1
|
Boulanger L, Planchon C, Taudière A, McCoy KD, Burgess STG, Nisbet AJ, Bartley K, Galliot P, Creach P, Sleeckx N, Roy L. The Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, travels far but not frequently, and takes up permanent residence on farms. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 120:105584. [PMID: 38521481 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Management of Dermanyssus gallinae, a cosmopolitan hematophagous mite responsible for damage in layer poultry farming, is hampered by a lack of knowledge of its spatio-temporal population dynamics. Previous studies have shown that the circulation of this pest between farms is of strictly anthropogenic origin, that a mitochondrial haplogroup has been expanding on European farms since the beginning of the 21st century and that its local population growth may be particularly rapid. To refine our understanding of how D. gallinae spreads within and among farms, we characterized the genetic structure of mite populations at different spatial scales and sought to identify the main factors interrupting gene flow between poultry houses and between mitochondrial haplogroups. To this end, we selected and validated the first set of nuclear microsatellite markers for D. gallinae and sequenced a region of the CO1-encoding mitochondrial gene in a subsample of microsatellite-genotyped mites. We also tested certain conditions required for effective contamination of a poultry house through field experimentation, and conducted a survey of practices during poultry transfers. Our results confirm the role of poultry transport in the dissemination of mite populations, but the frequency of effective contamination after the introduction of contaminated material into poultry houses seems lower than expected. The high persistence of mites on farms, even during periods when poultry houses are empty and cleaned, and the very large number of nodes in the logistic network (large number of companies supplying pullets or transporting animals) undoubtedly explain the very high prevalence on farms. Substantial genetic diversity was measured in farm populations, probably as a result of the mite's known haplodiploid mode of sexual reproduction, coupled with the dense logistic network. The possibility of the occasional occurrence of asexual reproduction in this sexually reproducing mite was also revealed in our analyses, which could explain the extreme aggressiveness of its demographic dynamics under certain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Boulanger
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France
| | - C Planchon
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France
| | - A Taudière
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France
| | - K D McCoy
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, MIVEGEC, Domaine La Valette - 900, rue Jean François BRETON, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - S T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - A J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - K Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - P Galliot
- Institut Technique de l'AVIculture (ITAVI), FranceITAVI, 41 rue Beaucemaine, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - P Creach
- Institut Technique de l'AVIculture (ITAVI), FranceITAVI, 41 rue Beaucemaine, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - N Sleeckx
- Experimental Poultry Centre, 77 Poiel, Geel 2440, Belgium
| | - Lise Roy
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walt HK, King JG, Sheele JM, Meyer F, Pietri JE, Hoffmann FG. Do bed bugs transmit human viruses, or do humans spread bed bugs and their viruses? A worldwide survey of the bed bug RNA virosphere. Virus Res 2024; 343:199349. [PMID: 38431055 PMCID: PMC10982078 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BED BUGS: (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are a globally distributed hematophagous pest that routinely feed on humans. Unlike many blood-sucking arthropods, they have never been linked to pathogen transmission in a natural setting, and despite increasing interest in their role as disease vectors, little is known about the viruses that bed bugs naturally harbor. Here, we present a global-scale survey of the bed bug RNA virosphere. We sequenced the metatranscriptomes of 22 individual bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) from 8 locations around the world. We detected sequences from two known bed bug viruses (Shuangao bedbug virus 1 and Shuangao bedbug virus 2) which extends their geographical range. We identified three novel bed bug virus sequences from a tenui-like virus (Bunyavirales), a toti-like virus (Ghabrivirales), and a luteo-like virus (Tolivirales). Interestingly, some of the bed bug viruses branch near to insect-transmitted plant-infecting viruses, opening questions regarding the evolution of plant virus infection. When we analyzed the viral sequences by their host's collection location, we found unexpected patterns of geographical diversity that may reflect humans' role in bed bug dispersal. Additionally, we investigated the effect that Wolbachia, the primary bed bug endosymbiont, may have on viral abundance and found that Wolbachia infection neither promotes nor inhibits viral infection. Finally, our results provide no evidence that bed bugs transmit any known human pathogenic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter K Walt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Jonas G King
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Johnathan M Sheele
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center & Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florencia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Jose E Pietri
- Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ashbrook AR, Feder JL, Bennett GW, Ginzel MD, Gondhalekar AD. Lethal and sublethal heat-exposure of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) causes alarm pheromone emission and elicits a movement response in nearby recipients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8555. [PMID: 38609415 PMCID: PMC11014846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many gregarious insect species use aggregation and alarm pheromones. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., emits an alarm pheromone (AP), a 70/30 blend of (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal, when threatened. Bed bugs avoid temperatures above 43 °C, which are lethal to bugs and used commercially as spatial heat treatments to manage infestations. However, the interaction of bed bug AP in heat avoidance has not been investigated. The goal of this research was to: 1) determine if bed bugs emit AP as an alarm response to heat exposure, and 2) quantify the behavioral responses of conspecifics to AP emitted by heat-exposed bed bugs. Using a selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer, we found that bed bugs responded to lethal and sublethal heat exposure by emitting AP. The Harlan laboratory population emitted more pheromone than a laboratory adapted field population from Florida (McCall). Harlan females emitted the most AP, followed by Harlan males, McCall females and males. In separate behavioral experiments, we showed that conspecifics (i.e., recipients) reacted to AP released by heat exposed bed bugs (i.e., emitters) by frantically moving within 50 mm and 100 mm test arenas. The Harlan recipients reacted to AP in 100 mm areas, whereas the McCall strain did not, indicating a short area of effectiveness of the AP. Synthetic AP components tested in behavioral experiments caused identical effects as the natural AP blend released by heat-exposed bed bugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Ashbrook
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, 404 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Gary W Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47901, USA
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47901, USA
| | - Ameya D Gondhalekar
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brimblecombe P, Mueller G, Querner P. Public and media interest in bed bugs-Europe 2023. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100079. [PMID: 38617503 PMCID: PMC11015338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
In late summer of 2023 bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations received much media attention especially from Paris Fashion Week (2023-09-25/2023-10-03). Concern in France has grown in recent years and the public may have been sensitised from the recent release of the report Les punaises de lit: impacts, prévention et lutte from the Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire. Additionally, families returning from summer travel for the start of the school year (2023-09-04) may have brought Cimex spp. with them. A belief, typically false, that they are associated with poor housekeeping and the commercial sensitivity of infestations makes quantitative data on the occurrence and frequency of the insects difficult to find. Often it was based on the number of consultations with physicians and enquiries about bed bugs. Our study has used Google search frequency (Google Trends) to assess the growth and spread of public interest. It found that concern over the Paris outbreak spread to neighbouring countries and was an inverse function of distance. Health issues are a popular topic in science journalism and articles with bad news, threat, continuity and geographic proximity helped generate considerable media activity such that the public perceptions of the problem were enhanced and suggests that government agencies need to collect well standardised data on bed bug occurrence. Google Trends proved a sensitive tool to follow the public concern over an insect that invokes considerable dread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Gabi Mueller
- City of Zurich, Department of Environment and Public Health, Urban Pest Advisory Service, Eggbühlstrasse 23, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Querner
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (Boku), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Booth W. Population genetics as a tool to understand invasion dynamics and insecticide resistance in indoor urban pest insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 62:101166. [PMID: 38253200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many indoor urban pest insects now show a near-global distribution. The reasons for this may be linked to their cryptic behaviors, which make unintentional transport likely, tied to their reliance on human-mediated dispersal that can result in spread over potentially long-distances. Additionally, numerous species exhibit an array of mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance. Using population genetics, it is possible to elucidate the genetic characteristics that define globally successful indoor urban pest insect species. Furthermore, this approach may be used to determine the frequency and distribution of insecticide resistance. Here, I review the recent literature that utilizes population genetic analyses in an effort to identify the characteristics that help explain the success of indoor urban pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Booth
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1015 Life Science Circle, 215C Steger Hall, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sasínková M, Balvín O, Vandrovcová J, Massino C, Weig AR, Reinhardt K, Otti O, Bartonička T. Despite genetic isolation in sympatry, post-copulatory reproductive barriers have not evolved between bat- and human-associated common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius L.). Front Zool 2023; 20:36. [PMID: 37950221 PMCID: PMC10636883 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common bedbug Cimex lectularius is a widespread ectoparasite on humans and bats. Two genetically isolated lineages, parasitizing either human (HL) or bat (BL) hosts, have been suggested to differentiate because of their distinct ecology. The distribution range of BL is within that of HL and bedbugs live mostly on synanthropic bat hosts. This sympatric co-occurrence predicts strong reproductive isolation at the post-copulatory level. RESULTS We tested the post-copulatory barrier in three BL and three HL populations in reciprocal crosses, using a common-garden blood diet that was novel to both lineages. We excluded pre-copulation isolation mechanisms and studied egg-laying rates after a single mating until the depletion of sperm, and the fitness of the resulting offspring. We found a higher sperm storage capability in BL, likely reflecting the different seasonal availability of HL and BL hosts. We also observed a notable variation in sperm function at the population level within lineages and significant differences in fecundity and offspring fitness between lineages. However, no difference in egg numbers or offspring fitness was observed between within- and between-lineage crosses. CONCLUSIONS Differences in sperm storage or egg-laying rates between HL and BL that we found did not affect reproductive isolation. Neither did the population-specific variation in sperm function. Overall, our results show no post-copulatory reproductive isolation between the lineages. How genetic differentiation in sympatry is maintained in the absence of a post-copulatory barrier between BL and HL remains to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Sasínková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Balvín
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vandrovcová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Massino
- Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfons R Weig
- Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dunn RR, Burger JR, Carlen EJ, Koltz AM, Light JE, Martin RA, Munshi-South J, Nichols LM, Vargo EL, Yitbarek S, Zhao Y, Cibrián-Jaramillo A. A Theory of City Biogeography and the Origin of Urban Species. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.761449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the choices humans make with regard to infrastructure, urban planning and other phenomena have impacts that will last thousands of years. This can readily be seen in modern cities in which contemporary streets run along street grids that were laid out thousands of years prior or even in which ancient viaducts still play a role. However, rarely do evolutionary biologists explicitly consider the future of life likely to be associated with the decisions we are making today. Here, we consider the evolutionary future of species in cities with a focus on the origin of lineages and species. We do so by adjusting evolutionary predictions from the theory of island biogeography so as to correspond to the unique features of cities as islands. Specifically, the species endemic to cities tend to be associated with the gray habitats in cities. Those habitats tend to be dominated by human bodies, pet bodies and stored food. It is among such species where the origin of new lineages is most likely, although most research on evolution in cities has focused on green habitats. We conclude by considering a range of scenarios for the far future and their implications for the origin of lineages and species.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rukke BA, Roligheten E, Aak A. Procurement Competence and Framework Agreements for Upgraded Bed Bug Control [Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)]. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:240-249. [PMID: 34897482 PMCID: PMC8827316 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) is increasing worldwide. Due to this increase, low-income housing owners and managers need an efficient method for controlling the pests without excessive resource use. The quality of pest control efforts is crucial for efficient eradication. Infestations often need to be approached using a variety of strategies through an integrated pest management (IPM) framework. Efficient eradication is often thought to be the responsibility of the pest control contractor alone. However, the purchase and supply management theory suggests that optimal solutions actually involve sound buyer-supplier relations to support the strategic aim of pest eradication. This study illustrates the positive outcomes of elevating pest management competence on the buyer's part. Further, this study outlines a large-scale purchase situation that quantifies bed bug control efforts, in addition to their outcomes. In total, 11,000 apartment units were observed in Oslo, Norway, over a period of six years. The release and implementation of a procurement officer together with a state-of-the-art pest management framework agreement quickly reversed the consistent escalation of bed bug infestations in the observed units. Observations revealed that the study yielded the most success in eradicating bed bugs by increasing both the number of visits to the infested apartment and the overall duration of control efforts. The improved control was achieved at a reduced cost per infested apartment unit, which allowed for the implementation of bed bug preventive measures and building-wide inspections. The observations made in this study have been discussed in the context of the impact of bed bugs in low-income communities, relative to the factors of pest burden, demography, socioeconomics, and the welfare system in Norway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health–Section for Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roligheten
- Boligbygg Oslo KF, Wergelandsveien 3, Postboks 1192 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Aak
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health–Section for Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang F, Li M, Zheng H, Dong T, Zhang X. A Phylogeographical Analysis of the Beetle Pest Species Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) in China. INSECTS 2022; 13:145. [PMID: 35206719 PMCID: PMC8878040 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera Bruchidae), is a pest of different varieties of legumes. In this paper, a phylogeographical analysis of C. chinensis was conducted to provide knowledge for the prevention and control of C. chinensis. A total of 224 concatenated mitochondrial sequences were obtained from 273 individuals. Suitable habitat shifts were predicted by the distribution modelling (SDM). Phylogeny, genetic structure and population demographic history were analyzed using multiple software. Finally, the least-cost path (LCP) method was used to identify possible dispersal corridors and genetic connectivity. The SDM results suggested that the distribution of C. chinensis experienced expansion and contraction with changing climate. Spatial distribution of mtDNA haplotypes showed there was partial continuity among different geographical populations of C. chinensis, except for the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) population. Bayesian skyline plots showed that the population had a recent expansion during 0.0125 Ma and 0.025 Ma. The expansion and divergent events were traced back to Quaternary glaciations. The LCP method confirmed that there were no clear dispersal routes. Our findings indicated that climatic cycles of the Pleistocene glaciations, unsuitable climate and geographic isolation played important roles in the genetic differentiation of C. chinensis. Human activities weaken the genetic differentiation between populations. With the change in climate, the suitable areas of C. chinensis will disperse greatly in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (F.W.); (H.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China;
| | - Haixia Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (F.W.); (H.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Tian Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (F.W.); (H.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (F.W.); (H.Z.); (T.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Křemenová J, Bartonička T, Balvín O, Massino C, Reinhardt K, Sasínková M, Weig AR, Otti O. Male diet affects female fitness and sperm competition in human- and bat-associated lineages of the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15538. [PMID: 34330972 PMCID: PMC8324850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm performance can vary in ecologically divergent populations, but it is often not clear whether the environment per se or genomic differences arising from divergent selection cause the difference. One powerful and easily manipulated environmental effect is diet. Populations of bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) naturally feed either on bat or human blood. These are diverging genetically into a bat-associated and a human-associated lineage. To measure how male diet affects sperm performance, we kept males of two HL and BL populations each on either their own or the foreign diet. Then we investigated male reproductive success in a single mating and sperm competition context. We found that male diet affected female fecundity and changed the outcome of sperm competition, at least in the human lineage. However, this influence of diet on sperm performance was moulded by an interaction. Bat blood generally had a beneficial effect on sperm competitiveness and seemed to be a better food source in both lineages. Few studies have examined the effects of male diet on sperm performance generally, and sperm competition specifically. Our results reinforce the importance to consider the environment in which sperm are produced. In the absence of gene flow, such differences may increase reproductive isolation. In the presence of gene flow, however, the generally better sperm performance after consuming bat blood suggests that the diet is likely to homogenise rather than isolate populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Křemenová
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Balvín
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Massino
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markéta Sasínková
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alfons R. Weig
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Genomics and Bioinformatics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wan Mohammad WNF, Soh LS, Wan Ismail WN, Veera Singham G. Infestation Pattern and Population Dynamics of the Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Based on Novel Microsatellites and mtDNA Markers. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080472. [PMID: 32722487 PMCID: PMC7469168 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.), has now emerged as an important public health pest in the tropics. Despite its alarming infestation rate, the information on its population genetics remains scarce. Here, we described the infestation structure and population dynamics of C. hemipterus in the tropics, especially Malaysia and Singapore, based on eight novel microsatellites and two mtDNA markers, including cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA genes. Across populations, microsatellite data revealed high genetic diversity with significant genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow. Analysis within populations revealed evidence of a recent bottleneck. Nonetheless, elevated genetic diversity in nearly all populations suggests that the propagule in C. hemipterus populations were much diverse, distantly related (mean r = 0.373), and not significantly inbred (mean FIS = 0.24) than that observed in Cimex lectularius from previous studies. We observed seven mtDNA haplotypes across the 18 populations studied (Hd = 0.593) and several populations displayed more than one matrilineal descent. The two markers were generally congruent in suggesting a common, genetically diverse (especially at the nuclear region) source population with possibilities of multiple introductions for the bed bug populations in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Fatanah Wan Mohammad
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia; (W.N.F.W.M.); (L.-S.S.)
| | - Li-Shen Soh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia; (W.N.F.W.M.); (L.-S.S.)
| | - Wan Nurainie Wan Ismail
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia;
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia; (W.N.F.W.M.); (L.-S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lewis CD, Levine BA, Vargo EL, Schal C, Booth W. Recent Detection of Multiple Populations of the Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Exhibiting kdr-Associated Mutations in Hawaii. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1077-1081. [PMID: 32083299 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, bed bugs have experienced a remarkable resurgence on a near global scale. While reports have primarily focused on the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), which has resurged largely in temperate regions, in tropical regions the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has reemerged as well. Recent reports of C. hemipterus introductions to subtropical and temperate regions, outside of the species natural distribution, suggest the potential for establishment and further spread. Establishment may be aided by insecticide resistance mechanisms, such as the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr)-associated mutations, which potentially confer resistance to pyrethroid, pyrethrin, and organochloride insecticides. Here, we present the first report of the detection and likely establishment of C. hemipterus in Honolulu, Hawaii, from samples collected in 2009 and 2019. Furthermore, through partial sequencing of the voltage-gated sodium channel, we report the presence of kdr-associated mutations in all samples. These findings have implications for the implementation of control strategies aimed at eradicating infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cari D Lewis
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Brenna A Levine
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Edward L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sutherland C, Greenlee AJ, Schneider D. Socioeconomic drivers of urban pest prevalence. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Andrew J. Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bellinvia S, Johnston PR, Mbedi S, Otti O. Mating changes the genital microbiome in both sexes of the common bedbug Cimex lectularius across populations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200302. [PMID: 32345169 PMCID: PMC7282915 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria live on host surfaces, in cells and in specific organ systems. In comparison with gut microbiomes, the bacterial communities of reproductive organs (genital microbiomes) have received little attention. During mating, male and female genitalia interact and copulatory wounds occur, providing an entrance for sexually transmitted microbes. Besides being potentially harmful to the host, invading microbes might interact with resident genital microbes and affect immunity. Apart from the investigation of sexually transmitted symbionts, few studies have addressed how mating changes genital microbiomes. We dissected reproductive organs from virgin and mated common bedbugs, Cimex lectularius L., and sequenced their microbiomes to investigate composition and mating-induced changes. We show that mating changes the genital microbiomes, suggesting bacteria are sexually transmitted. Also, genital microbiomes varied between populations and the sexes. This provides evidence for local and sex-specific adaptation of bacteria and hosts, suggesting bacteria might play an important role in shaping the evolution of reproductive traits. Coadaptation of genital microbiomes and reproductive traits might further lead to reproductive isolation between populations, giving reproductive ecology an important role in speciation. Future studies should investigate the transmission dynamics between the sexes and populations to uncover potential reproductive barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bellinvia
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Institute for Biology, Free University Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Mbedi
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Research, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bullock JM, Wichmann MC, Hails RS, Hodgson DJ, Alexander MJ, Morley K, Knopp T, Ridding LE, Hooftman DAP. Human-mediated dispersal and disturbance shape the metapopulation dynamics of a long-lived herb. Ecology 2020; 101:e03087. [PMID: 32320472 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As anthropogenic impacts on the natural world escalate, there is increasing interest in the role of humans in dispersing seeds. But the consequences of this Human-Mediated Dispersal (HMD) on plant spatial dynamics are little studied. In this paper, we ask how secondary dispersal by HMD affects the dynamics of a natural plant metapopulation. In addition to dispersal between patches, we suggest within-patch processes can be critical. To address this, we assess how variation in local population dynamics, caused by small-scale disturbances, affects metapopulation size. We created an empirically based model with stochastic population dynamics and dispersal among patches, which represented a real-world, cliff-top metapopulation of wild cabbage Brassica oleracea. We collected demographic data from multiple populations by tagging plants over eight years. We assessed seed survival, and establishment and survival of seedlings in intact vegetation vs. small disturbances. We modeled primary dispersal by wind using field data and used experimental data on secondary HMD by hikers. We monitored occupancy patterns over a 14-yr period in the real metapopulation. Disturbance had large effects on local population growth rates, by increasing seedling establishment and survival. This meant that the modeled metapopulation grew in size only when the area disturbed in each patch was above 35%. In these growing metapopulations, although only 0.2% of seeds underwent HMD, this greatly enhanced metapopulation growth rates. Similarly, HMD allowed more colonizations in declining metapopulations under low disturbance, and this slowed the rate of decline. The real metapopulation showed patterns of varying patch occupancy over the survey years, which were related to habitat quality, but also positively to human activity along the cliffs, hinting at beneficial effects of humans. These findings illustrate that realistic changes to dispersal or demography, specifically by humans, can have fundamental effects on the viability of a species at the landscape scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Bullock
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias C Wichmann
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.,Heinz Sielmann Stiftung, Unter den Kiefern 9, 14641, Wustermark, OT Elstal, Germany
| | - Rosemary S Hails
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.,National Trust, Heelis, Kemble Drive, Swindon, SN2 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J Alexander
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Morley
- Defra, 2 Marsham Street, London, SW1P 4DF, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Knopp
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy E Ridding
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Danny A P Hooftman
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.,Lactuca: Environmental Data Analyses and Modelling, Diemen, 1112NC, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Seri Masran SNA, Ab Majid AH. Population Genetic Structure and Breeding Pattern of Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:942-952. [PMID: 30882146 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The surge in tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestations has led to an increase in genomic studies. In this study, the population genetics and breeding patterns of 22 Malaysian populations were analyzed, including genetic differentiation and genetic distance. For seven microsatellite loci, the number of alleles varied from 6 to 14. The allelels per loci contrasted sharply between the overall population and within the populations. The average observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.280 and 0.828 for the overall population and 0.281 and 0.657 among the populations, respectively. Based on polymorphic information criteria, the markers with a value >0.5 were highly polymorphic. In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the loci of Ch 09ttn, Ch 01dn, and Ch 13dn of the overall population showed signs of a null allele. The stutter peaks caused no scoring errors; large allele dropouts were not detected for any loci; and a correlation imbalance was not indicated. The genetic differentiation among populations was moderate, with a coefficient of genetic differentiation (FST) of 0.144. The bed bug populations showed strong inbreeding, with highly positive coefficients of inbreeding (FIS). The molecular variation attributed to inbreeding was 83% within the populations, compared with 17% among the populations. The admixture individuals in STRUCTURE and neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees also indicated weak genetic structure in the geographical populations, suggesting moderate gene flows between populations. Thus, moderately active dispersion and human-mediated transport shaped the genetic structure of C. hemipterus populations in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ain Seri Masran
- Household & Structural Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid
- Household & Structural Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Bed bugs are household pests that bite humans and cause myriad medical, psychological, social, and economic problems. Infestation levels have resurged across the United States in recent decades, and cities and states are debating strategies to deal with them. Here, we introduce a mathematical model to study the spread of bed bugs and predict the costs and benefits of policies aimed at controlling them. In particular, we evaluate disclosure, a policy that requires landlords to notify potential tenants of recent infestations in a unit. While disclosure aims to protect individual tenants, our results suggest that these policies also reduce infestation prevalence market-wide. Disclosure results in some initial cost to landlords but leads to significant savings in the long term. Bed bugs have reemerged in the United States and worldwide over recent decades, presenting a major challenge to both public health practitioners and housing authorities. A number of municipalities have proposed or initiated policies to stem the bed bug epidemic, but little guidance is available to evaluate them. One contentious policy is disclosure, whereby landlords are obligated to notify potential tenants of current or prior bed bug infestations. Aimed to protect tenants from leasing an infested rental unit, disclosure also creates a kind of quarantine, partially and temporarily removing infested units from the market. Here, we develop a mathematical model for the spread of bed bugs in a generalized rental market, calibrate it to parameters of bed bug dispersion and housing turnover, and use it to evaluate the costs and benefits of disclosure policies to landlords. We find disclosure to be an effective control policy to curb infestation prevalence. Over the short term (within 5 years), disclosure policies result in modest increases in cost to landlords, while over the long term, reductions of infestation prevalence lead, on average, to savings. These results are insensitive to different assumptions regarding the prevalence of infestation, rate of introduction of bed bugs from other municipalities, and the strength of the quarantine effect created by disclosure. Beyond its application to bed bugs, our model offers a framework to evaluate policies to curtail the spread of household pests and is appropriate for systems in which spillover effects result in highly nonlinear cost–benefit relationships.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gershman SN, Harrison SA, Jones SC. Opportunities for female choice in the bed bug
Cimex lectularius. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan N. Gershman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Marion Ohio
| | - Scott A. Harrison
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Susan C. Jones
- Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alvarado-Serrano DF, Van Etten ML, Chang SM, Baucom RS. The relative contribution of natural landscapes and human-mediated factors on the connectivity of a noxious invasive weed. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:29-40. [PMID: 29967398 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Examining how the landscape may influence gene flow is at the forefront of understanding population differentiation and adaptation. Such understanding is crucial in light of ongoing environmental changes and the elevated risk of ecosystems alteration. In particular, knowledge of how humans may influence population structure is imperative to allow for informed decisions in management and conservation as well as to gain a better understanding of anthropogenic impacts on the interplay between gene flow, genetic drift, and selection. Here, we use genome-wide molecular markers to characterize the population genetic structure and connectivity of Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae), a noxious invasive weed. We, likewise, assess the interaction between natural and human-driven influences on genetic differentiation among populations. Our analyses find that human population density is an important predictor of pairwise population differentiation, suggesting that the agricultural and/or horticultural trade may be involved in maintaining some level of connectivity across distant agricultural fields. Climatic variation appears as an additional predictor of genetic connectivity in this species. We discuss the implications of these results and highlight future research needed to disentangle the mechanistic processes underlying population connectivity of weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Alvarado-Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University, 2020E Biological Science Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA.
| | - Megan L Van Etten
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University, 2020E Biological Science Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Shu-Mei Chang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Rm 3613; 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA, 30602-7271, USA
| | - Regina S Baucom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University, 2020E Biological Science Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Introduction history and genetic diversity of the invasive ant Solenopsis geminata in the Galápagos Islands. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
21
|
Talbot B, Vonhof MJ, Broders HG, Fenton B, Keyghobadi N. Host association influences variation at salivary protein genes in the bat ectoparasite Cimex adjunctus. J Evol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29543391 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasite-host relationships create strong selection pressures that can lead to adaptation and increasing specialization of parasites to their hosts. Even in relatively loose host-parasite relationships, such as between generalist ectoparasites and their hosts, we may observe some degree of specialization of parasite populations to one of the multiple potential hosts. Salivary proteins are used by blood-feeding ectoparasites to prevent hemostasis in the host and maximize energy intake. We investigated the influence of association with specific host species on allele frequencies of salivary protein genes in Cimex adjunctus, a generalist blood-feeding ectoparasite of bats in North America. We analysed two salivary protein genes: an apyrase, which hydrolyses ATP at the feeding site and thus inhibits platelet aggregation, and a nitrophorin, which brings nitrous oxide to the feeding site, inhibiting platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. We observed more variation at both salivary protein genes among parasite populations associated with different host species than among populations from different spatial locations associated with the same host species. The variation in salivary protein genes among populations on different host species was also greater than expected under a neutral scenario of genetic drift and gene flow. Finally, host species was an important predictor of allelic divergence in genotypes of individual C. adjunctus at both salivary protein genes. Our results suggest differing selection pressures on these two salivary protein genes in C. adjunctus depending on the host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Talbot
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maarten J Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Hugh G Broders
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nusha Keyghobadi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rukke BA, Sivasubramaniam R, Birkemoe T, Aak A. Temperature stress deteriorates bed bug (Cimex lectularius) populations through decreased survival, fecundity and offspring success. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538429 PMCID: PMC5851602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublethal heat stress may weaken bed bug infestations to potentially ease control. In the present study, experimental populations exposed to 34, 36 or 38°C for 2 or 3 weeks suffered significant mortality during exposure. Among survivors, egg production, egg hatching, moulting success and offspring proliferation decreased significantly in the subsequent 7 week recovery period at 22°C. The overall population success was negatively impacted by increasing temperature and duration of the stress. Such heat stress is inadequate as a single tool for eradication, but may be included as a low cost part of an integrated pest management protocol. Depending on the time available and infestation conditions, the success of some treatments can improve if sublethal heat is implemented prior to the onset of more conventional pest control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ranjeni Sivasubramaniam
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Talbot B, Vonhof MJ, Broders HG, Fenton MB, Keyghobadi N. Population structure in two geographically sympatric and congeneric ectoparasites (Cimex adjunctus and Cimex lectularius) in the North American Great Lakes region. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Subdivided populations can be described by different models of population structure that reflect population organization, dynamics, and connectivity. We used genetic data to investigate population structure in two geographically sympatric, congeneric species of generalist ectoparasites of warm-blooded animals. We characterized the spatial genetic structure of the eastern bat bug (Cimex adjunctus Barber, 1939), an understudied and fairly abundant species, using microsatellite markers at a spatial scale representing contemporary dispersal of the species. We found seven genetic clusters, global [Formula: see text] of 0.2, 33% of genetic variation among sites, and nonsignificant isolation-by-distance. We compared these results with the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L., 1758), a closely related but conversely well-known species, in the same geographic area. We found stronger genetic structuring in C. lectularius than in C. adjunctus, with 11 genetic clusters, [Formula: see text] of 0.7, 57% of genetic variation among sites, and significant but weak isolation-by-distance (R2 = 0.09). These results suggest that while both species can be described as having classic metapopulation structure, C. adjunctus leans more towards a patchy population and C. lectularius leans more towards a nonequilibrium metapopulation. The difference in population structure between these species may be attributable to differences in movement potential and extinction–colonization dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Talbot
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Maarten J. Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA
| | - Hugh G. Broders
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Nusha Keyghobadi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bed bug aggregation on dirty laundry: a mechanism for passive dispersal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11668. [PMID: 28959030 PMCID: PMC5620066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs have shown a recent and rapid global expansion that has been suggested to be caused by cheap air travel. How a small, flightless and anachoretic insect that hides within its host’s sleeping area manages to travel long distances is not yet clear. Bed bugs are attracted to the odour of sleeping humans and we suggest that soiled clothing may present a similarly attractive cue, allowing bed bugs to ‘hitch-hike’ around the world after aggregating in the laundry bags of travellers. We show that (1) soiled clothing is significantly more attractive than clean clothing to active bed bugs moving within a bedroom sized arena and (2) elevation of CO2 to a level that simulates human occupancy in the same arena appears to initiate search behaviour rather than direct it. Our results show, for the first time, how leaving worn clothing exposed in sleeping areas when travelling can be exploited by bed bugs to facilitate passive dispersal.
Collapse
|
25
|
Talbot B, Vonhof MJ, Broders HG, Fenton B, Keyghobadi N. Comparative analysis of landscape effects on spatial genetic structure of the big brown bat and one of its cimicid ectoparasites. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8210-8219. [PMID: 29075444 PMCID: PMC5648685 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of landscape features that correlate with genetic structure permits understanding of factors that may influence gene flow in a species. Comparing effects of the landscape on a parasite and host provides potential insights into parasite‐host ecology. We compared fine‐scale spatial genetic structure between big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and their cimicid ectoparasite (Cimex adjunctus; class Insecta) in the lower Great Lakes region of the United States, in an area of about 160,000 km2. We genotyped 142 big brown bat and 55 C. adjunctus samples at eight and seven microsatellite loci, respectively, and inferred effects of various types of land cover on the genetic structure of each species. We found significant associations between several land cover types and genetic distance in both species, although different land cover types were influential in each. Our results suggest that even in a parasite that is almost entirely reliant on its hosts for dispersal, land cover can affect gene flow differently than in the hosts, depending on key ecological aspects of both species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Talbot
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Maarten J Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - Hugh G Broders
- Department of Biology University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada
| | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Nusha Keyghobadi
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Runjaic J, Bellovich IJ, Page CE, Brown CR, Booth W. No Detectable Insecticide Resistance in Swallow Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Following Long-Term Exposure to Naled (Dibrom 8). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:994-998. [PMID: 28399289 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, is a hematophagous ectoparasite of the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot, and is closely related to bed bugs (Cimex spp.). Evolution of insecticide resistance has been documented for bed bugs but not studied in Oeciacus. For periods of 17 and 32 yr, two cliff swallow colonies in western Nebraska were treated during the summer breeding season using the organophosphate insecticide Dibrom. Despite continual treatments, O. vicarius has been observed frequently within these colonies. We evaluated the efficacy of Dibrom 8 on O. vicarius during the 2016 season at two treated colonies and four that had never experienced treatment. Dibrom 8 was found to be effective in 100% of trials, with immobilization within minutes and death within 72 h, for individuals from all colonies. In control treatments (water), individuals collected from treated colonies exhibited greater survival than individuals from untreated colonies, and those from active colonies (bugs fed) had greater survival than those from inactive colonies (bugs unfed). A residual effect was observed in both lab and field trials: 100% mortality occurred in the lab after exposure to filter paper substrates treated both 5 and 10 d earlier, and in the field, nests treated once early in the season had O. vicarius counts 43 d later that were <1% of those from untreated nests within the same colony. We hypothesize that the lack of resistance results from the limited potential for resistance allele fixation due to outbreeding and frequent immigration of insecticide-naïve individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Runjaic
- Department of Integrative Biology and School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ian J Bellovich
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Catherine E Page
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Talbot B, Vonhof MJ, Broders HG, Fenton B, Keyghobadi N. Range-wide genetic structure and demographic history in the bat ectoparasite Cimex adjunctus. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:268. [PMID: 27927166 PMCID: PMC5142389 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evolutionary histories of parasite and host populations are intimately linked such that their spatial genetic structures may be correlated. While these processes have been relatively well studied in specialist parasites and their hosts, less is known about the ecological and evolutionary consequences of relationships between generalist ectoparasites and their hosts. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic structure and demographic history of a bat ectoparasite, Cimex adjunctus, whose host affinity is weak but the biology of the potential hosts have been well studied. This ectoparasite has been hypothesized to rely on its hosts for dispersal due to its low inherent dispersal potential. Here we describe genetic diversity and demographic history in C. adjunctus through most of its range in North America. We investigated variation at the cytochrome c oxidase 1 mitochondrial gene and nine microsatellite markers, and tested the prediction that genetic diversity in C. adjunctus is spatially structured. We also tested the prediction that demographic history in C. adjunctus is characterized by range and demographic expansion as a consequence of post-Pleistocene climate warming. Results We found stronger spatial structuring of genetic diversity in C. adjunctus than has been quantified in two of its hosts, but contrast in amount of variation explained by host association with different genetic markers (i.e., nuclear vs mitochondrial DNA). Also, C. adjunctus’ history is not primarily characterized by demographic and range expansion, as is the case with two of its key hosts. Conclusions Our study shows different patterns of genetic structure and demographic history in C. adjunctus than have been detected in two of its key hosts. Our results suggest an effect of a loose parasite-host relationship and anti-parasitism strategies on genetic structure and post-Pleistocene recovery of population size. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0839-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Talbot
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Maarten J Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Hugh G Broders
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nusha Keyghobadi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:4059-4066. [PMID: 27733453 PMCID: PMC5144974 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.033092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sivakoff FS, Jones SC, Machtley SA, Hagler JR. Protein Self-Marking by Ectoparasites: A Case Study Using Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1370-1377. [PMID: 27493250 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to mark individuals is a critical feature of many entomological investigations, including dispersal studies. Insect dispersal is generally investigated using mark-release-recapture techniques, whereby marked individuals are released at a known location and then captured at a measured distance. Ectoparasite dispersal has historically been challenging to study, in part because of the ethical concerns associated with releasing marked individuals. Here, we introduce the protein self-marking technique, whereby ectoparasites mark themselves in the field by feeding on the blood of an introduced host. We demonstrate the potential of this technique using laboratory-reared bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) that marked themselves by feeding on either rabbit or chicken blood. We then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect host-specific blood serum proteins in bed bugs. We assessed these protein markers' ability to 1) distinctively identify marked individuals, 2) persist following multiple feedings on an alternate diet, 3) persist over time across a range of temperatures, and 4) transfer from marked to unmarked individuals. Protein markers were detectable in bed bugs before and after molting, remained detectible after multiple feedings on an alternate diet, persisted regardless of whether an individual was starved or fed on an alternate diet following original mark acquisition, and did not transfer between individuals. The duration of detectability depended on temperature. Our results suggest that protein self-marking is an effective technique for marking bed bugs and holds promise for use in dispersal studies of ectoparasitic insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Sivakoff
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (; )
| | - Susan C Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (; )
| | - Scott A Machtley
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA - ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 (; )
| | - James R Hagler
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA - ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 (; )
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Estoup A, Ravigné V, Hufbauer R, Vitalis R, Gautier M, Facon B. Is There a Genetic Paradox of Biological Invasion? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Estoup
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
| | - Virginie Ravigné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Ruth Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Renaud Vitalis
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
| | - Benoit Facon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bennett KL, Shija F, Linton YM, Misinzo G, Kaddumukasa M, Djouaka R, Anyaele O, Harris A, Irish S, Hlaing T, Prakash A, Lutwama J, Walton C. Historical environmental change in Africa drives divergence and admixture ofAedes aegyptimosquitoes: a precursor to successful worldwide colonization? Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4337-54. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit; Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center; Suitland MD USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring MD USA
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences; Bethesda MD USA
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections; Uganda Virus Research Institute; Entebbe Uganda
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; Cotonou Republic of Benin
| | - Okorie Anyaele
- Entomology Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Angela Harris
- Mosquito Research & Control Unit; Cayman Islands Government; Grand Cayman Cayman Islands
| | - Seth Irish
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - Thaung Hlaing
- Medical Entomology Research Division; Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar); Ministry of Health; Yangon Myanmar
| | - Anil Prakash
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health; Ministry of H & FW Government of India; Bhopal India
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections; Uganda Virus Research Institute; Entebbe Uganda
| | - Catherine Walton
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Berthier K, Garba M, Leblois R, Navascués M, Tatard C, Gauthier P, Gagaré S, Piry S, Brouat C, Dalecky A, Loiseau A, Dobigny G. Black rat invasion of inland Sahel: insights from interviews and population genetics in south-western Niger. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madougou Garba
- Université Abdou Moumouni; Faculté des Sciences; BP10662 Niamey Niger
| | - Raphael Leblois
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle; Montpellier France
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Miguel Navascués
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle; Montpellier France
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Caroline Tatard
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- IRD; CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Sama Gagaré
- Centre Régional Agrhymet; BP11011 Niamey Niger
| | - Sylvain Piry
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Carine Brouat
- IRD; CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Ambroise Dalecky
- IRD; Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement (UMR AMU-IRD); Aix-Marseille Université; Centre Saint Charles; CS80249 13331 Marseille Cedex 03 France
| | - Anne Loiseau
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Gauthier Dobigny
- IRD; CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD, Wang C, Buczkowski G, Gibb TJ. Using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:8-14. [PMID: 26251256 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multifamily housing facilities serving low-income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. Research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (IPM) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. Bed bug IPM in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building-wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. Other components of a bed bug IPM program include regular monitoring to detect early-stage bed bug infestations and combined use of non-chemical and chemical interventions. Lastly, to reduce reinfestation rates and costs associated with bed bug control, it is critical to continue periodic monitoring and implement preventive control measures even after successful elimination of bed bugs has been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Gibb
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kinziger AP, Hellmair M, McCraney WT, Jacobs DK, Goldsmith G. Temporal genetic analysis of the endangered tidewater goby: extinction-colonization dynamics or drift in isolation? Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5544-60. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Kinziger
- Department of Fisheries Biology; Humboldt State University; One Harpst Street Arcata CA 95521 USA
| | - Michael Hellmair
- Landesfischereizentrum Vorarlberg; Auhafendamm 1 6971 Hard Austria
| | - W. Tyler McCraney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Los Angeles; 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - David K. Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Los Angeles; 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Greg Goldsmith
- Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office; 1655 Heindon Road Arcata CA 95521 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Robison GA, Balvin O, Schal C, Vargo EL, Booth W. Extensive Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy in Natural Populations of a Resurging Human Pest, the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:734-738. [PMID: 26335484 PMCID: PMC4592348 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Homoplasmy, the occurrence of a single mitochondrial DNA haplotype within an individual, has been the accepted condition across most organisms in the animal kingdom. In recent years, a number of exceptions to this rule have been reported, largely due to the ease with which single nucleotide polymorphisms can be detected. Evidence of heteroplasmy-two or more mitochondrial variants within a single individual-has now been documented in a number of invertebrates; however, when present, heteroplasmy usually occurs at low frequencies both within individuals and within populations. The implications of heteroplasmy may be far reaching, both to the individual in relation to its health and fitness, and when considering the evolutionary dynamics of populations. We present novel evidence for frequent mtDNA heteroplasmy in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Our findings show that heteroplasmy is common, with 5 of 29 (17%) populations screened exhibiting two mitochondrial variants in a ∼1:2 ratio within each individual. We hypothesize that the mechanism underlying heteroplasmy in bed bugs is paternal leakage because some haplotypes were shared among unrelated populations and no evidence for nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Robison
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - O Balvin
- Department of Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - C Schal
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - E L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - W Booth
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) populations in France. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:236-43. [PMID: 26140960 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are resurgent blood-sucking ectoparasites that are currently increasing at a rapid rate, particularly in industrialized countries, such as France. Despite the rapid spread of bed bugs, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the population structure and gene flow among C. lectularius populations in France. To fill this gap, a genetic study was conducted using 183 C. lectularius from 14 populations of bed bugs collected in a hotel and in individual apartments in the French Riviera and in the Saint Ouen suburb of Paris. The samples were genotyped using an isolated set of six polymorphic microsatellite loci, including five new loci which were newly isolated and chosen based on prior successful amplification, and one previously described loci (bb15b). The low genetic diversity observed in the samples (of one to five alleles) suggested that most of prospected populations were established by only a few individuals, possibly from a single mated female. The overall genetic differentiation was high and statistically significant (FST=0.556, p<0.0001). Pairwise analysis of the populations indicated significant genetic differentiation for 24 out of the 45 (53%) population pairs associated with FST, ranging from 0.0042 to 0.862. No obvious relationship between the level of genetic differentiation and the geographic distance was observed when considering all samples. Analysis with Structure software identified nine distinct genetic clusters within the dataset. These preliminary results help to elucidate the genetic structure and gene flow of C. lectularius populations in France; however, the available information should be expanded in further studies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rukke BA, Aak A, Edgar KS. Mortality, temporary sterilization, and maternal effects of sublethal heat in bed bugs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127555. [PMID: 25996999 PMCID: PMC4440821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult bed bugs were exposed to the sublethal temperatures 34.0°C, 35.5°C, 37.0°C, 38.5°C, or 40.0°C for 3, 6, or 9 days. The two uppermost temperatures induced 100% mortality within 9 and 2 days, respectively, whereas 34.0°C had no observable effect. The intermediate temperatures interacted with time to induce a limited level of mortality but had distinct effects on fecundity, reflected by decreases in the number of eggs produced and hatching success. Adult fecundity remained low for up to 40 days after heat exposure, and the time until fertility was restored correlated with the temperature-sum experienced during heat exposure. Three or 6 days of parental exposure to 38.5°C significantly lowered their offspring’s feeding and moulting ability, which consequently led to a failure to continue beyond the third instar. Eggs that were deposited at 22.0°C before being exposed to 37.0°C for 3 or 6 days died, whereas eggs that were exposed to lower temperatures were not significantly affected. Eggs that were deposited during heat treatment exhibited high levels of mortality also at 34.0°C and 35.5°C. The observed negative effects of temperatures between 34.0°C and 40.0°C may be utilized in pest management, and sublethal temperature exposure ought to be further investigated as an additional tool to decimate or potentially eradicate bed bug populations. The effect of parental heat exposure on progeny demonstrates the importance of including maternal considerations when studying bed bug environmental stress reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anders Aak
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Skarsfjord Edgar
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Booth W, Balvín O, Vargo EL, Vilímová J, Schal C. Host association drives genetic divergence in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:980-92. [PMID: 25611460 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differentiation may exist among sympatric populations of a species due to long-term associations with alternative hosts (i.e. host-associated differentiation). While host-associated differentiation has been documented in several phytophagus insects, there are far fewer cases known in animal parasites. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, a wingless insect, represents a potential model organism for elucidating the processes involved in host-associated differentiation in animal parasites with relatively limited mobility. In conjunction with the expansion of modern humans from Africa into Eurasia, it has been speculated that bed bugs extended their host range from bats to humans in their shared cave domiciles throughout Eurasia. C. lectularius that associate with humans have a cosmopolitan distribution, whereas those associated with bats occur across Europe, often in human-built structures. We assessed genetic structure and gene flow within and among populations collected in association with each host using mtDNA, microsatellite loci and knock-down resistance gene variants. Both nuclear and mitochondrial data support a lack of significant contemporary gene flow between host-specific populations. Within locations human-associated bed bug populations exhibit limited genetic diversity and elevated levels of inbreeding, likely due to human-mediated movement, infrequent additional introduction events per infestation, and pest control. In contrast, populations within bat roosts exhibit higher genetic diversity and lower levels of relatedness, suggesting populations are stable with temporal fluctuations due to host dispersal and bug mortality. In concert with previously published evidence of morphological and behavioural differentiation, the genetic data presented here suggest C. lectularius is currently undergoing lineage divergence through host association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tracing historical introductions in the Mediterranean Basin: the success story of the common genet (Genetta genetta) in Europe. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
40
|
Fountain T, Butlin RK, Reinhardt K, Otti O. Outbreeding effects in an inbreeding insect, Cimex lectularius. Ecol Evol 2014; 5:409-18. [PMID: 25691967 PMCID: PMC4314272 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In some species, populations with few founding individuals can be resilient to extreme inbreeding. Inbreeding seems to be the norm in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, a flightless insect that, nevertheless, can reach large deme sizes and persist successfully. However, bed bugs can also be dispersed passively by humans, exposing inbred populations to gene flow from genetically distant populations. The introduction of genetic variation through this outbreeding could lead to increased fitness (heterosis) or be costly by causing a loss of local adaptation or exposing genetic incompatibility between populations (outbreeding depression). Here, we addressed how inbreeding within demes and outbreeding between distant populations impact fitness over two generations in this re-emerging public health pest. We compared fitness traits of families that were inbred (mimicking reproduction following a founder event) or outbred (mimicking reproduction following a gene flow event). We found that outbreeding led to increased starvation resistance compared to inbred families, but this benefit was lost after two generations of outbreeding. No other fitness benefits of outbreeding were observed in either generation, including no differences in fecundity between the two treatments. Resilience to inbreeding is likely to result from the history of small founder events in the bed bug. Outbreeding benefits may only be detectable under stress and when heterozygosity is maximized without disruption of coadaptation. We discuss the consequences of these results both in terms of inbreeding and outbreeding in populations with genetic and spatial structuring, as well as for the recent resurgence of bed bug populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby Fountain
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK ; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK ; Sven Lovén Centre - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg SE, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK ; Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK ; Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Otti O, Johnston PR, Horsburgh GJ, Galindo J, Reinhardt K. Female transcriptomic response to male genetic and nongenetic ejaculate variation. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|