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Fuchs B, Helander M, Saikkonen K, Dobrev PI, Vankova R, Blande JD, Salminen JP, Luntamo N, Muola A. Plant metabolic responses to soil herbicide residues differ under herbivory in two woodland strawberry genotypes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174198. [PMID: 38914330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) to control weeds has increased exponentially in recent decades, and their residues and degradation products have been found in soils across the globe. GBH residues in soil have been shown to affect plant physiology and specialised metabolite biosynthesis, which, in turn, may impact plant resistance to biotic stressors. In a greenhouse study, we investigated the interactive effects between soil GBH residues and herbivory on the performance, phytohormone concentrations, phenolic compound concentrations and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of two woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) genotypes, which were classified as herbivore resistant and herbivore susceptible. Plants were subjected to herbivory by strawberry leaf beetle (Galerucella tenella) larvae, and to GBH residues by growing in soil collected from a field site with GBH treatments twice a year over the past eight years. Soil GBH residues reduced the belowground biomass of the susceptible genotype and the aboveground biomass of both woodland strawberry genotypes. Herbivory increased the belowground biomass of the resistant genotype and the root-shoot ratio of both genotypes. At the metabolite level, herbivory induced the emission of several VOCs. Jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and auxin concentrations were induced by herbivory, in contrast to salicylic acid, which was only induced by herbivory in combination with soil GBH residues in the resistant genotype. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were higher in the resistant genotype compared to the susceptible genotype and were induced by soil GBH residues in the resistant genotype. Our results indicate that soil GBH residues can differentially affect plant performance, phytohormone concentrations and phenolic compound concentrations under herbivore attack, in a genotype-dependent manner. Soil GBH altered plant responses to herbivory, which may impact plant resistance traits and species interactions. With ongoing agrochemical pollution, we need to consider plant cultivars with better resistance to polluted soils while maintaining plant resilience under challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fuchs
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Niko Luntamo
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Muola
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Qiu M, Tian M, Sun Y, Li H, Huang W, Ouyang H, Lin S, Zhang C, Wang M, Wang Y. Decoding the biochemical dialogue: metabolomic insights into soybean defense strategies against diverse pathogens. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-023-2596-1. [PMID: 38965141 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Soybean, a crucial global leguminous crop, confronts persistent threats from diverse pathogens, exerting a profound impact on global yields. While genetic dimensions of soybean-pathogen interactions have garnered attention, the intricate biochemical responses remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we applied targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling to dissect the complex interplay between soybeans and five distinct pathogens. Our analysis uncovered 627 idMS/MS spectra, leading to the identification of four main modules, encompassing flavonoids, isoflavonoids, triterpenoids, and amino acids and peptides, alongside other compounds such as phenolics. Profound shifts were observed in both primary and secondary metabolism in response to pathogenic infections. Particularly notable were the bidirectional changes in total flavonoids across diverse pathogenic inoculations, while triterpenoids exhibited a general declining trend. Noteworthy among the highly inducible total flavonoids were known representative anti-pathogen compounds (glyceollin I), backbone forms of isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin), and newly purified compounds in this study (prunin). Subsequently, we delved into the biological roles of these five compounds, validating their diverse functions against pathogens: prunin significantly inhibited the vegetative growth and virulence of Phytophthora sojae; genistein exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on the vegetative growth and virulence of Phomopsis longicolla; daidzein and formononetin displayed significant repressive effects on the virulence of P. longicolla. This study underscores the potent utility of metabolomic tools, providing in-depth insights into plant-pathogen interactions from a biochemical perspective. The findings not only contribute to plant pathology but also offer strategic pathways for bolstering plant resistance against diseases on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huaibo Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaoyan Lin
- China State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Kumari N, Kaur S, Sharma V. Dissecting the role of salicylic acid in mediating stress response in mungbean cultivars concurrently exposed to Macrophomina phaseolina infection and drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108660. [PMID: 38678945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The combined stress studies provide fundamental knowledge that could assist in producing multiple stress resilient crops. The fungal phytopathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina is a major limiting factor in the productivity of the crop, Vigna radiata (mungbean). This fungal species tends to flourish under hot and dry conditions. Therefore, in this study the salicylic acid (SA) mediated stress responses in contrasting mungbean cultivars (Shikha and RMG-975) exposed to combined M. phaseolina infection (F) and drought stress (D) have been elucidated. The combined stress was applied to ten days seedlings in three orders i.e. drought followed by fungal infection (DF), drought followed by fungal infection with extended water deficit (DFD) and fungal infection followed by drought stress (FD). The severity of infection was analyzed using ImageJ analysis. Besides, the concentration of SA has been correlated with the phenylpropanoid pathway products, expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase) and the specific activity of certain related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, lipoxygenase and glutathione-S-transferase). The data revealed that the cultivar RMG-975 was relatively more tolerant than Shikha under individual stresses. However, the former became more susceptible to the infection under DFD treatment while the latter showed tolerance. Otherwise, the crown rot severity was reduced in both the cultivars under other combined treatments. The stress response analysis suggested that enhanced chitinase expression is vital for tolerance against both, the pathogen and drought stress. Also, it was noted that plants treat each stress combination differently and the role of SA was more prominently visible under individual stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Kumari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
| | - Sahib Kaur
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
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Dang Z, Xu Y, Zhang X, Mi W, Chi Y, Tian Y, Liu Y, Ren W. Chromosome-level genome assembly provides insights into the genome evolution and functional importance of the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway in Thymus mongolicus. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:291. [PMID: 38504151 PMCID: PMC10949689 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymus mongolicus (family Lamiaceae) is a Thyme subshrub with strong aroma and remarkable environmental adaptability. Limited genomic information limits the use of this plant. RESULTS Chromosome-level 605.2 Mb genome of T. mongolicus was generated, with 96.28% anchored to 12 pseudochromosomes. The repetitive sequences were dominant, accounting for 70.98%, and 32,593 protein-coding genes were predicted. Synteny analysis revealed that Lamiaceae species generally underwent two rounds of whole genome duplication; moreover, species-specific genome duplication was identified. A recent LTR retrotransposon burst and tandem duplication might play important roles in the formation of the Thymus genome. Using comparative genomic analysis, phylogenetic tree of seven Lamiaceae species was constructed, which revealed that Thyme plants evolved recently in the family. Under the phylogenetic framework, we performed functional enrichment analysis of the genes on nodes that contained the most gene duplication events (> 50% support) and of relevant significant expanded gene families. These genes were highly associated with environmental adaptation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that Peroxidases, Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferases, and 4-coumarate-CoA ligases genes were the essential regulators of the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway. Their catalytic products (e.g., apigenin, naringenin chalcone, and several apigenin-related compounds) might be responsible for the environmental tolerance and aromatic properties of T. mongolicus. CONCLUSION This study enhanced the understanding of the genomic evolution of T. mongolicus, enabling further exploration of its unique traits and applications, and contributed to the understanding of Lamiaceae genomics and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Dang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Wentao Mi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yuan Chi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yunyun Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding and Seed Production of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia M-Grass Ecology and Environment (Group) Co., National Center of Pratacultural Technology Innovation (under preparation), Ltd, Hohhot, 010060, China
| | - Weibo Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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Xu X, Xiong F, Sun K, Xiao Q, Tan Y, Cheng X, Li X, Jin D, Fan Y. An Oxidoreductase-like Protein is Required for Verticillium dahliae Infection and Participates in the Metabolism of Host Plant Defensive Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4669-4678. [PMID: 38383289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae, a notorious phytopathogenic fungus, is responsible for vascular wilt diseases in numerous crops. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity is crucial for controlling V. dahliae. Herein, we characterized a putative oxidoreductase-like protein (VdOrlp) from V. dahliae that contains a functional signal peptide. While the expression of VdOrlp was low in artificial media, it significantly increased during host infection. Deletion of VdOrlp had minimal effects on the growth and development of V. dahliae but severely impaired its pathogenicity. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in organic heterocyclic compounds and phenylpropane compounds in cotton plants infected with ΔVdOrlp and V991. Furthermore, VdOrlp expression was induced by lignin, and its deletion affected the metabolism of host lignin and phenolic acids. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that VdOrlp plays an important role in the metabolism of plant phenylpropyl lignin and organic heterocyclic compounds and is required for fungal pathogenicity in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangjie Xiong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kang Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yingqing Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianbi Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Chuan J, Nie J, Cooper WR, Chen W, Hale L, Li X. The functional decline of tomato plants infected by Candidatus Liberbacter solanacearum: an RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1325254. [PMID: 38362455 PMCID: PMC10867784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1325254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) is a regulated plant pathogen in European and some Asian countries, associated with severe diseases in economically important Apiaceous and Solanaceous crops, including potato, tomato, and carrot. Eleven haplotypes of CLso have been identified based on the difference in rRNA and conserved genes and host and pathogenicity. Although it is pathogenic to a wide range of plants, the mechanisms of plant response and functional decline of host plants are not well defined. This study aims to describe the underlying mechanism of the functional decline of tomato plants infected by CLso by analyzing the transcriptomic response of tomato plants to CLso haplotypes A and B. Methods Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data were generated from total RNA of tomato plants infected by CLso haplotypes A and B, and uninfected tomato plants, while qPCR analysis was used to validate the in-silico expression analysis. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways were enriched using differentially expressed genes. Results Plants infected with CLso haplotype B saw 229 genes upregulated when compared to uninfected plants, while 1,135 were downregulated. Healthy tomato plants and plants infected by haplotype A had similar expression levels, which is consistent with the fact that CLso haplotype A does not show apparent symptoms in tomato plants. Photosynthesis and starch biosynthesis were impaired while starch amylolysis was promoted in plants infected by CLso haplotype B compared with uninfected plants. The changes in pathway gene expression suggest that carbohydrate consumption in infected plants was more extensive than accumulation. In addition, cell-wall-related genes, including steroid biosynthesis pathways, were downregulated in plants infected with CLso haplotype B suggesting a reduction in membrane fluidity, cell signaling, and defense against bacteria. In addition, genes in phenylpropanoid metabolism and DNA replication were generally suppressed by CLso infection, affecting plant growth and defense. Discussion This study provides insights into plants' defense and functional decline due to pathogenic CLso using whole transcriptome sequencing and qPCR validation. Our results show how tomato plants react in metabolic pathways during the deterioration caused by pathogenic CLso. Understanding the underlying mechanisms can enhance disease control and create opportunities for breeding resistant or tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Chuan
- Charlottetown Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Jingbai Nie
- Charlottetown Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - William Rodney Cooper
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA, United States
| | - Wen Chen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Hale
- Biology Department, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Xiang Li
- Charlottetown Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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7
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Davosir D, Šola I, Ludwig-Müller J, Šeruga Musić M. Flavescence Dorée Strain-Specific Impact on Phenolic Metabolism Dynamics in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) throughout the Development of Phytoplasma Infection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:189-199. [PMID: 38113060 PMCID: PMC10786034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) is a phytopathogenic bacterium associated with Grapevine yellowS disease, which causes heavy damage to viticultural production. Epidemiological data revealed that some FDp strains appear to be more widespread and aggressive. However, there is no data on mechanisms underlying the variable pathogenicity among strains. In this research, we employed chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques to assess how two strains of FDp influence the levels of grapevine phenolic compounds, which are frequently utilized as indicative markers of stress conditions. The results pointed to the upregulation of all branches of phenolic metabolism through the development of infection, correlating with the increase in antioxidative capacity. The more aggressive strain M54 induced stronger downregulation of phenolics' accumulation at the beginning and higher upregulation by the end of the season than the less aggressive M38 strain. These findings reveal potential targets of FDp effectors and provide the first functional demonstration of variable pathogenicity between FDp strains, suggesting the need for future comparative genomic analyses of FDp strains as an important factor in exploring the management possibilities of FDp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Davosir
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivana Šola
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Šeruga Musić
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Liu J, Lefevere H, Coussement L, Delaere I, De Meyer T, Demeestere K, Höfte M, Gershenzon J, Ullah C, Gheysen G. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitor AIP induces rice defence against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13424. [PMID: 38279847 PMCID: PMC10817824 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme catalyses the conversion of l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. This conversion is the first step in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. The phenylpropanoid pathway produces diverse plant metabolites that play essential roles in various processes, including structural support and defence. Previous studies have shown that mutation of the PAL genes enhances disease susceptibility. Here, we investigated the functions of the rice PAL genes using 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a strong competitive inhibitor of PAL enzymes. We show that the application of AIP can significantly reduce the PAL activity of rice crude protein extracts in vitro. However, when AIP was applied to intact rice plants, it reduced infection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. RNA-seq showed that AIP treatment resulted in a rapid but transient upregulation of defence-related genes in roots. Moreover, targeted metabolomics demonstrated higher levels of jasmonates and antimicrobial flavonoids and diterpenoids accumulating after AIP treatment. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of the jasmonate pathway abolished the effect of AIP on nematode infection. Our results show that disturbance of the phenylpropanoid pathway by the PAL inhibitor AIP induces defence in rice against M. graminicola by activating jasmonate-mediated defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of BiotechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | | | - Louis Coussement
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Ilse Delaere
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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Xiao WN, Nunn GM, Fufeng AB, Belu N, Brookman RK, Halim A, Krysmanski EC, Cameron RK. Exploring Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato biofilm-like aggregate formation in susceptible and PTI-responding Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13403. [PMID: 37988240 PMCID: PMC10799205 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm-like aggregates have been observed in plants, but their role in pathogenicity is underinvestigated. In the present study, we observed that extracellular DNA and polysaccharides colocalized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) aggregates in Arabidopsis leaves, suggesting that Pst aggregates are biofilms. GFP-expressing Pst, Pst ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU mutant), and Pst ΔalgD ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU algD mutant) were examined to explore the roles of (1) alginate, a potential biofilm component; (2) Pst AlgU, thought to regulate alginate biosynthesis and some type III secretion system effector genes; and (3) intercellular salicylic acid (SA) accumulation during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pst formed extensive aggregates in susceptible plants, whereas aggregate numbers and size were reduced in Pst algU and Pst algD algU mutants, and both multiplied poorly in planta, suggesting that aggregate formation contributes to Pst success in planta. However, in SA-deficient sid2-2 plants, Pst algD algU mutant multiplication and aggregate formation were partially restored, suggesting plant-produced SA contributes to suppression of Pst aggregate formation. Pst algD algU mutants formed fewer and smaller aggregates than Pst algU mutants, suggesting both AlgU and AlgD contribute to Pst aggregate formation. Col-0 plants accumulated low levels of SA in response to Pst and both mutants (Pst algU and Pst algD algU), suggesting the regulatory functions of AlgU are not involved in suppressing SA-mediated plant defence. Plant PTI was associated with highly reduced Pst aggregate formation and accumulation of intercellular SA in flg22-induced PTI-responding wild-type Col-0, but not in PTI-incompetent fls2, suggesting intercellular SA accumulation by Arabidopsis contributes to suppression of Pst biofilm-like aggregate formation during PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantao N. Xiao
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Garrett M. Nunn
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Natalie Belu
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Abdul Halim
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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Kim W, Jeon H, Lee H, Sohn KH, Segonzac C. The Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Type III Effector RipL Delays Flowering and Promotes Susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cells 2023; 46:710-724. [PMID: 37968984 PMCID: PMC10654456 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant defense responses to microbial infection are tightly regulated and integrated with the developmental program for optimal resources allocation. Notably, the defense- associated hormone salicylic acid (SA) acts as a promoter of flowering while several plant pathogens actively target the flowering signaling pathway to promote their virulence or dissemination. Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum inject tens of effectors in the host cells that collectively promote bacterial proliferation in plant tissues. Here, we characterized the function of the broadly conserved R. pseudosolanacearum effector RipL, through heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana . RipL-expressing transgenic lines presented a delayed flowering, which correlated with a low expression of flowering regulator genes. Delayed flowering was also observed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently expressing RipL. In parallel, RipL promoted plant susceptibility to virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae in the effector-expressing lines or when delivered by the type III secretion system. Unexpectedly, SA accumulation and SA-dependent immune signaling were not significantly affected by RipL expression. Rather, the RNA-seq analysis of infected RipL-expressing lines revealed that the overall amplitude of the transcriptional response was dampened, suggesting that RipL could promote plant susceptibility in an SA-independent manner. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning RipL effect on flowering and immunity may reveal novel effector functions in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhui Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyelim Jeon
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeonjung Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Zrenner R, Genzel F, Baldermann S, Guerra T, Grosch R. Does Constitutive Expression of Defense-Related Genes and Salicylic Acid Concentrations Correlate with Field Resistance of Potato to Black Scurf Disease? Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1244. [PMID: 38002368 PMCID: PMC10669363 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Black scurf disease on potato caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG3 occurs worldwide and is difficult to control. The use of potato cultivars resistant to black scurf disease could be part of an integrated control strategy. Currently, the degree of resistance is based on symptom assessment in the field, but molecular measures could provide a more efficient screening method. We hypothesized that the degree of field resistance to black scurf disease in potato cultivars is associated with defense-related gene expression levels and salicylic acid (SA) concentration. Cultivars with a moderate and severe appearance of disease symptoms on tubers were selected and cultivated in the same field. In addition, experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in an axenic in vitro culture and in a sand culture to analyze the constitutive expression of defense-related genes and SA concentration. The more resistant cultivars did not show significantly higher constitutive expression levels of defense-related genes. Moreover, the level of free SA was increased in the more resistant cultivars only in the roots of the plantlets grown in the sand culture. These results indicate that neither expression levels of defense-related genes nor the amount of SA in potato plants can be used as reliable predictors of the field resistance of potato genotypes to black scurf disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Zrenner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; (F.G.); (T.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Franziska Genzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; (F.G.); (T.G.); (R.G.)
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition & Health, University Bayreuth, Fritz-Hornschuch-Straße 13, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany;
| | - Tiziana Guerra
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; (F.G.); (T.G.); (R.G.)
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; (F.G.); (T.G.); (R.G.)
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12
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Wang Z, Wang W, Wu W, Wang H, Zhang S, Ye C, Guo L, Wei Z, Huang H, Liu Y, Zhu S, Zhu Y, Wang Y, He X. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, metabolome, and histochemistry reveals the response mechanisms of different ages Panax notoginseng to root-knot nematode infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1258316. [PMID: 37780502 PMCID: PMC10539906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1258316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is an invaluable perennial medicinal herb. However, the roots of P. notoginseng are frequently subjected to severe damage caused by root-knot nematode (RKN) infestation. Although we have observed that P. notoginseng possessed adult-plant resistance (APR) against RKN disease, the defense response mechanisms against RKN disease in different age groups of P. notoginseng remain unexplored. We aimed to elucidate the response mechanisms of P. notoginseng at different stages of development to RKN infection by employing transcriptome, metabolome, and histochemistry analyses. Our findings indicated that distinct age groups of P. notoginseng may activate the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in varying ways, leading to the synthesis of phenolics, flavonoids, lignin, and anthocyanin pigments as both the response and defense mechanism against RKN attacks. Specifically, one-year-old P. notoginseng exhibited resistance to RKN through the upregulation of 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid and key genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, such as PAL, CCR, CYP73A, CYP98A, POD, and CAD. Moreover, two-year-old P. notoginseng enhanced the resistance by depleting chlorogenic acid and downregulating most genes associated with monolignol biosynthesis, while concurrently increasing cyanidin and ANR in flavonoid biosynthesis. Three-year-old P. notoginseng reinforced its resistance by significantly increasing five phenolic acids related to monolignol biosynthesis, namely p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, 1-O-sinapoyl-D-glucose, coniferyl alcohol, and ferulic acid. Notably, P. notoginseng can establish a lignin barrier that restricted RKN to the infection site. In summary, P. notoginseng exhibited a potential ability to impede the further propagation of RKN through the accumulation or depletion of the compounds relevant to resistance within the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, as well as the induction of lignification in tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, Yunnan, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongping Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Landscape and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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13
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Kan Y, Zhang Y, Lin W, Dong T. Differential plant cell responses to Acidovorax citrulli T3SS and T6SS reveal an effective strategy for controlling plant-associated pathogens. mBio 2023; 14:e0045923. [PMID: 37288971 PMCID: PMC10470598 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00459-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidovorax citrulli is a gram-negative plant pathogen that employs the type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) to infect cucurbit crops and cause bacterial fruit blotch. This bacterium also possesses an active type Ⅵ secretion system (T6SS) with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, how plant cells respond to these two secretion systems and whether there is any cross talk between T3SS and T6SS during infection remain unknown. Here, we employ transcriptomic analysis to compare cellular responses to the T3SS and the T6SS during in planta infection and report distinctive effects on multiple pathways. The T3SS-mediated differentially expressed genes were enriched in the pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and glutathione metabolism, while the T6SS uniquely affected genes were related to photosynthesis. The T6SS does not contribute to the in planta virulence of A. citrulli but is critical for the survival of the bacterium when mixed with watermelon phyllosphere bacteria. In addition, T3SS-mediated virulence is independent of the T6SS, and the inactivation of the T3SS does not affect the T6SS-mediated competition against a diverse set of bacterial pathogens that commonly contaminate edible plants or directly infect plants. A T6SS-active T3SS-null mutant (Acav) could inhibit the growth of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae significantly both in vitro and in vivo and also reduce symptoms of rice bacterial blight. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the T6SS in A. citrulli is nonpathogenic to the plant host and can be harnessed as a pathogen killer against plant-associated bacteria. IMPORTANCE Chemical pesticides are widely used to protect crops from various pathogens. Still, their extensive use has led to severe consequences, including drug resistance and environmental contamination. Here, we show that an engineered T6SS-active, but avirulent mutant of Acidovorax citrulli has strong inhibition capabilities against several pathogenic bacteria, demonstrating an effective strategy that is an alternative to chemical pesticides for sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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14
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Quiroz-Figueroa FR, Cruz-Mendívil A, Ibarra-Laclette E, García-Pérez LM, Gómez-Peraza RL, Hanako-Rosas G, Ruíz-May E, Santamaría-Miranda A, Singh RK, Campos-Rivero G, García-Ramírez E, Narváez-Zapata JA. Cell wall-related genes and lignin accumulation contribute to the root resistance in different maize ( Zea mays L.) genotypes to Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1195794. [PMID: 37441182 PMCID: PMC10335812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1195794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (Fv) causes considerable agricultural and economic losses and is harmful to animal and human health. Fv can infect maize throughout its long agricultural cycle, and root infection drastically affects maize growth and yield. Methods The root cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against soilborne pathogens such as Fv. This study compares two contrasting genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) roots that are resistant (RES) or susceptible (SUS) to Fv infection by using transcriptomics, fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy analyses, and ddPCR. Results Seeds were infected with a highly virulent local Fv isolate. Although Fv infected both the RES and SUS genotypes, infection occurred faster in SUS, notably showing a difference of three to four days. In addition, root infections in RES were less severe in comparison to SUS infections. Comparative transcriptomics (rate +Fv/control) were performed seven days after inoculation (DAI). The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each rate revealed 733 and 559 unique transcripts that were significantly (P ≤0.05) up and downregulated in RES (+Fv/C) and SUS (+Fv/C), respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified coumarin and furanocoumarin biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways as being highly enriched with specific genes involved in cell wall modifications in the RES genotype, whereas the SUS genotype mainly displayed a repressed plant-pathogen interaction pathway and did not show any enriched cell wall genes. In particular, cell wall-related gene expression showed a higher level in RES than in SUS under Fv infection. Analysis of DEG abundance made it possible to identify transcripts involved in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, biosynthetic and catabolic processes, pectin biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis and organization. Root histological analysis in RES showed an increase in lignified cells in the sclerenchymatous hypodermis zone during Fv infection. Discussion These differences in the cell wall and lignification could be related to an enhanced degradation of the root hairs and the epidermis cell wall in SUS, as was visualized by SEM. These findings reveal that components of the root cell wall are important against Fv infection and possibly other soilborne phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR)—Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Abraham Cruz-Mendívil
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, (CIIDIR) Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Luz María García-Pérez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR)—Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Rosa Luz Gómez-Peraza
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR)—Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Greta Hanako-Rosas
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Apolinar Santamaría-Miranda
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR)—Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gerardo Campos-Rivero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR)—Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Elpidio García-Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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15
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Dong Y, Xiao W, Guo W, Liu Y, Nie W, Huang R, Tan C, Jia Z, Liu J, Jiang Z, Chang E. Effects of Donor Ages and Propagation Methods on Seedling Growth of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco in Winter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087170. [PMID: 37108331 PMCID: PMC10138323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of donor ages on growth and stress resistance of 6-year-old seedlings propagated from 5-, 2000-, and 3000-year-old Platycladus orientalis donors with grafting, cutting, and seed sowing, growth indicators and physiological and transcriptomic analyses were performed in 6-year-old seedlings in winter. Results showed that basal stem diameters and plant heights of seedlings of the three propagation methods decreased with the age of the donors, and the sown seedlings were the thickest and tallest. The contents of soluble sugar, chlorophyll, and free fatty acid in apical leaves of the three propagation methods were negatively correlated with donor ages in winter, while the opposite was true for flavonoid and total phenolic. The contents of flavonoid, total phenolic, and free fatty acid in cutting seedlings were highest in the seedlings propagated in the three methods in winter. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism pathways, and their expression levels were up-regulated in apical leaves from 6-year-old seedlings propagated from 3000-year-old P. orientalis donors. In addition, hub genes analysis presented that C4H, OMT1, CCR2, PAL, PRX52, ACP1, AtPDAT2, and FAD3 were up-regulated in cutting seedlings, and the gene expression levels decreased in seedlings propagated from 2000- and 3000-year-old donors. These findings demonstrate the resistance stability of cuttings of P. orientalis and provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of seedlings of P. orientalis propagated from donors at different ages in different propagation methods against low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wenfa Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Taishan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yifu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wen Nie
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ruizhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Cancan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zirui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grass-Land Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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16
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Singh SK, Shree A, Verma S, Singh K, Kumar K, Srivastava V, Singh R, Saxena S, Singh AP, Pandey A, Verma PK. The nuclear effector ArPEC25 from the necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei targets the chickpea transcription factor CaβLIM1a and negatively modulates lignin biosynthesis, increasing host susceptibility. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1134-1159. [PMID: 36585808 PMCID: PMC10015165 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deploy a barrage of secreted effectors to subvert host immunity, often by evading, disrupting, or altering key components of transcription, defense signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms of effectors and their host targets are largely unexplored in necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Here, we describe the effector protein Ascochyta rabiei PEXEL-like Effector Candidate 25 (ArPEC25), which is secreted by the necrotroph A. rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and is indispensable for virulence. After entering host cells, ArPEC25 localizes to the nucleus and targets the host LIM transcription factor CaβLIM1a. CaβLIM1a is a transcriptional regulator of CaPAL1, which encodes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the regulatory, gatekeeping enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. ArPEC25 inhibits the transactivation of CaβLIM1a by interfering with its DNA-binding ability, resulting in negative regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and decreased levels of intermediates of lignin biosynthesis, thereby suppressing lignin production. Our findings illustrate the role of fungal effectors in enhancing virulence by targeting a key defense pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and antifungal compounds. This study provides a template for the study of less explored necrotrophic effectors and their host target functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreenivas Kumar Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ankita Shree
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sandhya Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kunal Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Samiksha Saxena
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Jia C, Guo B, Wang B, Li X, Yang T, Li N, Wang J, Yu Q. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in tomato roots during salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1023696. [PMID: 36570882 PMCID: PMC9773889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1023696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As global soil salinization continues to intensify, there is a need to enhance salt tolerance in crops. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots' adaptation to salt stress is of great significance to enhance its salt tolerance and promote its planting in saline soils. A combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome of S. lycopersicum roots under different periods of salt stress according to changes in phenotypic and root physiological indices revealed that different accumulated metabolites and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly altered. The levels of phenylpropanoids increased and showed a dynamic trend with the duration of salt stress. Ferulic acid (FA) and spermidine (Spd) levels were substantially up-regulated at the initial and mid-late stages of salt stress, respectively, and were significantly correlated with the expression of the corresponding synthetic genes. The results of canonical correlation analysis screening of highly correlated DEGs and construction of regulatory relationship networks with transcription factors (TFs) for FA and Spd, respectively, showed that the obtained target genes were regulated by most of the TFs, and TFs such as MYB, Dof, BPC, GRAS, and AP2/ERF might contribute to the regulation of FA and Spd content levels. Ultimately, FA and Spd attenuated the harm caused by salt stress in S. lycopersicum, and they may be key regulators of its salt tolerance. These findings uncover the dynamics and possible molecular mechanisms of phenylpropanoids during different salt stress periods, providing a basis for future studies and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Jia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Baike Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
| | - Qinghui Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Urumqi, China
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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19
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Moussa Z, Rashad EM, Elsherbiny EA, Al-Askar AA, Arishi AA, Al-Otibi FO, Saber WIA. New Strategy for Inducing Resistance against Bacterial Wilt Disease Using an Avirulent Strain of Ralstonia solanacearum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1814. [PMID: 36144416 PMCID: PMC9504442 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the globally significant plant pathogens that infect a wide host range of economically important plants. A study was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that an avirulent strain of R. solanacearum can act as a biocontrol mediator for managing potato bacterial wilt. Virulent R. solanacearum was isolated and identified (GenBank accession number; OP180100). The avirulent strain was obtained from the virulent strain through storage for 3 weeks until the development of deep red colonies. The virulent strain had higher lytic activity than the avirulent strain. Tubers' treatments by the avirulent strain of R. solanacearum, (supernatant, boiled supernatant, and dead cells) significantly reduced plant disease rating and increased the growth, physiological activities, and biomass of potato compared to the untreated, infected control. The major components detected by GC-MS in the supernatant revealed 10.86% palmitic acid (virulent), and 18.03% 1,3-dioxolane, 2,4,5-trimethyl- (avirulent), whereas the major component in the boiled supernatant was 2-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone in the virulent (21.17%) and avirulent (27.78%) strains. This is the first research that assessed the influence of boiled supernatant and dead cells of virulent and avirulent R.solanacearum strains in controlling bacterial wilt disease. Additional work is encouraged for further elucidation of such a topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeiad Moussa
- Microbial Activity Unit, Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M. Rashad
- Department of Seed Pathology Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | | | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Abker Arishi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fatimah O. Al-Otibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - WesamEldin I. A. Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
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20
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Stroud EA, Jayaraman J, Templeton MD, Rikkerink EHA. Comparison of the pathway structures influencing the temporal response of salicylate and jasmonate defence hormones in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952301. [PMID: 36160984 PMCID: PMC9504473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defence phytohormone pathways evolved to recognize and counter multiple stressors within the environment. Salicylic acid responsive pathways regulate the defence response to biotrophic pathogens whilst responses to necrotrophic pathogens, herbivory, and wounding are regulated via jasmonic acid pathways. Despite their contrasting roles in planta, the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defence networks share a common architecture, progressing from stages of biosynthesis, to modification, regulation, and response. The unique structure, components, and regulation of each stage of the defence networks likely contributes, in part, to the speed, establishment, and longevity of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in response to hormone treatment and various biotic stressors. Recent advancements in the understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways are reviewed here, with a focus on how the structure of the pathways may be influencing the temporal regulation of the defence responses, and how biotic stressors and the many roles of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in planta may have shaped the evolution of the signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Stroud
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Fungal endophytes in plants and their relationship to plant disease. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102177. [PMID: 35870225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enigmatic endophytic fungi are beginning to reveal their secrets. Like pathogens, they can manipulate the host for their own benefit to create their own optimal habitat. Some endophytic manipulations induce resistance or otherwise outcompete pathogens and can thus be exploited for biological control. Like pathogens and other symbionts, endophytes produce effector proteins and other molecules, ranging from specialised metabolites, phytohormones and microRNAs, to manipulate their hosts and other microorganisms they meet. There is a continuum from endophyte to pathogen: some organisms can infest or cause disease in some hosts, but not in others. Molecular genetics approaches coupled with functional characterisation have demonstrated their worth for understanding the biological phenomena underlying endophytic fungal interactions.
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Zhang S, Li C, Si J, Han Z, Chen D. Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
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Zhou J, Lin X, Liu S, Wang Z, Liu D, Huo Y, Li D. Effects of Compound Elicitors on the Biosynthesis of Triterpenoids and Activity of Defense Enzymes from Inonotus hispidus (Basidiomycetes). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092618. [PMID: 35565966 PMCID: PMC9102530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus has various health-promoting activities, such as anticancer effects and immune-stimulating activity. The commercialization of valuable plant triterpenoids faces major challenges, including low abundance in natural hosts and costly downstream purification procedures. In this work, orthogonal design was used to compound methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), oleic acid, and Cu2+, and the effects of combinations on the total triterpenes biosynthesized were studied. The optimal combination was screened out and its effect on the activity of PAL, CAT, and SOD was studied. The optimal concentration of oleic acid was 2% when MeJA was 100 mol/L, and the total triterpenoid content and mycelia production were 3.918 g and 85.17 mg/g, respectively. MeJA treatment induced oxidative stress, and at the same time increased the activity of related defense enzymes. Oleic acid is thought to regulate cell permeability by recombining cell membranes. It promotes the material exchange process between cells and the environment without affecting cell growth. When oleic acid was used in combination with MeJA, a synergistic effect on triterpene production was observed. In conclusion, our findings provide a strategy for triterpenoid enrichment of I. hispidus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dehai Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18645005091 or +86-451-82190514
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