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Peets K, Del Vecchio T. Provoked and unprovoked aggression in toddlerhood: Evaluating measurement invariance and latent means across gender, age, and time. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22132. [PMID: 38268383 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This paper re-examined the factor structure of a recently developed parent report of aggression, the Provoked and Unprovoked Aggression Questionnaire, and evaluated measurement invariance and latent mean differences across gender, age, and time. Participants were 333 mothers of toddlers (younger age group: n = 167, 53.9% boys, Mage Time 1 = 18.30 months, SD = 0.45; older age group: n = 166, 48.8% boys, Mage Time 1 = 24.29 months, SD = 0.38) who filled out provoked (eight items) and unprovoked (five items) aggression scales twice over a 3-month period. We found evidence for the configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance-a requirement needed to make a meaningful comparison between aggression means across gender, age groups, and time. When comparing means for boys and girls, gender differences emerged earlier for unprovoked than provoked aggression. Also, the frequency of provoked aggression increased among younger, but not older, toddlers. By developing a brief parental report of aggression in toddlerhood, we hope to fill a void of early aggression measures that tap the contextual variability in aggressive behaviors, and thereby stimulate more research to further our understanding of different types of aggression and their correlates in toddlerhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kätlin Peets
- Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
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2
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Ferschmann L, Overweg I, Dégeilh F, Bekkhus M, Havdahl A, von Soest T, Tamnes CK. Development of prosocial behavior and inhibitory control in late childhood: A longitudinal exploration of sex differences and reciprocal relations. Child Dev 2024; 95:313-323. [PMID: 37525404 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal development of prosocial behavior, assessed by the parent-reported Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire, and inhibitory control, measured by the Opposite Worlds Task, in a sample aged 9 and 12 years (n = 9468, 49.9% girls, 85.8% White) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The goal was to assess whether the level of prosocial behavior at age 9 relates to change in inhibitory control, and vice versa. Sex differences were also explored. Latent change score models showed that low inhibitory control in boys at age 9 was associated with more decreases in prosocial behavior from 9 to 12 years of age. This may suggest that interventions targeting inhibitory control in boys may also foster their social competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ferschmann
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Overweg
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fanny Dégeilh
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, EMPENN - ERL U 1228, Rennes, France
| | - Mona Bekkhus
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Baker ER, Gahtan J, Salim SB, Huang R. Multidimensional profiles of Head Start children's social behaviors predict their interpretations of physical aggression. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:616-628. [PMID: 37400972 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Preschool children's reasoning regarding moral events differs according to adversity and relates to aggression. Understanding morality in young children is paramount for understanding their aggressive behaviors. The study aims to identify patterns of aggression and prosocial behavior using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and investigate how patterns of aggression and prosocial behavior relate to reasoning about prototypic moral events. One hundred six children (Mage = 4.40 years old, SD = 0.55 years old, Range: 3.08-5.33 years old, 51% boys) enrolled in Head Start programs and their caregivers participated. In the fall caregivers completed surveys on forms (i.e., the manifestation of behavior) and functions of aggression (i.e., motivation of behavior), and prosocial behavior. The following spring children completed two moral reasoning tasks that measured children's judgment and reasoning of harm, and their attributions of transgressors' reasoning. The LCA revealed a 3-class solution: (1) high levels of relational aggression and moderate levels of prosocial behavior (bistrategic controllers), (2) low levels of both aggression and average prosocial behavior (uninvolved), (3) high levels of all types of aggression and low levels of prosocial behavior (high aggression). Subsequent analyses suggest that uninvolved children prioritize adhering to authority over other concerns, and bistrategic controllers focused on goal-oriented reasoning. Overall, our findings support that recognizing patterns of behavior may be useful in understanding children's moral reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Ruth Baker
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Gahtan
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sumaita Binta Salim
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Blake PR. A developmental perspective on the minimalist model: The case of respect for ownership. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e328. [PMID: 37813406 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The developmental evidence for children's respect for ownership reveals that children will enforce the property rights of third parties before they themselves respect other's property. This pattern of development suggests the need for clarification or modification of the minimalist model. Here, I consider three explanations for the gap between knowledge and behavior for respect of ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Blake
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA ; www.bu.edu/sdll
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Li L, Khan A, Rameli MRM. Assessing the Relationship between Prosocial Behavior and Well-Being: Basic Psychological Need as the Mediator. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2179-2191. [PMID: 37887154 PMCID: PMC10606585 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has established a positive link between prosocial behavior (PB) and psychological well-being. However, limited studies have explored the relationship between PB and well-being (WB), particularly among vocational students. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms, including mediating factors, remain understudied in this context. This study aimed to investigate the association between PB and WB among vocational students while examining the mediating role of basic psychological needs. A sample of 221 vocational students (mean age = 19.68 years, SD = 1.57) completed anonymous questionnaires assessing PB, basic psychological needs, and WB. The results revealed a positive correlation between PB and WB in vocational students (r = 0.22, p < 0.01), with basic psychological needs partially mediating this relationship (β = 0.14, t = 10.85, p < 0.001, 95% CI = (0.18, 0.23)). These findings enhance our understanding of the association between PB and vocational students' WB, shed light on the mechanisms involved, and offer insights into promoting the well-being of vocational students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Li
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.R.M.R.)
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Richard S, Clerc-Georgy A, Gentaz E. Pretend play-based training improves some socio-emotional competences in 5-6-year-old children: A large-scale study assessing implementation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 238:103961. [PMID: 37343361 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a pretend play-based training in 5-6-year-old children in a large scale school context on emotion comprehension, emotion regulation, prosocial behaviour and on their pretend play competences. The analysis of implementation variables was carried out in order to ensure program implementation quality in the experimental group. Results show an improvement in emotion comprehension and a decrease in aggressive behavioural responses in children in the experimental group (n = 101) compared to those in the control group (n = 79). Findings are discussed in regard to implementation outcomes and the influence of this form of play on the improvement of these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Richard
- Valais University of Teacher Education, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Department of Psychology, Switzerland.
| | | | - Edouard Gentaz
- University of Geneva, Department of Psychology, Switzerland.
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Chawner SJRA, Paine AL, Dunn MJ, Walsh A, Sloane P, Thomas M, Evans A, Hopkins‐Jones L, Struik S, Hall J, Erichsen JT, Leekam SR, Owen MJ, Hay D, van den Bree MBM. Neurodevelopmental dimensional assessment of young children at high genomic risk of neuropsychiatric conditions. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12162. [PMID: 37753151 PMCID: PMC10519742 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion are at considerably increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. There have been very few studies investigating how this risk manifests in early childhood and what factors may underlie developmental variability. Insights into this can elucidate transdiagnostic markers of risk that may underlie later development of neuropsychiatric outcomes. Methods Thirty two children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) (mean age = 4.1 [SD = 1.2] years) and 12 sibling controls (mean age = 4.1 [SD = 1.5] years) underwent in-depth dimensional phenotyping across several developmental domains selected as being potential early indicators of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric liability. Comparisons were conducted of the dimensional developmental phenotype of 22q11.2DS and sibling controls. For autistic traits, both parents and children were phenotyped using the Social Responsiveness Scale. Results Young children with 22q11.2DS exhibited large impairments (Hedge's g ≥ 0.8) across a range of developmental domains relative to sibling controls, as well as high rates of transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental and psychiatric traits. Cluster analysis revealed a subgroup of children with 22q11.2DS (n = 16; 53%) in whom neurodevelopmental and psychiatric liability was particularly increased and who differed from other children with 22q11.2DS and non-carrier siblings. Exploratory analyses revealed that early motor and sleep impairments indexed liability for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric outcomes. Maternal autism trait scores were predictive of autism traits in children with 22q11.2DS (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.47, p = 0.046, n = 31). Conclusions Although psychiatric conditions typically emerge later in adolescence and adulthood in 22q11.2DS, our exploratory study was able to identify a range of early risk indicators. Furthermore, findings indicate the presence of a subgroup who appeared to have increased neurodevelopmental and psychiatric liability. Our findings highlight the scope for future studies of early risk mechanisms and early intervention within this high genetic risk patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. R. A. Chawner
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental ScienceSchool of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Amy L. Paine
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental ScienceSchool of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Matt J. Dunn
- School of Optometry and Vision SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alice Walsh
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Poppy Sloane
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Megan Thomas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lucinda Hopkins‐Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Siske Struik
- Immunodeficiency Centre for WalesUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Susan R. Leekam
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental ScienceSchool of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Dale Hay
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental ScienceSchool of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Armstrong-Carter E, Do KT, Duell N, Kwon SJ, Lindquist KA, Prinstein MJ, Telzer EH. Adolescents' Perceptions of Social Risk and Prosocial Tendencies: Developmental Change and Individual Differences. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2023; 32:188-203. [PMID: 36714807 PMCID: PMC9881455 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many prosocial behaviors involve social risks such as speaking out against a popular opinion, bias, group norm, or authority. However, little is known about whether adolescents' prosocial tendencies develop over time with their perceptions of social risks. This accelerated longitudinal study used within-subject growth-curve analyses to test the link between prosocial tendencies and social risk perceptions, in a sample of adolescents who completed self-reports annually for three years (N = 893; M age = 12.30 years, 10 - 14 years at Wave 1, and 10 - 17 years across the full study period; 50% Girls, 33% White non-Latinx, 27% Latinx, 20% African American, 20% Mixed/Other Race). The association between social risk tolerance and prosocial tendencies changed significantly across adolescence, such that at for younger adolescents, more prosocial tendencies were associated with less social risk tolerance, whereas for relatively older adolescents, more prosocial tendencies were associated marginally with more social risk tolerance. Additional individual differences by empathy (but not sensation seeking) emerged. These findings suggest that prosocial development across adolescence may be associated with an underlying ability to tolerate social risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy T. Do
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Natasha Duell
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Seh-Joo Kwon
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kristen A. Lindquist
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Mitch J. Prinstein
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Patwardhan I, Guo Y, Hamburger ER, Sarwar S, Fleming CB, James TD, Nelson JM, Espy KA, Nelson TD, Mason WA. Childhood executive control and adolescent substance use initiation: the mediating roles of physical and relational aggression and prosocial behavior. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:235-254. [PMID: 35678295 PMCID: PMC9732148 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2079615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although predictive associations between childhood executive control (EC) and adolescent substance use have been established in prior research, the developmental pathways involved in these long-term links have not been well understood. The goal of the current study was to investigate the degree to which aggressive behaviors, including both physical and relational aggression, and prosocial behaviors in elementary school operate as developmental pathways between preschool EC and adolescent substance use, while accounting for participants' age, sex, family history of substance use, and family socioeconomic status. Participants were 329 youth (49% male; 63.6% European American) who were recruited to participate in a study between 2006 and 2012 while youth were in preschool and elementary school and followed into adolescence. The sample was recruited from a small Midwestern city in the United States. EC was assessed with performance-based tasks when children were 5 years 3 months. Youth behaviors with peers were reported by teachers when participants were in elementary school. Self-reports of the substance use initiation (e-cigarettes, cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana) were obtained in adolescence via phone surveys. Mediation analyses revealed a statistically significant indirect effect from preschool EC to adolescent substance use through youth's engagement in relational aggression in elementary school (b = > -0.22 [-0.51; -0.08]; β = > -0.18). Our results suggest that developmental pathways to adolescent substance use may begin in preschool, setting the stage for susceptibility to engagement in relational aggression, which increases, in turn, youth's likelihood for substance use initiation in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Patwardhan
- Child and Family Translational Research Center, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Emily R Hamburger
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Saira Sarwar
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany D James
- Office of Research and Economic Development, 301 Canfield Administration, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jennifer Mize Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Office of Research and Economic Development, 301 Canfield Administration, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Office of the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Lahat A, Perlman M, Howe N, Recchia HE, Bukowski WM, Santo JB, Luo Z, Ross H. Change over time in interactions between unfamiliar toddlers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2023; 47:21-34. [PMID: 36582414 PMCID: PMC9791325 DOI: 10.1177/01650254221121854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and length of games, conflicts, and contingency sequences that took place between toddlers as they got to know one another were studied using archival data. The sample consisted of 28 unfamiliar 20- and 30-month-old toddlers (predominantly White, 16 males) who met separately with each of two other toddlers for 18 play dates. The frequency of games increased over time, while the frequency of conflict and contingency sequences decreased. The length of games increased over time while the length of conflicts and contingency sequences were stable. Age and language ability predicted changes in frequency and length of the different types of sequences. Thus, toddlers engage in less structured interactions when they first meet; their interactions become increasingly more organized and positive as the relationship evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Lahat
- University of Toronto, Canada,Ayelet Lahat, OISE, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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11
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Peets K, Vecchio TD. The distinction between provoked and unprovoked aggression in toddlerhood, and associations with empathy‐related processes. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kätlin Peets
- Department of Psychology St. John's University Jamaica United States
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12
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Essler S, Paulus M. Caregivers' everyday moral reasoning predicts young children's aggressive, prosocial, and moral development: Evidence from ambulatory assessment. INFANCY 2022; 27:1068-1090. [PMID: 35959707 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental theories have proposed caregiver reactions, in particular caregivers' moral reasoning with their children, as crucial factors in children's developing morality. Yet, empirical evidence is scarce and mainly restricted to laboratory contexts. Here, we used the ambulatory assessment method to investigate how caregiver responses to moral transgressions longitudinally relate to children's emerging moral agency. On the first measurement point, mothers (N = 220) reported on nine consecutive evenings on a moral transgression of their 5- to 46-month-olds', their emotional and verbal reactions, and how in turn their child reacted. Five months later, mothers reported on their child's aggressive and prosocial (helping, sharing, comforting) behavior. Our results demonstrated that (1) caregiver reasoning supported children's sharing and comforting behavior and was related to lower levels of children's aggressive behavior half a year later, that (2) caregiver reasoning reactions supported children's negative evaluations of their own transgressions while compliance-based caregiver reactions (e.g., physical interventions, reprimands) were predictive of children's subsequent emotional distress and anger, and that (3) caregiver social conformity and reflective functioning abilities emerged as determinants of caregiver negative moral emotions. Thus, this study uses an innovative methodological approach to uncover key characteristics of caregiver moral reactions supporting the development of morality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Essler
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Paulus
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Wang JJ, Liu H, Cui X, Ye J, Chen H. Impact of a physician's prosocial behavior on the patient's choice: an empirical investigation in online health community. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & PEOPLE 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/itp-12-2020-0878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of a physician’s prosocial behavior on a patient's choices in the online health community (OHC) context. Moreover, the authors explore how such effects differ across different online word-of-mouth (WOM) and professional titles.Design/methodology/approachGuided by the motivation, opportunity and ability (MOA) framework, this paper develops hypotheses and an econometric model. Then this paper used spline regression to test hypotheses on 6,204 physicians at The Good Doctor (www.Haodf.com), which is one of the largest Chinese OHCs. The authors conducted the propensity score matching and difference-in-difference method (PSM-DID) to address the concern about the bias caused by possible endogeneity concerns.FindingsThe authors’ results show that a physician’s prosocial behavior improves a patient's choice only when the strength of a physician’s prosocial behavior is below the tipping point. In addition, the influence of a physician’s prosocial behavior is heterogeneous for physicians with different online WOM and professional titles. For physicians with higher online WOM, the effect of a physician's prosocial behaviors on a patient's choice is positive, while for physicians with lower online WOM, a physician’s prosocial behavior has no impact on a patient’s choice. For physicians with higher professional titles, the quantity of a physician’s prosocial behavior has a positive impact on a patient’s choice, while for physicians with lower professional titles the quality of a physician’s prosocial behavior has a positive impact on a patient’s choice.Originality/valueThis study contributes new knowledge and provides new perspectives to study a patient's choice by addressing the importance of physician's prosocial behavior. With the effort of explicitly explaining the complex mechanisms, this study encourages physicians' engagement in a physician’s prosocial behavior and gives some implications on how to perform the behaviors strategically.
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Kindchenschema and cuteness elicit interest in caring for and playing with young children, but less so when children are masked. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11903. [PMID: 35831339 PMCID: PMC9279288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuteness in the young has long been theorized to elicit care and protection. Most research on this topic has focused on human infants, despite theories suggesting that cuteness may elicit broader social interest that could support learning and development beyond infancy. In four experiments (N = 531 adults, 98 children), we tested whether 'kindchenschema'-facial features associated with cuteness-and perceived cuteness elicit interest in playing with and caring for children, and whether masks disrupt these processes. Participants viewed images of children's faces, masked or unmasked. Kindchenschema correlated with perceived cuteness and age, and these variables predicted adults' interest in playing with and caring for children. Masks did not reduce cuteness ratings or interest in children, although they weakened relations between perceived cuteness and interest, and between perceived age and interest. Cuteness and related signals may guide adults' interactions with children, fostering learning and development.
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Engaged in play: Seven-year-olds’ engagement with the play frame when playing with toy figures and their engagement with the fictional world of a video game. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Adaptation of Questionnaire about Aggressive Beliefs and Attitudes in Spanish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095050. [PMID: 35564445 PMCID: PMC9105108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive beliefs and attitudes are increasingly present in adolescents, and it can be argued that they are a prevalent feature of adolescence. Michel, Pace, Edun, Sawhney, and Thomas’s (2014) original thirty-item scale was later shortened to a more parsimonious eight-item scale (ABA-SF). This study addresses the adaptation and validation of the brief Aggressive Beliefs and Attitudes Scale to Spanish adolescents. The sample comprised a group of Spanish adolescents (N = 771, M age = 14.01 years). A total of two studies were undertaken: (1) the scale was translated into Spanish and its internal consistency, factorial structure and convergent validity were established; and (2) factorial analysis was undertaken to confirm the questionnaire. The results yielded high scores for internal consistency, reliability (α = 0.82; Ω = 0.83) and convergent validity. The examination of the underlying nomological network revealed links with positive and negative feelings, anxiety and aggression. According to the Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA), the aggregate variance of the factors in the scale was 65.814%, indicating that they can explain variations in aggression levels in adolescents. For its part, the Factorial Confirmatory Analysis (FCA) confirmed the match between the translation and the model, leading to a sustainable model composed by the three factors identified and eight items: χ2 (17) = 30.693; p < 0.001; χ2/gL = 1.805; CFI = 0.968; NFI = 0.837; TLI = 0.944; RMSEA = 0.060, IC del 95% (0.048−0.072). The short scale is easy to understand and quick to complete and is thus considered a useful instrument to assess aggression levels in adolescents.
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Pletti C, Decety J, Paulus M. Neural processing of moral content reflects moral identity in 10-year-old children. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13232. [PMID: 35014743 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Middle childhood seems to be crucial for the emergence of a moral identity, that is, an evaluative stance of how important it is for someone's sense of self to be moral. This study investigates the effects of moral identity on the neural processing of moral content in 10-year-old children. Participants were presented with scenes portraying prosocial and antisocial behavior, while electroencephalographic responses were collected. Analyses of event-related potentials (ERPs) showed that, for children with a strong moral identity, antisocial scenes elicited a greater early posterior negativity (EPN) as compared to prosocial scenes. Thus, for children with a strong moral identity, antisocial scenes capture more attentional resources than prosocial ones in early processing stages. In contrast to previous findings with adults, the implicit moral self-concept was not related to any ERP differences. Overall, the results show that, even in its developmental emergence, moral identity relates to the neurocognitive processing of third-party moral content. Together, the study supports the social-cognitive model of the development of moral identity a based on a chronical activation of moral schemas that guide a person's perception of the social world. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pletti
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich.,Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind
| | | | - Markus Paulus
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich.,Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind
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Young children's cooperation and conflict with other children. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 63:225-248. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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