4 (26.2%), and 5–8 points (39.4%). The mean content of FA across categories of MDS was compared using ANOVA and test for trend.ResultsA high adherence of breastfeeding mothers to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower content of SFA in human milk (42.58 ± 4.36 for MDS = 0–3, 42.58 ± 4.89 for MDS = 4, and 40.92 ± 5.22% of fats for MDS = 5–8 points; p ANOVA and p for trend = 0.02). Conversely, a high adherence was associated with higher content of MUFA in human milk (43.27 ± 4.27 for MDS = 0–3, 43.27 ± 4.47 for MDS = 4, and 45.24 ± 5.22% of fats for MDS = 5–8 points; p ANOVA and p for trend < 0.01), ω-3 FA (1.07 ± 0.25 for MDS = 0–3, 1.22 ± 0.49 for MDS = 4, and 1.31 ± 0.51% of fats for MDS = 5–8 points; p ANOVA and p for trend < 0.01), and the major types of ω-3 FA (i.e., α-linolenic acid – ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid – EPA, docosahexaenoic acid – DHA, docosapentaenoic acid – DPA). These associations were mainly driven by the adherence to the vegetables, MUFA/SFA, fish, and dairy products components of the Mediterranean diet.ConclusionA high adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with human milk showing a lower content of SFA and higher content of MUFA and ω-3 FA, including DHA. The Mediterranean diet may contribute in human milk production with higher content of specific FA which is directly involved in infant’s neural and visual development, as reported by previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Maso
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bravi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Monica Ferraroni,
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pasqua A. Quitadamo
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Profeti
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Meyer di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Iwona Kazmierska
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ospedale Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriano Decarli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Guido E. Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy
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Amaro A, Baptista FI, Matafome P. Programming of future generations during breastfeeding: The intricate relation between metabolic and neurodevelopment disorders. Life Sci 2022; 298:120526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Non-nutritive bioactive components in maternal milk and offspring development: a scoping review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:665-673. [PMID: 35387707 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is a critical time in mammalian development, where maternal factors shape offspring outcomes. In this scoping review, we discuss current literature concerning maternal factors that influence lactation biology and highlight important associations between changes in milk composition and offspring outcomes. Specifically, we explore maternal nutritional, psychosocial, and environmental exposures that influence non-nutritive bioactive components in milk and their links to offspring growth, development, metabolic, and behavioral outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Predetermined eligibility criteria were used to analyze 3,275 papers, and the final review included 40 primary research articles. Outcomes of this review identify maternal obesity to be a leading maternal factor influencing the non-nutritive bioactive composition of milk with notable links to offspring outcomes. Offspring growth and development are the most common modes of programming associated with changes in non-nutritive milk composition due to maternal factors in early life. In addition to discussing studies investigating these key associations, we also identify knowledge gaps in the current literature and suggest opportunities and considerations for future studies.
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Carlson Z, Hafner H, El Habbal N, Harman E, Liu S, Botezatu N, Alharastani M, Rivet C, Reynolds H, Both N, Sun H, Bridges D, Gregg B. Short Term Changes in Dietary Fat Content and Metformin Treatment During Lactation Impact Milk Composition and Mammary Gland Morphology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:1-18. [PMID: 35137304 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal health and diet can have important consequences for offspring nutrition and metabolic health. During lactation, signals are communicated from the mother to the infant through milk via macronutrients, hormones, and bioactive molecules. In this study we designed experiments to probe the mother-milk-infant triad in the condition of normal maternal health and upon exposure to high fat diet (HFD) with or without concurrent metformin exposure. We examined maternal characteristics, milk composition and offspring metabolic parameters on postnatal day 16, prior to offspring weaning. We found that lactational HFD increased maternal adipose tissue weight, mammary gland adipocyte size, and altered milk lipid composition causing a higher amount of omega-6 (n6) long chain fatty acids and lower omega-3 (n3). Offspring of HFD dams were heavier with more body fat during suckling. Metformin (Met) exposure decreased maternal blood glucose and several milk amino acids. Offspring of met dams were smaller during suckling. Gene expression in the lactating mammary glands was impacted to a greater extent by metformin than HFD, but both metformin and HFD altered genes related to muscle contraction, indicating that these genes may be more susceptible to lactational stressors. Our study demonstrates the impact of common maternal exposures during lactation on milk composition, mammary gland function and offspring growth with metformin having little capacity to rescue the offspring from the effects of a maternal HFD during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Carlson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noura El Habbal
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emma Harman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathalie Botezatu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Rivet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Holly Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nyahon Both
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haijing Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Sen S. Breast Milk and Breastfeeding: Benefits, Barriers, Maternal Predictors, and Opportunities for Innovation. Clin Ther 2022; 44:170-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mank E, van Toledo L, Heijboer AC, van den Akker CHP, van Goudoever JB. Insulin Concentration in Human Milk in the First Ten Days Postpartum: Course and Associated Factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 73:e115-e119. [PMID: 34183615 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Human milk (HM) is better tolerated than formula in preterm infants. Insulin, which is naturally present in HM but not in formula, has been suggested as a key factor for feeding tolerance, as it appears to stimulate intestinal maturation. Its precise concentrations during the early postnatal period, however, remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the natural timecourse of the HM insulin concentration during the first ten days postpartum. The effect of preterm delivery, maternal obesity, and diurnal rhythm were also assessed. METHOD HM was collected from 31 non-diabetic mothers (21 preterm [gestational age (GA) < 37 weeks]; 10 at-term [GA ≥ 37 weeks]) on ≥ 4 time-points per day during the first five days, and once on the tenth day postpartum. RESULTS The HM insulin concentration declined rapidly within the first three days postpartum (day 1: 516 [312-1058] pmol/L; day 3: 157 [87-299] pmol/L), after which the concentration remained relatively stable. The insulin concentrations were higher in HM from obese mothers than from non-obese mothers (P < 0.001). Preterm delivery did not significantly affect HM insulin concentrations when adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index category (P = 0.270). Diurnal rhythm was characterized by an insulin concentration decline throughout the night (P = 0.001), followed by an increase in the morning (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The HM insulin concentration declines rapidly in the first three days postpartum, follows a diurnal rhythm, and is higher in obese mothers compared to non-obese mothers. HM insulin concentrations are not affected by preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mank
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital
| | | | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Suwaydi MA, Gridneva Z, Perrella SL, Wlodek ME, Lai CT, Geddes DT. Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168708. [PMID: 34445437 PMCID: PMC8395916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains a wide array of peptide hormones including leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in the regulation of infant growth and development. These essential hormones might play an important role in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of the new-born infant. However, HM hormone studies are sparse and heterogeneous in regard to the study design, sample collection, preparation and analysis methods. This review discussed the limitations of HM hormone analysis highlighting the gaps in pre-analytical and analytical stages. The methods used to quantify HM metabolic hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, obestatin, resistin and apelin) can be classified as immunoassay, immunosensor and chromatography. Immunoassay methods (ELISA and RIA) have been predominantly used in the measurement of these HM hormones. The relative validity parameters of HM hormones analysis are often overlooked in publications, despite the complexity and differences of HM matrix when compared to that of plasma and urine. Therefore, appropriate reports of validation parameters of methodology and instrumentation are crucial for accurate measurements and therefore better understanding of the HM metabolic hormones and their influences on infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed A. Suwaydi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 54142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
| | - Sharon L. Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
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Kislal S, Jin W, Maesner C, Edlow AG. Mismatch between obesogenic intrauterine environment and low-fat postnatal diet may confer offspring metabolic advantage. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:450-461. [PMID: 34401203 PMCID: PMC8346367 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mismatch between a depleted intrauterine environment and a substrate-rich postnatal environment confers an increased risk of offspring obesity and metabolic syndrome. Maternal diet-induced obesity (MATOB) is associated with the same outcomes. These experiments tested the hypothesis that a mismatch between a nutrient-rich intrauterine environment and a low-fat postnatal environment would ameliorate offspring metabolic morbidity. METHODS C57BL6/J female mice were fed either a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) or a 10% fat control diet (CD) for 14-week pre-breeding and during pregnancy/lactation. Offspring were weaned to CD. Weight was evaluated weekly; body composition was determined using EchoMRI. Serum fasting lipids and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Metabolic rate, locomotor, and sleep behavior were evaluated with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS MATOB-exposed/CD-weaned offspring of both sexes had improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to controls. Males had improved fasting lipids. Females had significantly increased weight and body fat percentage in adulthood compared to sex-matched controls. Females also had significantly increased sleep duration and reduced locomotor activity compared to males. CONCLUSIONS Reduced-fat dietary switch following intrauterine and lactational exposure to MATOB was associated with improved glucose handling and lipid profiles in adult offspring, more pronounced in males. A mismatch between a high-fat prenatal and low-fat postnatal environment may confer a metabolic advantage. The amelioration of deleterious metabolic programming by strict offspring adherence to a low-fat diet may have translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Kislal
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - William Jin
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire Maesner
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrea G. Edlow
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
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32
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Shrestha A, Prowak M, Berlandi-Short VM, Garay J, Ramalingam L. Maternal Obesity: A Focus on Maternal Interventions to Improve Health of Offspring. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:696812. [PMID: 34368253 PMCID: PMC8333710 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.696812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity has many implications for offspring health that persist throughout their lifespan that include obesity and cardiovascular complications. Several different factors contribute to obesity and they encompass interplay between genetics and environment. In the prenatal period, untreated obesity establishes a foundation for a myriad of symptoms and negative delivery experiences, including gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, and labor complications. However, data across human and animal studies show promise that nutritional interventions and physical activity may rescue much of the adverse effects of obesity on offspring metabolic health. Further, these maternal interventions improve the health of the offspring by reducing weight gain, cardiovascular disorders, and improving glucose tolerance. Mechanisms from animal studies have also been proposed to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate inflammation, lipid metabolism, and oxidative capacity of the tissue, ultimately providing potential specific courses of treatment. This review aims to pinpoint the risks of maternal obesity and provide plausible intervention strategies. We delve into recent research involving both animal and human studies with maternal interventions. With the increasing concerning of obesity rates witnessed in the United States, it is imperative to acknowledge the long-term effects posed on future generations and specifically modify maternal nutrition and care to mitigate these adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Shrestha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Madison Prowak
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Jessica Garay
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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33
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Carlson SE, Schipper L, Brenna JT, Agostoni C, Calder PC, Forsyth S, Legrand P, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning BJM, van der Beek EM, Koletzko BV, Muhlhausler B. Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2085-2098. [PMID: 34265035 PMCID: PMC8634410 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the composition of human milk (HM) can provide some initial guidance on the infant formula composition. This paper provides a narrative review of the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future research needs in the area of HM fatty acid (FA) composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels of the essential FA linoleic acid (LA) in infant formula. The paper highlights a clear gap in clinical evidence as to the impact of LA levels in HM or formula on infant outcomes, such as growth, development, and long-term health. The available preclinical information suggests potential disadvantages of high LA intake in the early postnatal period. We recommend performing well-designed clinical intervention trials to create clarity on optimal levels of LA to achieve positive impacts on both short-term growth and development and long-term functional health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Area, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus–French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Eline M van der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold V Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Paediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Beverly Muhlhausler
- Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Bardanzellu F, Puddu M, Peroni DG, Fanos V. The clinical impact of maternal weight on offspring health: lights and shadows in breast milk metabolome. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:571-606. [PMID: 34107825 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1940143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity, depending on maternal nutrition and metabolic state, can influence fetal, neonatal and long-term offspring health, regarding cardio-metabolic, respiratory, immunological and cognitive outcomes. Thus, maternal weight can act, through mechanisms that are not full understood, on the physiology and metabolism of some fetal organs and tissues, to adapt themselves to the intrauterine environment and nutritional reserves. These effects could occur by modulating gene expression, neonatal microbiome, and through breastfeeding. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we investigated the potential effects of metabolites found altered in breast milk (BM) of overweight/obese mothers, through an extensive review of metabolomics studies, and the potential short- and long-term clinical effects in the offspring, especially regarding overweight, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, infections, immune processes, and neurodevelopment. EXPERT OPINION Metabolomics seems the ideal tool to investigate BM variation depending on maternal or fetal/neonatal factors. In particular, BM metabolome alterations according to maternal conditions were recently pointed out in cases of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and maternal overweight/obesity. In our opinion, even if BM is the food of choice in neonatal nutrition, the deepest comprehension of its composition in overweight/obese mothers could allow targeted supplementation, to improve offspring health and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari. SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato. Italy
| | - Melania Puddu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari. SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato. Italy
| | - Diego Giampietro Peroni
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Italy. Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa PI, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari. SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato. Italy
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The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020486. [PMID: 33540672 PMCID: PMC7913039 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant's health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring's health outcome.
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Larsen JK, Bode L. Obesogenic Programming Effects during Lactation: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Model Focusing on Underlying Mechanisms and Promising Future Research Avenues. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020299. [PMID: 33494303 PMCID: PMC7911998 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that maternal obesity and a high-fat diet during lactation enhances obesity risk in the offspring. However, less is known about these potential obesogenic programming effects in obese humans. We propose three important pathways that may explain obesogenic programming effects of human breastmilk. First, human milk components and hormones may directly affect child eating and satiety characteristics. Second, human milk constituents can affect child microbiota that, in turn, may influence child eating and weight outcomes. Third, human milk composition may affect child eating and weight outcomes through flavor exposure. We reviewed a few very recent findings from well-powered longitudinal or experimental human research with regard to these three pathways. Moreover, we provide a research agenda for future intervention research with the overarching aim to prevent excessive pediatric weight gain during lactation and beyond. The ideas presented in this paper may represent important “black box” constructs that explain obesogenic programming effects during lactation. It should be noted, however, that given the scarcity of studies, findings should be seen as working hypotheses to further test in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junilla K. Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist-Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA 92101, USA;
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Quinn EA. Centering human milk composition as normal human biological variation. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23564. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis Saint Louis Missouri USA
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Savva C, Helguero LA, González-Granillo M, Couto D, Melo T, Li X, Angelin B, Domingues MR, Kutter C, Korach-André M. Obese mother offspring have hepatic lipidic modulation that contributes to sex-dependent metabolic adaptation later in life. Commun Biol 2021; 4:14. [PMID: 33398027 PMCID: PMC7782679 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age, there is an urgent need to understand the metabolic impact on the fetus. Sex-related susceptibility to liver diseases has been demonstrated but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that maternal obesity impacts lipid metabolism differently in female and male offspring. Males, but not females, gained more weight and had impaired insulin sensitivity when born from obese mothers compared to control. Although lipid mass was similar in the livers of female and male offspring, sex-specific modifications in the composition of fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids was observed. These overall changes could be linked to sex-specific regulation of genes controlling metabolic pathways. Our findings revised the current assumption that sex-dependent susceptibility to metabolic disorders is caused by sex-specific postnatal regulation and instead we provide molecular evidence supporting in utero metabolic adaptations in the offspring of obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Savva
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luisa A Helguero
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marcela González-Granillo
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Couto
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Angelin
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion Korach-André
- Department of Medicine, Cardio Metabolic Unit (CMU) and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Álvarez D, Muñoz Y, Ortiz M, Maliqueo M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Impact of Maternal Obesity on the Metabolism and Bioavailability of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010019. [PMID: 33374585 PMCID: PMC7822469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal development are closely related to healthy maternal conditions that allow for the provision of all nutritional requirements to the offspring. In this regard, an appropriate supply of fatty acids (FA), mainly n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), is crucial to ensure a normal development, because they are an integral part of cell membranes and participate in the synthesis of bioactive molecules that regulate multiple signaling pathways. On the other hand, maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain affect FA supply to the fetus and neonate, altering placental nutrient transfer, as well as the production and composition of breast milk during lactation. In this regard, maternal obesity modifies FA profile, resulting in low n-3 and elevated n-6 PUFA levels in maternal and fetal circulation during pregnancy, as well as in breast milk during lactation. These modifications are associated with a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress with short and long-term consequences in different organs of the fetus and neonate, including in the liver, brain, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Altogether, these changes confer to the offspring a higher risk of developing obesity and its complications, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders, asthma, and cancer. Considering the consequences of an abnormal FA supply to offspring induced by maternal obesity, we aimed to review the effects of obesity on the metabolism and bioavailability of FA during pregnancy and breastfeeding, with an emphasis on LCPUFA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Yasna Muñoz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +56-2-9786746
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Ellsworth L, McCaffery H, Chernyak S, Lam S, Sargis RM, Padmanabhan V, Gregg B. Lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls is higher in overweight /obese women and associated with altered infant growth trajectory: A pilot study. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:133-140. [PMID: 34345842 PMCID: PMC8320629 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk levels of PCBs are higher in mothers with overweight and obesity. Lactational exposure to PCBs is associated with alterations in development. Lactational expsures to PCBs in human milk are associated with slower infant growth patterns.
Background Infant exposure to environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may contribute to developmental programming of long-term metabolic disease risk. PCBs persist given their lipophilicity and long half-lives, allowing them to bio-accumulate in adipose tissue. These compounds can then be excreted into maternal milk resulting in infant exposure. Objective To determine the level of PCBs in milk from mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight and obese (OW/OB) versus normal weight status (NW) and evaluate the association of milk PCB levels with infant growth over the first 6 months of life. Methods A pilot study of a subset of milk samples from mothers with NW (pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, n = 11) and OW/OB (pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 8) were examined approximately 2-weeks postpartum. PCB congeners 138 + 163, 132 + 153, 180, and the sum were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and adjusted for milk fat content. Infant growth was monitored from birth to 6 months for weight-for-age (WFA), length-for-age (LFA), weight-for-length (WFL), head circumference-for-age (HCA), and associations with milk PCB content determined using linear mixed modeling. Results Total milk fat content did not differ by maternal weight status (p = 0.88). Milk from mothers with OW/OB had significantly higher PCB sum (p = 0.02) and PCB 138 + 163 (p = 0.03). PCB 132 + 153 (β −0.0008, p = 0.0218), PCB 180 (β −0.0010, p = 0.0279), and PCB sum (β −0.0006, p = 0.0138) were negatively associated with HCA Z-score growth to 6 months. PCB 180 was negatively associated with infant WFA (β −0.0015, p = 0.0058) and WFL Z-score (β −0.0016, p = 0.0263) to 6 months. There were no associations of PCB sum content with WFL, LFA, WFL Z-score over the first 6 months of life. Conclusions Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with higher levels of total PCB congeners (132, 138, 153, 163, 180) in human milk. PCB congeners have negative associations with infant head circumference and weight trajectory over the first 6 months of life.
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Key Words
- BMI, Body mass index
- EDCs, Endocrine disrupting chemicals
- GC/MS, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
- HCA, Head circumference-for-age
- HMA, Human Milk Analyzer
- Human milk
- IMAGE, Infant Metabolism and Gestational Endocrinopathies
- Infant growth
- LFA, Length-for-age
- LOD, Limit of detection
- PCBs, Polychlorinated biphenyls
- Polychlorinated biphenyls
- WFA, Weight-for-age
- WFL, Weight-for-length
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Corresponding author at: Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 1540 E Medical Center Drive, 8-621 Mott/4254, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4254, United States.
| | - Harlan McCaffery
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sergei Chernyak
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert M. Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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41
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Bardanzellu F, Puddu M, Peroni DG, Fanos V. The Human Breast Milk Metabolome in Overweight and Obese Mothers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1533. [PMID: 32793208 PMCID: PMC7385070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is a major relevance factor, since maternal overweight and obesity can impair the pregnancy outcome and represent risk factors for several neonatal, childhood, and adult conditions, including excessive weight gain, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and even behavioral disorders. Currently, breast milk (BM) composition in such category of mothers was not completely defined. In this field, metabolomics represents the ideal technology, able to detect the whole profile of low molecular weight molecules in BM. Limited information is available on human BM metabolites differences in overweight or obese compared to lean mothers. Analyzing all the metabolomics studies published on Medline in English language, this review evaluated the effects that 8 specific types of metabolites found altered by maternal overweight and obesity (nucleotide derivatives, 5-methylthioadenosine, sugar-alcohols, acylcarnitine and amino acids, polyamines, mono-and oligosaccharides, lipids) can exert on the risk of offspring obesity development and other potentially associated health outcomes and complications. However, metabolites variations in samples collected from overweight and obese mothers and the potentially correlated effects highlighted below still need further investigations and should be confirmed in future metabolomics studies on larger samples. Finally, the positive or negative influence of maternal overweight and obesity on the offspring, potentially exerted by breastfeeding, should be analyzed in close correlation with maternal age, genetic and environmental factors, including diet, and taking into account the interactions occurring between BM metabolites and lactobiome. The evaluation of all the factors affecting BM metabolites in overweight and obese mothers can lead to the comprehensive description of such biofluid and the related effects on breastfed subjects, potentially highlighting personalized needs of BM supplementation or short- and long-term prevention strategies to optimize offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Melania Puddu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Diego Giampietro Peroni
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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42
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Ellsworth L, Perng W, Harman E, Das A, Pennathur S, Gregg B. Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on milk composition and infant growth. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12979. [PMID: 32074402 PMCID: PMC7296794 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) impact half of the pregnancies in the United States and can have negative consequences for offspring health. Studies are limited on human milk alterations in the context of maternal obesity. Alterations in milk are hypothesized to impact offspring development during the critical period of lactation. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between mothers with OW/OB (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2 ), infant growth, and selected milk nutrients. We recruited mother-infant dyads with pre-pregnancy OW/OB and normal weight status. The primary study included 52 dyads with infant growth measures through 6 months. Thirty-two dyads provided milk at 2 weeks, which was analysed for macronutrients, long-chain fatty acids, and insulin. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association of maternal weight status with infant growth, maternal weight status with milk components, and milk components with infant growth. Mothers with OW/OB had infants with higher weight-for-length (WFL) and BMI Z-scores at birth. Mothers with OW/OB had higher milk insulin and dihomo-gamma-linolenic, adrenic, and palmitic acids and reduced conjugated linoleic and oleic acids. N6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-driven factor 1 was associated with higher WFL, lower length-for-age (LFA), and lower head circumference-for-age Z-scores change from 2 weeks to 2 months in human milk-fed infants, whereas N6 LC-PUFA-driven factor 5 was associated with lower LFA Z-score change. Human milk composition is associated with maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and composition may be a contributing factor to early infant growth trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wei Perng
- Nutrition Sciences at the School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and Lifecourse Epidemiology and Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Emma Harman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Arun Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Leghi GE, Netting MJ, Middleton PF, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT, Muhlhausler BS. The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040934. [PMID: 32230952 PMCID: PMC7231188 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity has been associated with changes in the macronutrient concentration of human milk (HM), which have the potential to promote weight gain and increase the long-term risk of obesity in the infant. This article aimed to provide a synthesis of studies evaluating the effects of maternal overweight and obesity on the concentrations of macronutrients in HM. EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Two authors conducted screening, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. A total of 31 studies (5078 lactating women) were included in the qualitative synthesis and nine studies (872 lactating women) in the quantitative synthesis. Overall, maternal body mass index (BMI) and adiposity measurements were associated with higher HM fat and lactose concentrations at different stages of lactation, whereas protein concentration in HM did not appear to differ between overweight and/or obese and normal weight women. However, given the considerable variability in the results between studies and low quality of many of the included studies, further research is needed to establish the impact of maternal overweight and obesity on HM composition. This is particularly relevant considering potential implications of higher HM fat concentration on both growth and fat deposition during the first few months of infancy and long-term risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E. Leghi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
| | - Merryn J. Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.N.); (P.F.M.)
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Philippa F. Middleton
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.N.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Beverly S. Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8305-0697
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