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Yang Z, Zhang Z, Long X, Shi X, Wang D, Peng D, Ye S, Ding Z. Clarifying the Functional Role of Serotonin in Meloidogyne graminicola Host Plant Parasitism by Immunolocalization and RNA Interference. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO08230290R. [PMID: 38148161 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0290-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is an essential neurotransmitter involved in regulating various behaviors in plant-parasitic nematodes, including locomotion, egg laying, feeding, and mating. However, the functional role of serotonin in root-knot nematode invasion of host plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying feeding behavior remain poorly understood. In this study, we tested the effects of exogenous serotonin and the pharmacological compounds fluoxetine and methiothepin on the feeding behaviors of Meloidogyne graminicola. Our results suggested that M. graminicola possesses an endogenous serotonin signaling pathway and that serotonin plays a crucial role in modulating feeding behaviors in M. graminicola second-stage juveniles. We also identified and cloned the serotonin synthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (Mg-tph-1) in M. graminicola and investigated the role of endogenous serotonin by generating RNA interference nematodes in Mg-tph-1. Silencing Mg-tph-1 substantially reduced nematode invasion, development, and reproduction. According to the immunostaining results, we speculated that these serotonin immunoreactive cells near the nerve ring in M. graminicola are likely homologous to Caenorhabditis elegans ADFs, NSMs, and RIH serotonergic neurons. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of phytoserotonin on nematode invasion and development in rice by overexpressing OsTDC-3 or supplementing rice plants with tryptamine and found that an increase in phytoserotonin increases nematode pathogenicity. Overall, our study provides insights into the essential role of serotonin in M. graminicola host plant parasitism and proposes that the serotonergic signaling pathway could be a potential target for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Zixu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Xiping Long
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Xuqi Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shan Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha 410128, P.R. China
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Leonetti P, Dallera D, De Marchi D, Candito P, Pasotti L, Macovei A. Exploring the putative microRNAs cross-kingdom transfer in Solanum lycopersicum-Meloidogyne incognita interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1383986. [PMID: 38784062 PMCID: PMC11114104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plant-pathogen interaction is an inexhaustible source of information on how to sustainably control diseases that negatively affect agricultural production. Meloidogyne incognita is a root-knot nematode (RKN), representing a pest for many crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). RKNs are a global threat to agriculture, especially under climate change, and RNA technologies offer a potential alternative to chemical nematicides. While endogenous microRNAs have been identified in both S. lycopersicum and M. incognita, and their roles have been related to the regulation of developmental changes, no study has investigated the miRNAs cross-kingdom transfer during this interaction. Methods Here, we propose a bioinformatics pipeline to highlight potential miRNA-dependent cross-kingdom interactions between tomato and M. incognita. Results The obtained data show that nematode miRNAs putatively targeting tomato genes are mostly related to detrimental effects on plant development and defense. Similarly, tomato miRNAs putatively targeting M. incognita biological processes have negative effects on digestion, mobility, and reproduction. To experimentally test this hypothesis, an in vitro feeding assay was carried out using sly-miRNAs selected from the bioinformatics approach. The results show that two tomato miRNAs (sly-miRNA156a, sly-miR169f) soaked by juvenile larvae (J2s) affected their ability to infect plant roots and form galls. This was also coupled with a significant downregulation of predicted target genes (Minc11367, Minc00111), as revealed by a qRT-PCR analysis. Discussions Therefore, the current study expands the knowledge related to the cross-kingdom miRNAs involvement in host-parasite interactions and could pave the way for the application of exogenous plant miRNAs as tools to control nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the National Research Council, Unit of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Debora Dallera
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide De Marchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Candito
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pasotti
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling, and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering - Centre for Health Technology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anca Macovei
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Tzean Y, Wang KT, Gamboa Chen E, Wang HW, Wu TM, Liu CA. Antioxidant Responses and Growth Impairment in Cucurbita moschata Infected by Meloidogyne incognita. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:267. [PMID: 38666879 PMCID: PMC11048190 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata), valued for their nutritional, medicinal, and economic significance, face threats from Meloidogyne incognita, a critical plant-parasitic nematode. This study extensively examines the impact of M. incognita on the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of C. moschata. We demonstrate that M. incognita infection leads to significant growth impairment in C. moschata, evidenced by reduced plant height and biomass, along with the significant development of nematode-induced galls. Concurrently, a pronounced oxidative stress response was observed, characterized by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and a significant increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms, including the upregulation of key antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and peroxidase) and the accumulation of glutathione. These responses highlight a dynamic interaction between the plant and the nematode, wherein C. moschata activates a robust antioxidant defense to mitigate the oxidative stress induced by nematode infection. Despite these defenses, the persistence of growth impairment underscores the challenge posed by M. incognita to the agricultural production of C. moschata. Our findings contribute to the understanding of plant-nematode interactions, paving the way for the development of strategies aimed at enhancing resistance in Cucurbitaceae crops against nematode pests, thus supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Tzean
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
| | - Kuang-Teng Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (T.-M.W.)
| | - Elena Gamboa Chen
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Wang
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (T.-M.W.)
| | - Chia-An Liu
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
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Ren Y, Liu JM, He LP, Jiang JJ, Gong T, Zhou Q, Liu J, Li Q, Tang N, Chen ZX. Effect of Salicylic Acid Treatment on Disease Resistance to Coleosporium zanthoxyli in Chinese Pepper ( Zanthoxylum armatum). PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:960-970. [PMID: 37858967 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1880-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Coleosporium zanthoxyli causes leaf rust in Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum armatum). To investigate the control effect of elicitor treatment on leaf rust in this species, the impact of salicylic acid (SA) on the spores and growth of C. zanthoxyli and the induced resistance to leaf rust by Z. armatum were analyzed, and the possible defense mechanisms involved in SA induction were evaluated. The results showed that SA had no effect on C. zanthoxyli spore germination and growth; however, rust resistance was induced in Z. armatum. The optimal SA treatment concentration was 0.4 mg/ml, and the relative cure effect reached 44.56%. SA-induced disease resistance was evident for up to 10 days, while the optimal induction interval was 48 h after stimulation. Consistent with the induced resistance, H2O2, total protein, total phenol, and lignin concentrations and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased with the SA treatment, whereas the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased. In addition, exogenous SA promoted defense-related enzyme activities, including those of POD, CAT, and PAL, and increased H2O2, lignin, and endogenous SA contents. Furthermore, SA induced the expression of SA signaling pathway genes such as ZaPR1 and ZaNPR1, and silencing ZaPR1 enhanced the sensitivity of Z. armatum to leaf rust. Our results demonstrated that 0.4 mg/ml SA priming increased the activities of CAT, POD, and PAL, elevated the contents of H2O2, lignin, and endogenous SA, and upregulated the expression of the SA-related gene ZaPR1, thereby enhancing the resistance of Z. armatum to leaf rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Min Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Liang-Ping He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jin-Jue Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ze-Xiong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
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Leonetti P. Detection of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Genes in Susceptible Tomato Plants Infected by Meloidogyne spp. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2756:317-326. [PMID: 38427302 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3638-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Meloidogyne species, as infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) larvae, are parasites able to attack host of relevant agronomic interest such as tomato plants. The identification of gene expression markers, useful to investigate the levels of root-knot nematode infection in the roots, is a fundamental tool in plant-pathogen interaction. The laboratory methods for analyzing the differential expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes constitute powerful tools for detecting the induced systemic acquired resistance defense response to M. incognita in infected plants and can be extended to all pathogen infection markers to obtain an early and sustainable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonetti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, Research Unit of Bari, IPSP-CNR, Bari, Italy.
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Molinari S. Use of Chemicals and Biological Control Agents as Activators of Plant Defense Against Endoparasitic Sedentary Nematodes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2756:291-304. [PMID: 38427300 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3638-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Full compatible interactions between crop plants and endoparasitic sedentary nematodes (ESNs) lead to severe infestation of the roots and plant growth impairing, as well as to the increase of nematode population in the soil that is a threat for the next planting crop. In the absence of activators, basic plant defense is overcome by nematode secretion of effectors that suppress defense gene expression, inhibit ROS generation and the oxidative burst used by plants to hamper nematode feeding site settlement and limit its development and reproduction. Activators can be exogenously added as a preventive measure to prime plants and strengthen their defense against ESNs. Activators can be an array of antioxidant compounds or biocontrol agents, such as mutualist microorganisms living in the rhizosphere (biocontrol fungi (BCF), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), etc.). In this chapter, methods are described for usage of both salicylic acid (SA) and its methylated form (Met-SA), and BCF/AMF as elicitors of resistance of vegetable crops against root-knot nematodes (RKNs). The rhizosphere-living BCF/AMF were recovered from commercial formulates pre-incubated in suitable growth media and provided exclusively as soil drench of potted plants. The plant hormones SA and Met-SA were provided to plants as soil drench, foliar spray, and root dip. It is indicated that activators' dosages and plant age are crucial factors in determining the success of a pre-treatment to reduce nematode infection. Therefore, dosages should be expressed as amounts of activators per g of plant weight at treatment. Thresholds exist above which dosages start to work; overdoses were found to be toxic to plants and useless as activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy.
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Zhang L, Zhao J, Kong L, Huang W, Peng H, Peng D, Meksem K, Liu S. No Pairwise Interactions of GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08 and AtPR1 with Suppressed AtPR1 Expression Enhance the Susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Beet Cyst Nematode. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4118. [PMID: 38140445 PMCID: PMC10747334 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08 are two major genes conferring soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance in soybean. Overexpression of either of these two soybean genes would enhance the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to beet cyst nematode (BCN), while overexpression of either of their corresponding orthologs in Arabidopsis, AtSNAP2 and AtSHMT4, would suppress it. However, the mechanism by which these two pairs of orthologous genes boost or inhibit BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis still remains elusive. In this study, Arabidopsis with simultaneously overexpressed GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT0 suppressed the growth of underground as well as above-ground parts of plants. Furthermore, Arabidopsis that simultaneously overexpressed GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08 substantially stimulated BCN susceptibility and remarkably suppressed expression of AtPR1 in the salicylic acid signaling pathway. However, simultaneous overexpression of GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08 did not impact the expression of AtJAR1 and AtHEL1 in the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways. GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08, and a pathogenesis-related (PR) protein, GmPR08-Bet VI, in soybean, and AtSNAP2, AtSHMT4, and AtPR1 in Arabidopsis could interact pair-wisely for mediating SCN and BCN resistance in soybean and Arabidopsis, respectively. Both AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 were localized on the plasma membrane, and AtSHMT4 was localized both on the plasma membrane and in the nucleus of cells. Nevertheless, after interactions, AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 could partially translocate into the cell nucleus. GmSNAP18 interacted with AtSHMT4, and GmSHMT4 interacted with AtSNAP2. However, neither GmSNAP18 nor GmSHMT08 interacted with AtPR1. Thus, no pairwise interactions among α-SNAPs, SHMTs, and AtPR1 occurred in Arabidopsis overexpressing either GmSNAP18 or GmSHMT08, or both of them. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing either GmSNAP18 or GmSHMT08 substantially suppressed AtPR1 expression, while transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing either AtSNAP2 or AtSHMT4 remarkably enhanced it. Taken together, no pairwise interactions of GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08, and AtPR1 with suppressed expression of AtPR1 enhanced BCN susceptibility in Arabidopsis. This study may provide a clue that nematode-resistant or -susceptible functions of plant genes likely depend on both hosts and nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Lingan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Wenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
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Molinari S, Leonetti P. Resistance to Plant Parasites in Tomato Is Induced by Soil Enrichment with Specific Bacterial and Fungal Rhizosphere Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15416. [PMID: 37895095 PMCID: PMC10607013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial formulations of beneficial microbes have been used to enrich the rhizosphere microbiome of tomato plants grown in pots located in a glasshouse. These plants have been subjected to attacks by soil-borne parasites, such as root-knot nematodes (RKNs), and herbivores, such as the miner insect Tuta absoluta. The development of both parasites and the symptoms of their parasitism were restricted in these plants with respect to plants left untreated. A mixture, named in the text as Myco, containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), opportunistic biocontrol fungi (BCF), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was more effective in limiting pest damage than a formulation containing the sole AMF (Ozor). Therefore, Myco-treated plants inoculated with RKNs were taken as a model for further studies. The PGPR contained in Myco were not able to reduce nematode infection; rather, they worsened symptoms in plants compared with those observed in untreated plants. Therefore, it was argued that both BCF and AMF were the microorganisms that colonized roots and stimulated the plant immune system against RKNs. Beneficial fungi colonized the roots by lowering the activities of the defense supporting enzymes endochitinases and β-1,3-glucanase. However, as early as three days after nematode inoculation, these enzyme activities and the expression of the encoding pathogenesis-related genes (PR-2, PR-3) were found to be enhanced in roots with respect to non-inoculated plants, thus indicating that plants had been primed against RKNs. The addition of paclobutrazol, which reduces salicylic acid (SA) levels in cells, and diphenyliodonium chloride, which inhibits superoxide generation, completely abolished the repressive effect of Myco on nematode infection. Inhibitors of copper enzymes and the alternative cyanide-resistant respiration did not significantly alter resistance induction by Myco. When Myco-treated plants were subjected to moderate water stress and inoculated with nematodes, they retained numbers of developed individuals in the roots similar to those present in regularly watered plants, in contrast to what occurred in roots of untreated stressed plants that hosted very few individuals because of poor nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-Bari Unit, Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, DISBA, National Council of Research, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Bairwa A, Sood S, Bhardwaj V, Rawat S, Tamanna T, Siddappa S, Venkatasalam EP, Dipta B, Sharma AK, Kumar A, Singh B, Mhatre PH, Sharma S, Kumar V. Identification of genes governing resistance to PCN (Globodera rostochiensis) through transcriptome analysis in Solanum tuberosum. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:242. [PMID: 37453957 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are major pests worldwide that affect potato production. The molecular changes happening in the roots upon PCN infection are still unknown. Identification of transcripts and genes governing PCN resistance will help in the development of resistant varieties. Hence, differential gene expression of compatible (Kufri Jyoti) and incompatible (JEX/A-267) potato genotypes was studied before (0 DAI) and after (10 DAI) inoculation of Globodera rostochiensis J2s through RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Total sequencing reads generated ranged between 33 and 37 million per sample, with a read mapping of 48-84% to the potato reference genome. In the infected roots of the resistant genotype JEX/A-267, 516 genes were downregulated, and 566 were upregulated. In comparison, in the susceptible genotype Kufri Jyoti, 316 and 554 genes were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. Genes encoding cell wall proteins, zinc finger protein, WRKY transcription factors, MYB transcription factors, disease resistance proteins, and pathogenesis-related proteins were found to be majorly involved in the incompatible reaction after PCN infection in the resistant genotype, JEX/A-267. Furthermore, RNA-Seq results were validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and it was observed that ATP, FLAVO, CYTO, and GP genes were upregulated at 5 DAI, which was subsequently downregulated at 10 DAI. The genes encoding ATP, FLAVO, LBR, and GP were present in > 1.5 fold before infection in JEX-A/267 and upregulated 7.9- to 27.6-fold after 5 DAI; subsequently, most of these genes were downregulated to 0.9- to 2.8-fold, except LBR, which was again upregulated to 44.4-fold at 10 DAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Bairwa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Salej Sood
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Shashi Rawat
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tamanna Tamanna
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sundaresha Siddappa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - E P Venkatasalam
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Muthorai, 643004, The Nilgiris, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani K Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Baljeet Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Priyank H Mhatre
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Muthorai, 643004, The Nilgiris, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Bemloe, 171001, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Wang S, Xia W, Li Y, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Tang J, Cui H, Qu L, Yao T, Yu Z, Ye Z. The Novel Effector Ue943 Is Essential for Host Plant Colonization by Ustilago esculenta. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050593. [PMID: 37233304 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta obligately parasitizes Zizania latifolia and induces smut galls at the stem tips of host plants. Previous research identified a putative secreted protein, Ue943, which is required for the biotrophic phase of U. esculenta but not for the saprophytic phase. Here, we studied the role of Ue943 during the infection process. Conserved homologs of Ue943 were found in smut fungi. Ue943 can be secreted by U. esculenta and localized to the biotrophic interface between fungi and plants. It is required at the early stage of colonization. The Ue943 deletion mutant caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and callose deposition in the host plant at 1 and 5 days post inoculation, which led to failed colonization. The virulence deficiency was restored by overexpressing gene Ue943 or Ue943:GFP. Transcriptome analysis further showed a series of changes in plant hormones following ROS production when the host plant was exposed to ΔUe943. We hypothesize that Ue943 might be responsible for ROS suppression or avoidance of recognition by the plant immune system. The mechanism underlying Ue943 requires further study to provide more insights into the virulence of smut fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenqiang Xia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yani Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuyan Peng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jintian Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lisi Qu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tongfu Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zetao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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11
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Malviya D, Singh P, Singh UB, Paul S, Kumar Bisen P, Rai JP, Verma RL, Fiyaz RA, Kumar A, Kumari P, Dei S, Ahmed MR, Bagyaraj DJ, Singh HV. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses in direct seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1104490. [PMID: 37200920 PMCID: PMC10185796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere is the battlefield of beneficial and harmful (so called phytopathogens) microorganisms. Moreover, these microbial communities are struggling for their existence in the soil and playing key roles in plant growth, mineralization, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. In the last few decades, some consistent pattern have been detected so far that link soil community composition and functions with plant growth and development; however, it has not been studied in detail. AM fungi are model organisms, besides potential role in nutrient cycling; they modulate biochemical pathways directly or indirectly which lead to better plant growth under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In the present investigations, we have elucidated the AM fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses against Meloidogyne graminicola causing root-knot disease in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study describes the multifarious effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, and Rhizophagus intraradices inoculated individually or in combination under glasshouse conditions in rice plants. It was found that F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices when applied individually or in combination modulated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice. AM inoculation significantly increased various plant growth attributes in plants with simultaneous decrease in the root-knot intensity. Among these, the combined application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus, and R. intraradices was found to enhance the accumulation and activities of biomolecules and enzymes related to defense priming as well as antioxidation in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice pre-challenged with M. graminicola. The application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, induced the key genes involved in plant defense and signaling and it has been demonstrated for the first time. Results of the present investigation advocated that the application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, particularly a combination of all three, not only helped in the control of root-knot nematodes but also increased plant growth as well as enhances the gene expression in rice. Thus, it proved to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth-promoting agent in rice even when the crop is under biotic stress of the root-knot nematode, M. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Malviya
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Prakash Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Bihar Agricultural University, Dumraon, India
| | - Udai B Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Surinder Paul
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | | | - Jai P Rai
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ram Lakhan Verma
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - R Abdul Fiyaz
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Kumar
- Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | | | - Mohd Reyaz Ahmed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Bihar Agricultural University, Dumraon, India
| | - D J Bagyaraj
- Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harsh V Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
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12
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Molinari S, Leonetti P. Inhibition of ROS-Scavenging Enzyme System Is a Key Event in Tomato Genetic Resistance against Root-Knot Nematodes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087324. [PMID: 37108485 PMCID: PMC10138560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic resistance in plants against incompatible pests is expressed by the activation of an immune system; however, the molecular mechanisms of pest recognition and expression of immunity, although long the object of investigation, are far from being fully understood. The immune response triggered by the infection of soil-borne parasites, such as root-knot nematodes (RKNs), to incompatible resistant tomato plants was studied and compared to the compatible response that occurred when RKNs attacked susceptible plants. In compatible interactions, the invading nematode juveniles were allowed to fully develop and reproduce, whilst that was impeded in incompatible interactions. In crude root extracts, a first assay of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymatic activity was carried out at the earliest stages of tomato-RKN incompatible interaction. Membrane-bound and soluble CAT, which is the most active enzyme in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, was found to be specifically inhibited in roots of inoculated resistant plants until 5 days after inoculation, with respect to uninoculated plants. The expression of genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), was not always inhibited in roots of nematode-infected resistant tomato. Therefore, the biochemical mechanisms of CAT inhibition were further investigated. Two CAT isozymes were characterized by size exclusion HPLC as a tetrameric form with a molecular weight of 220,000 dalton and its subunits (55,000 dalton). Fractions containing such isozymes were tested by their sensitivity to both salicylic acid (SA) and H2O2. It was evidenced that elevated concentrations of both chemicals led to a partial inactivation of CAT. Elevated concentrations of H2O2 in incompatible interactions have been suggested to be produced by membrane-bound superoxide anion generating, SOD, and isoperoxidase-enhanced activities. Such partial inactivation of CAT has been depicted as one of the earliest key metabolic events, which is specifically associated with tomato immunity to RKNs. Enhanced ROS production and the inhibition of ROS-scavenging systems have been considered to trigger all the metabolic events leading to cell death and tissue necrosis developed around the head of the invading juveniles by which this special type of plant resistance is exerted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Bari Unit, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection IPSP, Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Leonetti
- Bari Unit, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection IPSP, Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
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13
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Zhang L, Xu Z, Jiang Z, Chen X, Li B, Xu L, Zhang Z. Cloning and functional analysis of the root-knot nematode resistance gene NtRk1 in tobacco. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13894. [PMID: 36942459 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an economically important crop worldwide. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are responsible for yield losses in tobacco and other crops, such as tomato, potato, peanut, and soybean. Therefore, screening for resistance genes that can prevent RKN infestation and the associated damage is crucial. However, there is no report of cloning tobacco RKN resistance genes to date. Here, we cloned the tobacco RKN resistance gene NtRk1 from the resistant variety TI706, using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. NtRk1 has high homology with other RKN resistance genes (CaMi in pepper, Mi-1.1 and Mi-1.2 in tomato). Under normal conditions, NtRk1 was barely expressed in the roots; however, following RKN infection, its expression level rapidly increased. Overexpression of NtRk1 in the susceptible cultivar "Changbohuang" enhanced its resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, while RNA interference of NtRk1 in the resistant cultivar K326 resulted in its susceptibility to M. incognita. Moreover, compared with resistant variety K326, we found the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid contents of RNAi plants decreased after inoculation with M. incognita, and confirmed that the function of NtRk1 is related to these phytohormones. These findings indicate that NtRk1 is an RKN resistance gene, which is abundantly expressed in response to RKN infection and may enhance host defense responses by elevating salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Chen
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Bo Li
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Liping Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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14
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Ali Q, Yu C, Wang Y, Sheng T, Zhao X, Wu X, Jing L, Gu Q, Wu H, Gao X. High killing rate of nematode and promotion of rice growth by synthetic volatiles from Bacillus strains due to enhanced oxidative stress response. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13868. [PMID: 36724171 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi is a major pest that poses serious threats to different vegetables and crop plants. In the present study, volatiles isolated from Bacillus spp. were utilized as green biocontrol agents to overcome nematodes. In in vitro experiment, Bacillus spp. GBSC56, SYST2, and FZB42 showed the strongest nematicidal activity with killing rates of 80.78%, 75.69%, and 60.45%, respectively, as compared with control. The selected synthetic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely albuterol, benzaldehyde (BDH), 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (1,2-HIT), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), 2-undecanone (2-UD), and 1,3-propanediole (1,3-PD), exhibited strong nematicidal activity, with A. besseyi killing rate of 85.58%, 82.65%, 81.75%, 80.36%, 84.45%, and 82.36%, respectively, at 400 μg/mL. Microscopic analysis proved that the rapid mortality was due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Molecular docking attributed this ROS production to the nematicidal effect of synthetic VOCs on NADH DEHYDROGENASE SUBUNIT 2, which is known to play a critical role in the suppression of ROS in nematode models. In a greenhouse experiment, the Bacillus strains GBSC56, SYST2, and FZB42 and their synthetic VOCs significantly improved the physiological parameters in terms of growth promotion traits. In addition, selected genes related to growth promotion and defense genes showed a significant upregulation of their expression in rice seedlings treated with those synthetic VOCs. Overall, these findings revealed that the selected Bacillus strains and their synthetic VOCs possess high potential against A. besseyi. Moreover, this study also sheds new light on the mechanisms by which specific Bacillus nematicidal VOCs influence important genes involved in rice plant growth promotion and could effectively be used to suppress plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Hu Y, You J, Wang Y, Long Y, Wang S, Pan F, Yu Z. Biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus velezensis strain YS-AT-DS1 against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1035748. [PMID: 36483201 PMCID: PMC9722970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.), one of the most economically important plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), cause severe yield and quality losses in agriculture annually. The application of biological control agents is an environmentally safe and effective approach to control RKNs. Here, we report the genomic characteristics of a Bacillus velezensis strain YS-AT-DS1 (Bv-DS1) isolated from the tidal soil, revealing that it has a 4.73 Mb circular chromosome with an average GC-content of 46.43%, 3,977 genes, 86 tRNAs, and 27 rRNAs, and contains secondary metabolite clusters for producing antimicrobial compounds. In vitro assays indicated that Bv-DS1 has not only antagonistic activities against fungal pathogens, but also shows nematicidal activity, with a mortality rate of 71.62% mortality rates in second-stage juvenile (J2s) Meloidogyne incognita. We then focused on the biocontrol efficiency of Bv-DS1 against M. incognita in pot assays. Preinoculation with Bv-DS1 enhanced tomato growth, and significantly reduced the infection rate of J2s, and the number of galls and egg masses on tomato roots. The underlying mechanism in Bv-DS1-induced resistance to M. incognita was further investigated through split-root experiments, and analysing the expression of the genes related to jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and the tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP). The results indicated that Bv-DS1 could not activate host systemic-induced resistance (ISR) in the split-root system of tomatoes. Additionally, the expression of JA- (LOX D and MC) and SA- (PAL2 and PR) responsive genes did not change in Bv-DS1-pretreated plants at 3 and 14 days after nematode inoculation. The presented data showed that JA-and SA-dependent pathways were not required for the biocontrol action of the Bv-DS1 against RKN. The TIP genes, responsible for transport of water and small substrates in plants, have previously been shown to negatively regulate the parasitism of PPNs. Surprisingly, Bv-DS1 compromised the downregulation of TIP1.1 and TIP1.3 by M. incognita. Together, our data suggest that Bv-DS1 exhibits a dual effect on plant growth promotion and protection against RKN, possibly related to the regulation of water and solute transport via TIPs. Thus, the Bv-DS1 strain could be used as a biocontrol agent for RKN control in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jia You
- Institute of Pratacultural Science, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Long
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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16
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Dong H, Zhang W, Li Y, Feng Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Li D, Wen X, Ma S, Zhang X. Overexpression of salicylic acid methyltransferase reduces salicylic acid-mediated pathogen resistance in poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:973305. [PMID: 36388494 PMCID: PMC9660245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is generally considered to be a critical signal transduction factor in plant defenses against pathogens. It could be converted to methyl salicylate (MeSA) for remote signals by salicylic acid methyltransferase (SAMT) and converted back to SA by SA-binding protein 2 (SABP2). In order to verify the function of SAMT in poplar plants, we isolated the full-length cDNA sequence of PagSAMT from 84K poplar and cultivated PagSAMT overexpression lines (OE-2 isolate) to test its role in SA-mediated defenses against the virulent fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. Our results showed that after inoculation with B. dothidea, OE-2 significantly increased MeSA content and reduced SA content which is associated with increased expression of SAMT in both infected and uninfected leaves, when compared against the wild type (WT). Additionally, SAMT overexpression plant lines (OE-2) exhibited higher expression of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1 and PR-5, but were still susceptible to B. dothidea suggesting that in poplar SA might be responsible for resistance against this pathogen. This study expands the current understanding of joint regulation of SAMT and SABP2 and the balance between SA and MeSA in poplar responses to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Resources Management, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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18
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Tomato Root Colonization by Exogenously Inoculated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Resistance against Root-Knot Nematodes in a Dose-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168920. [PMID: 36012177 PMCID: PMC9408505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally recognized to induce plant growth and prime plants against soil-borne parasites, such as plant parasitic nematodes. However, the effectiveness of commercial formulates containing AMF has been questioned. Increasing amounts per plant of one commercial AMF-containing formulate, reported in the text as Myco, were used to detect the effects on growth of tomato plants and the resistance induced against root-knot nematodes (RKNs) The doses used per plant (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g, reported as Myco1, Myco2, Myco3, respectively) were soil-drenched to growing potted plants; the effects of such treatments were analyzed both in plants not inoculated or inoculated by Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Consistent increases in plant weight were apparent as soon as 7 days only after Myco2 treatments. Moreover, only treatments with Myco2 induced a consistent repression of the nematode infection observed in untreated plants. Conversely, treatments with Myco1 and Myco3 did not produce such an early growth improvement; some plant weight increase was observable only at 28 dpt. Accordingly, such Myco doses did not restrict the level of infestation observed in untreated plants. Control of infection was dependent on the dose of Myco provided to plants five days before nematode inoculation. About one month after all Myco treatments, several areas of roots were found to be colonized by AMF, although in Myco2-treated plants, three genes involved in the AMF colonization process (SlCCaMK, SlLYK9, and SlLYK13) were found to be over-expressed already at 7 dpt; over-expression was generally less consistent at 14 and 21 dpt. The expressions of two key genes of plant defense, the hypersensitive cell death inducer PR4b gene and the glutathione peroxidase-encoding GPX gene, were monitored in roots of Myco2-treated plants 3 and 7 days after nematode inoculation. PR4b was over-expressed and GPX was silenced in treated plants with respect to untreated plants. The repressive effect of Myco2 treatment against RKN infection was completely abolished when Myco2 suspensions were autoclaved to sterilization or treated with the potent anti-fungal agent amphotericin B, thus indicating that the biological control agents contained in the commercial formulate were living fungi.
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Rostami M, Karegar A, Ghorbani A. Effects of Arugula Vermicompost on the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and the Promotion of Resistance Genes in Tomato Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:261-271. [PMID: 35953046 PMCID: PMC9372107 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2022.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are the most important plantparasitic nematodes worldwide. Many efforts have been made to find non-chemical, risk-free, and environmentally friendly methods for nematode control. In this study, the effects of compost and vermicompost of arugula (Eruca sativa) on Meloidogyne javanica were investigated in three glasshouse experiments. In addition, the expression of the defense-related genes nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related 1 (NPR1) and lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1) was detected in tomato plants treated with vermicompost of arugula at 0, 2, 7, and 14 days after nematode inoculation. The result showed that the vermicompost of arugula significantly reduced the reproduction factor of the nematode by 54.4% to 70.5% in the three experiments and increased the dry weight of shoots of infected tomato plants. Gene expression analysis showed that LOX1 expression increased on the second and seventh day after nematode inoculation, while NPR1 expression decreased. The vermicompost of arugula showed stronger nematode inhibitory potential than the vermicompost of animal manure. The vermicompost of arugula is superior to arugula compost in suppressing the activity of M. javaniva and reducing its impact. It manipulates the expression of resistance genes and could induce systemic resistance against rootknot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Rostami
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186,
Iran
| | - Akbar Karegar
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186,
Iran
| | - Abozar Ghorbani
- Plant Virology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186,
Iran
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), Karaj 14399-51113,
Iran
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20
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FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early blight (EB), caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani, is one of the most common and destructive diseases in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The use of fungicides is a prominent tactic used to control EB; however, their undesirable effects on the environment and human health, as well as involvement in the development of resistant strains, have driven researchers to search for new alternatives. Plant defense elicitors are exogenous defense-triggering molecules that induce a plant’s defense system associated with extensive transcriptional- and metabolic reprogramming of the genome and do not cause direct toxicity to phytopathogens. Moreover, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) was an early-identified and strong plant defense elicitor to various phytopathogens. Recently, the combination of chitosan oligomers and pectin-derived oligogalacturonides that can mimic the induction of plants by a pathogen or damaged-derived molecules (PAMP and DAMP) were characterized as defense elicitors, named FytoSol. In this study, the preventive roles of these two defense elicitors—FytoSol and INA—against EB disease and its molecular basis, were explored. According to the results, FytoSol significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 30% for almost one month with an AUDPC value of 399 compared to the control, which had an AUDPC value of 546. On the contrary, INA did not provide any protection against EB. Gene expression analyses of these two distinct plant defense elicitors indicated that the expression patterns of several SA-, JA-, or ET-pathway-related genes (Pti4, TPK1b, Pto kinase, TomloxD, PRB1-2, SABP2, WRKY33b, WRKY70, PR-5, and PR3) were induced by defense elicitors differently. FytoSol extensively upregulated gene expressions of PR3, downregulated the SA-related defense pathway, and provided remarkable protection against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani. On the contrary, INA mostly induced genes related to biotrophic and/or hemibiotrophic pathogen protection. Our results indicate that FytoSol is a promising plant defense elicitor against EB and the modes of action of the elicitors are important to characterize their effects against pathogens. Further research may extend the use of defense elicitors as alternatives to pesticides in agriculture.
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Singh KBM, Jayaswal P, Chandra S, M J, Mandal PK. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Polianthes tuberosa during a compatible interaction with root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4503-4516. [PMID: 35277786 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) is the most destructive plant parasitic nematode known to date. RKN infections, especially those caused by Meloidogyne incognita, are one of the most serious diseases of tuberose. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate the molecular mechanism in the host-pathogen interactions, the Illumina sequencing platform was employed to generate comparative transcriptome profiles of uninfected and Meloidogyne incognita-infected tuberose plants, during early, mid, and late infection stage. A total of 7.5 GB (49 million reads) and 9.3 GB (61 million reads) of high-quality data was generated for the control and infected samples, respectively. These reads were combined and assembled using the Trinity assembly program which clustered them into 1,25,060 unigenes. A total of 85,360 validated CDS were obtained from the combined transcriptome whereas 6,795 CDS and 7,778 CDS were found in the data for the control and infected samples, respectively. Gene ontology terms were assigned to 958 and 1,310 CDSs from the control and infected data, respectively. The KAAS pathway analysis revealed that 1,248 CDS in the control sample and 1,482 CDS in the infected sample were enriched with KEGG pathways. The major proportions of CDS were annotated for carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and translation related pathways in control and infected samples. Of the 8,289 CDS commonly expressed between the control and infected plants, 256 were significantly upregulated and 129 were significantly downregulated in the infected plants. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results provide a comprehensive gene expression changes in tuberose during its association with RKNs and point to candidate genes that are involved in nematode stress signaling for further investigation. This is the first report addressing genes associated with M. incognita-tuberose interaction and the results have important implications for further characterization of RKN resistance genes in tuberose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan B M Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 110012, New Delhi, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, 201313, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Jayaswal
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, 110012, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Chandra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, 201313, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayanthi M
- Division of Nematology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 110012, New Delhi, India.
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22
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Jeon HW, Park AR, Sung M, Kim N, Mannaa M, Han G, Kim J, Koo Y, Seo YS, Kim JC. Systemic Acquired Resistance-Mediated Control of Pine Wilt Disease by Foliar Application With Methyl Salicylate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:812414. [PMID: 35069670 PMCID: PMC8767056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.812414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode, is the most destructive disease in pine forest ecosystems worldwide. Extensive research has been done on PWD, but effective disease management is yet to be devised. Generally, plants can resist pathogen attack via a combination of constitutive and inducible defenses. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense that occurs by the localized infection of pathogens or treatment with elicitors. To manage PWD by SAR in pine trees, we tested previously known 12 SAR elicitors. Among them, methyl salicylate (MeSA) was found to induce resistance against PWD in Pinus densiflora seedlings. In addition, the foliar applications of the dispersible concentrate-type formulation of MeSA (MeSA 20 DC) and the emulsifiable concentrate-type formulation of MeSA (MeSA 20 EC) resulted in significantly reduced PWD in pine seedlings. In the field test using 10-year-old P. densiflora trees, MeSA 20 DC showed a 60% decrease in the development of PWD. Also, MeSA 20 EC gave the best results when applied at 0.1 mM concentration 2 and 1 weeks before pinewood nematode (PWN) inoculation in pine seedlings. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that MeSA induced the expression of defense-related genes, indicating that MeSA can inhibit and delay the migration and reproduction of PWN in pine seedlings by modulating gene expression. These results suggest that foliar application of MeSA could reduce PWD incidence by inducing resistance and provide an economically feasible alternative to trunk-injection agents for PWD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Won Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Minjeong Sung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Namgyu Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mohamed Mannaa
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Gil Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Junheon Kim
- Forest Insect Pests and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonjong Koo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Xiao K, Zhu H, Zhu X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Pu W, Guan P, Hu J. Overexpression of PsoRPM3, an NBS-LRR gene isolated from myrobalan plum, confers resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:129-146. [PMID: 34596818 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGES We reported an NBS-LRR gene, PsoRPM3, is highly expressed following RKN infection, initiating an HR response that promotes plant resistance. Meloidogyne spp. are root-knot nematodes (RKNs) that cause substantial economic losses worldwide. Screening for resistant tree resources and identifying plant resistance genes is currently the most effective way to prevent RKN infestations. Here, we cloned a novel TIR-NB-LRR-type resistance gene, PsoRPM3, from Xinjiang wild myrobalan plum (Prunus sogdiana Vassilcz.) and demonstrated that its protein product localized to the nucleus. In response to Meloidogyne incognita infection, PsoRPM3 gene expression levels were significantly higher in resistant myrobalan plum plants compared to susceptible plants. We investigated this difference, discovering that the - 309 to - 19 bp region of the susceptible PsoRPM3 promoter was highly methylated. Indeed, heterologous expression of PsoRPM3 significantly enhanced the resistance of susceptible tobacco plants to M. incognita. Moreover, transient expression of PsoRPM3 induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco, whereas RNAi-mediated silencing of PsoRPM3 in transgenic tobacco reduced this hypersensitive response. Several hypersensitive response marker genes were considerably up-regulated in resistant myrobalan plum plants when compared with susceptible counterparts inoculated with M. incognita. PsoPR1a (a SA marker gene), PsoPR2 (a JA marker gene), and PsoACS6 (an ET signaling marker gene) were all more highly expressed in resistant than in susceptible plants. Together, these results support a model in which PsoRPM3 is highly expressed following RKN infection, initiating an HR response that promotes plant resistance through activated salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xiao
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjiang Pu
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingyin Guan
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfang Hu
- Laboratory of Fruit Physiology and Molecular Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun T, Wang W, Liao J, Zhuo K. The Meloidogyne javanica effector Mj2G02 interferes with jasmonic acid signalling to suppress cell death and promote parasitism in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1288-1301. [PMID: 34339585 PMCID: PMC8435226 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described. In situ hybridization and transcriptional analysis showed that Mj2G02 was highly expressed in the early infection stages and exclusively expressed in the nematode subventral oesophageal gland cells. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj2G02 impaired M. javanica parasitism, and Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed more susceptibility to M. javanica. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that Mj2G02 localized in the plant cell nuclei and could suppress Gpa2/RBP-1-induced cell death. Moreover, by RNA-Seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses, we showed that Mj2G02 was capable of interfering with the host jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. Multiple jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the JAR1 gene and four JA-responsive genes, MYC3, UPI, THI2.1, and WRKY75, were significantly downregulated. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) level in Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines was significantly decreased compared to that in wildtype plants. Our results indicate that the M. javanica effector Mj2G02 suppresses the plant immune response, therefore facilitating nematode parasitism. This process is probably mediated by a JA-Ile reduction and JAZ enhancement to repress JA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tianlin Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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Le KD, Kim J, Nguyen HT, Yu NH, Park AR, Lee CW, Kim JC. Streptomyces sp. JCK-6131 Protects Plants Against Bacterial and Fungal Diseases via Two Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:726266. [PMID: 34603354 PMCID: PMC8479116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.726266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial and fungal diseases cause significant agricultural losses and need to be controlled. Beneficial bacteria are promising candidates for controlling these diseases. In this study, Streptomyces sp. JCK-6131 exhibited broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. In vitro assays showed that the fermentation filtrate of JCK-6131 inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi with minimum concentration inhibitory (MIC) values of 0.31-10% and 0.31-1.25%, respectively. In the in vivo experiments, treatment with JCK-6131 effectively suppressed the development of apple fire blight, tomato bacterial wilt, and cucumber Fusarium wilt in a dose-dependent manner. RP-HPLC and ESI-MS/MS analyses indicated that JCK-6131 can produce several antimicrobial compounds, three of which were identified as streptothricin E acid, streptothricin D, and 12-carbamoyl streptothricin D. In addition, the disease control efficacy of the foliar application of JCK-6131 against tomato bacterial wilt was similar to that of the soil drench application, indicating that JCK-6131 could enhance defense resistance in plants. Molecular studies on tomato plants showed that JCK-6131 treatment induced the expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR1, PR3, PR5, and PR12, suggesting the simultaneous activation of the salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) signaling pathways. The transcription levels of PR genes increased earlier and were higher in treated plants than in untreated plants following Ralstonia solanacearum infection. These results indicate that Streptomyces sp. JCK-6131 can effectively control various plant bacterial and fungal diseases via two distinct mechanisms of antibiosis and induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Duy Le
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoa Thi Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Ghorbel M, Brini F, Sharma A, Landi M. Role of jasmonic acid in plants: the molecular point of view. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1471-1494. [PMID: 33821356 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent updates in JA biosynthesis, signaling pathways and the crosstalk between JA and others phytohormones in relation with plant responses to different stresses. In plants, the roles of phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), amino acid conjugate (e.g., JA-Ile) and their derivative emerged in last decades as crucial signaling compounds implicated in stress defense and development in plants. JA has raised a great interest, and the number of researches on JA has increased rapidly highlighting the importance of this phytohormone in plant life. First, JA was considered as a stress hormone implicated in plant response to biotic stress (pathogens and herbivores) which confers resistance to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens contrarily to salicylic acid (SA) which is implicated in plant response to necrotrophic pathogens. JA is also implicated in plant responses to abiotic stress (such as soil salinity, wounding and UV). Moreover, some researchers have recently revealed that JA controls several physiological processes like root growth, growth of reproductive organs and, finally, plant senescence. JA is also involved in the biosynthesis of various metabolites (e.g., phytoalexins and terpenoids). In plants, JA signaling pathways are well studied in few plants essentially Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Oryza sativa L. confirming the crucial role of this hormone in plants. In this review, we highlight the last foundlings about JA biosynthesis, JA signaling pathways and its implication in plant maturation and response to environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Ghorbel
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, P.O. box, Ha'il, 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, B.P '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, B.P '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment - University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Transcriptome analysis reveals key defense-related genes upon SA induction in Cocos nucifera L. Genes Genomics 2021; 44:197-210. [PMID: 34216358 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is an important regulator of genes involved in plant defense and pathogen-triggered systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Coconut is an important crop affected by several pathogens. Reported evidence suggests SA involvement in defense responses, including SAR in coconut. OBJECTIVE To identified differentially expressed genes in leaf and root tissues of coconut plantlets, as a result of SA, that might be involved in coconut defense responses. METHODS Comparative transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq of leaf and root tissues from in vitro coconut plantlets unexposed and exposed to SA 2.5 mM for 48 h. And in silico validation of gene expression by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We identified 4615 and 3940 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) in leaf and root tissues respectively. Our GO analysis showed functional categories related to the induction of defense responses, such as "systemic acquired resistance" and highly enriched hormone categories, such as abscisic acid. The most abundant KEGG pathway in our results was "Biosynthesis of antibiotics". Our findings support that exogenous application of SA to plantlets induced the activation of PRs, RGAs, ICS2, NLTP2, PER4, TRXM and some WRKYs mediated by NPR1-dependent pathways. Also, we found DEUs, such as BZR1, HSL1, and WHY2 that support that SA could regulate defense-related genes through NPR1-independent pathways. CONCLUSION The present study of massive data analysis carried out on coconut plantlets exposed to SA, generates valuable information that increases our understanding of defense molecular mechanisms in coconut and open new venues for research for the improvement of management of coconut diseases.
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Son GH, Moon J, Shelake RM, Vuong UT, Ingle RA, Gassmann W, Kim JY, Kim SH. Conserved Opposite Functions in Plant Resistance to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens of the Immune Regulator SRFR1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6427. [PMID: 34204013 PMCID: PMC8233967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity is mediated in large part by specific interactions between a host resistance protein and a pathogen effector protein, named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI needs to be tightly controlled both positively and negatively to enable normal plant growth because constitutively activated defense responses are detrimental to the host. In previous work, we reported that mutations in SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1), identified in a suppressor screen, reactivated EDS1-dependent ETI to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Besides, mutations in SRFR1 boosted defense responses to the generalist chewing insect Spodoptera exigua and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Here, we show that mutations in SRFR1 enhance susceptibility to the fungal necrotrophs Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. To translate knowledge obtained in AtSRFR1 research to crops, we generated SlSRFR1 alleles in tomato using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. Interestingly, slsrfr1 mutants increased expression of SA-pathway defense genes and enhanced resistance to Pto DC3000. In contrast, slsrfr1 mutants elevated susceptibility to FOL. Together, these data suggest that SRFR1 is functionally conserved in both Arabidopsis and tomato and functions antagonistically as a negative regulator to (hemi-) biotrophic pathogens and a positive regulator to necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.H.S.); (J.M.); (R.M.S.); (U.T.V.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.H.S.); (J.M.); (R.M.S.); (U.T.V.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.H.S.); (J.M.); (R.M.S.); (U.T.V.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.H.S.); (J.M.); (R.M.S.); (U.T.V.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Robert A. Ingle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.H.S.); (J.M.); (R.M.S.); (U.T.V.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.H.S.); (J.M.); (R.M.S.); (U.T.V.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Li X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Xue W, Wu M, Chen P, Weng Y, Chen S. Transcriptomic and Histological Analysis of the Response of Susceptible and Resistant Cucumber to Meloidogyne incognita Infection Revealing Complex Resistance via Multiple Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675429. [PMID: 34194451 PMCID: PMC8236822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, is a devastating pathogen for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) specially in production under protected environments or continuous cropping. High level RKN resistance has been identified in African horned melon Cucumis metuliferus (CM). However, the resistance mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the comparative analysis on phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in the susceptible cucumber inbred line Q24 and the resistant CM, after M. incognita infection, was performed. The results showed that, in comparison with Q24, the CM was able to significantly reduce penetration numbers of second stage juveniles (J2), slow its development in the roots resulting in fewer galls and smaller giant cells suggesting the presence of host resistance in CM. Comparative transcriptomes analysis of Q24 and CM before and after M. incognita infection was conducted and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with host resistance were identified in CM. Enrichment analyses revealed most enriched DEGs in Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA)/jamonate signaling (JA), as well as auxin (IAA) signaling pathways. In particular, in CM, DEGs in the Ca2+ signaling pathway such as those for the calmodulin and calcium-binding proteins were upregulated at the early stage of M. incognita infection; genes for SA/JA synthesis/signal transduction were markedly activated, whereas the IAA signaling pathway genes were inhibited upon infection suggesting the importance of SA/JA signaling pathways in mediating M. incognita resistance in CM. A model was established to explain the different molecular mechanisms on M. incognita susceptibility in cucumber and resistance to M. incognita infection in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xvzhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yinhui Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaopei Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Meiqian Wu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
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Role of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent (BCA) of phytoparasitic nematodes and plant growth inducer. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107626. [PMID: 34081963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes as plant pathogens adversely affect food, fiber, and biofuels production by causing plant diseases. A variety of chemical nematicides are being applied to soil, seeds, or foliage with a goal of disease prevention. Despite the proven efficacy of these chemicals against plant-parasitic nematodes, factors like prolonged residual toxicity to human health, environmental pollution, and the risk of resistance development can't be neglected. Due to these reasons, many chemicals are being banned continuously or delimited in the crop production system. Alternatively, the need for long-term strategies and integrative approaches to control plant diseases is inevitable. Trichoderma spp. are widely used in agriculture as biological control agents (BCA). To our knowledge, either very little or no information available on the most recent developments regarding Trichoderma-mediated biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. This review summarizes the recent advances in using Trichoderma as BCA and plant growth regulator with a special focus on plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Ayaz M, Ali Q, Farzand A, Khan AR, Ling H, Gao X. Nematicidal Volatiles from Bacillus atrophaeus GBSC56 Promote Growth and Stimulate Induced Systemic Resistance in Tomato against Meloidogyne incognita. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5049. [PMID: 34068779 PMCID: PMC8126219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus volatiles to control plant nematodes is a topic of great interest among researchers due to its safe and environmentally friendly nature. Bacillus strain GBSC56 isolated from the Tibet region of China showed high nematicidal activity against M. incognita, with 90% mortality as compared with control in a partition plate experiment. Pure volatiles produced by GBSC56 were identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among 10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 3 volatiles, i.e., dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), methyl isovalerate (MIV), and 2-undecanone (2-UD) showed strong nematicidal activity with a mortality rate of 87%, 83%, and 80%, respectively, against M. incognita. The VOCs induced severe oxidative stress in nematodes, which caused rapid death. Moreover, in the presence of volatiles, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD, CAT, POD, and APX, was observed to be enhanced in M. incognita-infested roots, which might reduce the adverse effect of oxidative stress-induced after infection. Moreover, genes responsible for plant growth promotion SlCKX1, SlIAA1, and Exp18 showed an upsurge in expression, while AC01 was downregulated in infested plants. Furthermore, the defense-related genes (PR1, PR5, and SlLOX1) in infested tomato plants were upregulated after treatment with MIV and 2-UD. These findings suggest that GBSC56 possesses excellent biocontrol potential against M. incognita. Furthermore, the study provides new insight into the mechanism by which GBSC56 nematicidal volatiles regulate antioxidant enzymes, the key genes involved in plant growth promotion, and the defense mechanism M. incognita-infested tomato plants use to efficiently manage root-knot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Ayaz Farzand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad P.O. Box 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Abdur Rashid Khan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Hongli Ling
- Shandong Vland Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Binzhou 251700, China;
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Gonthier P, Torello Marinoni D, Cavalet-Giorsa E, Botta R. Identification of Susceptibility Genes in Castanea sativa and Their Transcription Dynamics following Pathogen Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050913. [PMID: 34063239 PMCID: PMC8147476 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Castanea sativa is one of the main multipurpose tree species valued for its timber and nuts. This species is susceptible to two major diseases, ink disease and chestnut blight, caused by Phytophthora spp. and Cryphonectria parasitica, respectively. The loss-of-function mutations of genes required for the onset of pathogenesis, referred to as plant susceptibility (S) genes, are one mechanism of plant resistance against pathogens. On the basis of sequence homology, functional domain identification, and phylogenetic analyses, we report for the first time on the identification of S-genes (mlo1, dmr6, dnd1, and pmr4) in the Castanea genus. The expression dynamics of S-genes were assessed in C. sativa and C. crenata plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi and C. parasitica. Our results highlighted the upregulation of pmr4 and dmr6 in response to pathogen infection. Pmr4 was strongly expressed at early infection phases of both pathogens in C. sativa, whereas in C. crenata, no significant upregulation was observed. The infection of P. cinnamomi led to a higher increase in the transcript level of dmr6 in C. sativa compared to C. crenata-infected samples. For a better understanding of plant responses, the transcript levels of defense genes gluB and chi3 were also analyzed.
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Prakash V, Singh VP, Tripathi DK, Sharma S, Corpas FJ. Nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA): A framework for their relationship in plant development under abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:39-49. [PMID: 33590621 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO) and the phenolic phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) are signal molecules which exert key functions at biochemical and physiological levels. Abiotic stresses, especially in early plant development, impose the biggest threats to agricultural systems and crop yield. These stresses impair plant growth and subsequently cause a reduction in root development, affecting nutrient uptake and crop productivity. The molecules NO and SA have been identified as robust tools for efficiently mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants. SA is engaged in an array of tasks under adverse environmental situations. The function of NO depends on its cellular concentration; at a low level, it acts as a signal molecule, while at a high level, it triggers nitro-oxidative stress. The crosstalk between NO and SA involving different signalling molecules and regulatory factors modulate plant function during stressful situations. Crosstalk between these two signalling molecules induces plant tolerance to abiotic stress and needs further investigation. This review aims to highlight signalling aspects of NO and SA in higher plants and critically discusses the roles of these two molecules in alleviating abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - V P Singh
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constitute PG College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - D K Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - F J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Suzuki R, Ueda T, Wada T, Ito M, Ishida T, Sawa S. Identification of genes involved in Meloidogyne incognita-induced gall formation processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:1-8. [PMID: 34177318 PMCID: PMC8215457 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne incognita) are phytoparasitic nematodes that cause significant damage to crop plants worldwide. Recent studies have revealed that RKNs disrupt various physiological processes in host plant cells to induce gall formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of gall formation induced by nematodes. We have previously found that RNA expression levels of some of genes related to micro-RNA, cell division, membrane traffic, vascular formation, and meristem maintenance system were modified by nematode infection. Here we evaluated these genes importance during nematode infection by using Arabidopsis mutants and/or β-glucronidase (GUS) marker genes, particularly after inoculation with nematodes, to identify the genes involved in successful nematode infection. Our results provide new insights not only for the basic biology of plant-nematode interactions but also to improve nematode control in an agricultural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reira Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takuji Wada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering Kanazawa University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Zinovieva SV, Udalova ZV, Seiml-Buchinger VV, Khasanov FK. Gene Expression of Protease Inhibitors in Tomato Plants with Invasion by Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Modulation of Their Activity with Salicylic and Jasmonic Acids. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract—
The expression of the genes encoding the inhibitors of serine (ISP) and cysteine proteinases (ICP) was studied in the roots of tomato plants resistant and susceptible to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita during infection and under the effects of signaling molecules: salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids. It was shown that, upon infection, resistant plants are characterized by an increased accumulation of transcripts of the ICP and ISP genes at the stages of penetration and development in the roots, while the level of transcription does not change in susceptible plants. There was a significant decrease in nematode invasion in susceptible plants after treatment with SA or JA compared to untreated plants, which makes it possible to determine the role of the studied proteinase inhibitors in resistance induced by signaling molecules. It was revealed that an increase in expression of the genes of proteinase inhibitors is accompanied by inhibition of the reproductive potential and size of M. incognita females, as well as by a decrease in plant infection.
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Zhou C, Zhu J, Qian N, Guo J, Yan C. Bacillus subtilis SL18r Induces Tomato Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea, Involving Activation of Long Non-coding RNA, MSTRG18363, to Decoy miR1918. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:634819. [PMID: 33613592 PMCID: PMC7887324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.634819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has indicated that beneficial rhizobacteria can suppress foliar pathogen invasion via elicitation of induced systemic resistance (ISR). However, it remains elusive whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the mediation of the rhizobacteria-primed ISR processes in plants. Herein, we demonstrated the ability of the rhizobacterial strain Bacillus subtilis SL18r to trigger ISR in tomato plants against the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to screen differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) between the non-inoculated and SL18r-inoculated plants. Among these DELs, four variants of MSTRG18363 possessed conserved binding sites for miR1918, which negatively regulates immune systems in tomato plants. The expression of MSTRG18363 in tomato leaves was significantly induced by SL18r inoculation. The transcription of MSTRG18363 was negatively correlated with the expression of miR1918, but displayed a positive correlation with the transcription of the RING-H2 finger gene SlATL20 (a target gene of miR1918). Moreover, MSTRG18363-overexpressing plants exhibited the enhanced disease resistance, reduction of miR1918 transcripts, and marked increases of SlATL20 expression. However, the SL18r-induced disease resistance was largely impaired in the MSTRG18363-silenced plants. VIGS-mediated SlATL20 silencing also greatly weakened the SL18r-induced disease resistance. Collectively, our results suggested that induction of MSTRG18363 expression in tomato plants by SL18r was conducive to promoting the decoy of miR1918 and regulating the expression of SlATL20, thereby provoking the ISR responses against foliar pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Nana Qian
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congsheng Yan
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
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Cheng C, Li Q, Wang X, Li Y, Qian C, Li J, Lou Q, Jahn M, Chen J. Identification and Expression Analysis of the CsMYB Gene Family in Root Knot Nematode-Resistant and Susceptible Cucumbers. Front Genet 2020; 11:550677. [PMID: 33343619 PMCID: PMC7744742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.550677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MYB (myeloblastosis) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in controlling various physiological processes in plants, such as responses to biotic and abiotic stress, metabolism, and defense. A previous study identified a gene, Csa6G410090, encoding a plant lipid transfer protein (LTP), as a possible regulator in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) of the resistance response to root-knot nematode (RKN) [Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood)]. Myb-type DNA-binding TFs were presumed to regulate downstream genes expression, including LTPs, however, the regulation mechanism remained unclear. To elucidate whether and which MYB TFs may be involved in regulation of the resistance response, this study identified 112 genes as candidate members of the CsMYB gene family by combining CDD and SMART databases, using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and manual calibration. Within this group, ten phylogenetic subgroups were resolved according to sequence-based classification, consistent with results from comprehensive investigation of gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosome locations, and cis-element analysis. Distribution and collinearity analysis indicated that amplification of the CsMYB gene family in cucumber has occurred mainly through tandem repeat events. Spatial gene expression analysis showed that 8 CsMYB genes were highly expressed at differing levels in ten different tissues or organs. The roots of RKN-resistant and susceptible cucumbers were inoculated with M. incognita, finding that CsMYB (Csa6G538700, Csa1G021940, and Csa5G641610) genes showed up-regulation coincident with upregulation of the "hub" gene LTP (Csa6G410090) previously implicated as a major gene in the resistance response to RKN in cucumber. Results of this study suggest hypotheses regarding the elements and regulation of the resistant response as well as possible RKN resistance-enhancing strategies in cucumber and perhaps more broadly in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Nanjing Vegetable Science Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuntao Qian
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Molly Jahn
- Jahn Research Group, Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207759. [PMID: 33092207 PMCID: PMC7589425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (SM2V, SM11C2), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analyzing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (CMT2, DRM5), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the Mi-1.2-carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population Mi-Vfield. On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defense enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defense enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes.
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Xing Z, Wu X, Zhao J, Zhao X, Zhu X, Wang Y, Fan H, Chen L, Liu X, Duan Y. Isolation and identification of induced systemic resistance determinants from Bacillus simplex Sneb545 against Heterodera glycines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11586. [PMID: 32665669 PMCID: PMC7360772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodera glycines is one of the most destructive pathogens of soybean. Soybean seeds coated with Bacillus simplex Sneb545 have shown resistance to H. glycines as a result of induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the plants. In this study, we aimed to identify the resistance-inducing determinants from this B. simplex strain. Combining the ISR bioassay, six ISR-active compounds were isolated from a culture of B. simplex Sneb545 using organic solvent gradient extraction, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and all systems were based on activity tracking. The compounds were determined as cyclic(Pro-Tyr), cyclic(Val-Pro), cyclic(Leu-Pro), uracil, phenylalanine, and tryptophan using 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In plants from seeds coated with Bacillus simplex Sneb545, these six ISR-active compounds delayed the development of H. glycines in soybean roots. Moreover, cyclic(Pro-Tyr), cyclic(Val-Pro), and tryptophan reduced the number of nematodes in soybean roots. The expression levels of defense-related genes with cyclic(Val-Pro), tryptophan and uracil treatment soybean analysed using Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results indicate cyclic(Val-Pro), tryptophan and uracil induced the expression of defense-related genes involved in the SA- and JA-pathways to against H. glycines. Our research results provide new agents for the control of H. glycines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Xing
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuebing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Biology Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yuxi Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Nakagami S, Saeki K, Toda K, Ishida T, Sawa S. The atypical E2F transcription factor DEL1 modulates growth-defense tradeoffs of host plants during root-knot nematode infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8836. [PMID: 32483126 PMCID: PMC7264364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, growth-defense tradeoffs are essential for optimizing plant performance and adaptation under stress conditions, such as pathogen attack. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause severe economic losses in many crops worldwide, although little is known about the mechanisms that control plant growth and defense responses during nematode attack. Upon investigation of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with RKN (Meloidogyne incognita), we observed that the atypical transcription factor DP-E2F-like 1 (DEL1) repressed salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in RKN-induced galls. The DEL1-deficient Arabidopsis mutant (del1-1) exhibited excessive SA accumulation in galls and is more resistant to RKN infection. In addition, excessive lignification was observed in galls of del1-1. On the other hand, the root growth of del1-1 is reduced after RKN infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that DEL1 plays an important role in the balance between plant growth and defense responses to RKN infection by controlling SA accumulation and lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakagami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Saeki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kei Toda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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Profiling of defense responsive pathway regulatory genes in Asian rice ( Oryza sativa) against infection of Meloidogyne graminicola (Nematoda:Meloidogynidae). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:60. [PMID: 32030329 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 36 Asian rice cultivars/landraces were evaluated against M. graminicola under in vitro conditions using soilless Pluronic gel medium. The cultivars/genotypes Phule Radha, EK 70, LK 248 and Khalibagh showed significantly reduced nematode infection, endoparasitic development, and derived multiplication factor indicating the presence of resistance, while Halvi Sal 17 was found to be most susceptible. Performance of selected genotypes showing resistance/susceptibility under in vitro conditions was further confirmed in soil which also revealed Phule Radha to be highly resistant and Halvi Sal 17 as the most susceptible genotype. Further, expression profile of plant defense responsive genes related to MAPK pathway, phytohormones, PR-proteins and callose and lignin synthesis were quantified in Phule Radha (the most resistant) and Halvi Sal 17 (the most susceptible) at 2 and 6 days post nematode inoculation. Significant upregulated expression of several defensive genes was observed in the resistant cultivar Phule Radha in contrast to insignificant expression in the susceptible varieties. The resistant genotype identified in the present study will be highly promising for resistance breeding in rice against M. graminicola.
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Variations in Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidative Defense Responses of Two Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars after Co-Infection of Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) are destructive pathogens that cause substantial yield losses to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops worldwide. The present study sought to elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and cytological responses of tomato cultivars (Gailing maofen 802 and Zhongza 09) by root invasion of Fo (1 × 105 CFUmL−1) and Mi (1500 second-stage juveniles (J2) alone and in combination after 14 days. Results revealed that combined inoculation of Fo and Mi significantly increased disease intensity, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents; and decreased photosynthetic capacity and enzyme activity in both cultivars as compared to their solo inoculation. Increasing the disease intensity reduced the maximum morphological traits, such as shoot length, total dry weight, and total chlorophyll contents, in G. maofen 802 (by 32%, 54.2%, and 52.3%, respectively) and Zhongza 09 (by 18%, 32%, and 21%, respectively) as compared to the control. Others factors were also reduced in G. maofen 802 and Zhongza 09, such as photosynthetic capacity (by 70% and 57%, respectively), stomatal conductance (by 86% and 70%, respectively), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (YII) (by 36.6% and 29%, respectively), and electron transport rate (by 17.7% and 10%, respectively), after combined inoculation of Fo and Mi. Furthermore, the combined infestation of Fo and Mi resulted in reduced activity of plant-defense-related antioxidants in G. maofen 802 compared with their single application or control. However, these antioxidants were highly up-regulated in Zhongza 09 (by 59%–93%), revealing the induction of tolerance against studied pathogens. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results further demonstrated that root cells of Zhongza 09 had unique tetrahedral crystal-like structures in the membrane close to mitochondria under all treatments except control. Therefore, it is concluded that Mi caused severe root damage, suppressed plant growth, depleted antioxidants, and caused high generation of ROS in the presence of Fo as compared to its solo inoculation. Tolerant cultivars adopted different mechanistic strategies at the structural and cellular levels to tolerate the Mi and Fo stresses.
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Molinari S, Leonetti P. Bio-control agents activate plant immune response and prime susceptible tomato against root-knot nematodes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213230. [PMID: 31794550 PMCID: PMC6890175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms are generally known to activate plant defense against biotic challenges. However, the molecular mechanisms by which activated plants react more rapidly and actively to pests remain still largely unclear. Tomato plants pre-treated with a mixture of beneficial bio-control agents (BCAs), as soil-drenches, were less sensitive to infection of the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. To unravel the molecular mechanisms of this induced resistance against RKNs, we used qRT-PCR to monitor the expression, in tomato roots and leaves, of 6 key defense genes. Gene transcripts were detected until the 12th day after BCA treatment(3, 7, 8, 12 dpt) and3 and 7 days after nematode inoculation of pre-treated plants. Early after BCA treatment, the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathogenesis related gene (PR-gene), PR-1b, marker of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was systemically over-expressed. Another PR-gene, PR-5, was over-expressed at later stages of BCA-plant interaction, and only in roots. Activation of defense against RKNs was attested by the early up-regulation of 4 genes (PR-1, PR-3, PR-5, ACO) in pre-treated plants after inoculation. Conversely, the expression of the JA/ET-dependent gene JERF3 did not increase after nematode inoculation in primed plants. A catalase gene (CAT)was highly over-expressed by nematode infection, however, this over-expression was annulled at the earliest stages or limited at the later stages of infection toBCA-treated roots. Enzyme activities, such as glucanase and endochitinase, were enhanced in roots of pre-treated inoculated plants with respect to plants left not inoculated as a control. These findings indicate that BCA interaction with roots primes plants against RKNs. BCA-mediated immunity seems to rely on SA-mediated SAR and to be associated with both the activation of chitinase and glucanase enzyme activities and the inhibition of the plant antioxidant enzyme system. Immunity is triggered at the penetration and movements inside the roots of the invading nematode juveniles but probably acts at the feeding site building stage of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Bari, Italy
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Seo HJ, Park AR, Kim S, Yeon J, Yu NH, Ha S, Chang JY, Park HW, Kim JC. Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes by Organic Acid-Producing Lactobacillus brevis WiKim0069 Isolated from Kimchi. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:662-673. [PMID: 31832046 PMCID: PMC6901259 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2019.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most destructive plant-parasites worldwide, and RKN control has been attempted mainly using chemical nematicides. However, these chemical nematicides have negative effects on humans and the environment, thus necessitating the search for eco-friendly alternative RKN control methods. Here, we screened nematicidal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi and evaluated their efficacy as biocontrol agents against RKNs. Of 237 bacterial strains, Lactobacillus brevis WiKim0069 showed the strongest nematicidal activity against the second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, and M. hapla and inhibited the egg hatch of M. incognita. The culture filtrate of WiKim0069 had a pH of 4.2 and contained acetic acid (11,190 μg/ml), lactic acid (7,790 μg/ml), malic acid (470 μg/ml), and succinic acid (660 μg/ml). An artificial mixture of the four organic acids produced by WiKim0069 also induced 98% M. incognita J2 mortality at a concentration of 1.25%, indicating that its nematicidal activity was derived mainly from the four organic acids. Application of WiKim0069 culture filtrate suppressed the formation of galls and egg masses on tomato roots by M. incognita in a dose-dependent manner in a pot experiment. The fermentation broth of WiKim0069 also reduced gall formation on melon under field conditions, with a higher efficacy (62.8%) than that of fosthiazate (32.8%). This study is the first report to identify the effectiveness of kimchi LAB against RKNs and to demonstrate that the organic acids produced by LAB can be used for the RKN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Seo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Seulbi Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Jehyeong Yeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ha
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755,
Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Chang
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755,
Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755,
Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
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Bali S, Vining K, Gleason C, Majtahedi H, Brown CR, Sathuvalli V. Transcriptome profiling of resistance response to Meloidogyne chitwoodi introgressed from wild species Solanum bulbocastanum into cultivated potato. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:907. [PMID: 31779600 PMCID: PMC6883582 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meloidogyne chitwoodi commonly known as Columbia root-knot nematode or CRKN is one of the most devastating pests of potato in the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America. In addition to the roots, it infects potato tubers causing internal as well as external defects, thereby reducing the market value of the crop. Commercial potato varieties with CRKN resistance are currently unavailable. Race specific resistance to CRKN has been introgressed from the wild, diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum into the tetraploid advanced selection PA99N82-4 but there is limited knowledge about the nature of its resistance mechanism. In the present study, we performed histological and differential gene expression profiling to understand the mode of action of introgressed CRKN resistance in PA99N82-4 in comparison to the CRKN susceptible variety Russet Burbank. RESULTS Histological studies revealed that the nematode juveniles successfully infect both resistant and susceptible root tissue by 48 h post inoculation, but the host resistance response restricts nematode feeding site formation in PA99N82-4. Differential gene expression analysis shows that 1268, 1261, 1102 and 2753 genes were up-regulated in PA99N82-4 at 48 h, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days post inoculation respectively, of which 61 genes were common across all the time points. These genes mapped to plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormonal signaling, antioxidant activity and cell wall re-enforcement pathways annotated for potato. CONCLUSION The introgressed nematode resistance in PA99N82-4 is in the form of both pattern-triggered immune response and effector-triggered immune response, which is mediated by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and hypersensitive response (HR). Salicylic acid is playing a major role in the HR. Polyamines and suberin (a component of the Casperian strip in roots) also play an important role in mediating the resistance response. The present study provides the first ever comprehensive insights into transcriptional changes among M. chitwoodi resistant and susceptible potato genotypes after nematode inoculation. The knowledge generated in the present study has implications in breeding for CRKN resistance in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapinder Bali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Kelly Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Hassan Majtahedi
- Retired from United States Department of Agriculture, Prosser, Washington, 99350, USA
| | - Charles R Brown
- Retired from United States Department of Agriculture, Prosser, Washington, 99350, USA
| | - Vidyasagar Sathuvalli
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, Oregon, 97838, USA.
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Eitle MW, Griesser M, Vankova R, Dobrev P, Aberer S, Forneck A. Grape phylloxera (D. vitifoliae) manipulates SA/JA concentrations and signalling pathways in root galls of Vitis spp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:85-91. [PMID: 31561201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming host defensive traits is a prerequisite to establish compatible plant-parasite interactions. Following parasite perception, jasmonic (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathways mediate biotic stress signals resulting in the activation of host defence responses. Piercing-sucking grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) infests Vitis spp. by the formation of organoid root galls. This study aims to investigate whether host defensive SA/JA signalling pathways are affected during D. vitifoliae infestation. We hypothesize that the JA signalling pathway is induced during larval probing (14 hai). Compatible root gall formation (24 hai - 14 dai) involves the reduction of the JA, but the induction of the SA signaling pathway. T5C (V.berlandieri x V.riparia) cuttings are infested with a D. vitifoliae single founder lineage (biotype C). Phytohormone quantification (HPLC-MS) and transcriptional alterations of JA/SA marker genes (qRT-PCR) are determined in root tissues from larval probing (14 hai) until gall formation (>14 dai). Non-infested root tips are considered controls. Our results show a significant induction of all analysed JA marker genes during insect probing (14 hai), but their significant reduction during early gall formation (24 hai). Following gall formation (5-14 dai) SA and JA-Ile increase. However, only the analysed SA marker genes are induced, whereas JA marker gene expression levels are significantly reduced. Based on this data we conclude that the observed suppression of the JA signalling pathway might represent an important step for the compatible D. vitifoliae - Vitis spp. root interaction. We discuss whether the induced SA defences protect nutritive root galls against soil microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus W Eitle
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Michaela Griesser
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Praha 6, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Praha 6, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Simone Aberer
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Atia MAM, Abdeldaym EA, Abdelsattar M, Ibrahim DSS, Saleh I, Elwahab MA, Osman GH, Arif IA, Abdelaziz ME. Piriformospora indica promotes cucumber tolerance against Root-knot nematode by modulating photosynthesis and innate responsive genes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 27:279-287. [PMID: 31889848 PMCID: PMC6933207 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Root Knot Nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) is one of the greatest damaging soil pathogens causes severe yield losses in cucumber and many other economic crops. Here, we evaluated the potential antagonistic effect of the root mutualistic fungus Piriformospora indica against RKN and their impact on vegetative growth, yield, photosynthesis, endogenous salicylic acid (SA) and its responsive genes. Our results showed that P. indica dramatically decreased the damage on shoot and root architecture of cucumber plants, which consequently enhanced yield of infested plants. Likewise, P. indica colonization clearly improved the chlorophyll content and delimited the negative impact of RNK on photosynthesis. Moreover, P. indica colonization exhibited a significant reduction of different vital nematological parameters such as soil larva density, amount of eggs/eggmass, eggmasses, females and amount of galls at cucumber roots. Additionally, the results showed that SA level was significantly increased generally in the roots of all treatments especially in plants infested with RKN alone as compared to control. This suggests that P. indica promoting SA levels in host cucumber plant roots to antagonize the RKN and alleviate severity damages occurred in its roots. This higher levels of SA in cucumber roots was consistent with the higher expressional levels of SA pathway genes PR1 and PR3. Furthermore, P. indica colonization reduces PR1, PR3 and increased NPR1 in roots of RKN infested cucumber plants when compared to non-colonized plants. Interestingly, our in vitro results showed that direct application of P. indica suspension against the J2s exhibited a significant increase in mortality ratio. Our results collectively suggest that P. indica promoting morphological, physiological and SA levels that might together play a major important role to alleviate the adverse impact of RKN in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A M Atia
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12619 Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Abdelsattar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12619 Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina S S Ibrahim
- Nematology Department, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12619 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Saleh
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gamal H Osman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia.,Microbial Genetics Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Giza, Egypt.,Research Laboratories Center, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Arif
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wang FP, Zhao PP, Zhang L, Zhai H, Du YP. Functional characterization of WRKY46 in grape and its putative role in the interaction between grape and phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:102. [PMID: 31645957 PMCID: PMC6804638 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are involved in defense responses caused by biotic stresses. Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch), a pest widespread in viticulture, elicits transcriptional reprogramming of plant defense-associated components, such as regulons related to WRKYs and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. In this study, we characterized WRKY46, a WRKY transcription factor responsible for phylloxera attack, and revealed the molecular mechanism for WRKY-mediated defense responses to phylloxera. qRT-PCR and GUS staining analyses revealed that WRKY46 is induced in response to phylloxera damage and mechanical wounding. VvWRKY46 is a nuclear-localized transcription factor that activates its downstream target VvCHIB by direct protein-DNA interaction. Regulons involved in the SA-mediated defense response were regulated during incompatible interactions between "1103 Paulsen" rootstock and phylloxera. In addition, WRKY46 exhibited a higher transcript abundance in "1103 Paulsen" than in "Crimson Seedless", regardless of whether the plants were infected with phylloxera. Furthermore, the enhanced expression of VvWRKY46 significantly attenuated phylloxera attack and delayed nymph development of composite grape plants. In summary, we demonstrated that WRKY46 plays a role in the SA-mediated defense-regulatory network by directly binding to the downstream structural gene VvCHIB. The phylloxera-responsive gene WRKY46 was identified, which could improve the understanding of the basic mechanism of grapevine in response to phylloxera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, 271000 Shandong China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shen-zhen, 518060 Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shen-zhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shen-zhen, 518060 Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shen-zhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biological and Enology Engineering, Taishan University, Tai-an, 271000 Shandong China
| | - Heng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, 271000 Shandong China
| | - Yuan-Peng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an, 271000 Shandong China
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Singh RR, Chinnasri B, De Smet L, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Van Cutsem P, Van Aubel G, Gheysen G, Kyndt T. Systemic defense activation by COS-OGA in rice against root-knot nematodes depends on stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:202-210. [PMID: 31302409 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Activation of induced plant resistance to control pests and diseases is regaining attention in the current climate where chemical pesticides are being progressively banned. Formulations of chitosan oligomers (COS) and pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (OGA), COS-OGA, have previously been described to induce resistance against fungal diseases in different crop plants. Here, we investigated their potential and mode-of-action as preventive measures to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola infection in rice. The results show a significant reduction in root-galling and nematode development in rice plants that were treated through foliar application with the COS-OGA formulations FytoSol® and FytoSave® 24 h before nematode inoculation. Hormone measurements, gene expression analyses, corroborated by treatments on salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mutants indicated that the systemic COS-OGA induced defense mechanism against nematodes is not based on SA or JA activation. However, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expression in roots as well as enzymatic PAL activity in the shoots were significantly induced 24 h after foliar COS-OGA spraying in comparison with untreated plants. COS-OGA-induced systemic defense was abolished in the rice OsPAL4-mutant, demonstrating that COS-OGA-induced defense is dependent on OsPAL4 activation in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Buncha Chinnasri
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien De Smet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Cutsem
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Geraldine Van Aubel
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Gheysen G, Mitchum MG. Phytoparasitic Nematode Control of Plant Hormone Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1212-1226. [PMID: 30397024 PMCID: PMC6446774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes use multiple tactics to influence phytohormone physiology and alter plant developmental programs to establish feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Gheysen
- Ghent University, Department of Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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