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Helm B, Liedvogel M. Avian migration clocks in a changing world. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:691-716. [PMID: 38305877 PMCID: PMC11226503 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Avian long-distance migration requires refined programming to orchestrate the birds' movements on annual temporal and continental spatial scales. Programming is particularly important as long-distance movements typically anticipate future environmental conditions. Hence, migration has long been of particular interest in chronobiology. Captivity studies using a proxy, the shift to nocturnality during migration seasons (i.e., migratory restlessness), have revealed circannual and circadian regulation, as well as an innate sense of direction. Thanks to rapid development of tracking technology, detailed information from free-flying birds, including annual-cycle data and actograms, now allows relating this mechanistic background to behaviour in the wild. Likewise, genomic approaches begin to unravel the many physiological pathways that contribute to migration. Despite these advances, it is still unclear how migration programmes are integrated with specific environmental conditions experienced during the journey. Such knowledge is imminently important as temporal environments undergo rapid anthropogenic modification. Migratory birds as a group are not dealing well with the changes, yet some species show remarkable adjustments at behavioural and genetic levels. Integrated research programmes and interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to understand the range of responses of migratory birds to environmental change, and more broadly, the functioning of timing programmes under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Helm
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Bird Migration Unit, Seerose 1, CH-6204, Sempach, Schweiz.
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Institute of Avian Research, An Der Vogelwarte 21, 26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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2
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Cadena CD. Endurance athletes hiding in plain sight in the high Andes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407414121. [PMID: 38781224 PMCID: PMC11161742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407414121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá111711, Colombia
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3
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Fuentes‐Pardo AP, Stanley R, Bourne C, Singh R, Emond K, Pinkham L, McDermid JL, Andersson L, Ruzzante DE. Adaptation to seasonal reproduction and environment-associated factors drive temporal and spatial differentiation in northwest Atlantic herring despite gene flow. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13675. [PMID: 38495946 PMCID: PMC10940790 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how marine organisms adapt to local environments is crucial for predicting how populations will respond to global climate change. The genomic basis, environmental factors and evolutionary processes involved in local adaptation are however not well understood. Here we use Atlantic herring, an abundant, migratory and widely distributed marine fish with substantial genomic resources, as a model organism to evaluate local adaptation. We examined genomic variation and its correlation with environmental variables across a broad environmental gradient, for 15 spawning aggregations in Atlantic Canada and the United States. We then compared our results with available genomic data of northeast Atlantic populations. We confirmed that population structure lies in a fraction of the genome including likely adaptive genetic variants of functional importance. We discovered 10 highly differentiated genomic regions distributed across four chromosomes. Nine regions show strong association with seasonal reproduction. One region, corresponding to a known inversion on chromosome 12, underlies a latitudinal pattern discriminating populations north and south of a biogeographic transition zone on the Scotian Shelf. Genome-environment associations indicate that winter seawater temperature best correlates with the latitudinal pattern of this inversion. The variation at two so-called 'islands of divergence' related to seasonal reproduction appear to be private to the northwest Atlantic. Populations in the northwest and northeast Atlantic share variation at four of these divergent regions, simultaneously displaying significant diversity in haplotype composition at another four regions, which includes an undescribed structural variant approximately 7.7 Mb long on chromosome 8. Our results suggest that the timing and geographic location of spawning and early development may be under diverse selective pressures related to allelic fitness across environments. Our study highlights the role of genomic architecture, ancestral haplotypes and selection in maintaining adaptive divergence in species with large population sizes and presumably high gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Fuentes‐Pardo
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Ryan Stanley
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMaritimes RegionDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Christina Bourne
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNorthwest Atlantic Fisheries CentreSt John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Rabindra Singh
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. Andrews Biological StationSt. AndrewsNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Kim Emond
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMaurice Lamontagne InstituteMont‐JoliQuebecCanada
| | - Lisa Pinkham
- Department of Marine ResourcesWest Boothbay HarborMaineUSA
| | - Jenni L. McDermid
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaGulf Fisheries CentreMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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4
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Birchard K, Driver HG, Ademidun D, Bedolla-Guzmán Y, Birt T, Chown EE, Deane P, Harkness BAS, Morrin A, Masello JF, Taylor RS, Friesen VL. Circadian gene variation in relation to breeding season and latitude in allochronic populations of two pelagic seabird species complexes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13692. [PMID: 37608061 PMCID: PMC10444859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual cues in the environment result in physiological changes that allow organisms to time reproduction during periods of optimal resource availability. Understanding how circadian rhythm genes sense these environmental cues and stimulate the appropriate physiological changes in response is important for determining the adaptability of species, especially in the advent of changing climate. A first step involves characterizing the environmental correlates of natural variation in these genes. Band-rumped and Leach's storm-petrels (Hydrobates spp.) are pelagic seabirds that breed across a wide range of latitudes. Importantly, some populations have undergone allochronic divergence, in which sympatric populations use the same breeding sites at different times of year. We investigated the relationship between variation in key functional regions of four genes that play an integral role in the cellular clock mechanism-Clock, Bmal1, Cry2 and Per2-with both breeding season and absolute latitude in these two species complexes. We discovered that allele frequencies in two genes, Clock and Bmal1, differed between seasonal populations in one archipelago, and also correlated with absolute latitude of breeding colonies. These results indicate that variation in these circadian rhythm genes may be involved in allochronic speciation, as well as adaptation to photoperiod at breeding locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Birchard
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Apex Resource Management Solutions, Ottawa, ON, K2A 3K2, Canada
| | - Hannah G Driver
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Dami Ademidun
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Tim Birt
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Erin E Chown
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Petra Deane
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Mascoma LLC, Lallemand Inc., Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Bronwyn A S Harkness
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wildlife Research Division, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Austin Morrin
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Sims Animal Hospital, Kingston, ON, K7K 7E9, Canada
| | - Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rebecca S Taylor
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Landscape Science and Technology Division, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5R1, Canada
| | - Vicki L Friesen
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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5
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Glazier DS. The Relevance of Time in Biological Scaling. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1084. [PMID: 37626969 PMCID: PMC10452035 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Various phenotypic traits relate to the size of a living system in regular but often disproportionate (allometric) ways. These "biological scaling" relationships have been studied by biologists for over a century, but their causes remain hotly debated. Here, I focus on the patterns and possible causes of the body-mass scaling of the rates/durations of various biological processes and life-history events, i.e., the "pace of life". Many biologists have regarded the rate of metabolism or energy use as the master driver of the "pace of life" and its scaling with body size. Although this "energy perspective" has provided valuable insight, here I argue that a "time perspective" may be equally or even more important. I evaluate various major ways that time may be relevant in biological scaling, including as (1) an independent "fourth dimension" in biological dimensional analyses, (2) a universal "biological clock" that synchronizes various biological rates/durations, (3) a scaling method that uses various biological time periods (allochrony) as scaling metrics, rather than various measures of physical size (allometry), as traditionally performed, (4) an ultimate body-size-related constraint on the rates/timing of biological processes/events that is set by the inevitability of death, and (5) a geological "deep time" approach for viewing the evolution of biological scaling patterns. Although previously proposed universal four-dimensional space-time and "biological clock" views of biological scaling are problematic, novel approaches using allochronic analyses and time perspectives based on size-related rates of individual mortality and species origination/extinction may provide new valuable insights.
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6
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Black EN, Blair JD, van der Burg KRL, Marshall KE. Crowd-sourced observations of a polyphagous moth reveal evidence of allochronic speciation varying along a latitudinal gradient. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288415. [PMID: 37440520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Allochronic speciation, where reproductive isolation between populations of a species is facilitated by a difference in reproductive timing, depends on abiotic factors such as seasonality and biotic factors such as diapause intensity. These factors are strongly influenced by latitudinal trends in climate, so we hypothesized that there is a relationship between latitude and divergence among populations separated by life history timing. Hyphantria cunea (the fall webworm), a lepidopteran defoliator with red and black colour morphs, is hypothesized to be experiencing an incipient allochronic speciation. However, given their broad geographic range, the strength of allochronic speciation may vary across latitude. We annotated >11,000 crowd-sourced observations of fall webworm to model geographic distribution, phenology, and differences in colour phenotype between morphs across North America. We found that red and black morph life history timing differs across North America, and the phenology of morphs diverges more in warmer climates at lower latitudes. We also found some evidence that the colour phenotype of morphs also diverges at lower latitudes, suggesting reduced gene flow between colour morphs. Our results demonstrate that seasonality in lower latitudes may increase the strength of allochronic speciation in insects, and that the strength of sympatric speciation can vary along a latitudinal gradient. This has implications for our understanding of broad-scale speciation events and trends in global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Black
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jarrett D Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karin R L van der Burg
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Yang L, Shen Z, Wang X, Wang S, Xie Y, Larjavaara M, Zhang J, Li G. Climate drivers of seed rain phenology of subtropical forest communities along an elevational gradient. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00484-023-02481-9. [PMID: 37258689 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed rain phenology (the start and end date of seed rain) is an essential component of plant phenology, critical for understanding population regeneration and community dynamics. However, intra- and inter-annual changes of seed rain phenology along environmental gradients have rarely been studied and the responses of seed rain phenology to climate variations are unclear. We monitored seed rain phenology of four forest communities in four years at different elevations (900 m, 1450 m, 1650 m, 1900 m a.s.l.) of a subtropical mountain in Central China. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of seed rain phenology of 29 common woody plant species (total observed species in the seed rain), and related the phenological variations to seed number and climatic variables using mixed-effect models with the correlation matrix of phylogeny. We found that changes in the period length were mainly driven by the end rather than the start date. The end date and the period length of seed rain were significantly different between the mast and non-mast seeding years, while no significant elevation-related trend was detected in seed rain phenology variation. Seed number, mean temperature in spring (Tspr), and winter (Twin), summer precipitation (Psum) had significant effects on seed rain phenology. When Tspr increased, the start date of seed rain advanced, while the end date was delayed and the seed rain period length was mainly prolonged by a higher seed number, Twin and Psum. Forest canopy might have a buffering effect on understory climatic conditions, especially in precipitation that lead to difference in seed rain phenology between canopy and shrub species. Our novel evidence of seed rain phenology can improve prediction of community regeneration dynamics in responding to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehao Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xuejing Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuyang Xie
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Markku Larjavaara
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guo Li
- Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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8
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Toji T, Yamamoto T, Kondo H, Shinohara Y, Itino T. Sympatric co-existence of two ecotypes of Impatiens noli-tangere (Balsaminaceae) with different morphology and flowering phenology. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:323-331. [PMID: 36809400 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, intraspecific variation of flowering phenology may affect reproductive isolation and, consequently, speciation. This study focused on Impatiens noli-tangere (Balsaminaceae), which is distributed over broad latitudinal and altitudinal ranges in Japan. We aimed to reveal the phenotypic mixture of two ecotypes of I. noli-tangere with different flowering phenology and morphological traits in a narrow contact zone. Previous studies have shown that I. noli-tangere has early- and late-flowering types. The early-flowering type makes buds in June and is distributed at high-elevation sites. The late-flowering type makes buds in July and is distributed at low-elevation sites. In this study, we analyzed the flowering phenology of individuals at an intermediate elevation site where the early- and late-flowering types grow in sympatry (contact zone). We found no individuals showing intermediate flowering phenology at the contact zone, and early- and late-flowering types were clearly distinguishable. We also found that the differences in many other phenotypic traits between the early- and late-flowering types were maintained, including the number of flowers produced (total number of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers), leaf morphology (aspect ratio, number of serrations), seed traits (aspect ratio), and flower bud formation positions on the plant. This study showed that these two flowering ecotypes maintain many different traits in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Toji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kondo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shinohara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takao Itino
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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9
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Briševac D, Peralta CM, Kaiser TS. An oligogenic architecture underlying ecological and reproductive divergence in sympatric populations. eLife 2023; 12:82825. [PMID: 36852479 PMCID: PMC9977317 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary trajectories and genetic architectures underlying ecological divergence with gene flow are poorly understood. Sympatric timing types of the intertidal insect Clunio marinus (Diptera) from Roscoff (France) differ in lunar reproductive timing. One type reproduces at full moon, the other at new moon, controlled by a circalunar clock of yet unknown molecular nature. Lunar reproductive timing is a magic trait for a sympatric speciation process, as it is both ecologically relevant and entails assortative mating. Here, we show that the difference in reproductive timing is controlled by at least four quantitative trait loci (QTL) on three different chromosomes. They are partly associated with complex inversions, but differentiation of the inversion haplotypes cannot explain the different phenotypes. The most differentiated locus in the entire genome, with QTL support, is the period locus, implying that this gene could not only be involved in circadian timing but also in lunar timing. Our data indicate that magic traits can be based on an oligogenic architecture and can be maintained by selection on several unlinked loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušica Briševac
- Max Planck Research Group Biological Clocks, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPloenGermany
| | - Carolina M Peralta
- Max Planck Research Group Biological Clocks, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPloenGermany
| | - Tobias S Kaiser
- Max Planck Research Group Biological Clocks, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPloenGermany
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10
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González M, Kacevas N, Nori J, Piacentini LN, Bidegaray-Batista L. Not the same: phylogenetic relationships and ecological niche comparisons between two different forms of Aglaoctenus lagotis from Argentina and Uruguay. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Fang B, Momigliano P, Kahilainen KK, Merilä J. Allopatric origin of sympatric whitefish morphs with insights on the genetic basis of their reproductive isolation. Evolution 2022; 76:1905-1913. [PMID: 35797649 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) species complex is a classic example of recent adaptive radiation. Here, we examine a whitefish population introduced to northern Finnish Lake Tsahkal in the late 1960s, where three divergent morphs (viz. littoral, pelagic, and profundal feeders) were found 10 generations after. Using demographic modeling based on genomic data, we show that whitefish morphs evolved during a phase of strict isolation, refuting a rapid sympatric divergence scenario. The lake is now an artificial hybrid zone between morphs originated in allopatry. Despite their current syntopy, clear genetic differentiation remains between two of the three morphs. Using admixture mapping, we identify five SNPs associated with gonad weight variation, a proxy for sexual maturity and spawning time. We suggest that ecological adaptations in spawning time evolved in allopatry are currently maintaining partial reproductive isolation in the absence of other barriers to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Fang
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Paolo Momigliano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Immunology, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, 16900, Finland.,Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Kilpisjärvi, 99490, Finland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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12
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Comparative analysis of temperature preference behavior and effects of temperature on daily behavior in 11 Drosophila species. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12692. [PMID: 35879333 PMCID: PMC9314439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most critical environmental factors that influence various biological processes. Species distributed in different temperature regions are considered to have different optimal temperatures for daily life activities. However, how organisms have acquired various features to cope with particular temperature environments remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have systematically analyzed the temperature preference behavior and effects of temperatures on daily locomotor activity and sleep using 11 Drosophila species. We also investigated the function of antennae in the temperature preference behavior of these species. We found that, (1) an optimal temperature for daily locomotor activity and sleep of each species approximately matches with temperatures it frequently encounters in its habitat, (2) effects of temperature on locomotor activity and sleep are diverse among species, but each species maintains its daily activity and sleep pattern even at different temperatures, and (3) each species has a unique temperature preference behavior, and the contribution of antennae to this behavior is diverse among species. These results suggest that Drosophila species inhabiting different climatic environments have acquired species-specific temperature response systems according to their life strategies. This study provides fundamental information for understanding the mechanisms underlying their temperature adaptation and lifestyle diversification.
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13
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Geissmann Q, Abram PK, Wu D, Haney CH, Carrillo J. Sticky Pi is a high-frequency smart trap that enables the study of insect circadian activity under natural conditions. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001689. [PMID: 35797311 PMCID: PMC9262196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of severe environmental crises that threaten insect biodiversity, new technologies are imperative to monitor both the identity and ecology of insect species. Traditionally, insect surveys rely on manual collection of traps, which provide abundance data but mask the large intra- and interday variations in insect activity, an important facet of their ecology. Although laboratory studies have shown that circadian processes are central to insects' biological functions, from feeding to reproduction, we lack the high-frequency monitoring tools to study insect circadian biology in the field. To address these issues, we developed the Sticky Pi, a novel, autonomous, open-source, insect trap that acquires images of sticky cards every 20 minutes. Using custom deep learning algorithms, we automatically and accurately scored where, when, and which insects were captured. First, we validated our device in controlled laboratory conditions with a classic chronobiological model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Then, we deployed an array of Sticky Pis to the field to characterise the daily activity of an agricultural pest, Drosophila suzukii, and its parasitoid wasps. Finally, we demonstrate the wide scope of our smart trap by describing the sympatric arrangement of insect temporal niches in a community, without targeting particular taxa a priori. Together, the automatic identification and high sampling rate of our tool provide biologists with unique data that impacts research far beyond chronobiology, with applications to biodiversity monitoring and pest control as well as fundamental implications for phenology, behavioural ecology, and ecophysiology. We released the Sticky Pi project as an open community resource on https://doc.sticky-pi.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Geissmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Unceded xʼməθkʼəýəm Musqueam Territory), British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Unceded xʼməθkʼəýəm Musqueam Territory), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cara H. Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Unceded xʼməθkʼəýəm Musqueam Territory), British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Alberdi A, Andersen SB, Limborg MT, Dunn RR, Gilbert MTP. Disentangling host-microbiota complexity through hologenomics. Nat Rev Genet 2022; 23:281-297. [PMID: 34675394 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on animal-microbiota interactions has become a central topic in biological sciences because of its relevance to basic eco-evolutionary processes and applied questions in agriculture and health. However, animal hosts and their associated microbial communities are still seldom studied in a systemic fashion. Hologenomics, the integrated study of the genetic features of a eukaryotic host alongside that of its associated microbes, is becoming a feasible - yet still underexploited - approach that overcomes this limitation. Acknowledging the biological and genetic properties of both hosts and microbes, along with the advantages and disadvantages of implemented techniques, is essential for designing optimal studies that enable some of the major questions in biology to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antton Alberdi
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sandra B Andersen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten T Limborg
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Kunerth HD, Bogdanowicz SM, Searle JB, Harrison RG, Coates BS, Kozak GM, Dopman EB. Consequences of coupled barriers to gene flow for the build-up of genomic differentiation. Evolution 2022; 76:985-1002. [PMID: 35304922 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that when different barriers to gene flow become coincident, their joint effects enhance reproductive isolation and genomic divergence beyond their individual effects, but empirical tests of this "coupling" hypothesis are rare. Here, we analyze patterns of gene exchange among populations of European corn borer moths that vary in the number of acting barriers, allowing for comparisons of genomic variation when barrier traits or loci are in coincident or independent states. We find that divergence is mainly restricted to barrier loci when populations differ by a single barrier, whereas the coincidence of temporal and behavioral barriers is associated with divergence of two chromosomes harboring barrier loci. Furthermore, differentiation at temporal barrier loci increases in the presence of behavioral divergence and differentiation at behavioral barrier loci increases in the presence of temporal divergence. Our results demonstrate how the joint action of coincident barrier effects leads to levels of genomic differentiation that far exceed those of single barriers acting alone, consistent with theory arguing that coupling allows indirect selection to combine with direct selection and thereby lead to a stronger overall barrier to gene flow. Thus, the state of barriers-independent or coupled-strongly influences the accumulation of genomic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Kunerth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Steven M Bogdanowicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Richard G Harrison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Brad S Coates
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Genevieve M Kozak
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
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16
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Sympatric speciation of the spiny mouse from Evolution Canyon in Israel substantiated genomically and methylomically. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121822119. [PMID: 35320043 PMCID: PMC9060526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121822119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceWhether sympatric speciation (SS) is rare or common is still debated. Two populations of the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus, from Evolution Canyon I (EC I) in Israel have been depicted earlier as speciating sympatrically by molecular markers and transcriptome. Here, we investigated SS both genomically and methylomically, demonstrating that the opposite populations of spiny mice are sister taxa and split from the common ancestor around 20,000 years ago without an allopatric history. Mate choice, olfactory receptors, and speciation genes contributed to prezygotic/postzygotic reproductive isolation. The two populations showed different methylation patterns, facilitating adaptation to their local environment. They cope with abiotic and biotic stresses, due to high solar interslope radiation differences. We conclude that our new genomic and methylomic data substantiated SS.
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17
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Nelson TD, MacDonald ZG, Sperling FAH. Moths passing in the night: Phenological and genomic divergences within a forest pest complex. Evol Appl 2022; 15:166-180. [PMID: 35126654 PMCID: PMC8792478 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal separation of reproductive timing can contribute to species diversification both through allochronic speciation and later reinforcement of species boundaries. Such phenological differences are an enigmatic component of evolutionary divergence between two major forest defoliator species of the spruce budworm complex: Choristoneura fumiferana and C. occidentalis. While these species interbreed freely in laboratory settings, natural hybridization rates have not been reliably quantified due to their indistinguishable morphology. To assess whether temporal isolation is contributing to reproductive isolation, we collected adult individuals throughout their expected zone of sympatry in western Canada at 10-day intervals over two successive years, assigning taxonomic identities using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found unexpectedly broad sympatry between C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis biennis and substantial overlap of regional flight periods. However, flight period divergence was much more apparent on a location-by-location basis, highlighting the importance of considering spatial scale in these analyses. Phenological comparisons were further complicated by the biennial life cycle of C. o. biennis, the main subspecies of C. occidentalis in the region, and the occasional occurrence of the annually breeding subspecies C. o. occidentalis. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that biennialism is not a likely contributor to reproductive isolation within the species complex. Overall, interspecific F1 hybrids comprised 2.9% of sequenced individuals, confirming the genomic distinctiveness of C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis, while also showing incomplete reproductive isolation of lineages. Finally, we used F ST-based outlier and genotype-environment association analyses to identify several genomic regions under putative divergent selection. These regions were disproportionately located on the Z linkage region of C. fumiferana, and contained genes, particularly antifreeze proteins, that are likely to be associated with overwintering success and diapause. In addition to temporal isolation, we conclude that other mechanisms, including ecologically mediated selection, are contributing to evolutionary divergence within the spruce budworm species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Nelson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Summerland Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSummerlandBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Zachary G. MacDonald
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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18
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Convergent morphology and divergent phenology promote the coexistence of Morpho butterfly species. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7248. [PMID: 34903755 PMCID: PMC8668891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of closely-related species in sympatry is puzzling because ecological niche proximity imposes strong competition and reproductive interference. A striking example is the widespread wing pattern convergence of several blue-banded Morpho butterfly species with overlapping ranges of distribution. Here we perform a series of field experiments using flying Morpho dummies placed in a natural habitat. We show that similarity in wing colour pattern indeed leads to interspecific territoriality and courtship among sympatric species. In spite of such behavioural interference, demographic inference from genomic data shows that sympatric closely-related Morpho species are genetically isolated. Mark-recapture experiments in the two most closely-related species unravel a strong temporal segregation in patrolling activity of males. Such divergence in phenology reduces the costs of reproductive interference while simultaneously preserving the benefits of convergence in non-reproductive traits in response to common ecological pressures. Henceforth, the evolution of multiple traits may favour species diversification in sympatry by partitioning niche in different dimensions.
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19
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Li Q, Chen C, Wu Y, Siddiqui JA, Lu C, Cheng Z, Li Y, Liu Q, Huang X. Specialization on Ficus Supported by Genetic Divergence and Morphometrics in Sympatric Host-Populations of the Camellia Aphid, Aphis aurantii. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.786450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to different host plants is considered to be an important driver of the divergence and speciation of herbivorous insects. The application of molecular data and integrated taxonomic practices in recent years may contribute to our understanding of population divergence and speciation, especially for herbivorous insects considered to be polyphagous. Aphis aurantii is an important agricultural and forestry pest with a broad range of host plants. In this study, samples of A. aurantii feeding on different host plants in the same geographical area were collected, and their population genetic divergence and morphological difference were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network analysis based on five genes revealed that the population on Ficus exhibited significantly genetic divergence from populations on other host plants, which was also supported by the statistical analysis based on measurements of 38 morphological characters. Our results suggest that A. aurantii has undergone specialized evolution on Ficus, and the Ficus population may represent a lineage that is experiencing ongoing sympatric speciation.
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20
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Seasonal Dissociation in Fossorial Activity between the Llanos' Frog Populations as a Survival Strategy in Arid Subtropical Environments. J HERPETOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1670/20-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Tang Q, Burri R, Liu Y, Suh A, Sundev G, Heckel G, Schweizer M. Seasonal migration patterns and the maintenance of evolutionary diversity in a cryptic bird radiation. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:632-645. [PMID: 34674334 PMCID: PMC9298432 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphological differentiation associated with evolutionary diversification is often explained with adaptive benefits but the processes and mechanisms maintaining cryptic diversity are still poorly understood. Using genome‐wide data, we show here that the pale sand martin Riparia diluta in Central and East Asia consists of three genetically deeply differentiated lineages which vary only gradually in morphology but broadly reflect traditional taxonomy. We detected no signs of gene flow along the eastern edge of the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau between lowland south‐eastern Chinese R. d. fohkienensis and high‐altitude R. d. tibetana. Largely different breeding and migration timing between these low and high altitude populations as indicated by phenology data suggests that allochrony might act as prezygotic isolation mechanism in the area where their ranges abut. Mongolian populations of R. d. tibetana, however, displayed signs of limited mixed ancestries with Central Asian R. d. diluta. Their ranges meet in the area of a well‐known avian migratory divide, where western lineages take a western migration route around the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau to winter quarters in South Asia, and eastern lineages take an eastern route to Southeast Asia. This might also be the case between western R. d. diluta and eastern R. d. tibetana as indicated by differing wintering grounds. We hypothesize that hybrids might have nonoptimal intermediate migration routes and selection against them might restrict gene flow. Although further potential isolation mechanisms might exist in the pale sand martin, our study points towards contrasting migration behaviour as an important factor in maintaining evolutionary diversity under morphological stasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindong Tang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Natural History Museum, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burri
- Schweizerische Vogelwarte, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences-Organisms and the Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gombobaatar Sundev
- National University of Mongolia and Mongolian Ornithological Society, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schweizer
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Natural History Museum, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Thomé MTC, Carstens BC, Rodrigues MT, Galetti PM, Alexandrino J, Haddad CFB. A role of asynchrony of seasons in explaining genetic differentiation in a Neotropical toad. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:363-372. [PMID: 34304245 PMCID: PMC8478927 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of diversification can be studied at the phylogeographic level by attempting to identify the environmental features that promote and maintain population divergence. Here we investigate diversification in Rhinella granulosa, a Neotropical toad from northeastern Brazil, by testing a range of hypotheses that encompass different putative mechanisms reducing gene flow among populations. We sequenced single nucleotide polymorphisms and examined individual predictions related to the role of geographic barriers (rivers), ecological gradients, historical habitat stability, and spatial variation in climate seasonality, also known as the asynchrony of seasons hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that temporal asynchrony of wet and dry seasons over short distances causes parapatric populations to become isolated by time. After determining genetic structure, inferring past distributions, ranking demographic models, and estimating the power of monthly climatic variables, our results identified two populations that are not associated with geographic barriers, biome gradients, or historical refugia. Instead, they are predicted by spatial variation in monthly rainfall and minimum temperature, consistent with the asynchrony of seasons hypothesis, supported also by our comparative framework using multiple matrix regression and linear mixed effects modeling. Due to the toad's life history, climate likely mediates gene flow directly, with genetic differentiation being provoked by neutral mechanisms related to climate driven population isolation, and/or by natural selection against migrants from populations with different breeding times. The asynchrony of seasons hypothesis is seldom considered in phylogeographic studies, but our results indicate that it should be tested in systems where breeding is tightly coupled with climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tereza C Thomé
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel Galetti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - João Alexandrino
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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23
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Tan MK, Robillard T. Highly diversified circadian rhythms in the calling activity of eneopterine crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae) from Southeast Asia. BIOACOUSTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2021.1973562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kai Tan
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Tony Robillard
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
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24
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Vasiliev D, Greenwood S. The role of climate change in pollinator decline across the Northern Hemisphere is underestimated. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145788. [PMID: 33618305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator biodiversity loss occurs at unprecedented rates globally, with particularly sharp declines documented in the North Temperate Zone. There is currently no consensus on the main drivers of the decline. Although climate change is expected to drive biodiversity loss in the future, current warming is often suggested to have positive impacts on pollinator assemblages in higher latitudes. Consequently, pollinator conservation initiatives in Europe and the USA tend to lack climate adaptation initiatives, an omission of which may be risky if climate change has significant negative impacts on pollinators. To gain an understanding of the impacts of climate change on pollinator biodiversity in the Northern Hemisphere, we conducted a literature review on genetic, species and community level diversity. Our findings suggest that global heating most likely causes homogenization of pollinator assemblages at all levels of pollinator biodiversity, making them less resilient to future stochasticity. Aspects of biodiversity that are rarely measured (e.g. genetic diversity, β-diversity, species evenness) tend to be most affected, while some dimensions of climate change, such as fluctuations in winter weather conditions, changes in the length of the vegetational season and increased frequency of extreme weather events, that seldom receive attention in empirical studies, tend to be particularly detrimental to pollinators. Negative effects of global heating on pollinator biodiversity are most likely exacerbated by homogenous and fragmented landscapes, widespread across Europe and the US, which limit opportunities for range-shifts and reduce micro-climatic buffering. This suggests the need for conservation initiatives to focus on increasing landscape connectivity and heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vasiliev
- Biodiversity, Wildlife and Ecosystem Health MSc, Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Sarah Greenwood
- Biodiversity, Wildlife and Ecosystem Health MSc, Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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25
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Kimmitt AA. Females as the Gatekeepers to Seasonal Breeding: What We Can Learn by Studying Reproductive Mechanisms in Both Sexes. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:703-711. [PMID: 32617554 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal reproduction is a widespread adaptation in vertebrates, such that individuals time their reproductive efforts to match peak resource abundance. Individuals rely on environmental cues to regulate hormonal mechanisms governing timing of breeding. Historically, studies on physiological mechanisms of seasonal reproduction, specifically in birds, have disproportionately focused on males compared to females. For this review, I conducted a literature search of the last decade of avian research and found a persistent sex bias in the field of physiological mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. Using work conducted with the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) as a case study, I present a possible solution to combat the sex bias: natural comparisons of populations that differ in reproductive timing to investigate mechanisms of reproduction in both sexes. Populations of dark-eyed juncos that differ in migratory behavior (i.e., migrant and resident) exhibit overlapping ranges during winter and early spring; residents begin breeding in early spring prior to the departure of migrants. This system, and others like it, provides an opportunity to compare mechanisms of reproduction in populations that differ in reproductive timing despite experiencing the same environmental conditions in early spring. In juncos, migrant and resident females and males exhibit similar patterns of hypothalamic regulation of reproduction in early spring, but sex differences in gonadal sensitivity between the populations could be an important distinction that partially explains sex differences in reproductive development. Comparing mechanisms of reproduction in free-living populations and in captivity can reveal important mechanisms that determine the onset of reproductive development, as well as potential sex differences in these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of reproductive phenology has important implications for understanding how species will survive and reproduce in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Kimmitt
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU College Station, TX 77843, USA
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26
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Chabot AA, Lougheed SC. Integrative assessment of intraspecific diversification in Loggerhead Shrike ( Lanius ludovicianus) provides insight on the geographic pattern of phenotypic divergence and process of speciation. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrated studies of the geographical, ecological, and historical factors that shape intraspecific phenotypic and genetic variation can help us to decipher the processes leading to geographic patterns of population divergence and speciation. We quantify and compare morphological and genetic variation in the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766), a broadly distributed passerine in North America with both migratory and non-migratory populations that occupy a diversity of habitats and topographies. The geographic distributions and patterns of differentiation among subspecies suggest that migration has strongly impacted population divergence, including the habit of migrating itself, but also dispersal. Patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic differentiation can be attributed to female-biased dispersal and to increased dispersal rates and distances in migratory populations. Weak phenotypic differentiation among migratory versus migratory and non-migratory populations suggest that migration may more strongly affect morphology than adaptation to local habitats. Our results generally support previous subspecific designations with two notable exceptions. We found little genetic differentiation between two subspecies (Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway, 1887 and Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus C.L. Brehm, 1854), but identify a new, distinct subspecies, which we refer to as Lanius ludovicianus centralis ssp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Chabot
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- African Lion Safari, Cambridge, ON N1R 5S2, Canada
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27
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Hall M, Nordahl O, Larsson P, Forsman A, Tibblin P. Intra-population variation in reproductive timing covaries with thermal plasticity of offspring performance in perch Perca fluviatilis. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2236-2347. [PMID: 34028836 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Life history theory posits that organisms should time their reproduction to coincide with environmental conditions that maximize their fitness. Population-level comparisons have contributed important insights on the adaptive value of reproductive timing and its association to environmental variation. Yet, despite its central role to ecology and evolution, the causes and consequences of variation in reproductive timing among individuals within populations are poorly understood in vertebrates other than birds. Using a combination of observational field studies and a split-brood experiment, we investigated whether differences in breeding time were associated with changes in hatching success, reproductive allocation and reaction norms linking offspring performance to temperature within an anadromous Baltic Sea population of perch Perca fluviatilis. Field observations revealed substantial variation in reproductive timing, with the breeding period lasting almost 2 months and occurring in temperatures ranging from 10 to 21℃. The hatching success of perch decreased as the reproductive season progressed. At the same time, the reproductive allocation strategy changed over the season, late breeders (the offspring of which were introduced into a high resource environment and increased predation pressure) produced more and smaller eggs that resulted in smaller larvae, compared with early breeders. The split-brood experiment in which eggs were incubated in different temperatures (10, 12, 15, 18°C) showed that differences in reproductive timing were associated with a change in the shape of the reaction norm linking offspring performance to water temperature indicative of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, with the offspring of early breeders performing best in low temperatures and the offspring of late breeders performing best in high temperatures. The seasonal changes in reproductive traits and the shape of the thermal performance suggest time-dependent adaptive differences among individuals within the population. Management actions aimed at preserving and restoring variation in the timing of reproductive events will thus likely also influence variation in associated life history traits and thermal performance curves, which could safeguard populations against environmental challenges and changes associated with exploitation and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Hall
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Oscar Nordahl
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anders Forsman
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Petter Tibblin
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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28
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Hill P, Wapstra E, Ezaz T, Burridge CP. Pleistocene divergence in the absence of gene flow among populations of a viviparous reptile with intraspecific variation in sex determination. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5575-5583. [PMID: 34026030 PMCID: PMC8131762 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms can lead to genetic isolation if there is differential mating success among conspecifics divergent for a trait. Polymorphism for sex-determining system may fall into this category, given strong selection for the production of viable males and females and the low success of heterogametic hybrids when sex chromosomes differ (Haldane's rule). Here we investigated whether populations exhibiting polymorphism for sex determination are genetically isolated, using the viviparous snow skink Carinascincus ocellatus. While a comparatively high elevation population has genotypic sex determination, in a lower elevation population there is an additional temperature component to sex determination. Based on 11,107 SNP markers, these populations appear genetically isolated. "Isolation with Migration" analysis also suggests these populations diverged in the absence of gene flow, across a period encompassing multiple Pleistocene glaciations and likely greater geographic proximity of populations. However, further experiments are required to establish whether genetic isolation may be a cause or consequence of differences in sex determination. Given the influence of temperature on sex in one lineage, we also discuss the implications for the persistence of this polymorphism under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Hill
- Discipline of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaSandy BayTas.Australia
| | - Erik Wapstra
- Discipline of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaSandy BayTas.Australia
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraBruceACTAustralia
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Bakkes DK, Ropiquet A, Chitimia-Dobler L, Matloa DE, Apanaskevich DA, Horak IG, Mans BJ, Matthee CA. Adaptive radiation and speciation in Rhipicephalus ticks: A medley of novel hosts, nested predator-prey food webs, off-host periods and dispersal along temperature variation gradients. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107178. [PMID: 33892098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus are a species-diverse genus of ticks, mainly distributed in the Afrotropics with some species in the Palearctic and Oriental regions. Current taxonomic consensus comprise nine informal species groups/lineages based on immature morphology. This work integrates biogeographic, ecological and molecular lines of evidence to better understand Rhipicephalus evolution. Phylogenetic analysis based on four genes (12S, 16S, 28S-D2 and COI) recovered five distinct clades with nine descendant clades that are generally congruent with current taxonomy, with some exceptions. Historical biogeography is inferred from molecular divergence times, ancestral distribution areas, host-use and climate niches of four phylogenetically significant bioclimatic variables (isothermality, annual, seasonal and diurnal temperature range). Novel hosts enabled host-linked dispersal events into new environments, and ticks exploited new hosts through nested predator-prey connections in food webs. Diversification was further induced by climate niche partitioning along gradients in temperature range during off-host periods. Ancestral climate niche estimates corroborated dispersal events by indicating hypothetical ancestors moved into environments with different annual and seasonal temperature ranges along latitudinal gradients. Host size for immature and adult life stages was important for dispersal and subsequent diversification rates. Clades that utilise large, mobile hosts (ungulates and carnivores) early in development have wider geographic ranges but slower diversification rates, and those utilising small, less mobile hosts (rodents, lagomorphs and afroinsectivores) early in development have smaller ranges but higher diversification rates. These findings suggest diversification is driven by a complex set of factors linked to both host-associations (host size, ranges and mobility) and climate niche partitioning along annual and seasonal temperature range gradients that vary with latitude. Moreover, competitive interactions can reinforce these processes and drive speciation. Off-host periods facilitate adaptive radiation by enabling host switches along nested predator-prey connections in food webs, but at the cost of environmental exposure that partitions niches among dispersing progenitors, disrupting geneflow and driving diversification. As such, the evolution and ecological niches of Rhipicephalus are characterised by trade-offs between on- and off-host periods, and these trade-offs interact with nested predator-prey connections in food webs, host-use at different life stages, as well as gradients in annual and seasonal temperature ranges to drive adaptive radiation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deon K Bakkes
- Gertrud Theiler Tick Museum - Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Anne Ropiquet
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Middlesex University, Department of Natural Sciences- Faculty of Science and Technology, London NW4 4BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dikeledi E Matloa
- Gertrud Theiler Tick Museum - Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Dmitry A Apanaskevich
- United States National Tick Collection, the James H. Oliver, Jr. Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8042, USA; Biology Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA; Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ivan G Horak
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ben J Mans
- Gertrud Theiler Tick Museum - Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Conrad A Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Inskeep KA, Doellman MM, Powell THQ, Berlocher SH, Seifert NR, Hood GR, Ragland GJ, Meyers PJ, Feder JL. Divergent diapause life history timing drives both allochronic speciation and reticulate hybridization in an adaptive radiation of Rhagoletis flies. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:4031-4049. [PMID: 33786930 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Divergent adaptation to new ecological opportunities can be an important factor initiating speciation. However, as niches are filled during adaptive radiations, trait divergence driving reproductive isolation between sister taxa may also result in trait convergence with more distantly related taxa, increasing the potential for reticulated gene flow across the radiation. Here, we demonstrate such a scenario in a recent adaptive radiation of Rhagoletis fruit flies, specialized on different host plants. Throughout this radiation, shifts to novel hosts are associated with changes in diapause life history timing, which act as "magic traits" generating allochronic reproductive isolation and facilitating speciation-with-gene-flow. Evidence from laboratory rearing experiments measuring adult emergence timing and genome-wide DNA-sequencing surveys supported allochronic speciation between summer-fruiting Vaccinium spp.-infesting Rhagoletis mendax and its hypothesized and undescribed sister taxon infesting autumn-fruiting sparkleberries. The sparkleberry fly and R. mendax were shown to be genetically discrete sister taxa, exhibiting no detectable gene flow and allochronically isolated by a 2-month average difference in emergence time corresponding to host availability. At sympatric sites across the southern USA, the later fruiting phenology of sparkleberries overlaps with that of flowering dogwood, the host of another more distantly related and undescribed Rhagoletis taxon. Laboratory emergence data confirmed broadly overlapping life history timing and genomic evidence supported on-going gene flow between sparkleberry and flowering dogwood flies. Thus, divergent phenological adaptation can drive the initiation of reproductive isolation, while also enhancing genetic exchange across broader adaptive radiations, potentially serving as a source of novel genotypic variation and accentuating further diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Inskeep
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Stewart H Berlocher
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Seifert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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31
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Petrou EL, Fuentes-Pardo AP, Rogers LA, Orobko M, Tarpey C, Jiménez-Hidalgo I, Moss ML, Yang D, Pitcher TJ, Sandell T, Lowry D, Ruzzante DE, Hauser L. Functional genetic diversity in an exploited marine species and its relevance to fisheries management. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202398. [PMID: 33622133 PMCID: PMC7934995 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of reproduction influences key evolutionary and ecological processes in wild populations. Variation in reproductive timing may be an especially important evolutionary driver in the marine environment, where the high mobility of many species and few physical barriers to migration provide limited opportunities for spatial divergence to arise. Using genomic data collected from spawning aggregations of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) across 1600 km of coastline, we show that reproductive timing drives population structure in these pelagic fish. Within a specific spawning season, we observed isolation by distance, indicating that gene flow is also geographically limited over our study area. These results emphasize the importance of considering both seasonal and spatial variation in spawning when delineating management units for herring. On several chromosomes, we detected linkage disequilibrium extending over multiple Mb, suggesting the presence of chromosomal rearrangements. Spawning phenology was highly correlated with polymorphisms in several genes, in particular SYNE2, which influences the development of retinal photoreceptors in vertebrates. SYNE2 is probably within a chromosomal rearrangement in Pacific herring and is also associated with spawn timing in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). The observed genetic diversity probably underlies resource waves provided by spawning herring. Given the ecological, economic and cultural significance of herring, our results support that conserving intraspecific genetic diversity is important for maintaining current and future ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni L. Petrou
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle WA 98105, USA
| | | | - Luke A. Rogers
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Melissa Orobko
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Carolyn Tarpey
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle WA 98105, USA
| | - Isadora Jiménez-Hidalgo
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle WA 98105, USA
| | - Madonna L. Moss
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Dongya Yang
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Education Building 9635, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Tony J. Pitcher
- University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd Sandell
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 16018 Mill Creek Boulevard, Mill Creek, WA 98012-1541, USA
| | - Dayv Lowry
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington Street SE, 6th Floor, Olympia, WA 98504-3150, USA
| | - Daniel E. Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Lorenz Hauser
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle WA 98105, USA
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32
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Li Q, Lin X, Li J, Liu B, Huang X. Differentiation in the eastern Asian Periphyllus koelreuteriae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species complex driven by climate and host plant. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Divergent adaptation to different ecological conditions is regarded as important for speciation. For phytophagous insects, there is limited empirical evidence on species differentiation driven by climate and host plant. The recent application of molecular data and integrative taxonomic practice may improve our understanding of population divergence and speciation. Periphyllus koelreuteriae aphids feed exclusively on Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) in temperate and subtropical regions of eastern Asia, and show morphological and phenological variations in different regions. In this study, phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses based on four genes revealed that P. koelreuteriae populations comprised three distinct genetic clades corresponding to climate and host plants, with the populations from subtropical highland regions and on Koelreuteria bipinnata host plants representing the most basal clade. These genetic lineages also showed distinct characteristics in terms of morphology and life cycle. The results indicate that P. koelreuteriae is a species complex with previously unrevealed lineages, whose differentiation may have been driven by climatic difference and host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Keller B, Ganz R, Mora-Carrera E, Nowak MD, Theodoridis S, Koutroumpa K, Conti E. Asymmetries of reproductive isolation are reflected in directionalities of hybridization: integrative evidence on the complexity of species boundaries. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1795-1809. [PMID: 32761901 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The complex nature of species boundaries has been a central topic in evolutionary biology ever since Darwin. Despite numerous separate studies on reproductive isolation and hybridization, their relationship remains underinvestigated. Are the strengths and asymmetries of reproductive barriers reflected in the extent and directionalities of interspecific genetic exchange? We combined field, experimental, and molecular data to quantify strengths and asymmetries of sympatric reproductive barriers and hybridization between florally heteromorphic primroses. We also assessed whether generalist pollinators discriminate between different floral cues and contribute to reproductive isolation, a long-debated topic. Sympatric reproductive isolation is high but incomplete, and most phenotypic intermediates are genetic F1 hybrids, whereas backcrosses are rare, revealing low interspecific gene flow. Species integrity rests on multiple barriers, but ethological isolation is among the strongest, demonstrating that even generalist pollinators crucially contribute to the maintenance of species boundaries. Furthermore, reproductive barriers are weaker for Primula veris and short-styled plants, results corroborated by molecular data. Thus, in florally heteromorphic systems, both species- and morph-dependent asymmetries affect permeability of species boundaries. Our study illustrates how the interactions between complex floral syndromes and pollinators shape species boundaries in unique, previously undescribed ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Keller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Rita Ganz
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Mora-Carrera
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Nowak
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Spyros Theodoridis
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Konstantina Koutroumpa
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
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34
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Kaiser TS, von Haeseler A, Tessmar-Raible K, Heckel DG. Timing strains of the marine insect Clunio marinus diverged and persist with gene flow. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1264-1280. [PMID: 33410230 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic divergence of populations in the presence of gene flow is a central theme in speciation research. Theory predicts that divergence can happen with full range overlap - in sympatry - driven by ecological factors, but there are few empirical examples of how ecologically divergent selection can overcome gene flow and lead to reproductive isolation. In the marine midge Clunio marinus (Diptera: Chironomidae) reproduction is ecologically restricted to the time of the lowest tides, which is ensured through accurate control of development and adult emergence by circalunar and circadian clocks. As tidal regimes differ along the coastline, locally adapted timing strains of C. marinus are found in different sites across Europe. At the same time, ecologically suitable low tides occur at both full and new moon and twice a day, providing C. marinus with four nonoverlapping temporal niches at every geographic location. Along the coast of Brittany, which is characterized by a steep gradient in timing of the tides, we found an unusually large number of differentially adapted timing strains, and the first known instances of sympatric C. marinus strains occupying divergent temporal niches. Analysis of mitochondrial genotypes suggests that these timing strains originated from a single recent colonization event. Nuclear genotypes show strong gene flow, sympatric timing strains being the least differentiated. Even when sympatric strains exist in nonoverlapping temporal niches, timing adaptations do not result in genome-wide genetic divergence, suggesting timing adaptations are maintained by permanent ecological selection. This constitutes a model case for incipient ecological divergence with gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias S Kaiser
- Max Planck Research Group Biological Clocks, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Arndt von Haeseler
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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35
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Yeap HL, Lee SF, Robinson F, Mourant RG, Sved JA, Frommer M, Papanicolaou A, Edwards OR, Oakeshott JG. Separating two tightly linked species-defining phenotypes in Bactrocera with hybrid recombinant analysis. BMC Genet 2020; 21:132. [PMID: 33339498 PMCID: PMC7747370 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis mate asynchronously; the former mates exclusively around dusk while the latter mates during the day. The two species also differ in the colour of the post-pronotal lobe (callus), which is predominantly yellow in B. tryoni and brown in B. neohumeralis. We have examined the genetic relationship between the two characters in hybrids, backcrosses and multigeneration hybrid progeny. Results Our analysis of the mating time of the parental species revealed that while B. tryoni mate exclusively at dusk, B. neohumeralis females pair with B. neohumeralis males during the day and with B. tryoni males at dusk. We found considerable variance in mating time and callus colour among hybrid backcross individuals of both sexes but there was a strong although not invariant trend for callus colour to co-segregate with mating time in both sexes. To genetically separate these two phenotypes we allowed the interspecific F1 hybrids to propagate for 25 generations (F25) without selection for mating time or callus colour, finding that the advanced hybrid population had moved towards B. tryoni phenotypes for both traits. Selection for day mating in replicate lines at F25 resulted in significant phenotypic shifts in both traits towards B. neohumeralis phenotypes in F26. However, we were unable to completely recover the mating time profile of B. neohumeralis and relaxation of selection for day mating led to a shift back towards dusk mating, but not yellow callus colour, by F35. Conclusion We conclude that the inheritance of the two major species-defining traits is separable but tightly linked and involves more than one gene in each case. It also appears that laboratory conditions select for the B. tryoni phenotypes for mating time. We discuss our findings in relation to speciation theory and the likely effects of domestication during the generation of mass release strains for sterile insect control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin Yeap
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Siu Fai Lee
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Freya Robinson
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Roslyn G Mourant
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - John A Sved
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Marianne Frommer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Sydney, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Owain R Edwards
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - John G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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36
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Linder HP. The evolution of flowering phenology: an example from the wind-pollinated African Restionaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1141-1153. [PMID: 32761162 PMCID: PMC7684698 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flowering phenology is arguably the most striking angiosperm phenophase. Although the response of species to climate change and the environmental correlates of the communities have received much attention, the interspecific evolution of flowering phenology has hardly been investigated. I explored this in the wind-pollinated dioecious Restionaceae (restios) of the hyperdiverse Cape flora, to disentangle the effects of phylogeny, traits, and biotic and abiotic environments on flowering time shifts. METHODS I recorded the flowering times of 347 of the 351 species, mapped these over a 98 % complete phylogeny and inferred the evolutionary pattern and abiotic correlates of flowering time shifts. The patterns and biotic/abiotic correlates of restio community mean flowering time were explored using 934 plots. KEY RESULTS Restios flower throughout the year, with large spring and smaller autumn peaks. Species flowering time is evolutionarily labile, poorly explained by either the environment or traits of the species, with half of all sister species allochronic. Community mean flowering time is related to elevation, temperature and rainfall. CONCLUSIONS Flowering time shifts may result from assortative mating and allochronic speciation, possibly leading to non-adaptive radiation. However, community mean flowering time may be environmentally selected. Diversification of flowering time may be non-adaptive, but species could be filtered through survival in suitable communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Thompson NF, Anderson EC, Clemento AJ, Campbell MA, Pearse DE, Hearsey JW, Kinziger AP, Garza JC. A complex phenotype in salmon controlled by a simple change in migratory timing. Science 2020; 370:609-613. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil F. Thompson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Eric C. Anderson
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Anthony J. Clemento
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Matthew A. Campbell
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Devon E. Pearse
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - James W. Hearsey
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kinziger
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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38
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Gao VD, Morley‐Fletcher S, Maccari S, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. Resource competition shapes biological rhythms and promotes temporal niche differentiation in a community simulation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11322-11334. [PMID: 33144967 PMCID: PMC7593148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition for resources often contributes strongly to defining an organism's ecological niche. Endogenous biological rhythms are important adaptations to the temporal dimension of niches, but how other organisms influence such temporal niches has not been much studied, and the role of competition in particular has been even less examined. We investigated how interspecific competition and intraspecific competition for resources shape an organism's activity rhythms.To do this, we simulated communities of one or two species in an agent-based model. Individuals in the simulation move according to a circadian activity rhythm and compete for limited resources. Probability of reproduction is proportional to an individual's success in obtaining resources. Offspring may have variance in rhythm parameters, which allow for the population to evolve over time.We demonstrate that when organisms are arrhythmic, one species will always be competitively excluded from the environment, but the existence of activity rhythms allows niche differentiation and indefinite coexistence of the two species. Two species which are initially active at the same phase will differentiate their phase angle of entrainment over time to avoid each other. When only one species is present in an environment, competition within the species strongly selects for niche expansion through arrhythmicity, but the addition of an interspecific competitor facilitates evolution of increased rhythmic amplitude when combined with additional adaptations for temporal specialization. Finally, if individuals preferentially mate with others who are active at similar times of day, then disruptive selection by intraspecific competition can split one population into two reproductively isolated groups separated in activity time.These simulations suggest that biological rhythms are an effective method to temporally differentiate ecological niches and that competition is an important ecological pressure promoting the evolution of rhythms and sleep. This is the first study to use ecological modeling to examine biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance Difan Gao
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et FonctionnelleCNRSUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- Center for Sleep and Circadian BiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Sara Morley‐Fletcher
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et FonctionnelleCNRSUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) “Perinatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”University of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Stefania Maccari
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et FonctionnelleCNRSUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) “Perinatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”University of LilleLilleFrance
- Department of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity Sapienza of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian BiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
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39
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Dupuis JR, Judge KA, Brunet BMT, Ohlmann Chan S, Sperling FAH. Does hunger lead to hybridization in a genus of sexually cannibalistic insects (Orthoptera: Prophalangopsidae)? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allochronic isolation can be a strong mechanism for reproductive isolation and speciation. However, imperfect allochrony and the expression of phenological plasticity can erode temporal barriers to gene flow and result in hybridization between divergent lineages. Here, we combine behavioural ecology and genomics to investigate this scenario in two closely related species of grigs in the genus Cyphoderris. These species exhibit a unique mating system whereby females feed on the fleshy hind wings of the male during copulation, and copulation with conspecific males is more likely in food-restricted females than in well-fed females. In western Canada, Cyphoderris buckelli and Cyphoderris monstrosa are sympatric but largely allochronically separated, with C. buckelli breeding earlier. However, their breeding seasons can overlap, leading to potential for older C. buckelli females to mate with young C. monstrosa males to obtain resources via sexual cannibalism. We used behavioural assays to test whether female feeding status affects the propensity for interspecific mating between C. buckelli females and C. monstrosa males. We then tested for hybridization and gene exchange in wild populations of both species, using morphology, mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide nuclear markers. We found that interspecific courtship and mating can occur, but the relationship between food restriction and increased propensity for hybridization was not significant. Although we observed intraspecific population genetic structure in both species, we found no signatures of hybridization in the morphological or genetic datasets, which suggests that postmating reproductive barriers might be preventing successful hybridization in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Dupuis
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin A Judge
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bryan M T Brunet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawna Ohlmann Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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40
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Powell THQ, Nguyen A, Xia Q, Feder JL, Ragland GJ, Hahn DA. A rapidly evolved shift in life‐history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1371-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University (State University of New York) Binghamton New York USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Qinwen Xia
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana USA
| | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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41
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Meyers PJ, Doellman MM, Ragland GJ, Hood GR, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Nosil P, Feder JL. Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190534. [PMID: 32654640 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing the predictability of evolution typically focus on short-term adaptation within populations or the repeatability of change among lineages. A missing consideration in speciation research is to determine whether natural selection predictably transforms standing genetic variation within populations into differences between species. Here, we test whether and how host-related selection on diapause timing associates with genome-wide differentiation during ecological speciation by comparing ancestral hawthorn and newly formed apple-infesting host races of Rhagoletis pomonella to their sibling species Rhagoletis mendax that attacks blueberries. The associations of 57 857 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a diapause genome-wide-association study (GWAS) on the hawthorn race strongly predicted the direction and magnitude of genomic divergence among the three fly populations at a field site in Fennville, MI, USA. The apple race and R. mendax show parallel changes in the frequencies of putative inversions on three chromosomes associated with the earlier fruiting times of apples and blueberries compared to hawthorns. A diapause GWAS on R. mendax revealed compensatory changes throughout the genome accounting for the earlier eclosion of blueberry, but not apple flies. Thus, a degree of predictability, although not complete, exists in the genomics of diapause across the ecological speciation continuum in Rhagoletis. The generality of this result is placed in the context of other similar systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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42
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Ketterson ED. What Do Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Have in Common? The Organism in the Middle. Am Nat 2020; 196:103-118. [PMID: 32673095 DOI: 10.1086/709699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biologists who publish in The American Naturalist are drawn to its unifying mission of covering research in the fields of ecology, evolution, behavior, and integrative biology. Presented here is one scientist's attempt to straddle these fields by focusing on a single organism. It is also an account of how time spent in the field stimulates a naturalist to wonder "why did that animal just do that?" and how research is guided by chance and intention interacting with the scientific literature and the people one meets along the way. With respect to the science, the examples come from bird migration, hormones and their connection to phenotypic integration, sexual and natural selection, and urban ecology. They also come from research on the impact of environmental change on the timing of reproduction and the potential for allochrony in migratory species to influence population divergence.
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43
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Thibert-Plante X, Præbel K, Østbye K, Kahilainen KK, Amundsen PA, Gavrilets S. Using mathematical modelling to investigate the adaptive divergence of whitefish in Fennoscandia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7394. [PMID: 32355195 PMCID: PMC7193591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern speciation theory has greatly benefited from a variety of simple mathematical models focusing on the conditions and patterns of speciation and diversification in the presence of gene flow. Unfortunately the application of general theoretical concepts and tools to specific ecological systems remains a challenge. Here we apply modeling tools to better understand adaptive divergence of whitefish during the postglacial period in lakes of northern Fennoscandia. These lakes harbor up to three different morphs associated with the three major lake habitats: littoral, pelagic, and profundal. Using large-scale individual-based simulations, we aim to identify factors required for in situ emergence of the pelagic and profundal morphs in lakes initially colonized by the littoral morph. The importance of some of the factors we identify and study - sufficiently large levels of initial genetic variation, size- and habitat-specific mating, sufficiently large carrying capacity of the new niche - is already well recognized. In addition, our model also points to two other factors that have been largely disregarded in theoretical studies: fitness-dependent dispersal and strong predation in the ancestral niche coupled with the lack of it in the new niche(s). We use our theoretical results to speculate about the process of diversification of whitefish in Fennoscandia and to identify potentially profitable directions for future empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Kjartan Østbye
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Campus Evenstad, Anne Evenstadsvei 80, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, FI-16900, Lammi, Finland
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergey Gavrilets
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Mathematics, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), Center for the Dynamics of Social Complexity (DySoC), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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44
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Van Buskirk J, Jansen van Rensburg A. Relative importance of isolation‐by‐environment and other determinants of gene flow in an alpine amphibian. Evolution 2020; 74:962-978. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Van Buskirk
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Jansen van Rensburg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TQ United Kingdom
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45
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Toews DP, Baiz MD. Evolution: Speciation by Migratory Drop-Off in Flycatchers. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R309-R311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Gómez-Bahamón V, Márquez R, Jahn AE, Miyaki CY, Tuero DT, Laverde-R O, Restrepo S, Cadena CD. Speciation Associated with Shifts in Migratory Behavior in an Avian Radiation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1312-1321.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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Wadsworth CB, Okada Y, Dopman EB. Phenology-dependent cold exposure and thermal performance of Ostrinia nubilalis ecotypes. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:34. [PMID: 32138649 PMCID: PMC7059338 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding adaptation involves establishing connections between selective agents and beneficial population responses. However, relatively little attention has been paid to seasonal adaptation, in part, because it requires complex and integrative knowledge about seasonally fluctuating environmental factors, the effects of variable phenology on exposure to those factors, and evidence for temporal specialization. In the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis, sympatric pheromone strains exploit the same host plant (Zea mays) but may genetically differ in phenology and be reproductively “isolated by time.” Z strain populations in eastern North America have been shown to have a prolonged larval diapause and produce one annual mating flight (July), whereas E strain populations complete an earlier (June) and a later (August) mating flight by shortening diapause duration. Here, we find evidence consistent with seasonal “adaptation by time” between these ecotypes. Results We use 12 years of field observation of adult seasonal abundance to estimate phenology of ecotype life cycles and to quantify life-stage specific climatic conditions. We find that the observed reduction of diapause duration in the E strain leads their non-diapausing, active life stages to experience a ~ 4 °C colder environment compared to the equivalent life stages in the Z strain. For a representative pair of populations under controlled laboratory conditions, we compare life-stage specific cold tolerance and find non-diapausing, active life stages in the E strain have as much as a 60% greater capacity to survive rapid cold shock. Enhanced cold hardiness appears unrelated to life-stage specific changes in the temperature at which tissues freeze. Conclusions Our results suggest that isolation by time and adaptation by time may both contribute to population divergence, and they argue for expanded study in this species of allochronic populations in nature experiencing the full spectrum of seasonal environments. Cyclical selective pressures are inherent properties of seasonal habitats. Diverse fluctuating selective agents across each year (temperature, predation, competition, precipitation, etc.) may therefore be underappreciated drivers of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crista B Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Current Affiliation: Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
| | - Yuta Okada
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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48
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Gaudinier A, Blackman BK. Evolutionary processes from the perspective of flowering time diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1883-1898. [PMID: 31536639 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well appreciated that genetic studies of flowering time regulation have led to fundamental advances in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, the ways in which genetic studies of flowering time diversity have enriched the field of evolutionary biology have received less attention despite often being equally profound. Because flowering time is a complex, environmentally responsive trait that has critical impacts on plant fitness, crop yield, and reproductive isolation, research into the genetic architecture and molecular basis of its evolution continues to yield novel insights into our understanding of domestication, adaptation, and speciation. For instance, recent studies of flowering time variation have reconstructed how, when, and where polygenic evolution of phenotypic plasticity proceeded from standing variation and de novo mutations; shown how antagonistic pleiotropy and temporally varying selection maintain polymorphisms in natural populations; and provided important case studies of how assortative mating can evolve and facilitate speciation with gene flow. In addition, functional studies have built detailed regulatory networks for this trait in diverse taxa, leading to new knowledge about how and why developmental pathways are rewired and elaborated through evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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49
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Rocha S, Caldeira MC, Burban C, Kerdelhué C, Branco M. Shifted phenology in the pine processionary moth affects the outcome of tree-insect interaction. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:68-76. [PMID: 31190650 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean and temperate regions, an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events has been recorded, probably due to climate change. In consequence, trees will more frequently experience hydric stress, a condition that can be expected to affect insect-tree interactions, while adaptation mechanisms may be further in course. The effect of tree water stress on the performance of two allochronic populations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa was here studied. Namely, we compared a unique population of this insect, in which the larvae develop in the summer (SP), with the typical population having winter larval development (WP), to test the adaptation hypothesis to host plant status. Larvae of each population were fed on needles of young potted Pinus pinaster plants under two water supply regimes: (i) well-watered (control) and (ii) subjected to 3 months of drought stress. Compared to control, stressed plants had higher amounts of soluble sugars, phenols, and higher C/N ratio, whereas water content and chlorophylls concentrations were lower. In general, T. pityocampa larvae had lower performances on water-stressed plants, as shown by lower survival rates, lower needle consumption, and longer development times. Yet, the detrimental effects of tree stress were only significant for the WP larvae, while SP larvae were able to overcome such conditions. Results demonstrate that tree water stress can negatively affect T. pityocampa populations. Furthermore, the evidence is also provided that responses to the physiological condition of the host trees may occur at the population level, as a result of adaptation mechanisms driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rocha
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Burban
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - C Kerdelhué
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, 34988 Montferriez-sur-Lez, France
| | - M Branco
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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50
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Zhang L, Hood GR, Ott JR, Egan SP. Temporal isolation between sympatric host plants cascades across multiple trophic levels of host-associated insects. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190572. [PMID: 31847747 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenological differences between host plants can promote temporal isolation among host-associated populations of insects with life cycles tightly coupled to plant phenology. Divergence in the timing of spring budbreak between two sympatric sister oak species has been shown to promote temporal isolation between host plants and their host-associated populations of a cynipid gall wasp. Here, we examined the generality of this mechanism by testing the hypothesis of cascading temporal isolation for five additional gall-formers and three natural enemy species associated with these same oak species. The timing of adult emergence from galls differed significantly between host-associated populations for all nine species and parallels the direction of the phenological differences between host plants. Differences in emergence timing can reduce gene flow between host-associated populations by diminishing mating opportunities and/or reducing the fitness of immigrants due to differences in the availability of ephemeral resources. Our study suggests that cascading temporal isolation could be a powerful 'biodiversity generator' across multiple trophic levels in tightly coupled plant-insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Zhang
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - James R Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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