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Giri M, Parida S. Phytochemical inhibitors from Leucas aspera against the target proteins induced by Trichophyton mentagrophytes using computational techniques. J Basic Microbiol 2024:e202400112. [PMID: 38770635 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous infection that is able to degrade the keratinized tissues of the animal/human body, like skin, nails, and hair, causing chronic or subacute infection with the contact of some specific fungal strains. Trichophyton mentagrophytes are the most potential fungal pathogen causing dermatophytoses. The present study focuses on computationally based in silico antifungal activity of selected phytocompounds of Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. against dermatophytic fungus, T. mentagrophytes. Validation and screening of derived phytocompounds is performed using Lipinski rule of five and toxicity test through Protox-II. Five target genes involved in dermatophytosis, induced by T. mentagrophytes are retrieved from the UniProt Database, and the corresponding proteins such as glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase ARB_02797, Probable class II chitinase ARB_00204, squalene monooxygenase, actin, and ubiquitin are selected for in silico study. Three-dimensional structures of the target protein were computationally determined and validated through modeling tools and techniques due to the lack of validated protein structures in the database. Then, these proteins are used for in silico molecular docking through the AutoDock Vina tool to find out the promising phytocompounds. This study could be utilized in designing more effective drugs against T. mentagrophytes. Based on this work, a plant-based natural alternative can be added to the treatment of dermatophytosis rather than synthetic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Giri
- Department of Botany, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sagarika Parida
- Department of Botany, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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2
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A Painful Eruption Following Multiple Scratches From a Pet Rat. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:e218-e219. [PMID: 36854115 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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3
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Veraldi S, Bortoluzzi P. The association topical antifungals/topical corticosteroids in superficial mycoses of the skin: A critical review of the literature and personal experience. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15487. [PMID: 35384163 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bortoluzzi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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4
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Laboratory Diagnosis and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Trichophyton quinckeanum from Human Zoonoses and Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060739. [PMID: 35740146 PMCID: PMC9219606 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The “One Health” concept increasingly demonstrates the global spread of pathogenic (also eukaryotic) microorganisms and their zoonotic potential. Dermatophytes can cause superficial mycoses in humans and animals. Furthermore, the number of transmissions from asymptomatic carriers to humans has been on the rise over the last few years. This study was focused on the detailed characterisation of clinical isolates of Trichophyton quinckeanum with epidemiological analyses and characterisation of their in vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns. The isolated dermatophytes were identified with a combination of conventional and molecular methods. In turn, their susceptibility in vitro was tested according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38 ed.3 protocol. A total of 36 strains were isolated, with 21 cases of T. quinckeanum zoonoses resulting from direct contact with symptomatic cats (58.3%). The other 15 strains (41.7%) were isolated simultaneously from healthy cats and their owners. All strains showed high susceptibility to allylamine, pyridinone, and phenyl morpholine derivatives but were resistant to fluconazole and ketoconazole. In conclusion, our study shows the frequency of zoonoses contracted from asymptomatic cats. Moreover, the antifungal susceptibility profiles indicate the serious risk posed to animal owners by resistant strains of T. quinckeanum, which are often responsible for recalcitrant-to-treatment cases.
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5
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Dyląg M, Jóźwiak G, Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A. In Vitro Activity of Ebselen and Diphenyl Diselenide Alone and in Combination with Drugs against Trichophyton mentagrophytes Strains. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061158. [PMID: 35745731 PMCID: PMC9229022 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dermatophytoses are one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world for which the pace of developing new drugs has not kept pace with the observed therapeutic problems. Thus, searching for new antifungals with an alternative and novel mechanism of action is necessary. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of ebselen and diphenyl diselenide against Trichophyton mentagrophytes clinical isolates. Methods: In vitro antifungal susceptibility was assessed for organoselenium compounds used alone or in combination with allylamines and azoles according to the 3rd edition of the CLSI M38 protocol. Results: Ebselen demonstrated high antifungal activity with MICGM equal to 0.442 μg/mL and 0.518 μg/mL in the case of human and animal origin strains, respectively. The values of MICGM of diphenyl diselenide were higher: 17.36 μg/mL and 13.45 μg/mL for the human and animal isolates, respectively. Synergistic or additive effects between terbinafine and ebselen or diphenyl diselenide were observed in the case of 12% and 20% strains, respectively. In turn, the combination of itraconazole with diphenyl diselenide showed a synergistic effect only in the case of 6% of the tested strains, whereas no synergism was shown in the combination with ebselen. Conclusions: The results highlight the promising activity of organoselenium compounds against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. However, their use in combinational therapy with antifungal drugs seems to be unjustified due to the weak synergistic effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-6093
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Jóźwiak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
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6
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Zhang F, Feng Y, Wang S, Li D, Shi D. Case Report and Literature Review of Impetigo-Like Tinea Faciei. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2513-2521. [PMID: 35586559 PMCID: PMC9109911 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s359500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impetigo, commonly caused by bacteria, is characterized by lesions of pustules, bullae or golden yellow crusts; it is seldom caused by fungi. Here, we report one case of a 17-year-old female patient with a 1-month history of erythematous pustules on her left cheek. She was clinically diagnosed with “impetigo”, but did not respond to 1 week of treatment with topical mupirocin cream (antibacterial agent). We then saw that a fungal colony grew on the culture, which was identified as T. mentagrophytes based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. The patient was then diagnosed with tinea faciei and was topically treated with 0.2% ketoconazole cream twice per day for 7 days. Through a literature review, we found another 18 cases of impetigo-like tinea faciei with similar clinical manifestations and pathogenic characteristics. Among these, the most common causative agent was T. mentagrophytes complex, which frequently occurs in children and adolescents and exhibits no gender preferences. Systemic and topical antifungals such as terbinafine or itraconazole are effective for impetigo-like tinea faciei caused by T. mentagrophytes complex. However, prolonged course of impetigo in more than 50% cases highlights the importance of mycological examination when dealing with apparent antibiotic-resistant impetigo cases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Jining Dermatosis Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahui Feng
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dongmei Shi, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, 272000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 537-6051008, Email
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7
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A. Genetic Predisposition and its Heredity in the Context of Increased Prevalence of Dermatophytoses. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:163-176. [PMID: 33523393 PMCID: PMC8106586 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a widespread disease with high prevalence and a substantial economic burden associated with costs of treatment. The pattern of this infectious disease covers a wide spectrum from exposed individuals without symptoms to those with acutely inflammatory or non-inflammatory, chronic to invasive, and life-threatening symptoms. Moreover, the prevalence of cutaneous fungal infections is not as high as might be expected. This curious disparity in the dermatophyte infection patterns may suggest that there are individual factors that predispose to infection, with genetics as an increasingly well-known determinant. In this review, we describe recent findings about the genetic predisposition to dermatophyte infections, with focus on inheritance in families with a high frequency of dermatophyte infections and specific host-pathogen interactions. The results of studies indicating a hereditary predisposition to dermatophytoses have been challenged by many skeptics suggesting that the varied degree of pathogenicity and the ecological diversity of this group of fungi are more important in increasing sensitivity. Nonetheless, a retrospective analysis of the hereditary propensity to dermatophytoses revealed at least several proven genetic relationships such as races, CARD9 deficiency, HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR8 type and responsible genes encoding interleukin-22, β-defensin 2 and 4 as well as genetic defects in dectin-1, which increased the prevalence of the disease in families and were involved in the inheritance of the proneness in their members. In future, the Human Genome Diversity Project can contribute to elucidation of the genetic predisposition to dermatophytoses and provide more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Mechanism of streptomyces albidoflavus STV1572a derived 1-heneicosanol as an inhibitor against squalene epoxidase of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104853. [PMID: 33811987 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An increase in incidences of tinea infections paves the way to discover the novel antifungal drugs from unexplored natural resources. The quality of life in patients with tinea infection may be affected by different factors, including morbidity, length of illness, social and demographic factors. The present investigation explores the functional principle of a bioactive compound isolated from actinomycetes, S. albidoflavus STV1572a by in-silico and in-vitro studies. In continuation of our previous reports on the antidermatophytic potential of S. albidoflavus STV1572a, this study progresses with the in-silico molecular docking study of the seven GC-MS discovered ligands, and six dermatophytic modelled targets. Through virtual screening, it was revealed that a docking score -8.8 between 1-heneicosanol and squalene epoxidase favored partially in understanding the mode of action. Further validation of in-silico study was performed by a sterol quantification assay which confirmed the antidermatophytic mechanism of 1-heneicosanol. Taken together, the evidence from this study suggests that 1-heneicosanol has a potential antidermatophytic compound and can be considered for dermatophytic treatment.
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario-an updated analysis. Mycoses 2021; 64:890-908. [PMID: 33665915 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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10
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A. Major challenges and perspectives in the diagnostics and treatment of dermatophyte infections. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:212-232. [PMID: 32048417 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the aetiological factors of a majority of superficial fungal infections. What distinguishes them from other pathogenic filamentous fungi is their unique ability to degrade keratin. The remarkable ability of this group of fungi to survive in different ecosystems results from their morphological and ecological diversity as well as high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Paradoxically, despite the progress in medicine, the prevalence of dermatophyte infections is increasing from year to year. At the beginning of the third millennium, practical diagnostic and therapeutic options are still very limited. This review focuses on understanding the major problems in this aspect of dermatophyte infections and indicates future strategies and perspectives for novel approaches to identification and drugs for elimination of dermatophytes. Particular importance is placed on development of a strategy for a diagnostic pathway and implementation of rapid and reliable diagnostics methods designed by international teams. Furthermore, among compounds that currently arouse great interest, representatives of terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and essential oils deserve attention. Many of these compounds are undergoing clinical trials as potential antifungal agents, and future research should focus on attempts at determination of the applicability of tested substances. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages in implementation of new diagnostic paths and medicinal substances for routine use are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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11
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M. Comparison of in vitro activities of 11 antifungal agents against Trichophyton verrucosum isolates associated with a variety hosts and geographical origin. Mycoses 2019; 63:294-301. [PMID: 31820493 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of dermatophytosis in animals is usually associated with extra expenditure on prevention, diagnosis and long-term treatment. Humans are usually infected from animals, also from asymptomatic carriers, through direct contact or indirectly via fungus-bearing hair, scales and fomites. Despite the medical importance of Trichophyton verrucosum infections, there are limited in vitro data on the fungal susceptibility to antifungal drugs, including new-generation triazoles, imidazoles and allyloamines. The aim of the current study was to evaluate comprehensively the in vitro activity of 11 antifungal drugs against a large collection of T. verrucosum isolates obtained in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia from humans and animals using a microdilution assay. In vitro susceptibility testing of 11 antifungal drugs was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document M38. The MICs of clotrimazole, ciclopirox, enilconazole, miconazole, naftifine and terbinafine against all T. verrucosum isolates were below 1 μg/mL, whereas those of fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole were above 1 μg/mL. Ciclopirox was demonstrated to have superior activity against all strains in comparison with the other drugs, whereas fluconazole exerted the weakest in vitro effect and exhibited the highest MIC values. Our study has shown that drugs of different chemical origin have satisfactory antifungal activity and can be promising candidates for the treatment of T. verrucosum dermatophytosis. Moreover, no significant disparity in drug sensitivity between isolates obtained from different hosts and geographical regions have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. Tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton equinum transmitted from asymptomatic dogs to two siblings. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:1433-1438. [PMID: 31820297 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, millions of people worldwide are affected by superficial mycoses, which are frequently caused by dermatophytes having affinity to the scalp, nails, hair and the stratum corneum of the skin. The changing reservoirs of zoophilic dermatophytes, the numerous reports of animal carrier status, and the increasing number of pets make the diagnosis difficult, which is usually impossible based only on medical history. Herein we present a case report of tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton equinum in siblings who had no contact with horses. The routine laboratory diagnostic procedures for identification of isolates were based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, especially molecular techniques using rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. The results showed that both techniques proved to be insufficiently discriminatory to differentiate two closely related species, i.e. Trichophyton equinum and Trichophyton tonsurans. Introduction of a TEF1 sequence analysis to the diagnostic procedures revealed consistent differences between these two species and facilitated unambiguous identification. Interestingly, dogs that could leave the homestead freely were the source of the infection in children. In conclusion, Trichophyton equinum was considered in the past as a strict zoophilic dermatophyte associated with horses and rarely transmitted to humans. This study revealed that this species can have other reservoirs and live in the fur of asymptomatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. In search of the source of dermatophytosis: Epidemiological analysis of Trichophyton verrucosum infection in llamas and the breeder (case report). Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:982-989. [PMID: 31538413 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the number of cases of Trichophyton verrucosum isolation from humans suffering from mycoses has been constantly increasing, which is correlated with the presence of an increasing number of outdoor breeding farms. Farmers and their families as well as veterinarians and technicians involved in handling the animals are at a higher risk of infection. One of the most important aims of mycological diagnostics is epidemiological analysis. Typically, the history of the disease is not sufficient to indicate reliably and eliminate the outbreak of infection. PCR fingerprinting methods are a useful tool in this type of analysis, which is presented in this study. The main aim is to present diagnostic and epidemiological analyses of dermatophyte isolates from llamas and their breeder. In two llamas, round alopecia sites or ca. 2-cm excoriations covered with thickened scaling epidermis were noticed at the border of the head and neck with a distinct tendency towards hair loss. Tinea unguium was noticed in a nail of the breeder's right hand. Direct analysis of the material from the clinical lesions revealed the presence of arthrospores. The macro- and micromorphology of the isolates were homogeneous and characteristic for T. verrucosum. The identification analysis based on the ITS sequences confirmed the previous morphological diagnostic examination. The MP-PCR and MSP-PCR analysis indicated high invariability of the genomes of the strains isolated from the human and animals. The epidemiological research has indicated an identical source of dermatophyte infection in the breeder and the lamas. To sum up, the number of pets and farm animals is increasing and dermatologists should always be informed about possible dermatophyte transmission sources. The possibility of transmission of zoophilic dermatophytes from humans to animals is a suggestion for further analysis; therefore, this type of transmission should be considered in dermatological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Łagowski D, Zięba P. Host- and pathogen-dependent susceptibility and predisposition to dermatophytosis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:823-836. [PMID: 31050630 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are a highly specialized group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi causing a ringworm disease called dermatophytosis or superficial mycoses. Although dermatophyte infections do not threaten the host's life, they lower its quality in humans by causing discomfort related to cosmetic problems and through their epidemiological significance, whereas in farm animals they are responsible for economic losses and constitute a source of the spread of spores. Evidence from countless observational studies that have been conducted over the last 90 years indicates that dermatophytes infect humans of every age, race, gender and socioeconomic status with strikingly high rates, as well as both farmed and wild animals in various health conditions and with various epidemiological statuses. However, the prevalence of superficial fungal infections is highly variable, since it depends on several parameters associated with the infected individual and the dermatophyte, their mutual interactions, and epidemiological and geographical factors. The curious disparity in dermatophyte infection patterns has prompted many investigators to search for a link between the host, the host's predispositions and susceptibility to the disease, and the dermatophyte species and virulence. Thus, the question arises as to whether, in addition to the generally recognized factors predisposing hosts to diseases, there are some other predispositions to dermatophyte infections in a species-specific host. In this review, we describe recent findings about the mechanism of dermatophyte infections, focusing on the adaptation of the fungi to the host and conditions predisposing each side to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- 2 State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
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15
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. The host range of dermatophytes, it is at all possible? Phenotypic evaluation of the keratinolytic activity of Trichophyton verrucosum clinical isolates. Mycoses 2019; 62:274-283. [PMID: 30537378 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that have an ability to invade keratinised structures. Enzymes secreted by dermatophytes can underlie fungal survival on the host and development of infection. It is possible that the range of activity of keratinases from various dermatophytes is limited to specific species of animals and groups of people. The aim of this study was to carry out phenotypic analysis of the degree of keratinolytic activity of Trichophyton verrucosum strains using hairs of humans and various animal species as substrates. Our results indicated that the activity of keratinases is substrate-induced. The host range of T. verrucosum can be defined as wide. The highest activity of keratinases was recorded in media containing keratin from cow (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries) hairs in comparison with that from other tested species. The production of keratin-degrading enzymes is a function of time, with the peak of their activity occurring on day 15 of incubation. The role of keratin-degrading enzymes in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis is becoming increasingly clearer. Given the conceptual understanding that keratin breakdown may require more than just one enzyme, the use of phenotypic methods is an optimal approach to in vitro study of the decomposition of species-specific keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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16
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. Tinea corporisbyMicrosporum canisin mycological laboratory staff: Unexpected results of epidemiological investigation. Mycoses 2018; 61:945-953. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Biological Bases of Animal DiseasesSub‐Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Biological Bases of Animal DiseasesSub‐Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Biological Bases of Animal DiseasesSub‐Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
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17
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. Infection ofTrichophyton verrucosumin cattle breeders, Poland: A 40-year retrospective study on the genomic variability of strains. Mycoses 2018; 61:681-690. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
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18
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Multiple-strainTrichophyton mentagrophytesinfection in a silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) from a breeding farm. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Kim SJ. Epidemiologic Study of Zoophilic Dermatophytoses between 2010 and 2016. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.4.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Korea
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20
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Sabou M, Denis J, Boulanger N, Forouzanfar F, Glatz I, Lipsker D, Poirier P, Candolfi E, Letscher-Bru V. Molecular identification of Trichophyton benhamiae in Strasbourg, France: a 9-year retrospective study. Med Mycol 2017; 56:723-734. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sabou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg - Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale; EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle. 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Denis
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg - Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale; EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle. 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France. Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Faezeh Forouzanfar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Glatz
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Catherine. 19 Côte de Saverne, 67700 Saverne, France
| | - Dan Lipsker
- Service de Dermatologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Poirier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Gabriel Montpied, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et environnement (LMGE), F-63000 Clermont–Ferrand, France
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg - Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale; EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle. 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Letscher-Bru
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg. 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg - Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale; EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle. 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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21
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Veraldi S, Schianchi R, Pontini P, Gorani A. The association of isoconazole-diflucortolone in the treatment of pediatric tinea corporis. J DERMATOL TREAT 2017; 29:200-201. [PMID: 28753055 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2017.1360988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea corporis is a common mycotic infection in children. Staphylococcus aureus superinfections may be observed in atopic children with tinea corporis suffering from severe pruritus and consequent scratching. OBJECTIVE From 2006 to 2011, we observed 288 children with mycologically proven tinea corporis. In 39 of them (13.5%) tinea corporis was superinfected by S. aureus: all these children were affected by atopic dermatitis. We interpreted these bacterial superinfections as the clinical result of scratching due to pruritus. METHODS In 2012, we decided to treat all children with a single lesion of tinea corporis with a combination of 1% isoconazole nitrate and 0.1% diflucortolone valerate cream (one application/day for 5-7 days), followed by a treatment with isoconazole or clotrimazole or ciclopirox cream (two applications/day for two weeks). RESULTS From 2012 to 2014, we observed 108 children with tinea corporis confirmed by mycological examinations. Clinical and mycological recovery was observed in 93 of them (86.1%). Only four of these children (3.7%) developed S. aureus superinfections. CONCLUSIONS Our study in atopic children with tinea corporis superinfected by S. aureus confirms that a topical therapy with the association isoconazole-diflucortolone is useful and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- a Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | | | - Paolo Pontini
- a Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Alberto Gorani
- a Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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22
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23
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Hube B, Hay R, Brasch J, Veraldi S, Schaller M. Dermatomycoses and inflammation: The adaptive balance between growth, damage, and survival. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:e44-58. [PMID: 25662199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dermatomycosis is characterized by both superficial and subcutaneous infections of keratinous tissues and mucous membranes caused by a variety of fungal agents, the two most common classes being dermatophytes and yeasts. Overall, the stepwise process of host infection is similar among the main dermatomycotic species; however, the species-specific ability to elicit a host reaction upon infection is distinct. Yeasts such as Candida albicans elicit a relatively low level of host tissue damage and inflammation during pathogenic infection, while dermatophytes may induce a higher level of tissue damage and inflammatory reaction. Both pathogens can, however, manipulate the host's immune response, ensuring survival and prolonging chronic infection. One common element of most dermatomycotic infections is the disease burden caused by inflammation and associated signs and symptoms, such as erythema, burning and pruritus. There is a strong clinical rationale for the addition of a topical corticosteroid agent to an effective antimycotic therapy, especially in patients who present with inflammatory dermatomycoses (e.g., tinea inguinalis). In this review, we aim to compare the pathogenesis of common dermatomycotic species, including Candida yeasts (Candida albicans), dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton or Microsporum species), and other pathogenic yeasts (Malassezia), with a special focus on unique species-specific aspects of the respective infection processes, the interaction between essential aspects of pathogenic infection, the different roles of the host inflammatory response, and the clinical consequences of the infection-related tissue damage and inflammation. We hope that a broader understanding of the various mechanisms of dermatomycoses may contribute to more effective management of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - R Hay
- Skin Infection Clinic, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Brasch
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - S Veraldi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantations, University of Milan, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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24
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Shi TW, Zhang JA, Zhang XW, Yu HX, Tang YB, Yu JB. Combination treatment of oral terbinafine with topical terbinafine and 10% urea ointment in hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis. Mycoses 2014; 57:560-4. [PMID: 24697872 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis is chronic and recalcitrant to topical antifungal agents. Some topical antifungal agents are effective; however, long duration of therapy is required, which often reduce the treatment compliance of patients. To seek for short period therapy of hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis, in this study, we observed the efficacy and safety of treatment of topical terbinafine and 10% urea ointment combined oral terbinafine. Participants with hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients in group I were treated with oral terbinafine for 2 weeks and topical terbinafine and 10% urea ointment for 4 weeks, whereas in group II, only the above topical agents were applied for 12 weeks. Clinical improvement rates and fungal eradication rates were compared between the two groups at 24 weeks after the initiation of treatment. The group I had stopped the topical therapy 8 weeks earlier than group II. There were no significant differences in mycological eradication rates and clinical improvement rates between the two groups, besides, no major side effects were noted in both groups. The short combination therapy with oral terbinafine was effective and safe; it should be a valuable option for patients with hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Wei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
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