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Herbivore damage to sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Czech Republic. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Nagy DU, Rauschert ESJ, Callaway RM, Henn T, Filep R, Pal RW. Intense mowing management suppresses invader, but shifts competitive resistance by a native to facilitation. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid U. Nagy
- Institute of Geobotany/Plant Ecology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle, Große Steinstraße 79/80 Halle (Saale) D‐06108 Germany
- Cochrane Hungary Medical Centre University of Pécs József Attila u. 7 Pécs 7623 Hungary
| | - Emily S. J. Rauschert
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University 2121 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44115‐2214 U.S.A
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 U.S.A
| | - Tamás Henn
- József Attila Library and Museum Collection City Government of Komló Városház Tér 1 Komló 7300 Hungary
| | - Rita Filep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Pécs Rókus u. 2 Pécs 7624 Hungary
| | - Robert W. Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences Montana Technological University 1300 Park Street, Butte 59701 U.S.A
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3
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Pre-dispersal seed predators boost seed production in a short-lived plant. Oecologia 2021; 195:971-982. [PMID: 33791860 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-dispersal seed predation diminishes fitness and population growth rate of many plant species. Therefore, plants have developed multiple strategies to reduce the harmful effects of this type of herbivory. The present study aims to determine the effect of pre-dispersal seed predators (PSPs) on the fitness of a short-lived herb, and to discern the mechanisms allowing the plants to reduce the impact of pre-dispersal seed predation. Knowing that the interplay between pre-dispersal seed predators and plants is strongly shaped by the presence of other co-occurring organisms, we tested whether detritivores modulate plant responses towards pre-dispersal seed predators. To do so, we experimentally manipulated in the field pre-dispersal seed predators and detritivores interacting with the short-lived herb Moricandia moricandioides. We found that detritivores did not alter the response of plants to PSPs. Strikingly, the plant overcompensated for pre-dispersal seed predation, almost doubling the number of seeds produced. Plant response to PSPs led to substantial changes in shoot architecture, reproductive traits, chemical defences in leaves and seeds and in seed nutrient content. The overcompensating mechanism seems to be meristem activation, which allowed plants to produce more reproductive tissue, and increasing the proportion of ovules that became seeds, a response which specifically compensates for pre-dispersal seed predation. As far as we know, this is the first experimental evidence of a positive effect of PSPs on plant lifetime fitness as a consequence of plant overcompensation.
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How Chaotic Is Genome Chaos? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061358. [PMID: 33802828 PMCID: PMC8002653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer genomes can undergo major restructurings involving many chromosomal locations at key stages in tumor development. This restructuring process has been designated “genome chaos” by some authors. In order to examine how chaotic cancer genome restructuring may be, the cell and molecular processes for DNA restructuring are reviewed. Examination of the action of these processes in various cancers reveals a degree of specificity that indicates genome restructuring may be sufficiently reproducible to enable possible therapies that interrupt tumor progression to more lethal forms. Abstract Cancer genomes evolve in a punctuated manner during tumor evolution. Abrupt genome restructuring at key steps in this evolution has been called “genome chaos.” To answer whether widespread genome change is truly chaotic, this review (i) summarizes the limited number of cell and molecular systems that execute genome restructuring, (ii) describes the characteristic signatures of DNA changes that result from activity of those systems, and (iii) examines two cases where genome restructuring is determined to a significant degree by cell type or viral infection. The conclusion is that many restructured cancer genomes display sufficiently unchaotic signatures to identify the cellular systems responsible for major oncogenic transitions, thereby identifying possible targets for therapies to inhibit tumor progression to greater aggressiveness.
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Paľová M, Ručová D, Goga M, Kolarčik V. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endopolyploidy in Mosses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:E27. [PMID: 33375487 PMCID: PMC7824635 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic polyploidy or endopolyploidy is common in the plant kingdom; it ensures growth and allows adaptation to the environment. It is present in the majority of plant groups, including mosses. Endopolyploidy had only been previously studied in about 65 moss species, which represents less than 1% of known mosses. We analyzed 11 selected moss species to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry to identify patterns in ploidy levels among gametophytes and sporophytes. All of the studied mosses possessed cells with various ploidy levels in gametophytes, and four of six species investigated in sporophytic stage had endopolyploid sporophytes. The proportion of endopolyploid cells varied among organs, parts of gametophytes and sporophytes, and ontogenetic stages. Higher ploidy levels were seen in basal parts of gametophytes and sporophytes than in apical parts. Slight changes in ploidy levels were observed during ontogenesis in cultivated mosses; the youngest (apical) parts of thalli tend to have lower levels of endopolyploidy. Differences between parts of cauloid and phylloids of Plagiomnium ellipticum and Polytrichum formosum were also documented; proximal parts had higher levels of endopolyploidy than distal parts. Endopolyploidy is spatially and temporally differentiated in the gametophytes of endopolyploid mosses and follows a pattern similar to that seen in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
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6
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Gaynor ML, Lim-Hing S, Mason CM. Impact of genome duplication on secondary metabolite composition in non-cultivated species: a systematic meta-analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:363-376. [PMID: 32504537 PMCID: PMC7424755 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whole-genome duplication is known to influence ecological interactions and plant physiology; however, despite abundant case studies, much is still unknown about the typical impact of genome duplication on plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). In this study, we assessed the impact of polyploidy events on PSM characteristics in non-cultivated plants. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare composition and concentration of PSMs among closely related plant species or species complexes differing in ploidy level. KEY RESULTS We assessed 53 studies that focus on PSMs among multiple cytotypes, of which only 14 studies compared concentration quantitatively among cytotypes. We found that whole-genome duplication can have a significant effect on PSM concentration; however, these effects are highly inconsistent. CONCLUSION Overall, there was no consistent effect of whole-genome duplication on PSM concentrations or profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Gaynor
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simone Lim-Hing
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
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7
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Cavé-Radet A, Rabhi M, Gouttefangeas F, El Amrani A. Do Specialized Cells Play a Major Role in Organic Xenobiotic Detoxification in Higher Plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1037. [PMID: 32733524 PMCID: PMC7363956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we used a double cell screening approach based on phenanthrene (phe) epifluorescence histochemical localization and oxygen radical detection to generate new data about how some specialized cells are involved in tolerance to organic xenobiotics. Thereby, we bring new insights about phe [a common Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)] cell specific detoxification, in two contrasting plant lineages thriving in different ecosystems. Our data suggest that in higher plants, detoxification may occur in specialized cells such as trichomes and pavement cells in Arabidopsis, and in the basal cells of salt glands in Spartina species. Such features were supported by a survey from the literature, and complementary data correlating the size of basal salt gland cells and tolerance abilities to PAHs previously reported between Spartina species. Furthermore, we conducted functional validation in two independent Arabidopsis trichomeless glabrous T-DNA mutant lines (GLABRA1 mutants). These mutants showed a sensitive phenotype under phe-induced stress in comparison with their background ecotypes without the mutation, indicating that trichomes are key structures involved in the detoxification of organic xenobiotics. Interestingly, trichomes and pavement cells are known to endoreduplicate, and we discussed the putative advantages given by endopolyploidy in xenobiotic detoxification abilities. The same feature concerning basal salt gland cells in Spartina has been raised. This similarity with detoxification in the endopolyploid liver cells of the animal system is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Cavé-Radet
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS/OSUR-UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution, Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Armand Cavé-Radet, ; Mokded Rabhi, ; Abdelhak El Amrani,
| | - Mokded Rabhi
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Armand Cavé-Radet, ; Mokded Rabhi, ; Abdelhak El Amrani,
| | - Francis Gouttefangeas
- Université de Rennes 1, ScanMAT - Synthèse, Caractérisation et ANalyse de la MATière, Rennes, France
| | - Abdelhak El Amrani
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS/OSUR-UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution, Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Armand Cavé-Radet, ; Mokded Rabhi, ; Abdelhak El Amrani,
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8
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Mesa JM, Juvik JA, Paige KN. Individual and interactive effects of herbivory on plant fitness: endopolyploidy as a driver of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance. Oecologia 2019; 190:847-856. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Ramula S, Paige KN, Lennartsson T, Tuomi J. Overcompensation: a 30-year perspective. Ecology 2019; 100:e02667. [PMID: 30913306 PMCID: PMC6850278 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomass removal by herbivores usually incurs a fitness cost for the attacked plants, with the total cost per unit lost tissue depending on the value of the removed tissue (i.e., how costly it is to be replaced by regrowth). Optimal defense theory, first outlined in the 1960s and 1970s, predicted that these fitness costs result in an arms race between plants and herbivores, in which selection favors resistance strategies that either repel herbivores through morphological and chemical resistance traits in order to reduce their consumption, or result in enemy escape through rapid growth or by timing the growth or flowering to the periods when herbivores are absent. Such resistance against herbivores would most likely evolve when herbivores are abundant, cause extensive damage, and consume valuable plant tissues. The purpose of this Special Feature is to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the phenomenon of overcompensation, specifically, where the finding has brought us and where it is leading us 30 yr later. We first provide a short overview of how the phenomenon of overcompensation has led to broader studies on plant tolerance to herbivory, summarize key findings, and then discuss some promising new directions in light of six featured research papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Ramula
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - Ken N Paige
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Tommy Lennartsson
- Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7016, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Juha Tuomi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
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10
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Garcia LC, Eubanks MD. Overcompensation for insect herbivory: a review and meta‐analysis of the evidence. Ecology 2019; 100:e02585. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loriann C. Garcia
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University 2475 TAMU College Station Texas 77840 USA
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University 2475 TAMU College Station Texas 77840 USA
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11
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Zhang S, Gu S, Ni X, Li X. Genome Size Reversely Correlates With Host Plant Range in Helicoverpa Species. Front Physiol 2019; 10:29. [PMID: 30761014 PMCID: PMC6363812 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In organisms with very low percentages of transposable elements (TEs), genome size may positively or negatively correlate with host range, depending on whether host adaptation or host modification is the main route to host generalism. To test if this holds true for insect herbivores with greater percentages of TEs, we conducted flow cytometry to measure the endopolyploidy levels and C-values of the host modification (salivary gland and mandibular gland in head), host adaptation (midgut), and host use-independent tissues (male gonad, hemolymph, and Malpighian tubules) of the generalist Helicoverpa armigera and the head of its older specialist sister H. assulta. Larval salivary gland displayed a consecutive chain of endopolyploidy particles from 8Cx to higher than 32Cx and larval head and midgut had endopolyploidy nuclei clusters of 16Cx and 32Cx, whereas larval male gonad, hemolymph, and Malpighian tubules possessed no endopolyploidy nuclei of higher than 8Cx. The estimated genome size of the Solanaceae plant specialist H. assulta is 430 Mb, significantly larger than that of its older generalist sister Heliothis virescens (408 Mb) and those of its two generalist descendants H. armigera (394 Mb) and H. zea (363 Mb). These data not only reveal a negative correlation between host plant range and genome size in this terminal lineage, but also imply that Helicoverpa species appear to depend more on host modification than on host adaptation to achieve polyphagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- USDA-ARS Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Xianchun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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12
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Levin J. The Evolution of Mammalian Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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13
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Kumar P, Garrido E, Zhao K, Zheng Y, Alseekh S, Vargas-Ortiz E, Fernie AR, Fei Z, Poveda K, Jander G. Tecia solanivora infestation increases tuber starch accumulation in Pastusa Suprema potatoes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:1083-1096. [PMID: 29888549 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to infestation with larvae of the Guatemalan tuber moth (Tecia solanivora), some Solanum tuberosum (potato) varieties exhibit an overcompensation response, whereby the total dry mass of uninfested tubers is increased. Here, we describe early responses, within the first few days, of T. solanivora feeding, in the Colombian potato variety Pastusa Suprema. Non-targeted metabolite profiling showed significant secondary metabolism changes in T. solanivora-infested tubers, but not in uninfested systemic tubers. In contrast, changes in primary metabolism were greater in uninfested systemic tubers than in the infested tubers, with a notable 80% decline in systemic tuber sucrose levels within 1 d of T. solanivora infestation. This suggested either decreased sucrose transport from the leaves or increased sink strength, i.e., more rapid sucrose to starch conversion in the tubers. Increased sucrose synthesis was indicated by higher rubisco activase and lower starch synthase gene expression in the leaves of infested plants. Elevated sink strength was demonstrated by 45% more total starch deposition in systemic tubers of T. solanivora-infested plants compared to uninfested control plants. Thus, rather than investing in increased defense of uninfested tubers, Pastusa Suprema promotes deposition of photoassimilates in the form of starch as a response to T. solanivora infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Etzel Garrido
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kun Zhao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Erandi Vargas-Ortiz
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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Paige KN. Overcompensation, environmental stress, and the role of endoreduplication. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1105-1108. [PMID: 30070685 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken N Paige
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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15
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Bateman RM, Guy JJ, Rudall PJ, Leitch IJ, Pellicer J, Leitch AR. Evolutionary and functional potential of ploidy increase within individual plants: somatic ploidy mapping of the complex labellum of sexually deceptive bee orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:133-150. [PMID: 29672665 PMCID: PMC6025197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Recent tissue-level observations made indirectly via flow cytometry suggest that endoreplication (duplication of the nuclear genome within the nuclear envelope in the absence of subsequent cell division) is widespread within the plant kingdom. Here, we also directly observe ploidy variation among cells within individual petals, relating size of nucleus to cell micromorphology and (more speculatively) to function. Methods We compared the labella (specialized pollinator-attracting petals) of two European orchid genera: Dactylorhiza has a known predisposition to organismal polyploidy, whereas Ophrys exhibits exceptionally complex epidermal patterning that aids pseudocopulatory pollination. Confocal microscopy using multiple staining techniques allowed us to observe directly both the sizes and the internal structures of individual nuclei across each labellum, while flow cytometry was used to test for progressively partial endoreplication. Key Results In Dactylorhiza, endoreplication was comparatively infrequent, reached only low levels, and appeared randomly located across the labellum, whereas in Ophrys endoreplication was commonplace, being most frequent in large peripheral trichomes. Endoreplicated nuclei reflected both endomitosis and endocycling, the latter reaching the third round of genome doubling (16C) to generate polytene nuclei. All Ophrys individuals studied exhibited progressively partial endoreplication. Conclusions Comparison of the two genera failed to demonstrate the hypothesized pattern of frequent polyploid speciation in genera showing extensive endoreplication. Endoreplication in Ophrys appears more strongly positively correlated with cell size/complexity than with cell location or secretory role. Epigenetic control of gene overexpression by localized induction of endoreplication within individual plant organs may represent a significant component of a plant's developmental programme, contributing substantially to organ plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica J Guy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Erb M. Plant Defenses against Herbivory: Closing the Fitness Gap. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:187-194. [PMID: 29223923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many morphological and chemical features of plants are classified as plant defenses against herbivores. By definition, plant defenses should increase a plant's fitness (i.e., its contribution to the gene pool of the next generation) as a function of herbivory. Over the past years, substantial progress has been made in understanding and manipulating the mechanistic basis of many putative plant defense traits. However, most plant defenses are still characterized by proximate variables such as herbivore performance or plant damage rather than actual fitness. Determining fitness benefits as a function of herbivory therefore remains a major knowledge gap that must be filled to understand the ecology and evolution of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Tan Z, Chu DZV, Chan YJA, Lu YE, Rancati G. Mammalian Cells Undergo Endoreduplication in Response to Lactic Acidosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2890. [PMID: 29440645 PMCID: PMC5811548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization, a common event during the evolution of different tumours, has been proposed to confer selective advantages to tumour cells by increasing the occurrence of mutations promoting cancer progression and by conferring chemotherapy resistance. While conditions leading to polyploidy in cancer cells have been described, a general mechanism explaining the incidence of this karyotypic change in tumours is still missing. In this study, we tested whether a widespread tumour microenvironmental condition, low pH, could induce polyploidization in mammalian cells. We found that an acidic microenvironment, in the range of what is commonly observed in tumours, together with the addition of lactic acid, induced polyploidization in transformed and non-transformed human cell lines in vitro. In addition, we provide evidence that polyploidization was mainly driven through the process of endoreduplication, i.e. the complete skipping of mitosis in-between two S-phases. These findings suggest that acidic environments, which characterize solid tumours, are a plausible path leading to polyploidization of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Zhi Valerie Chu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Jie Andrew Chan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Ena Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Sperotto RA, Buffon G, Schwambach J, Ricachenevsky FK. Crops Responses to Mite Infestation: It's Time to Look at Plant Tolerance to Meet the Farmers' Needs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:556. [PMID: 29740472 PMCID: PMC5928466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul A. Sperotto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley, Lajeado, Brazil
- Biological Sciences and Health Center, University of Taquari Valley, Lajeado, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raul A. Sperotto
| | - Giseli Buffon
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Joséli Schwambach
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe K. Ricachenevsky
- Graduate Program in Agrobiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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19
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Poveda K, Díaz MF, Ramirez A. Can overcompensation increase crop production? Ecology 2017; 99:270-280. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - María F. Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Postal code 111321; Bogotá Colombia
| | - Augusto Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Postal code 111321; Bogotá Colombia
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20
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Mesa JM, Scholes DR, Juvik JA, Paige KN. Molecular constraints on resistance–tolerance trade‐offs. Ecology 2017; 98:2528-2537. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Miles Mesa
- School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 505 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Daniel R. Scholes
- Department of Biology University of Indianapolis 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis Indiana 46227 USA
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 1201 West Gregory Drive Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Ken N. Paige
- School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 505 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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21
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Pearse IS, Aguilar J, Schroder J, Strauss SY. Macroevolutionary constraints to tolerance: trade‐offs with drought tolerance and phenology, but not resistance. Ecology 2017; 98:2758-2772. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Pearse
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
- Ft. Collins Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Ft Collins Colorado 80521 USA
| | - Jessica Aguilar
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
| | - John Schroder
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
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22
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Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana regrowth patterns suggests a trade-off between undamaged fitness and damage tolerance. Oecologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Yant L, Bomblies K. Genome management and mismanagement--cell-level opportunities and challenges of whole-genome duplication. Genes Dev 2016; 29:2405-19. [PMID: 26637526 PMCID: PMC4691946 DOI: 10.1101/gad.271072.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) doubles the DNA content in the nucleus and leads to polyploidy. In this review, Yant and Bomblies discuss both the adaptive potential and problems associated with WGD, focusing primarily on cellular effects. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) doubles the DNA content in the nucleus and leads to polyploidy. In whole-organism polyploids, WGD has been implicated in adaptability and the evolution of increased genome complexity, but polyploidy can also arise in somatic cells of otherwise diploid plants and animals, where it plays important roles in development and likely environmental responses. As with whole organisms, WGD can also promote adaptability and diversity in proliferating cell lineages, although whether WGD is beneficial is clearly context-dependent. WGD is also sometimes associated with aging and disease and may be a facilitator of dangerous genetic and karyotypic diversity in tumorigenesis. Scaling changes can affect cell physiology, but problems associated with WGD in large part seem to arise from problems with chromosome segregation in polyploid cells. Here we discuss both the adaptive potential and problems associated with WGD, focusing primarily on cellular effects. We see value in recognizing polyploidy as a key player in generating diversity in development and cell lineage evolution, with intriguing parallels across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Yant
- John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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24
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Scholes DR, Wszalek AE, Paige KN. Regrowth patterns and rosette attributes contribute to the differential compensatory responses of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes to apical damage. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:239-48. [PMID: 26434737 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A plant's compensatory performance refers to its ability to maintain or increase its reproductive output following damage. The ability of a plant to compensate depends on numerous factors including the type, severity, frequency and timing of damage, the environmental conditions and the plant's genotype. Upon apical damage, a cascade of hormonal and genetic responses often produces dramatic changes in a plant's growth, development, architecture and physiology. All else being equal, this response is largely dependent on a plant's genotype, with different regrowth patterns displayed by different genotypes of a given species. In this study, we compare the architectural and growth patterns of two Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes following apical damage. Specifically, we characterise regrowth patterns of the genotypes Columbia-4 and Landsberg erecta, which typically differ in their compensation to apical meristem removal. We report that Landsberg erecta suffered reductions in the number of stems produced, maximum elongation rate, a delay in reaching this rate, lower average rosette quality throughout the growing period, and ultimately, less aboveground dry biomass and seed production when damaged compared to undamaged control plants. Columbia-4 had no reductions in any of these measures and maintained larger rosette area when clipped relative to when unclipped. Based on the apparent influence of the rosette on these genotypes' compensatory performances, we performed a rosette removal experiment, which confirmed that the rosette contributes to compensatory performance. This study provides a novel characterisation of regrowth patterns following apical damage, with insights into those measures having the largest effect on plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Scholes
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A E Wszalek
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K N Paige
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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25
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Siddappaji MH, Scholes DR, Krishnankutty SM, Calla B, Clough SJ, Zielinski RE, Paige KN. The role of invertases in plant compensatory responses to simulated herbivory. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:278. [PMID: 26572986 PMCID: PMC4647499 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of a plant to overcome animal-induced damage is referred to as compensation or tolerance and ranges from undercompensation (decreased fitness when damaged) to overcompensation (increased fitness when damaged). Although it is clear that genetic variation for compensation exists among plants, little is known about the specific genetic underpinnings leading to enhanced fitness. Our previous study identified the enzyme GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE 1 (G6PD1) as a key regulator contributing to the phenomenon of overcompensation via its role in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). Apart from G6PD1 we also identified an invertase gene which was up-regulated following damage and that potentially integrates with the OPPP. The invertase family of enzymes hydrolyze sucrose to glucose and fructose, whereby the glucose produced is shunted into the OPPP and presumably supports plant regrowth, development, and ultimately compensation. In the current study, we measured the relative expression of 12 invertase genes over the course of plant development in the Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes Columbia-4 and Landsberg erecta, which typically overcompensate and undercompensate, respectively, when damaged. We also compared the compensatory performances of a set of invertase knockout mutants to the Columbia-4 wild type. RESULTS We report that Columbia-4 significantly up-regulated 9 of 12 invertase genes when damaged relative to when undamaged, and ultimately overcompensated for fruit production. Landsberg erecta, in contrast, down-regulated two invertase genes following damage and suffered reduced fitness. Knockout mutants of two invertase genes both exhibited significant undercompensation for fruit production, exhibiting a complete reversal of the wild type Col-4's overcompensation. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results confirm that invertases are essential for not only normal plant growth and development, but also plants' abilities to regrow and ultimately compensate for fitness following apical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Scholes
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46227, USA.
| | | | - Bernarda Calla
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service Pacific Basin, Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
| | - Steven J Clough
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service and the Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Raymond E Zielinski
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Ken N Paige
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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26
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Belowground fungal associations and water interact to influence the compensatory response of Ipomopsis aggregata. Oecologia 2015; 180:463-74. [PMID: 26497124 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Neiman M, Beaton MJ, Hessen DO, Jeyasingh PD, Weider LJ. Endopolyploidy as a potential driver of animal ecology and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:234-247. [PMID: 26467853 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy - the existence of higher-ploidy cells within organisms that are otherwise of a lower ploidy level (generally diploid) - was discovered decades ago, but remains poorly studied relative to other genomic phenomena, especially in animals. Our synthetic review suggests that endopolyploidy is more common in animals than often recognized and probably influences a number of fitness-related and ecologically important traits. In particular, we argue that endopolyploidy is likely to play a central role in key traits such as gene expression, body and cell size, and growth rate, and in a variety of cell types, including those responsible for tissue regeneration, nutrient storage, and inducible anti-predator defences. We also summarize evidence for intraspecific genetic variation in endopolyploid levels and make the case that the existence of this variation suggests that endopolyploid levels are likely to be heritable and thus a potential target for natural selection. We then discuss why, in light of evident benefits of endopolyploidy, animals remain primarily diploid. We conclude by highlighting key areas for future research such as comprehensive evaluation of the heritability of endopolyploidy and the adaptive scope of endopolyploid-related traits, the extent to which endopolyploid induction incurs costs, and characterization of the relationships between environmental variability and endopolyploid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Margaret J Beaton
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 304, Norman, OK 73019, U.S.A
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28
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Scholes DR, Paige KN. Plasticity in ploidy: a generalized response to stress. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:165-175. [PMID: 25534217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, the replication of the genome without mitosis, leads to an increase in the cellular ploidy of an organism over its lifetime, a condition termed 'endopolyploidy'. Endopolyploidy is thought to play significant roles in physiology and development through cellular, metabolic, and genetic effects. While the occurrence of endopolyploidy has been observed widely across taxa, studies have only recently begun to characterize and manipulate endopolyploidy with a focus on its ecological and evolutionary importance. No compilation of these examples implicating endoreduplication as a generalized response to stress has thus far been made, despite the growing evidence supporting this notion. We review here the recent literature of stress-induced endopolyploidy and suggest that plants employ endoreduplication as an adaptive, plastic response to mitigate the effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scholes
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ken N Paige
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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