1
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de la Rosa S, Schol CR, Ramos Peregrina Á, Winter DJ, Hilgers AM, Maeda K, Iida Y, Tarallo M, Jia R, Beenen HG, Rocafort M, de Wit PJGM, Bowen JK, Bradshaw RE, Joosten MHAJ, Bai Y, Mesarich CH. Sequential breakdown of the Cf-9 leaf mould resistance locus in tomato by Fulvia fulva. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1522-1538. [PMID: 38922927 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Leaf mould, caused by Fulvia fulva, is a devastating disease of tomato plants. In many commercial tomato cultivars, resistance to this disease is governed by the Cf-9 locus, which encodes five paralogous receptor-like proteins. Two of these proteins confer resistance: Cf-9C recognises the previously identified F. fulva effector Avr9 and provides resistance during all plant growth stages, while Cf-9B recognises the yet-unidentified F. fulva effector Avr9B and provides mature plant resistance only. In recent years, F. fulva strains have emerged that can overcome the Cf-9 locus, with Cf-9C circumvented through Avr9 deletion. To understand how Cf-9B is circumvented, we set out to identify Avr9B. Comparative genomics, transient expression assays and gene complementation experiments were used to identify Avr9B, while gene sequencing was used to assess Avr9B allelic variation across a world-wide strain collection. A strict correlation between Avr9 deletion and resistance-breaking mutations in Avr9B was observed in strains recently collected from Cf-9 cultivars, whereas Avr9 deletion but no mutations in Avr9B were observed in older strains. This research showcases how F. fulva has evolved to sequentially break down the Cf-9 locus and stresses the urgent need for commercial tomato cultivars that carry novel, stacked resistance genes active against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christiaan R Schol
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Ángeles Ramos Peregrina
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - David J Winter
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Anne M Hilgers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Iida
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Mariana Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ruifang Jia
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Henriek G Beenen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
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2
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Huang WRH, Braam C, Kretschmer C, Villanueva SL, Liu H, Ferik F, van der Burgh AM, Wu J, Zhang L, Nürnberger T, Wang Y, Seidl MF, Evangelisti E, Stuttmann J, Joosten MHAJ. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4339. [PMID: 38773116 PMCID: PMC11109355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors form the front line of plant immunity. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 are required for the functionality of the tomato LRR-receptor-like protein Cf-4, which detects the secreted effector Avr4 of the pathogenic fungus Fulvia fulva. Here, we show that the kinase domains of SOBIR1 and BAK1 directly phosphorylate each other and that residues Thr522 and Tyr469 of the kinase domain of Nicotiana benthamiana SOBIR1 are required for its kinase activity and for interacting with signalling partners, respectively. By knocking out multiple genes belonging to different receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK)-VII subfamilies in N. benthamiana:Cf-4, we show that members of RLCK-VII-6, -7, and -8 differentially regulate the Avr4/Cf-4-triggered biphasic burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, members of RLCK-VII-7 play an essential role in resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. Our study provides molecular evidence for the specific roles of RLCKs downstream of SOBIR1/BAK1-containing immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ciska Braam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Liu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Teaching and Learning Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere), 13115, Saint‑Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Cui X, Li X, Li S, Huang Y, Liu N, Lian S, Li B, Wang C. Xylanase VmXyl2 is involved in the pathogenicity of Valsa mali by regulating xylanase activity and inducing cell necrosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342714. [PMID: 38745923 PMCID: PMC11092374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Xylanase plays a key role in degrading plant cell wall during pathogenic fungi infection. Here, we identified a xylanase gene, VmXyl2 from the transcriptome of Valsa mali and examined its function. VmXyl2 has highly elevated transcript levels during the infection process of V. mali, with 15.02-fold increase. Deletion mutants of the gene were generated to investigate the necessity of VmXyl2 in the development and pathogenicity of V. mali. The VmXyl2 deletion mutant considerably reduced the virulence of V. mali in apple leaves and in twigs, accompanied by 41.22% decrease in xylanase activity. In addition, we found that VmXyl2 induces plant cell necrosis regardless of its xylanase activity, whereas promoting the infection of V. mali in apple tissues. The cell death-inducing activity of VmXyl2 dependent on BRI1-associated kinase-1 (BAK1) but not Suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1). Furthermore, VmXyl2 interacts with Mp2 in vivo, a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeat. The results offer valuable insights into the roles of VmXyl2 in the pathogenicity of V. mali during its infection of apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinke Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shen Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Lian
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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4
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Huang WRH, Joosten MHAJ. Immune signaling: receptor-like proteins make the difference. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00068-2. [PMID: 38594153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To resist biotic attacks, plants have evolved a sophisticated, receptor-based immune system. Cell-surface immune receptors, which are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), form the front line of the plant defense machinery. RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain for downstream immune signaling, and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing RLPs constitutively associate with the RLK SOBIR1. The RLP/SOBIR1 complex was proposed to be the bimolecular equivalent of genuine RLKs. However, it appears that the molecular mechanisms by which RLP/SOBIR1 complexes and RLKs mount immunity show some striking differences. Here, we summarize the differences between RLP/SOBIR1 and RLK signaling, focusing on the way these receptors recruit the BAK1 co-receptor and elaborating on the negative crosstalk taking place between the two signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Ngou BPM, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Evolutionary trajectory of pattern recognition receptors in plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:308. [PMID: 38302456 PMCID: PMC10834447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors play pivotal roles in many biological processes, including immunity, development, and reproduction, across diverse organisms. How cell-surface receptors evolve to become specialised in different biological processes remains elusive. To shed light on the immune-specificity of cell-surface receptors, we analyzed more than 200,000 genes encoding cell-surface receptors from 350 genomes and traced the evolutionary origin of immune-specific leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) in plants. Surprisingly, we discovered that the motifs crucial for co-receptor interaction in LRR-RLPs are closely related to those of the LRR-receptor-like kinase (RLK) subgroup Xb, which perceives phytohormones and primarily governs growth and development. Functional characterisation further reveals that LRR-RLPs initiate immune responses through their juxtamembrane and transmembrane regions, while LRR-RLK-Xb members regulate development through their cytosolic kinase domains. Our data suggest that the cell-surface receptors involved in immunity and development share a common origin. After diversification, their ectodomains, juxtamembrane, transmembrane, and cytosolic regions have either diversified or stabilised to recognise diverse ligands and activate differential downstream responses. Our work reveals a mechanism by which plants evolve to perceive diverse signals to activate the appropriate responses in a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
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6
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Liu J, Li W, Wu G, Ali K. An update on evolutionary, structural, and functional studies of receptor-like kinases in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305599. [PMID: 38362444 PMCID: PMC10868138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
All living organisms must develop mechanisms to cope with and adapt to new environments. The transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environment provided new opportunities for them to exploit additional resources but made them vulnerable to harsh and ever-changing conditions. As such, the transmembrane receptor-like kinases (RLKs) have been extensively duplicated and expanded in land plants, increasing the number of RLKs in the advanced angiosperms, thus becoming one of the largest protein families in eukaryotes. The basic structure of the RLKs consists of a variable extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane domain (TM), and a conserved kinase domain (KD). Their variable ECDs can perceive various kinds of ligands that activate the conserved KD through a series of auto- and trans-phosphorylation events, allowing the KDs to keep the conserved kinase activities as a molecular switch that stabilizes their intracellular signaling cascades, possibly maintaining cellular homeostasis as their advantages in different environmental conditions. The RLK signaling mechanisms may require a coreceptor and other interactors, which ultimately leads to the control of various functions of growth and development, fertilization, and immunity. Therefore, the identification of new signaling mechanisms might offer a unique insight into the regulatory mechanism of RLKs in plant development and adaptations. Here, we give an overview update of recent advances in RLKs and their signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Zou J, Jiang C, Qiu S, Duan G, Wang G, Li D, Yu S, Zhao D, Sun W. An Ustilaginoidea virens glycoside hydrolase 42 protein is an essential virulence factor and elicits plant immunity as a PAMP. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1414-1429. [PMID: 37452482 PMCID: PMC10576179 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice florets before heading, severely threatens rice grain yield and quality worldwide. The U. virens genome encodes a number of glycoside hydrolase (GH) proteins. So far, the functions of these GHs in U. virens are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a GH42 protein secreted by U. virens, named UvGHF1, that exhibits β-galactosidase activity. UvGHF1 not only functions as an essential virulence factor during U. virens infection, but also serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. The PAMP activity of UvGHF1 is independent of its β-galactosidase activity. Moreover, UvGHF1 triggers cell death in N. benthamiana in a BAK1-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of UvGHF1 in rice induces pattern-triggered immunity and enhances rice resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases. RNA-seq analysis revealed that UvGHF1 expression in rice not only activates expression of many defence-related genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases and WRKY and ERF transcription factors, but also induces diterpenoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Therefore, UvGHF1 contributes to U. virens virulence, but is also recognized by the rice surveillance system to trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zou
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chunquan Jiang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Guanqun Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Siwen Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Zhou D, Chen X, Chen X, Xia Y, Liu J, Zhou G. Plant immune receptors interact with hemibiotrophic pathogens to activate plant immunity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1252039. [PMID: 37876778 PMCID: PMC10591190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1252039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens pose a devastating threat to the productivity and yield of crops by causing destructive plant diseases in natural and agricultural environments. Hemibiotrophic pathogens have a variable-length biotrophic phase before turning to necrosis and are among the most invasive plant pathogens. Plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens relies mainly on the activation of innate immune responses. These responses are typically initiated after the plant plasma membrane and various plant immune receptors detect immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection. Hemibiotrophic pathogens evade pathogen-triggered immunity by masking themselves in an arms race while also enhancing or manipulating other receptors to promote virulence. However, our understanding of plant immune defenses against hemibiotrophic pathogens is highly limited due to the intricate infection mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the strategies that different hemibiotrophic pathogens interact with host immune receptors to activate plant immunity. We also discuss the significant role of the plasma membrane in plant immune responses, as well as the current obstacles and potential future research directions in this field. This will enable a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenicity of hemibiotrophic pathogens and how distinct plant immune receptors oppose them, delivering valuable data for the prevention and management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xingzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xinggang Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yandong Xia
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Junang Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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9
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Zhang B, Su T, Xin X, Li P, Wang J, Wang W, Yu Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Li D, Zhang F, Yu S. Wall-associated kinase BrWAK1 confers resistance to downy mildew in Brassica rapa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2125-2139. [PMID: 37402218 PMCID: PMC10502744 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the first line of defence against physical damage and pathogen attack. Wall-associated kinase (WAK) has the ability to perceive the changes in the cell wall matrix and transform signals into the cytoplasm, being involved in plant development and the defence response. Downy mildew, caused by Hyaloperonospora brassicae, can result in a massive loss in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) production. Herein, we identified a candidate resistant WAK gene, BrWAK1, in a major resistant quantitative trait locus, using a double haploid population derived from resistant inbred line T12-19 and the susceptible line 91-112. The expression of BrWAK1 could be induced by salicylic acid and pathogen inoculation. Expression of BrWAK1 in 91-112 could significantly enhance resistance to the pathogen, while truncating BrWAK1 in T12-19 increased disease susceptibility. Variation in the extracellular galacturonan binding (GUB) domain of BrWAK1 was found to mainly confer resistance to downy mildew in T12-19. Moreover, BrWAK1 was proved to interact with BrBAK1 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1 associated kinase), resulting in the activation of the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade to trigger the defence response. BrWAK1 is the first identified and thoroughly characterized WAK gene conferring disease resistance in Chinese cabbage, and the plant biomass is not significantly influenced by BrWAK1, which will greatly accelerate Chinese cabbage breeding for downy mildew resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Peirong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Jiao Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Weihong Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Yangjun Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Dayong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
| | - Shuancang Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm ImprovementBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable BiobreedingBeijingChina
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10
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Mesarich CH, Barnes I, Bradley EL, de la Rosa S, de Wit PJGM, Guo Y, Griffiths SA, Hamelin RC, Joosten MHAJ, Lu M, McCarthy HM, Schol CR, Stergiopoulos I, Tarallo M, Zaccaron AZ, Bradshaw RE. Beyond the genomes of Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum) and Dothistroma septosporum: New insights into how these fungal pathogens interact with their host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:474-494. [PMID: 36790136 PMCID: PMC10098069 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fulvia fulva and Dothistroma septosporum are closely related apoplastic pathogens with similar lifestyles but different hosts: F. fulva is a pathogen of tomato, whilst D. septosporum is a pathogen of pine trees. In 2012, the first genome sequences of these pathogens were published, with F. fulva and D. septosporum having highly fragmented and near-complete assemblies, respectively. Since then, significant advances have been made in unravelling their genome architectures. For instance, the genome of F. fulva has now been assembled into 14 chromosomes, 13 of which have synteny with the 14 chromosomes of D. septosporum, suggesting these pathogens are even more closely related than originally thought. Considerable advances have also been made in the identification and functional characterization of virulence factors (e.g., effector proteins and secondary metabolites) from these pathogens, thereby providing new insights into how they promote host colonization or activate plant defence responses. For example, it has now been established that effector proteins from both F. fulva and D. septosporum interact with cell-surface immune receptors and co-receptors to activate the plant immune system. Progress has also been made in understanding how F. fulva and D. septosporum have evolved with their host plants, whilst intensive research into pandemics of Dothistroma needle blight in the Northern Hemisphere has shed light on the origins, migration, and genetic diversity of the global D. septosporum population. In this review, we specifically summarize advances made in our understanding of the F. fulva-tomato and D. septosporum-pine pathosystems over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Ellie L. Bradley
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Silvia de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Yanan Guo
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des SystèmesUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | | | - Mengmeng Lu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Hannah M. McCarthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Christiaan R. Schol
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Mariana Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Alex Z. Zaccaron
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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12
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Zhu W, Dong H, Xu R, You J, Yan DZ, Xiong C, Wu J, Bi K. Botrytis cinerea BcCDI1 protein triggers both plant cell death and immune response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1136463. [PMID: 37180384 PMCID: PMC10167277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) play important roles in the infection of Botrytis cinerea, a broad host-range necrotrophic phytopathogen. Here, we show that the secreted protein BcCDI1 (Cell Death Inducing 1) can cause necrosis in tobacco leaves and at the same time elicit plant defense. The transcription of Bccdi1 was induced at the infection stage. Deletion or overexpression of Bccdi1 resulted in no notable change in disease lesion on bean, tobacco, and Arabidopsis leaves, indicating that Bccdi1 has no effect on the final outcome of B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, the plant receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1 are required to transduce the cell death-promoting signal induced by BcCDI1. These findings suggest that BcCDI1 is possibly recognized by plant receptors and then induces plant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huange Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingmao You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Enshi, China
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, China
| | - Da-zhong Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Wang F, Song W, Huang C, Wei Z, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang H, Sun Z. A Rice Receptor-like Protein Negatively Regulates Rice Resistance to Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040973. [PMID: 37112953 PMCID: PMC10141149 DOI: 10.3390/v15040973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on various receptor-like proteins and receptor-like kinases to recognize and defend against invading pathogens. However, research on the role of receptor-like proteins in plant antiviral defense, particularly in rice-virus interactions, is limited. In this study, we identified a receptor-like gene, OsBAP1, which was significantly induced upon infection with southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) infection. A viral inoculation assay showed that the OsBAP1 knockout mutant exhibited enhanced resistance to SRBSDV infection, indicating that OsBAP1 plays a negatively regulated role in rice resistance to viral infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, oxidation-reduction reactions, and protein phosphorylation pathways were significantly enriched in OsBAP1 mutant plants (osbap1-cas). Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis further demonstrated that some defense-related genes were significantly induced during SRBSDV infection in osbap1-cas mutants. Our findings provide new insights into the role of receptor-like proteins in plant immune signaling pathways, and demonstrate that OsBAP1 negatively regulates rice resistance to SRBSDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weiqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chaorui Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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14
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Bhar A, Chakraborty A, Roy A. The captivating role of calcium in plant-microbe interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138252. [PMID: 36938033 PMCID: PMC10020633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune response is fascinating due to the complete absence of a humoral system. The adaptive immune response in plants relies on the intracellular orchestration of signalling molecules or intermediates associated with transcriptional reprogramming. Plant disease response phenomena largely depend on pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intracellular signal transduction. The pathogens possess specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP), which are first identified by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host plants for successful infection. After successful pathogen recognition, the defence response is initiated within plants. The first line of non-specific defence response is called PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), followed by the specific robust signalling is called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Calcium plays a crucial role in both PTI and ETI. The biphasic induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is inevitable in any plant-microbe interaction. Calcium ions play crucial roles in the initial oxidative burst and ROS induction. Different pathogens can induce calcium accumulation in the cytosol ([Ca2+]Cyt), called calcium signatures. These calcium signatures further control the diverse defence-responsive proteins in the intracellular milieu. These calcium signatures then activate calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcium calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), etc., to impart intricate defence signalling within the cell. Decoding this calcium ionic map is imperative to unveil any plant microbe interplay and modulate defence-responsive pathways. Hence, the present review is unique in developing concepts of calcium signature in plants and their subsequent decoding mechanism. This review also intends to articulate early sensing of calcium oscillation, signalling events, and comprehensive mechanistic roles of calcium within plants during pathogenic ingression. This will accumulate and summarize the exciting roles of calcium ions in plant immunity and provide the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Bhar
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Garcia AGK, Steinbrenner AD. Bringing Plant Immunity to Light: A Genetically Encoded, Bioluminescent Reporter of Pattern-Triggered Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:139-149. [PMID: 36583694 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-22-0160-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants rely on innate immune systems to defend against a wide variety of biotic attackers. Key components of innate immunity include cell-surface pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pest- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Unlike other classes of receptors that often have visible cell-death immune outputs upon activation, PRRs generally lack rapid methods for assessing function. Here, we describe a genetically encoded bioluminescent reporter of immune activation by heterologously expressed PRRs in the model organism Nicotiana benthamiana. We characterized N. benthamiana transcriptome changes in response to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequent PAMP treatment to identify pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated marker genes, which were then used to generate promoter-luciferase fusion fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP) constructs. A reporter construct termed pFBP_2xNbLYS1::LUZ allows for robust detection of PTI activation by heterologously expressed PRRs. Consistent with known PTI signaling pathways, reporter activation by receptor-like protein (RLP) PRRs is dependent on the known adaptor of RLP PRRs, i.e., SOBIR1. The FBP reporter minimizes the amount of labor, reagents, and time needed to assay function of PRRs and displays robust sensitivity at biologically relevant PAMP concentrations, making it ideal for high throughput screens. The tools described in this paper will be powerful for investigations of PRR function and characterization of the structure-function of plant cell-surface receptors. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G K Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
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16
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Yang K, Wang Y, Li J, Du Y, Zhai Y, Liang D, Shen D, Ji R, Ren X, Peng H, Jing M, Dou D. The Pythium periplocum elicitin PpEli2 confers broad-spectrum disease resistance by triggering a novel receptor-dependent immune pathway in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac255. [PMID: 37533673 PMCID: PMC10390855 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns produced by oomycetes to elicit plant defense. It is still unclear whether elicitins derived from non-pathogenic oomycetes can be used as bioactive molecules for disease control. Here, for the first time we identify and characterize an elicitin named PpEli2 from the soil-borne oomycete Pythium periplocum, which is a non-pathogenic mycoparasite colonizing the root ecosystem of diverse plant species. Perceived by a novel cell surface receptor-like protein, REli, that is conserved in various plants (e.g. tomato, pepper, soybean), PpEli2 can induce hypersensitive response cell death and an immunity response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, PpEli2 enhances the interaction between REli and its co-receptor BAK1. The receptor-dependent immune response triggered by PpEli2 is able to protect various plant species against Phytophthora and fungal infections. Collectively, our work reveals the potential agricultural application of non-pathogenic elicitins and their receptors in conferring broad-spectrum resistance for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuexiang Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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17
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Zhu Q, Feng Y, Xue J, Chen P, Zhang A, Yu Y. Advances in Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Balancing Plant Growth and Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:427. [PMID: 36771514 PMCID: PMC9919196 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accompanying the process of growth and development, plants are exposed to ever-changing environments, which consequently trigger abiotic or biotic stress responses. The large protein family known as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as in the response to various stresses. Understanding the biological function and molecular mechanism of RLKs is helpful for crop breeding. Research on the role and mechanism of RLKs has recently received considerable attention regarding the balance between plant growth and environmental adaptability. In this paper, we systematically review the classification of RLKs, the regulatory roles of RLKs in plant development (meristem activity, leaf morphology and reproduction) and in stress responses (disease resistance and environmental adaptation). This review focuses on recent findings revealing that RLKs simultaneously regulate plant growth and stress adaptation, which may pave the way for the better understanding of their function in crop improvement. Although the exact crosstalk between growth constraint and plant adaptation remains elusive, a profound study on the adaptive mechanisms for decoupling the developmental processes would be a promising direction for the future research.
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18
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Guo J, Ma Z, Deng C, Ding J, Chang Y. A comprehensive dynamic immune acetylproteomics profiling induced by Puccinia polysora in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:610. [PMID: 36564751 PMCID: PMC9789614 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-ε-acetylation (Kac) is a reversible post-translational modification that plays important roles during plant-pathogen interactions. Some pathogens can deliver secreted effectors encoding acetyltransferases or deacetylases into host cell to directly modify acetylation of host proteins. However, the function of these acetylated host proteins in plant-pathogen defense remains to be determined. Employing high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, we analyzed protein abundance and lysine acetylation changes in maize infected with Puccinia polysora (P. polysora) at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. A total of 7412 Kac sites from 4697 proteins were identified, and 1732 Kac sites from 1006 proteins were quantified. Analyzed the features of lysine acetylation, we found that Kac is ubiquitous in cellular compartments and preferentially targets lysine residues in the -F/W/Y-X-X-K (ac)-N/S/T/P/Y/G- motif of the protein, this Kac motif contained proteins enriched in basic metabolism and defense-associated pathways during fungal infection. Further analysis of acetylproteomics data indicated that maize regulates cellular processes in response to P. polysora infection by altering Kac levels of histones and non-histones. In addition, acetylation of pathogen defense-related proteins presented converse patterns in signaling transduction, defense response, cell wall fortification, ROS scavenging, redox reaction and proteostasis. Our results provide informative resources for studying protein acetylation in plant-pathogen interactions, not only greatly extending the understanding on the roles of acetylation in vivo, but also providing a comprehensive dynamic pattern of Kac modifications in the process of plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Guo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan university, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ce Deng
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Ding
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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19
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Wang H, Han Y, Wu C, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Han Y, Wang J. Comparative transcriptome profiling of resistant and susceptible foxtail millet responses to Sclerospora graminicola infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:567. [PMID: 36471245 PMCID: PMC9724433 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downy mildew of foxtail millet, which is caused by the biotrophic oomycete Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroeter, is one of the most disruptive diseases. The foxtail millet-S. graminicola interaction is largely unexplored. Transcriptome sequencing technology can help to reveal the interaction mechanism between foxtail millet and its pathogens. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy observations of leaves infected with S. graminicola showed that the structures of organelles in the host cells gradually became deformed and damaged, or even disappeared from the 3- to 7-leaf stages. However, organelles in the leaves of resistant variety were rarely damaged. Moreover, the activities of seven cell wall degrading enzymes in resistant and susceptible varieties were also quite different after pathogen induction and most of enzymes activities were significantly higher in the susceptible variety JG21 than in the resistant variety G1 at all stages. Subsequently, we compared the transcriptional profiles between the G1 and JG21 in response to S. graminicola infection at 3-, 5-, and 7-leaf stages using RNA-Seq technology. A total of 473 and 1433 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the resistant and susceptible varieties, respectively. The pathway analysis of the DEGs showed that the highly enriched categories were related to glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signalling, phenylalanine metabolism, and cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis. Some defence-related genes were also revealed in the DEGs, including leucine-rich protein kinase, Ser/Thr protein kinase, peroxidase, cell wall degrading enzymes, laccases and auxin response genes. Our results also confirmed the linkage of transcriptomic data with qRT-PCR data. In particular, LRR protein kinase encoded by Seita.8G131800, Ser/Thr protein kinase encoded by Seita.2G024900 and Seita. 2G024800, which have played an essential resistant role during the infection by S. graminicola. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome sequencing revealed that host resistance to S. graminicola was likely due to the activation of defence-related genes, such as leucine-rich protein kinase and Ser/Thr protein kinase. Our study identified pathways and genes that contribute to the understanding of the interaction between foxtail millet and S. graminicola at the transcriptomic level. The results will help us better understand the resistance mechanism of foxtail millet against S. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanqing Han
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Caijuan Wu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiao Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taiyuan, 030031, China.
| | - Jianming Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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20
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Baggs EL, Tiersma MB, Abramson BW, Michael TP, Krasileva KV. Characterization of defense responses against bacterial pathogens in duckweeds lacking EDS1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1838-1855. [PMID: 36052715 PMCID: PMC9828482 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) mediates the induction of defense responses against pathogens in most angiosperms. However, it has recently been shown that a few species have lost EDS1. It is unknown how defense against disease unfolds and evolves in the absence of EDS1. We utilize duckweeds; a collection of aquatic species that lack EDS1, to investigate this question. We established duckweed-Pseudomonas pathosystems and used growth curves and microscopy to characterize pathogen-induced responses. Through comparative genomics and transcriptomics, we show that the copy number of infection-associated genes and the infection-induced transcriptional responses of duckweeds differ from other model species. Pathogen defense in duckweeds has evolved along different trajectories than in other plants, including genomic and transcriptional reprogramming. Specifically, the miAMP1 domain-containing proteins, which are absent in Arabidopsis, showed pathogen responsive upregulation in duckweeds. Despite such divergence between Arabidopsis and duckweed species, we found conservation of upregulation of certain genes and the role of hormones in response to disease. Our work highlights the importance of expanding the pool of model species to study defense responses that have evolved in the plant kingdom independent of EDS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Baggs
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Meije B. Tiersma
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Brad W. Abramson
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Todd P. Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratoryThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Ksenia V. Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
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21
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Sun Q, Xu Z, Huang W, Li D, Zeng Q, Chen L, Li B, Zhang E. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals salicylic acid and flavonoid pathways' key roles in cabbage's defense responses to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005764. [PMID: 36388482 PMCID: PMC9659849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a vascular bacteria pathogen causing black rot in cabbage. Here, the resistance mechanisms of cabbage against Xcc infection were explored by integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Pathogen perception, hormone metabolisms, sugar metabolisms, and phenylpropanoid metabolisms in cabbage were systemically re-programmed at both transcriptional and metabolic levels after Xcc infection. Notably, the salicylic acid (SA) metabolism pathway was highly enriched in resistant lines following Xcc infection, indicating that the SA metabolism pathway may positively regulate the resistance of Xcc. Moreover, we also validated our hypothesis by showing that the flavonoid pathway metabolites chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid could effectively inhibit the growth of Xcc. These findings provide valuable insights and resource datasets for further exploring Xcc-cabbage interactions and help uncover molecular breeding targets for black rot-resistant varieties in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baohua Li
- *Correspondence: Baohua Li, ; Enhui Zhang,
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22
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Yu H, Ruan H, Xia X, Chicowski AS, Whitham SA, Li Z, Wang G, Liu W. Maize FERONIA-like receptor genes are involved in the response of multiple disease resistance in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1331-1345. [PMID: 35596601 PMCID: PMC9366073 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are key modulators of diverse cellular processes such as development and sensing the extracellular environment. FERONIA, a member of the CrRLK1L subfamily, acts as a pleiotropic regulator of plant immune responses, but little is known about how maize FERONIA-like receptors (FLRs) function in responding to the major foliar diseases of maize such as northern corn leaf blight (NLB), northern corn leaf spot (NLS), anthracnose stalk rot (ASR), and southern corn leaf blight (SLB). Here, we identified three ZmFLR homologous proteins that showed cell membrane localization. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana proved that ZmFLRs were capable of inducing cell death. To investigate the role of ZmFLRs in maize, we used virus-induced gene silencing to knock down expression of ZmFLR1/2 and ZmFLR3 resulting in reduced reactive oxygen species production induced by flg22 and chitin. The resistance of maize to NLB, NLS, ASR, and SLB was also reduced in the ZmFLRs knockdown maize plants. These results indicate that ZmFLRs are positively involved in broad-spectrum disease resistance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of AgricultureAgriculture Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongchun Ruan
- Institute of Plant ProtectionFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Xinyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guirong Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of AgricultureAgriculture Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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23
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Kourelis J, Contreras MP, Harant A, Pai H, Lüdke D, Adachi H, Derevnina L, Wu CH, Kamoun S. The helper NLR immune protein NRC3 mediates the hypersensitive cell death caused by the cell-surface receptor Cf-4. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010414. [PMID: 36137148 PMCID: PMC9543701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate immune responses that can include the hypersensitive cell death. However, the pathways that link PRRs to the cell death response are poorly understood. Here, we show that the cell surface receptor-like protein Cf-4 requires the intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) NRC3 to trigger a confluent cell death response upon detection of the fungal effector Avr4 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. This NRC3 activity requires an intact N-terminal MADA motif, a conserved signature of coiled-coil (CC)-type plant NLRs that is required for resistosome-mediated immune responses. A chimeric protein with the N-terminal α1 helix of Arabidopsis ZAR1 swapped into NRC3 retains the capacity to mediate Cf-4 hypersensitive cell death. Pathogen effectors acting as suppressors of NRC3 can suppress Cf-4-triggered hypersensitive cell-death. Our findings link the NLR resistosome model to the hypersensitive cell death caused by a cell surface PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio P. Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHW); (SK)
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHW); (SK)
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24
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Chen R, Sun P, Zhong G, Wang W, Tang D. The RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN53 immune complex associates with LLG1 to positively regulate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1833-1846. [PMID: 35796320 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense ligands in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Plant PRRs include numerous receptor-like proteins (RLPs), but many RLPs remain functionally uncharacterized. Here, we examine an Arabidopsis thaliana RLP, RLP53, which positively regulates immune signaling. Our forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance1 (edr1) identified a point mutation in RLP53 that fully suppresses disease resistance and mildew-induced cell death in edr1 mutants. The rlp53 mutants showed enhanced susceptibility to virulent pathogens, including fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria, indicating that RLP53 is important for plant immunity. The ectodomain of RLP53 contains leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs. RLP53 constitutively associates with the LRR receptor-like kinase SUPPRESSOR OF BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE (BAK1)-INTERACTING RECEPTOR KINASE1 (SOBIR1) and interacts with the co-receptor BAK1 in a pathogen-induced manner. The double mutation sobir1-12 bak1-5 suppresses edr1-mediated disease resistance, suggesting that EDR1 negatively regulates PTI modulated by the RLP53-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex. Moreover, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN1 (LLG1) interacts with RLP53 and mediates RLP53 accumulation in the plasma membrane. We thus uncovered the role of a novel RLP and its associated immune complex in plant defense responses and revealed a potential new mechanism underlying regulation of RLP immune function by a GPI-anchored protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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25
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Borhan MH, Van de Wouw AP, Larkan NJ. Molecular Interactions Between Leptosphaeria maculans and Brassica Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:237-257. [PMID: 35576591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Canola is an important oilseed crop, providing food, feed, and fuel around the world. However, blackleg disease, caused by the ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans, causes significant yield losses annually. With the recent advances in genomic technologies, the understanding of the Brassica napus-L. maculans interaction has rapidly increased, with numerous Avr and R genes cloned, setting this system up as a model organism for studying plant-pathogen associations. Although the B. napus-L. maculans interaction follows Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis for qualitative resistance, it also puts some unique spins on the interaction. This review discusses the current status of the host-pathogen interaction and highlights some of the future gaps that need addressing moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hossein Borhan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
| | | | - Nicholas J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
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26
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Wei X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Gu T, Steinmetz G, Yu H, Guo G, Liu X, Fan S, Wang F, Gu Y, Xin F. Structural analysis of receptor-like kinase SOBIR1 reveals mechanisms that regulate its phosphorylation-dependent activation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100301. [PMID: 35529948 PMCID: PMC9073325 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and LRR receptor-like proteins (RLPs) comprise a large family of cell surface receptors that play critical roles in signal perception and transduction. Both LRR-RLKs and LRR-RLPs rely on regulatory LRR-RLKs to initiate downstream signaling pathways. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) are important and extensively studied regulatory LRR-RLKs with distinct functions. Although the regulatory mechanism of BAK1 activation has been studied in detail, the activation mechanism of SOBIR1 remains poorly understood. Here, the crystal structures of the catalytically inactive kinase domain of SOBIR1 (SOBIR1-KD) from Arabidopsis thaliana were determined in complexes with AMP-PNP and Mg2+. The results show that SOBIR1-KD contains a uniquely long β3-αC loop and adopts an Src-like inactive conformation with an unusual architecture at the activation segment, which comprises three helices. Biochemical studies revealed that SOBIR1 is transphosphorylated by BAK1 following its autophosphorylation via an intermolecular mechanism, and the phosphorylation of Thr529 in the activation segment and the β3-αC loop are critical for SOBIR1 phosphorylation. Further functional analysis confirmed the importance of Thr529 and the β3-αC loop for the SOBIR1-induced cell death response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Taken together, these findings provide a structural basis for the regulatory mechanism of SOBIR1 and reveal the important elements and phosphorylation events in the special stepwise activation of SOBIR1-KD, the first such processes found in regulatory LRR-RLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wei
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gabryel Steinmetz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoguang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- The Center of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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27
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Shamrai SM. Recognition of Pathogen Attacks by Plant Immune Sensors and Induction of Plant Immune Response. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Guo X, Liu N, Zhang Y, Chen J. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Active Sites of GH45 Endoglucanohydrolase from Rhizoctonia solani. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:355-363. [PMID: 34165320 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A 207-amino-acid residue endoglucanohydrolase (EG1) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 45 (GH45) from Rhizoctonia solani acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). However, the mechanism of EG1 inducing plant immunity is unclear. Here, we found that EG1 contains two domains related to its PAMP function. Transient expression showed that EG1-1, the mutation deleting 60 amino acid residues from the N-terminal, still reserved the PAMP function. Further truncation of EG1-1 obtained two truncating mutations: EG1-2, deleting seven amino acid residues from the N-terminal of EG1-1 (SPWAVND), and EG1-3, deleting five amino acid residues from the C-terminal of EG1-1 (GCSRK). Transient expression showed that the two truncating mutations EG1-2 and EG1-3 all lost the PAMP function. Site-directed mutagenesis of EG1-1 showed that the three amino acid residues (P, W, and D) in the region SPWAVND and the two amino acid residues (C and R) in the region GCSRK were involved in the PAMP function. The homology model showed that the two regions were located at a surface on the EG1 and structurally independent. These results demonstrate that there are two functional regions for the plant immune function of the EG1 released by R. solani, and the two functional regions are independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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29
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Rolli E, de Zélicourt A, Alzubaidy H, Karampelias M, Parween S, Rayapuram N, Han B, Froehlich K, Abulfaraj AA, Alhoraibi H, Mariappan K, Andrés-Barrao C, Colcombet J, Hirt H. The Lys-motif receptor LYK4 mediates Enterobacter sp. SA187 triggered salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:223-239. [PMID: 34951090 PMCID: PMC9304150 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Root endophytes establish beneficial interactions with plants, improving holobiont resilience and fitness, but how plant immunity accommodates beneficial microbes is poorly understood. The multi-stress tolerance-inducing endophyte Enterobacter sp. SA187 triggers a canonical immune response in Arabidopsis only at high bacterial dosage (>108 CFUs ml-1 ), suggesting that SA187 is able to evade or suppress the plant defence system at lower titres. Although SA187 flagellin epitopes are recognized by the FLS2 receptor, SA187-triggered salt tolerance functions independently of the FLS2 system. In contrast, overexpression of the chitin receptor components LYK4 and LYK5 compromised the beneficial effect of SA187 on Arabidopsis, while it was enhanced in lyk4 mutant plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the role of LYK4 is intertwined with a function in remodelling defence responses with growth and root developmental processes. LYK4 interferes with modification of plant ethylene homeostasis by Enterobacter SA187 to boost salt stress resistance. Collectively, these results contribute to unlock the crosstalk between components of the plant immune system and beneficial microbes and point to a new role for the Lys-motif receptor LYK4 in beneficial plant-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Rolli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Axel de Zélicourt
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Hanin Alzubaidy
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Karampelias
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha Parween
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baoda Han
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katja Froehlich
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aala A Abulfaraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga Mariappan
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristina Andrés-Barrao
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- DARWIN21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang H, Chen C, Li L, Tan X, Wei Z, Li Y, Li J, Yan F, Chen J, Sun Z. A rice LRR receptor-like protein associates with its adaptor kinase OsSOBIR1 to mediate plant immunity against viral infection. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2319-2332. [PMID: 34250718 PMCID: PMC8541783 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense pathogen attacks using a variety of receptors at the cell surface. The LRR receptor-like proteins (RLP) and receptor-like kinases (RLK) are widely reported to participate in plant defence against bacterial and fungal pathogen invasion. However, the role of RLP and RLK in plant antiviral defence has rarely been reported. We employed a high-throughput-sequencing approach, transgenic rice plants and viral inoculation assays to investigate the role of OsRLP1 and OsSOBIR1 proteins in rice immunity against virus infection. The transcript of a rice LRR receptor-like protein, OsRLP1, was markedly up-regulated following infection by RBSDV, a devastating pathogen of rice and maize. Viral inoculation on various OsRLP1 mutants demonstrated that OsRLP1 modulates rice resistance against RBSDV infection. It was also shown that OsRLP1 is involved in the RBSDV-induced defence response by positively regulating the activation of MAPKs and PTI-related gene expression. OsRLP1 interacted with a receptor-like kinase OsSOBIR1, which was shown to regulate the PTI response and rice antiviral defence. Our results offer a novel insight into how a virus-induced receptor-like protein and its adaptor kinase activate the PTI response and antiviral defence in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Changhai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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31
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El Kasmi F. How activated NLRs induce anti-microbial defenses in plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2177-2188. [PMID: 34623378 PMCID: PMC8589443 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilize cell-surface localized and intracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and to activate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming and the initiation of a form of programmed cell death of infected cells. Cell death initiation is mainly associated with the activation of nucleotide-binding LRR receptors (NLRs). NLRs recognize the presence or cellular activity of pathogen-derived virulence proteins, so-called effectors. Effector-dependent NLR activation leads to the formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, termed resistosomes. Resistosomes can either form potential calcium-permeable cation channels at cellular membranes and initiate calcium influxes resulting in activation of immunity and cell death or function as NADases whose activity is needed for the activation of downstream immune signaling components, depending on the N-terminal domain of the NLR protein. In this mini-review, the current knowledge on the mechanisms of NLR-mediated cell death and resistance pathways during plant immunity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
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32
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Yuan H, Jin C, Pei H, Zhao L, Li X, Li J, Huang W, Fan R, Liu W, Shen QH. The Powdery Mildew Effector CSEP0027 Interacts With Barley Catalase to Regulate Host Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733237. [PMID: 34567043 PMCID: PMC8458882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most important fungal pathogen diseases. The genome of barley mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), encodes a large number of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). So far, the function and mechanism of most CSEPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a Bgh effector CSEP0027, a member of family 41, triggering cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. CSEP0027 contains a functional signal peptide (SP), verified by yeast secretion assay. We show that CSEP0027 promotes Bgh virulence in barley infection using transient gene expression and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Barley catalase HvCAT1 is identified as a CSEP0027 interactor by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and the interaction is verified in yeast, in vitro and in vivo. The coexpression of CSEP0027 and HvCAT1 in barley cells results in altered localization of HvCAT1 from the peroxisome to the nucleus. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-silencing and transiently-induced gene silencing (TIGS) assays reveal that HvCAT1 is required for barley immunity against Bgh. We propose that CSEP0027 interacts with barley HvCAT1 to regulate the host immunity and likely reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to promote fungal virulence during barley infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Renchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li YH, Ke TY, Shih WC, Liou RF, Wang CW. NbSOBIR1 Partitions Into Plasma Membrane Microdomains and Binds ER-Localized NbRLP1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721548. [PMID: 34539715 PMCID: PMC8442688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase Suppressor of BIR1 (SOBIR1) binds various receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) at the plasma membrane, which is thought to activate plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against pathogen invasion. Despite its potentially crucial role, how SOBIR1 transmits immune signaling to ultimately elicit PTI remains largely unresolved. Herein, we report that a Nicotiana benthamiana gene NbRLP1, like NbSOBIR1, was highly induced upon Phytophthora parasitica infection. Intriguingly, NbRLP1 is characterized as a receptor-like protein localizing to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane rather than the plasma membrane. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and affinity purification assays, we established that NbRLP1 is likely to associate with NbSOBIR1 through the contact between the ER and plasma membrane. We further found that NbSOBIR1 at the plasma membrane partitions into mobile microdomains that undergo frequent lateral movement and internalization. Remarkably, the dynamics of NbSOBIR1 microdomain is coupled to the remodeling of the cortical ER network. When NbSOBIR1 microdomains were induced by the P. parasitica MAMP ParA1, tobacco cells overexpressing NbRLP1 accelerated NbSOBIR1 internalization. Overexpressing NbRLP1 in tobacco further exaggerated the ParA1-induced necrosis. Together, these findings have prompted us to propose that ER and the ER-localized NbRLP1 may play a role in transmitting plant immune signals by regulating NbSOBIR1 internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Ke
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Shih
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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35
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Yin Z, Wang N, Pi L, Li L, Duan W, Wang X, Dou D. Nicotiana benthamiana LRR-RLP NbEIX2 mediates the perception of an EIX-like protein from Verticillium dahliae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:949-960. [PMID: 33205907 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt diseases caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae result in devastating yield losses in many economically important crops annually. Here, we identified a novel ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX)-like protein, VdEIX3, from V. dahliae, which exhibits immunity-inducing activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. In vitro-purified VdEIX3 can induce strong oxidative burst, activate the expression of defense-related genes, and increase resistance against oomycete and fungal pathogens in N. benthamiana. VdEIX3 orthologs of other Verticillium pathogens also induce cell death in N. benthamiana, which form a new type of EIX protein family that is distinct from the known EIX proteins. A leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, NbEIX2, regulates the perception of VdEIX3 in N. benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that VdEIX3 is a novel EIX-like protein that can be recognized by N. benthamiana NbEIX2, and also suggest that NbEIX2 is a promising receptor-like protein that is potentially applicable to transgenic breeding for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Zhang L, Yan J, Fu Z, Shi W, Ninkuu V, Li G, Yang X, Zeng H. FoEG1, a secreted glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein from Fusarium oxysporum, triggers cell death and modulates plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:522-538. [PMID: 33675158 PMCID: PMC8035634 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an important soilborne fungal pathogen with many different formae speciales that can colonize the plant vascular system and cause serious crop wilt disease worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein FoEG1, secreted by F. oxysporum, that acted as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) targeting the apoplast of plants to induce cell death. Purified FoEG1 protein triggered cell death in different plants and induced the plant defence response to enhance the disease resistance of plants. The ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death was mediated by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1, and this ability was independent of its hydrolase activity. The mutants of cysteine residues did not affect the ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death, and an 86 amino acid fragment from amino acid positions 144 to 229 of FoEG1 was sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, the expression of FoEG1 was strongly induced in the early stage of F. oxysporum infection of host plants, and FoEG1 deletion or loss of enzyme activity reduced the virulence of F. oxysporum. Therefore, our results suggest that FoEG1 can contribute to the virulence of F. oxysporum depending on its enzyme activity and can also act as a PAMP to induce plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianpei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenchao Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenjiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Vincent Ninkuu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiufen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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37
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Rebaque D, del Hierro I, López G, Bacete L, Vilaplana F, Dallabernardina P, Pfrengle F, Jordá L, Sánchez‐Vallet A, Pérez R, Brunner F, Molina A, Mélida H. Cell wall-derived mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:601-615. [PMID: 33544927 PMCID: PMC8252745 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in plants upon recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of damage- and microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and MAMPs) derived from plants or microorganisms, respectively. To understand better the plant mechanisms involved in the perception of carbohydrate-based structures recognized as DAMPs/MAMPs, we have studied the ability of mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans (MLGs), present in some plant and microbial cell walls, to trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. A range of MLG structures were tested for their capacity to induce PTI hallmarks, such as cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations, reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming. These analyses revealed that MLG oligosaccharides are perceived by Arabidopsis thaliana and identified a trisaccharide, β-d-cellobiosyl-(1,3)-β-d-glucose (MLG43), as the smallest MLG structure triggering strong PTI responses. These MLG43-mediated PTI responses are partially dependent on LysM PRRs CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, as they were weaker in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 mutants than in wild-type plants. Cross-elicitation experiments between MLG43 and the carbohydrate MAMP chitohexaose [β-1,4-d-(GlcNAc)6 ], which is also perceived by these LysM PRRs, indicated that the mechanism of MLG43 recognition could differ from that of chitohexaose, which is fully impaired in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 plants. MLG43 treatment confers enhanced disease resistance in A. thaliana to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and in tomato and pepper to different bacterial and fungal pathogens. Our data support the classification of MLGs as a group of carbohydrate-based molecular patterns that are perceived by plants and trigger immune responses and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
- Present address:
Institute for BiologyFaculty of Natural SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of GlycoscienceSchool of BiotechnologyRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH)StockholmSweden
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Andrea Sánchez‐Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Rosa Pérez
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Plant Response BiotechCentro de Empresas, Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaría y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
- Present address:
Área de Fisiología VegetalDepartamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de LeónLeónSpain
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38
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Huang WRH, Schol C, Villanueva SL, Heidstra R, Joosten MHAJ. Knocking out SOBIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana abolishes functionality of transgenic receptor-like protein Cf-4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:290-294. [PMID: 33721902 PMCID: PMC8133582 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Knocking out SOBIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana by CRISPR/Cas9, abolishes the functionality of the transgenic receptor-like protein Cf-4, recognizing the Avr4 effector of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Schol
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio L Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Aragón W, Formey D, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Torres M, Serrano M. Arabidopsis thaliana Cuticle Composition Contributes to Differential Defense Response to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738949. [PMID: 34804086 PMCID: PMC8603936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of a plant cuticle can change in response to various abiotic or biotic stresses and plays essential functions in disease resistance responses. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in cutin content are resistant to Botrytis cinerea, presumably because of increased cuticular water and solute permeability, allowing for faster induction of defense responses. Within this context, our knowledge of wax mutants is limited against this pathogen. We tested the contribution of cuticular components to immunity to B. cinerea using mutants altered in either cutin or wax alone, or in both cutin and wax contents. We found that even all the tested mutants showed increased permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants and that only cutin mutants showed resistance. To elucidate the early molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle-related immunity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis. A set of upregulated genes involved in cell wall integrity and accumulation of ROS were shared by the cutin mutants bdg, lacs2-3, and eca2, but not by the wax mutants cer1-4 and cer3-6. Interestingly, these genes have recently been shown to be required in B. cinerea resistance. In contrast, we found the induction of genes involved in abiotic stress shared by the two wax mutants. Our study reveals new insight that the faster recognition of a pathogen by changes in cuticular permeability is not enough to induce resistance to B. cinerea, as has previously been hypothesized. In addition, our data suggest that mutants with resistant phenotype can activate other defense pathways, different from those canonical immune ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Aragón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
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Wang W, Nie J, Lv L, Gong W, Wang S, Yang M, Xu L, Li M, Du H, Huang L. A Valsa mali Effector Protein 1 Targets Apple ( Malus domestica) Pathogenesis-Related 10 Protein to Promote Virulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741342. [PMID: 34691119 PMCID: PMC8528966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To successfully colonize the plants, the pathogenic microbes secrete a mass of effector proteins which manipulate host immunity. Apple valsa canker is a destructive disease caused by the weakly parasitic fungus Valsa mali. A previous study indicated that the V. mali effector protein 1 (VmEP1) is an essential virulence factor. However, the pathogenic mechanism of VmEP1 in V. mali remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the apple (Malus domestica) pathogenesis-related 10 proteins (MdPR10) are the virulence target of VmEP1 using a yeast two-hybrid screening. By bimolecular fluorescence (BiFC) and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), we confirmed that the VmEP1 interacts with MdPR10 in vivo. Silencing of MdPR10 notably enhanced the V. mali infection, and overexpression of MdPR10 markedly reduced its infection, which corroborates its positive role in plant immunity against V. mali. Furthermore, we showed that the co-expression of VmEP1 with MdPR10 compromised the MdPR10-mediated resistance to V. mali. Taken together, our results revealed a mechanism by which a V. mali effector protein suppresses the host immune responses by interfering with the MdPR10-mediated resistance to V. mali during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Luqiong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuaile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Huang,
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Lu Y, Tsuda K. Intimate Association of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Signaling in Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:3-14. [PMID: 33048599 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0239-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Plants recognize the presence or invasion of microbes through cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Although PRRs and NLRs are activated by ligands located in different subcellular compartments through distinct mechanisms, signals initiated from PRRs and NLRs converge into several common signaling pathways with different dynamics. Increasing evidence suggests that PRR- and NLR-mediated signaling extensively crosstalk and such interaction can greatly influence immune response outcomes. Sophisticated experimental setups enabled dissection of the signaling events downstream of PRRs and NLRs with fine temporal and spatial resolution; however, the molecular links underlying the observed interactions in PRR and NLR signaling remain to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about activation and signaling mediated by PRRs and NLRs, deconvolute the intimate association between PRR- and NLR-mediated signaling, and propose hypotheses to guide further research on key topics.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Cantila AY, Saad NSM, Amas JC, Edwards D, Batley J. Recent Findings Unravel Genes and Genetic Factors Underlying Leptosphaeria maculans Resistance in Brassica napus and Its Relatives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E313. [PMID: 33396785 PMCID: PMC7795555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Brassica oilseeds, canola (Brassica napus) is the most economically significant globally. However, its production can be limited by blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Lepstosphaeria maculans. The deployment of resistance genes has been implemented as one of the key strategies to manage the disease. Genetic resistance against blackleg comes in two forms: qualitative resistance, controlled by a single, major resistance gene (R gene), and quantitative resistance (QR), controlled by numerous, small effect loci. R-gene-mediated blackleg resistance has been extensively studied, wherein several genomic regions harbouring R genes against L. maculans have been identified and three of these genes were cloned. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanism of R gene and pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene interaction. Notably, these studies revealed a more complex interaction than originally thought. Advances in genomics help unravel these complexities, providing insights into the genes and genetic factors towards improving blackleg resistance. Here, we aim to discuss the existing R-gene-mediated resistance, make a summary of candidate R genes against the disease, and emphasise the role of players involved in the pathogenicity and resistance. The comprehensive result will allow breeders to improve resistance to L. maculans, thereby increasing yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (A.Y.C.); (N.S.M.S.); (J.C.A.); (D.E.)
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Bentham AR, De la Concepcion JC, Mukhi N, Zdrzałek R, Draeger M, Gorenkin D, Hughes RK, Banfield MJ. A molecular roadmap to the plant immune system. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14916-14935. [PMID: 32816993 PMCID: PMC7606695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security. Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (e.g. application of pesticides) have significant agricultural, economic, and societal impacts. Therefore, it is essential that we understand the molecular mechanisms of the plant immune system, a system that allows plants to resist attack from a wide variety of organisms ranging from viruses to insects. Here, we provide a roadmap to plant immunity, with a focus on cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. We describe how these receptors perceive signatures of pathogens and pests and initiate immune pathways. We merge existing concepts with new insights gained from recent breakthroughs on the structure and function of plant immune receptors, which have generated a shift in our understanding of cell-surface and intracellular immunity and the interplay between the two. Finally, we use our current understanding of plant immunity as context to discuss the potential of engineering the plant immune system with the aim of bolstering plant defenses against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Bentham
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rafał Zdrzałek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Draeger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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Arabidopsis Transmembrane Receptor-Like Kinases (RLKs): A Bridge between Extracellular Signal and Intracellular Regulatory Machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114000. [PMID: 32503273 PMCID: PMC7313013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors form the crux for any biochemical signaling. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that establish signaling circuits to transduce information from outer plant cell membrane to the nucleus of plant cells, eventually activating processes directing growth, development, stress responses, and disease resistance. Plant RLKs share considerable homology with the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the animal system, differing at the site of phosphorylation. Typically, RLKs have a membrane-localization signal in the amino-terminal, followed by an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a solitary membrane-spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. The functional characterization of ligand-binding domains of the various RLKs has demonstrated their essential role in the perception of extracellular stimuli, while its cytosolic kinase domain is usually confined to the phosphorylation of their substrates to control downstream regulatory machinery. Identification of the several ligands of RLKs, as well as a few of its immediate substrates have predominantly contributed to a better understanding of the fundamental signaling mechanisms. In the model plant Arabidopsis, several studies have indicated that multiple RLKs are involved in modulating various types of physiological roles via diverse signaling routes. Here, we summarize recent advances and provide an updated overview of transmembrane RLKs in Arabidopsis.
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Iakovidis M, Soumpourou E, Anderson E, Etherington G, Yourstone S, Thomas C. Genes Encoding Recognition of the Cladosporium fulvum Effector Protein Ecp5 Are Encoded at Several Loci in the Tomato Genome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1753-1763. [PMID: 32209596 PMCID: PMC7202015 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between tomato and Cladosporium fulvum have been an important model for molecular plant pathology. Complex genetic loci on tomato chromosomes 1 and 6 harbor genes for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum, encoding receptor like-proteins that perceive distinct Cladosporium fulvum effectors and trigger plant defenses. Here, we report classical mapping strategies for loci in tomato accessions that respond to Cladosporium fulvum effector Ecp5, which is very sequence-monomorphic. We screened 139 wild tomato accessions for an Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response, and in five accessions, the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response segregated as a monogenic trait, mapping to distinct loci in the tomato genome. We identified at least three loci on chromosomes 1, 7 and 12 that harbor distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes in four different accessions. Our mapping showed that the Cf-Ecp5 in Solanum pimpinellifolium G1.1161 is located at the Milky Way locus. The Cf-Ecp5 in Solanum pimpinellifolium LA0722 was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome 7, while the Cf-Ecp5 genes in Solanum lycopersicum Ontario 7522 and Solanum pimpinellifolium LA2852 were mapped to the same locus on the top arm of chromosome 12. Bi-parental crosses between accessions carrying distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes revealed putative genetically unlinked suppressors of the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response. Our mapping also showed that Cf-11 is located on chromosome 11, close to the Cf-3 locus. The Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response is widely distributed within tomato species and is variable in strength. This novel example of convergent evolution could be used for choosing different functional Cf-Ecp5 genes according to individual plant breeding needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Eleni Soumpourou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Elisabeth Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Scott Yourstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27510
| | - Colwyn Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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46
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Aquino B, da Silva VCH, Massirer KB, Arruda P. Crystal structure of DRIK1, a stress-responsive receptor-like pseudokinase, reveals the molecular basis for the absence of ATP binding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:158. [PMID: 32293271 PMCID: PMC7158045 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants reprogram metabolism and development to rapidly adapt to biotic and abiotic stress. Protein kinases play a significant role in this process by phosphorylating protein substrates that activate or inactivate signaling cascades that regulate cellular and metabolic adaptations. Despite their importance in plant biology, a notably small fraction of the plant kinomes has been studied to date. RESULTS In this report, we describe ZmDRIK1, a stress-responsive receptor-like pseudokinase whose expression is downregulated under water restriction. We show the structural features and molecular basis of the absence of ATP binding exhibited by ZmDRIK1. The ZmDRIK1 kinase domain lacks conserved amino acids that are essential for phosphorylation activity. The crystal structure of the ZmDRIK1 kinase domain revealed the presence of a spine formed by the side chain of the triad Leu240, Tyr363, and Leu375 that occludes the ATP binding pocket. Although ZmDRIK1 is unable to bind nucleotides, it does bind the small molecule ENMD-2076 which, in a cocrystal structure, revealed the potential to serve as a ZmDRIK1 inhibitor. CONCLUSION ZmDRIK1 is a novel receptor-like pseudokinase responsive to biotic and abiotic stress. The absence of ATP binding and consequently, the absence of phosphorylation activity, was proven by the crystal structure of the apo form of the protein kinase domain. The expression profiling of the gene encoding ZmDRIK1 suggests this kinase may play a role in downregulating the expression of stress responsive genes that are not necessary under normal conditions. Under biotic and abiotic stress, ZmDRIK1 is down-regulated to release the expression of these stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aquino
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
| | - Viviane C. H. da Silva
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
- Joint Research Center for Genomic Applied to Climate Change (UMIP-GenClima), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - Katlin B. Massirer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
- Joint Research Center for Genomic Applied to Climate Change (UMIP-GenClima), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
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van der Burgh AM, Joosten MHAJ. Plant Immunity: Thinking Outside and Inside the Box. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:587-601. [PMID: 31171472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Models are extensively used to describe the coevolution of plants and microbial attackers. Such models distinguish between different classes of plant immune responses, based on the type of danger signal that is recognized or on the strength of the defense response that the danger signal provokes. However, recent molecular and biochemical advances have shown that these dichotomies are blurred. With molecular proof in hand, we propose here to abandon the current classification of plant immune responses, and to define the different forms of plant immunity solely based on the site of microbe recognition - either extracellular or intracellular. Using this spatial partition, our 'spatial immunity model' facilitates a broadly inclusive, but clearly distinguishing nomenclature to describe immune signaling in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wu J, Reca I, Spinelli F, Lironi D, De Lorenzo G, Poltronieri P, Cervone F, Joosten MH, Ferrari S, Brutus A. An EFR-Cf-9 chimera confers enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogens by SOBIR1- and BAK1-dependent recognition of elf18. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:751-764. [PMID: 30938041 PMCID: PMC6637901 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of well-studied native and chimeric pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to susceptible plants is a proven strategy to improve host resistance. In most cases, the ectodomain determines PRR recognition specificity, while the endodomain determines the intensity of the immune response. Here we report the generation and characterization of the chimeric receptor EFR-Cf-9, which carries the ectodomain of the Arabidopsis thaliana EF-Tu receptor (EFR) and the endodomain of the tomato Cf-9 resistance protein. Both transient and stable expression of EFR-Cf-9 triggered a robust hypersensitive response (HR) upon elf18 treatment in tobacco. Co-immunoprecipitation and virus-induced gene silencing studies showed that EFR-Cf-9 constitutively interacts with SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) co-receptor, and requires both SOBIR1 and kinase-active BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) for its function. Transgenic plants expressing EFR-Cf-9 were more resistant to the (hemi)biotrophic bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci (Pta) 11528 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and mounted an HR in response to high doses of Pta 11528 and P. carotovorum. Taken together, these data indicate that the EFR-Cf-9 chimera is a valuable tool for both investigating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the activation of defence responses by PRRs, and for potential biotechnological use to improve crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of Rome00185RomeItaly
| | - Damiano Lironi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of Rome00185RomeItaly
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of Rome00185RomeItaly
| | | | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of Rome00185RomeItaly
| | - Matthieu H.A.J. Joosten
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenNetherlands
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of Rome00185RomeItaly
| | - Alexandre Brutus
- DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Hohmann U, Hothorn M. Crystal structure of the leucine-rich repeat ectodomain of the plant immune receptor kinase SOBIR1. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:488-497. [PMID: 31063151 PMCID: PMC6503760 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-unique membrane receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domains are key regulators of development and immune responses. Here, the 1.55 Å resolution crystal structure of the immune receptor kinase SOBIR1 from Arabidopsis is presented. The ectodomain structure reveals the presence of five LRRs sandwiched between noncanonical capping domains. The disulfide-bond-stabilized N-terminal cap harbours an unusual β-hairpin structure. The C-terminal cap features a highly positively charged linear motif which was found to be largely disordered in this structure. Size-exclusion chromatography and right-angle light-scattering experiments suggest that SOBIR1 is a monomer in solution. The protruding β-hairpin, a set of highly conserved basic residues at the inner surface of the SOBIR LRR domain and the presence of a genetic missense allele in LRR2 together suggest that the SOBIR1 ectodomain may mediate protein-protein interaction in plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Xi L, Wu XN, Gilbert M, Schulze WX. Classification and Interactions of LRR Receptors and Co-receptors Within the Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane - An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 31057579 PMCID: PMC6477698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RK) constitute the largest protein kinase family in plants. In particular, members of the leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are involved in the perception of various signals at the plasma membrane. Experimental evidence over the past years revealed a conserved activation mechanism through ligand-inducible heterodimer formation: a ligand is recognized by a receptor kinase with a large extracellular domain (ECD). This ligand binding receptor directly interacts with a so-called co-receptor with a small ECD for ligand fixation and kinase activation. A large proportion of LRR-RKs is functionally still uncharacterized and the dynamic complexity of the plasma membrane makes it difficult to precisely define receptor kinase heterodimer pairs and their functions. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of LRR receptor and co-receptor functions. We use ECD lengths to classify the LRR receptor kinase family and describe different interaction properties of ligand-binding receptors and their respective co-receptor from a network perspective.
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