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Wang Q, Farhadipour M, Thijs T, Ruilova Sosoranga E, Van der Schueren B, Ceulemans LJ, Deleus E, Lannoo M, Tack J, Depoortere I. Bitter-tasting drugs tune GDF15 and GLP-1 expression via bitter taste or motilin receptors in the intestine of patients with obesity. Mol Metab 2024; 88:102002. [PMID: 39111389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a stress related cytokine, was recently identified as a novel satiety signal acting via the GFRAL receptor located in the hindbrain. Bitter compounds are known to induce satiety via the release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) through activation of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs, 25 subtypes) on enteroendocrine cells in the gut. This study aimed to investigate whether and how bitter compounds induce a stress response in intestinal epithelial cells to affect GDF15 expression in patients with obesity, thereby facilitating satiety signaling from the gut. METHODS The acute effect of oral intake of the bitter-containing medication Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) on plasma GDF15 levels was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, two-visit crossover study in healthy volunteers. Primary crypts isolated from the jejunal mucosa from patients with obesity were stimulated with vehicle or bitter compounds, and the effect on GDF15 expression was evaluated using RT-qPCR or ELISA. Immunofluorescence colocalization studies were performed between GDF15, epithelial cell type markers and TAS2Rs. The role of TAS2Rs was tested by 1) pretreatment with a TAS2R antagonist, GIV3727; 2) determining TAS2R4/43 polymorphisms that affect taste sensitivity to TAS2R4/43 agonists. RESULTS Acute intake of hydroxychloroquine sulfate increased GDF15 plasma levels, which correlated with reduced hunger scores and plasma ghrelin levels in healthy volunteers. This effect was mimicked in primary jejunal cultures from patients with obesity. GDF15 was expressed in enteroendocrine and goblet cells with higher expression levels in patients with obesity. Various bitter-tasting compounds (medicinal, plant extracts, bacterial) either increased or decreased GDF15 expression, with some also affecting GLP-1. The effect was mediated by specific intestinal TAS2R subtypes and the unfolded protein response pathway. The bitter-induced effect on GDF15/GLP-1 expression was influenced by the existence of TAS2R4 amino acid polymorphisms and TAS2R43 deletion polymorphisms that may predict patient's therapeutic responsiveness. However, the effect of the bitter-tasting antibiotic azithromycin on GDF15 release was mediated via the motilin receptor, possibly explaining some of its aversive side effects. CONCLUSIONS Bitter chemosensory and pharmacological receptors regulate the release of GDF15 from human gut epithelial cells and represent potential targets for modulating metabolic disorders or cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Farhadipour
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens J Ceulemans
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation (LIFT) Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Deleus
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Lannoo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Trius-Soler M, Moreno JJ. Bitter taste receptors: Key target to understand the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116192. [PMID: 38583811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical research has reported beneficial effects of polyphenol intake on high prevalent diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. These phytochemicals are ligands of taste 2 receptors (T2Rs) that have been recently located in a variety of organs and extra-oral tissues. Therefore, the interaction between polyphenol and T2Rs in brain structures can play a direct effect on appetite/satiety regulation and food intake. T2Rs are also expressed along the digestive tract, and their interaction with polyphenols can induce the release of gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., ghrelin, GLP-1, CCK) influencing appetite, gastrointestinal functionally, and glycemia control. Intestinal microbiota can also influence on network effects of polyphenols-T2Rs interaction and vice versa, impacting innate immune responses and consequently on gut functionally. Furthermore, polyphenols binding to T2Rs present important effects on adipose tissue metabolism. Interestingly, T2R polymorphism could, at least partially, explain the inter-individual variability of the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Together, these factors can contribute to understand the beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich diets but also might aid in identifying new pharmacological pathway targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trius-Soler
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Research, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Cheng L, Xia F, Li Z, Shen C, Yang Z, Hou H, Sun S, Feng Y, Yong X, Tian X, Qin H, Yan W, Shao Z. Structure, function and drug discovery of GPCR signaling. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:46. [PMID: 38047990 PMCID: PMC10695916 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile and vital proteins involved in a wide array of physiological processes and responses, such as sensory perception (e.g., vision, taste, and smell), immune response, hormone regulation, and neurotransmission. Their diverse and essential roles in the body make them a significant focus for pharmaceutical research and drug development. Currently, approximately 35% of marketed drugs directly target GPCRs, underscoring their prominence as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in structural biology have substantially deepened our understanding of GPCR activation mechanisms and interactions with G-protein and arrestin signaling pathways. This review offers an in-depth exploration of both traditional and recent methods in GPCR structure analysis. It presents structure-based insights into ligand recognition and receptor activation mechanisms and delves deeper into the mechanisms of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements in GPCR-related drug discovery and development. Particular emphasis is placed on GPCR selective drugs, allosteric and biased signaling, polyphamarcology, and antibody drugs. Our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough and updated understanding of GPCR structure determination, signaling pathway investigation, and drug development. This foundation aims to propel forward-thinking therapeutic approaches that target GPCRs, drawing upon the latest insights into GPCR ligand selectivity, activation, and biased signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglong Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqian Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxi Qin
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Frontiers Medical Center, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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Ruilova Sosoranga E, Verbeure W, Geysen H, Thijs T, Matthys C, Depoortere I, Tack J. The Acute Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate on Hunger, the Plasma Concentration of Orexigenic Peptides and Hedonic Food Intake: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4264. [PMID: 37836548 PMCID: PMC10574275 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct infusion of bitter solutions in the gastrointestinal tract can reduce the secretion of orexigenic hormones and influence appetite and food intake. We aimed to explore whether oral ingestion of the bitter tastant hydroxychloroquine sulfate can exert similar effects. Ten lean adult women were included in this double-blind, randomized, two-visit, crossover study. After an overnight fast, each volunteer received film-coated tablets containing 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil®) or placebo. Plasma-ghrelin, -motilin, -insulin and blood-glucose concentrations were determined every 10 min before and 30 min after feeding; appetite was scored every 10 min. Hunger scores were investigated with a special interest 50-60 min after the ingestion of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, right before a rewarding chocolate milkshake was offered to drink ad libitum. Compared with the placebo, hydroxychloroquine sulfate tended to reduce hunger at the time of interest (p = 0.10). No effect was found upon subsequent milkshake intake. Motilin plasma concentrations were unaltered, but acyl-ghrelin plasma concentrations decreased after the ingestion of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (t = 40-50; p < 0.05). These data suggest that the oral intake of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets reduces subjective hunger via a ghrelin-dependent mechanism but does not affect motilin release, hedonic food intake or insulin levels in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ruilova Sosoranga
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Hannelore Geysen
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Christophe Matthys
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (I.D.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Rose BD, Lange K, Mohammadpour Z, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Quinine on the Glycaemic Response to, and Gastric Emptying of, a Mixed-Nutrient Drink in Females and Males. Nutrients 2023; 15:3584. [PMID: 37630774 PMCID: PMC10459881 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraduodenal quinine, in the dose of 600 mg, stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin and insulin; slows gastric emptying (GE); and lowers post-meal glucose in men. Oral sensitivity to bitter substances may be greater in women than men. We, accordingly, evaluated the dose-related effects of quinine on GE, and the glycaemic responses to, a mixed-nutrient drink in females, and compared the effects of the higher dose with those in males. A total of 13 female and 13 male healthy volunteers received quinine-hydrochloride (600 mg ('QHCl-600') or 300 mg ('QHCl-300', females only) or control ('C'), intraduodenally (10 mL bolus) 30 min before a drink (500 kcal, 74 g carbohydrates). Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin were measured at baseline, for 30 min after quinine alone, and then for 2 h post-drink. GE was measured by 13C-acetate breath-test. QHCl-600 alone stimulated insulin, C-peptide and GLP-1 secretion compared to C. Post-drink, QHCl-600 reduced plasma glucose, stimulated C-peptide and GLP-1, and increased the C-peptide/glucose ratio and oral disposition index, while cholecystokinin and GIP were less, in females and males. QHCl-600 also slowed GE compared to C in males and compared to QHCl-300 in females (p < 0.05). QHCl-300 reduced post-meal glucose concentrations and increased the C-peptide/glucose ratio, compared to C (p < 0.05). Magnitudes of glucose lowering and increase in C-peptide/glucose ratio by QHCl-600 were greater in females than males (p < 0.05). We conclude that quinine modulates glucoregulatory functions, associated with glucose lowering in healthy males and females. However, glucose lowering appears to be greater in females than males, without apparent differential effects on GI functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rezaie
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Braden David Rose
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Zinat Mohammadpour
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jens Frederik Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Mori H, Verbeure W, Tanemoto R, Sosoranga ER. Physiological functions and potential clinical applications of motilin. Peptides 2023; 160:170905. [PMID: 36436612 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motilin is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted by the duodenum. This peptide regulates a characteristic gastrointestinal contraction pattern, called the migrating motor complex, during the fasting state. Motilin also affects the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, gastric motility and gastric accommodation in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, motilin induces bile discharge into the duodenum by promoting gallbladder contraction, pepsin secretion in the stomach, pancreatic juice and insulin secretion from the pancreas. In recent years, it has been shown that motilin is associated with appetite, and clinical applications are expected for diseases affected by food intake, e.g. obesity, by regulating motilin levels. Gastric acid and bile are the two major physiological regulators for motilin release. Caloric foods have varying effects on motilin levels, depending on their composition. Among non-caloric foods, bitter substances reduce motilin levels and are therefore expected to have an appetite-suppressing effect. Various motilin receptor agonists and antagonists have been developed but have yet to reach clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Rose BD, Lange K, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Quinine Effects on Gut and Pancreatic Hormones and Antropyloroduodenal Pressures in Humans-Role of Delivery Site and Sex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2870-e2881. [PMID: 35325161 PMCID: PMC9250303 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The bitter substance quinine modulates the release of a number of gut and gluco-regulatory hormones and upper gut motility. As the density of bitter receptors may be higher in the duodenum than the stomach, direct delivery to the duodenum may be more potent in stimulating these functions. The gastrointestinal responses to bitter compounds may also be modified by sex. BACKGROUND We have characterized the effects of intragastric (IG) versus intraduodenal (ID) administration of quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) on gut and pancreatic hormones and antropyloroduodenal pressures in healthy men and women. METHODS 14 men (26 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.2 ± 0.5 kg/m2) and 14 women (28 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2) received 600 mg QHCl on 2 separate occasions, IG or ID as a 10-mL bolus, in randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations and antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured at baseline and for 120 minutes following QHCl. RESULTS Suppression of ghrelin (P = 0.006), stimulation of cholecystokinin (P = 0.030), peptide YY (P = 0.017), GLP-1 (P = 0.034), insulin (P = 0.024), glucagon (P = 0.030), and pyloric pressures (P = 0.050), and lowering of glucose (P = 0.001) were greater after ID-QHCl than IG-QHCl. Insulin stimulation (P = 0.021) and glucose reduction (P = 0.001) were greater in females than males, while no sex-associated effects were found for cholecystokinin, peptide YY, GLP-1, glucagon, or pyloric pressures. CONCLUSION ID quinine has greater effects on plasma gut and pancreatic hormones and pyloric pressures than IG quinine in healthy subjects, consistent with the concept that stimulation of small intestinal bitter receptors is critical to these responses. Both insulin stimulation and glucose lowering were sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rezaie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Braden D Rose
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Correspondence: Prof Christine Feinle-Bisset, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Corner of North Tce and George St, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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Niethammer AG, Zheng Z, Timmer A, Lee TL. First-in-Human Evaluation of Oral Denatonium Acetate (ARD-101), a Potential Bitter Taste Receptor Agonist: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 1 Trial in Healthy Adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:997-1006. [PMID: 35509219 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in animal models of obesity and inflammation have shown that oral administration of ARD-101, a potential TAS2R agonist, reduced food intake and body weight and downregulated inflammatory cytokines. We present results from a first-in-human phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single or multiple ascending doses of oral ARD-101 (40, 100, and 240 mg) in healthy adults. A total of 43 subjects were randomly assigned and dosed to ARD-101 or placebo with 42 subjects completing the study treatment. ARD-101 was found to be >99% restricted to the gut with minimal systemic exposure, demonstrated a favorable safety profile, and was well tolerated at all dose levels. Blood samples taken 1 hour after administration showed that subjects dosed with 240 mg of ARD-101 had elevated circulating levels of several gut peptide hormones. It is postulated that ARD-101 activates enteroendocrine cells to achieve its effects regulating metabolism and inflammation. The phase 1 clinical results demonstrated safety of ARD-101 and indicated activation of gut peptide hormone release in healthy adults. Further clinical trials will evaluate ARD-101 in patients with metabolic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tien-Li Lee
- Aardvark Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California
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Czigle S, Bittner Fialová S, Tóth J, Mučaji P, Nagy M. Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders-Plants and Potential Mechanisms of Action of Their Constituents. Molecules 2022; 27:2881. [PMID: 35566230 PMCID: PMC9105531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases is about 40%, with standard pharmacotherapy being long-lasting and economically challenging. Of the dozens of diseases listed by the Rome IV Foundation criteria, for five of them (heartburn, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting disorder, constipation, and diarrhoea), treatment with herbals is an official alternative, legislatively supported by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). However, for most plants, the Directive does not require a description of the mechanisms of action, which should be related to the therapeutic effect of the European plant in question. This review article, therefore, summarizes the basic pharmacological knowledge of synthetic drugs used in selected functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and correlates them with the constituents of medicinal plants. Therefore, the information presented here is intended as a starting point to support the claim that both empirical folk medicine and current and decades-old treatments with official herbal remedies have a rational basis in modern pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Czigle
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.F.); (J.T.); (P.M.); (M.N.)
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Walker EG, Lo KR, Pahl MC, Shin HS, Lang C, Wohlers MW, Poppitt SD, Sutton KH, Ingram JR. An extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) modulates gut peptide hormone secretion and reduces energy intake in healthy-weight men: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:925-940. [PMID: 35102364 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells express chemosensory bitter taste receptors that may play an important role in regulating energy intake (EI) and gut function. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of a bitter hop extract (Humulus lupulus L.) on acute EI, appetite, and hormonal responses. METHODS Nineteen healthy-weight men completed a randomized 3-treatment, double-blind, crossover study with a 1-wk washout between treatments. Treatments comprised either placebo or 500 mg of hop extract administered in delayed-release capsules (duodenal) at 11:00 h or quick-release capsules (gastric) at 11:30 h. Ad libitum EI was recorded at the lunch (12:00 h) and afternoon snack (14:00 h), with blood samples taken and subjective ratings of appetite, gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, vitality, meal palatability, and mood assessed throughout the day. RESULTS Total ad libitum EI was reduced following both the gastric (4473 kJ; 95% CI: 3811, 5134; P = 0.006) and duodenal (4439 kJ; 95% CI: 3777, 5102; P = 0.004) hop treatments compared with the placebo (5383 kJ; 95% CI: 4722, 6045). Gastric and duodenal treatments stimulated prelunch ghrelin secretion and postprandial cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide YY responses compared with placebo. In contrast, postprandial insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and pancreatic polypeptide responses were reduced in gastric and duodenal treatments without affecting glycemia. In addition, gastric and duodenal treatments produced small but significant increases in subjective measures of GI discomfort (e.g., nausea, bloating, abdominal discomfort) with mild to severe adverse GI symptoms reported in the gastric treatment only. However, no significant treatment effects were observed for any subjective measures of appetite or meal palatability. CONCLUSIONS Both gastric and duodenal delivery of a hop extract modulates the release of hormones involved in appetite and glycemic regulation, providing a potential "bitter brake" on EI in healthy-weight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Walker
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim R Lo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm C Pahl
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hyun S Shin
- Human Nutrition Unit; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Lang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark W Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin H Sutton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - John R Ingram
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Liszt KI, Wang Q, Farhadipour M, Segers A, Thijs T, Nys L, Deleus E, Van der Schueren B, Gerner C, Neuditschko B, Ceulemans LJ, Lannoo M, Tack J, Depoortere I. Human intestinal bitter taste receptors regulate innate immune responses and metabolic regulators in obesity. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:144828. [PMID: 34784295 PMCID: PMC8803326 DOI: 10.1172/jci144828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (taste 2 receptors, TAS2Rs) serve as warning sensors in the lingual system against the ingestion of potentially poisonous food. Here, we investigated the functional role of TAS2Rs in the human gut and focused on their potential to trigger an additional host defense pathway in the intestine. Human jejunal crypts, especially those from individuals with obesity, responded to bitter agonists by inducing the release of antimicrobial peptides (α-defensin 5 and regenerating islet–derived protein 3 α [REG3A]) but also regulated the expression of other innate immune factors (mucins, chemokines) that affected E. coli growth. We found that the effect of aloin on E. coli growth and on the release of the mucus glycoprotein CLCA1, identified via proteomics, was affected by TAS2R43 deletion polymorphisms and thus confirmed a role for TAS2R43. RNA-Seq revealed that denatonium benzoate induced an NRF2-mediated nutrient stress response and an unfolded protein response that increased the expression of the mitokine GDF15 but also ADM2 and LDLR, genes that are involved in anorectic signaling and lipid homeostasis. In conclusion, TAS2Rs in the intestine constitute a promising target for treating diseases that involve disturbances in the innate immune system and body weight control. TAS2R polymorphisms may be valuable genetic markers to predict therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Farhadipour
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Nys
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Deleus
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laurens J Ceulemans
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Lannoo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Geysen H, Geeraerts A, Verbeure W, Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Pauwels A. The bitter tastant denatonium benzoate has no influence on the number of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in health. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14061. [PMID: 33615641 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of a bitter compound can alter the intragastric pressure (IGP) after a meal. Additionally, a negative correlation between IGP and the number of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) has been demonstrated. However, the effect of a bitter tastant on the number of TLESRs and subsequent reflux episodes has never been investigated and it is unclear whether bitter food items should be avoided in gastro-esophageal reflux disease. We hypothesize that bitter administration in healthy volunteers (HVs) will lead to an increase in the number of TLESRs. METHODS After an overnight fast, 20 female HVs (36 years [21-63]) underwent a high-resolution impedance manometry (HRiM) measurement. After placement of the HRiM probe, 0.1 ml/kg of a 10 mM denatonium benzoate solution (bitter) or an identical volume of water (placebo) was administered directly into the stomach. The number of TLESRs and reflux episodes was quantified 30 min before and 2 h after consumption of a high caloric meal. KEY RESULTS There was no significant difference in the number of TLESRs or reflux episodes between the bitter and placebo condition. Additionally, no differences were observed in the nature (gas or liquid) and extent of reflux events. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures dropped significantly in the first postprandial hour to start recovering slowly back to baseline values during the second postprandial hour (p < 0.0001), without any difference between both conditions. CONCLUSIONS & INTERFERENCES Administration of the bitter tastant denatonium benzoate has no influence on the number of TLESRs or reflux episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Geysen
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Geeraerts
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ans Pauwels
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Verbeure W, Deloose E, Tóth J, Rehfeld JF, Van Oudenhove L, Depoortere I, Tack J. The endocrine effects of bitter tastant administration in the gastrointestinal system: intragastric versus intraduodenal administration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E1-E10. [PMID: 34029163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00636.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bitter tastants are recently introduced as potential hunger-suppressive compounds, the so-called "Bitter pill." However, the literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We want to test whether hunger ratings and hormone plasma levels are affected by: 1) the site of administration: intragastrically (IG) or intraduodenally (ID), 2) the bitter tastant itself, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) or denatonium benzoate (DB), and 3) the timing of infusion. Therefore, 14 healthy, female volunteers participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled six-visit crossover study. After an overnight fast, DB (1 µmol/kg), QHCl (10 µmol/kg), or placebo were given IG or ID via a nasogastric feeding tube. Blood samples were taken 10 min before administration and every 10 min after administration for a period of 2 h. Hunger was rated at the same time points on a visual analogue scale. ID bitter administration did not affect hunger sensations, motilin, or acyl-ghrelin release compared with its placebo infusion. IG QHCl infusion tended to suppress hunger increase, especially between 50 and 70 min after infusion, simultaneously with reduced motilin values. Here, acyl-ghrelin was not affected. IG DB did not affect hunger or motilin, however acyl-ghrelin levels were reduced 50-70 minutes after infusion. Plasma values of glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin were too low to be properly detected or to have any physiological relevance. In conclusion, bitter tastants should be infused into the stomach to reduce hunger sensations and orexigenic gut peptides. QHCl has the best potential to reduce hunger sensations, and it should be infused 60 min before food intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bitter tastants are a potential new weight-loss treatment. This is a noninvasive, easy approach, which should be received with considerable enthusiasm by the public. However, literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We summarize how the compound should be given based on: the site of administration, the best bitter compound to use, and at what timing in respect to the meal. This paper is therefore a fundamental step to continue research toward the further development of the "bitter pill."
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Tóth
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Tack J, Verbeure W, Mori H, Schol J, Van den Houte K, Huang IH, Balsiger L, Broeders B, Colomier E, Scarpellini E, Carbone F. The gastrointestinal tract in hunger and satiety signalling. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:727-734. [PMID: 34153172 PMCID: PMC8280794 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different peripheral pathways are implicated in the regulation of the food ingestion-digestion cycle. METHODS Narrative review on gastrointestinal mechanisms involved in satiety and hunger signalling. RESULTS Combined mechano- and chemoreceptors, peripherally released peptide hormones and neural pathways provide feedback to the brain to determine sensations of hunger (increase energy intake) or satiation (cessation of energy intake) and regulate the human metabolism. The gastric accommodation reflex, which consists of a transient relaxation of the proximal stomach during food intake, has been identified as a major determinant of meal volume, through activation of tension-sensitive gastric mechanoreceptors. Motilin, whose release is the trigger of gastric Phase 3, has been identified as the major determinant of return of hunger after a meal. In addition, the release of several peptide hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin as well as motilin and ghrelin contributes to gut-brain signalling with relevance to control of hunger and satiety. A number of nutrients, such as bitter tastants, as well as pharmacological agents, such as endocannabinoid receptor antagonists and GLP-1 analogues act on these pathways to influence hunger, satiation and food intake. CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal mechanisms such as gastric accommodation and motilin release are key determinants of satiety and hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Schol
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Van den Houte
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I-Hsuan Huang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Balsiger
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Broeders
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Colomier
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florencia Carbone
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Rose BD, Bitarafan V, Rezaie P, Fitzgerald PCE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Comparative Effects of Intragastric and Intraduodenal Administration of Quinine on the Plasma Glucose Response to a Mixed-Nutrient Drink in Healthy Men: Relations with Glucoregulatory Hormones and Gastric Emptying. J Nutr 2021; 151:1453-1461. [PMID: 33704459 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preclinical studies, bitter compounds, including quinine, stimulate secretion of glucoregulatory hormones [e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)] and slow gastric emptying, both key determinants of postprandial glycemia. A greater density of bitter-taste receptors has been reported in the duodenum than the stomach. Thus, intraduodenal (ID) delivery may be more effective in stimulating GI functions to lower postprandial glucose. OBJECTIVE We compared effects of intragastric (IG) and ID quinine [as quinine hydrochloride (QHCl)] administration on the plasma glucose response to a mixed-nutrient drink and relations with gastric emptying, plasma C-peptide (reflecting insulin secretion), and GLP-1. METHODS Fourteen healthy men [mean ± SD age: 25 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 22.5 ± 0.5] received, on 4 separate occasions, in double-blind, randomly assigned order, 600 mg QHCl or control, IG or ID, 60 min (IG conditions) or 30 min (IG conditions) before a mixed-nutrient drink. Plasma glucose (primary outcome) and hormones were measured before, and for 2 h following, the drink. Gastric emptying of the drink was measured using a 13C-acetate breath test. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures 2-way ANOVAs (factors: treatment and route of administration) to evaluate effects of QHCl alone and 3-way ANOVAs (factors: treatment, route-of-administration, and time) for responses to the drink. RESULTS After QHCl alone, there were effects of treatment, but not route of administration, on C-peptide, GLP-1, and glucose (P < 0.05); QHCl stimulated C-peptide and GLP-1 and lowered glucose concentrations (IG control: 4.5 ± 0.1; IG-QHCl: 3.9 ± 0.1; ID-control: 4.6 ± 0.1; ID-QHCl: 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L) compared with control. Postdrink, there were treatment × time interactions for glucose, C-peptide, and gastric emptying, and a treatment effect for GLP-1 (all P < 0.05), but no route-of-administration effects. QHCl stimulated C-peptide and GLP-1, slowed gastric emptying, and reduced glucose (IG control: 7.2 ± 0.3; IG-QHCl: 6.2 ± 0.3; ID-control: 7.2 ± 0.3; ID-QHCl: 6.4 ± 0.4 mmol/L) compared with control. CONCLUSIONS In healthy men, IG and ID quinine administration similarly lowered plasma glucose, increased plasma insulin and GLP-1, and slowed gastric emptying. These findings have potential implications for lowering blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. This study was registered as a clinical trial with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12619001269123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden D Rose
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Peyman Rezaie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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16
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Wilbrink J, Masclee G, Klaassen T, van Avesaat M, Keszthelyi D, Masclee A. Review on the Regional Effects of Gastrointestinal Luminal Stimulation on Appetite and Energy Intake: (Pre)clinical Observations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051601. [PMID: 34064724 PMCID: PMC8151500 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macronutrients in the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen are able to activate “intestinal brakes”, feedback mechanisms on proximal GI motility and secretion including appetite and energy intake. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the current evidence with respect to four questions: (1) are regional differences (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) present in the intestinal luminal nutrient modulation of appetite and energy intake? (2) is this “intestinal brake” effect macronutrient specific? (3) is this “intestinal brake” effect maintained during repetitive activation? (4) can the “intestinal brake” effect be activated via non-caloric tastants? Recent evidence indicates that: (1) regional differences exist in the intestinal modulation of appetite and energy intake with a proximal to distal gradient for inhibition of energy intake: ileum and jejunum > duodenum at low but not at high caloric infusion rates. (2) the “intestinal brake” effect on appetite and energy appears not to be macronutrient specific. At equi-caloric amounts, the inhibition on energy intake and appetite is in the same range for fat, protein and carbohydrate. (3) data on repetitive ileal brake activation are scarce because of the need for prolonged intestinal intubation. During repetitive activation of the ileal brake for up to 4 days, no adaptation was observed but overall the inhibitory effect on energy intake was small. (4) the concept of influencing energy intake by intra-intestinal delivery of non-caloric tastants is intriguing. Among tastants, the bitter compounds appear to be more effective in influencing energy intake. Energy intake decreases modestly after post-oral delivery of bitter tastants or a combination of tastants (bitter, sweet and umami). Intestinal brake activation provides an interesting concept for preventive and therapeutic approaches in weight management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wilbrink
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Gwen Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tim Klaassen
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3875021
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Bitter Substances on GI Function, Energy Intake and Glycaemia-Do Preclinical Findings Translate to Outcomes in Humans? Nutrients 2021; 13:1317. [PMID: 33923589 PMCID: PMC8072924 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter substances are contained in many plants, are often toxic and can be present in spoiled food. Thus, the capacity to detect bitter taste has classically been viewed to have evolved primarily to signal the presence of toxins and thereby avoid their consumption. The recognition, based on preclinical studies (i.e., studies in cell cultures or experimental animals), that bitter substances may have potent effects to stimulate the secretion of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and modulate gut motility, via activation of bitter taste receptors located in the GI tract, reduce food intake and lower postprandial blood glucose, has sparked considerable interest in their potential use in the management or prevention of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. However, it remains to be established whether findings from preclinical studies can be translated to health outcomes, including weight loss and improved long-term glycaemic control. This review examines information relating to the effects of bitter substances on the secretion of key gut hormones, gastric motility, food intake and blood glucose in preclinical studies, as well as the evidence from clinical studies, as to whether findings from animal studies translate to humans. Finally, the evidence that bitter substances have the capacity to reduce body weight and/or improve glycaemic control in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, and potentially represent a novel strategy for the management, or prevention, of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (P.R.); (V.B.); (M.H.)
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18
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Harmon CP, Deng D, Breslin PA. Bitter Taste Receptors (T2Rs) are Sentinels that Coordinate Metabolic and Immunological Defense Responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 20:70-76. [PMID: 33738371 PMCID: PMC7963268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being responsible for bitter taste, type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs) regulate endocrine, behavioral, and immunological responses. T2R agonists include indicators of incoming threats to metabolic homeostasis, pathogens, and irritants. This review will provide an overview of T2R-regulated processes throughout the body that function defensively. We propose a broader definition of T2Rs as chemosensory sentinels that monitor toxic, metabolic, and infectious threats and initiate defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Harmon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Daiyong Deng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Paul A.S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Nunez‐Salces M, Li H, Feinle‐Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. The regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13588. [PMID: 33249751 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric hormone with multiple physiological functions, including the stimulation of food intake and adiposity. It is well established that circulating ghrelin levels are closely associated with feeding patterns, rising strongly before a meal and lowering upon food intake. However, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of ghrelin secretion are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge on the circadian oscillation of circulating ghrelin levels, the neural mechanisms stimulating fasting ghrelin levels and peripheral mechanisms modulating postprandial ghrelin levels. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting the ghrelin pathway is discussed in the context of the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, diabetic gastroparesis and Prader-Willi syndrome. Moreover, eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez‐Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Christine Feinle‐Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Amanda J. Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
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20
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Cheng W, Yao M, Liu F. Bitter Taste Receptor as a Therapeutic Target in Orthopaedic Disorders. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:895-903. [PMID: 33679130 PMCID: PMC7926036 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s289614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-gustatory, extraoral bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are G-protein coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the body and have various functional responses when stimulated by bitter agonists. Presently, T2Rs have been found to be expressed in osteoclasts and osteocytes where osteoclasts were capable of detecting bacterial quorum-sensing molecules through the T2R38 isoform. In the innate immune system, stimulating T2Rs induces anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic effects through the phospholipase C/inositol triphosphate pathway, which leads to intracellular calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The immune cells with functional responses to T2R activation also play a role in bone inflammation and orthopaedic disorders. Furthermore, increasing intracellular calcium levels in bone cells through T2R activation can potentially influence bone formation and resorption. With recent studies finding T2R expression in bone cells, we examine the potential of targeting this receptor to treat bone inflammation and to promote bone anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weyland Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manye Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangna Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Effects of gastrointestinal delivery of non-caloric tastants on energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2923-2947. [PMID: 33559026 PMCID: PMC8354866 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Taste receptors are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The activation of post-oral taste receptors using tastants could provide a non-invasive treatment option in combating the obesity epidemic. The aim of this review was to examine the effect of post-oral delivery of non-caloric tastants on eating behavior reflected by primary outcome energy intake and secondary outcomes GI symptoms and perceptions and potential underlying mechanisms. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Methods A systematic literature search of the Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database on 26 February 2020 (ID: CRD42020171182). Two researchers independently screened 11,912 articles and extracted information from 19 articles. If at least two studies investigated the effect of the same taste compound on primary outcome energy intake, a meta-analysis was performed to determine pooled effect sizes. Results Nineteen papers including healthy volunteers were included. In the 19 papers analyzed, effects of various tastants were investigated in healthy volunteers. Most extensively investigated were bitter tastants. The meta-analysis of effects of bitter tastants showed a significant reduction in energy intake of 54.62 kcal (95% CI − 78.54 to − 30.69, p = 0.0014). Conclusions Bitter stimuli are most potent to influence eating behavior. Energy intake decreased after post-oral delivery of bitter tastants. This highlights the potential of a preventive role of bitter tastants in battling the obesity epidemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02485-4.
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22
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Effect of oral or intragastric delivery of the bitter tastant quinine on food intake and appetite sensations: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:92-100. [PMID: 32660667 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of gastrointestinal taste receptors affects eating behaviour. Intraduodenal infusion of tastants leads to increased satiation and reduced food intake, whereas intraileal infusion of tastants does not affect eating behaviour. Currently, it is unknown whether oral- or intragastric administration of tastants induces a larger effect on eating behaviour. This study investigated the effects of oral- and/or intragastric administration of quinine on food intake, appetite sensations and heart rate variability (HRV). In a blinded randomised crossover trial, thirty-two healthy volunteers participated in four interventions with a 1-week washout: oral placebo and intragastric placebo (OPGP), oral quinine and intragastric placebo (OQGP), oral placebo and intragastric quinine (OPGQ) and oral quinine and intragastric quinine (OQGQ). On test days, 150 min after a standardised breakfast, subjects ingested a capsule containing quinine or placebo and were sham-fed a mixture of quinine or placebo orally. At 50 min after intervention, subjects received an ad libitum meal to measure food intake. Visual analogue scales for appetite sensations were collected, and HRV measurements were performed at regular intervals. Oral and/or intragastric delivery of the bitter tastant quinine did not affect food intake (OPGP: 3273·6 (sem 131·8) kJ, OQGP: 3072·7 (sem 132·2) kJ, OPGQ: 3289·0 (sem 132·6) kJ and OQGQ: 3204·1 (sem 133·1) kJ, P = 0·069). Desire to eat and hunger decreased after OQGP and OPGQ compared with OPGP (P < 0·001 and P < 0·05, respectively), whereas satiation, fullness and HRV did not differ between interventions. In conclusion, sole oral sham feeding with and sole intragastric delivery of quinine decreased desire to eat and hunger, without affecting food intake, satiation, fullness or HRV.
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23
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Fendler W, Pietruszewska W. Clinical Role of Extraoral Bitter Taste Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5156. [PMID: 32708215 PMCID: PMC7404188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes-the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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24
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Livovsky DM, Pribic T, Azpiroz F. Food, Eating, and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040986. [PMID: 32252402 PMCID: PMC7231022 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingestion induces a metered response of the digestive system. Initially, the upper digestive system reacts to process and extract meal substrates. Later, meal residues not absorbed in the small bowel, pass into the colon and activate the metabolism of resident microbiota. Food consumption also induces sensations that arise before ingestion (e.g., anticipatory reward), during ingestion (e.g., gustation), and most importantly, after the meal (i.e., the postprandial experience). The postprandial experience involves homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (digestive well-being, mood). The factors that determine the postprandial experience are poorly understood, despite their potential role in personalized diets and healthy eating habits. Current data suggest that the characteristics of the meal (amount, palatability, composition), the activity of the digestive system (suited processing), and the receptivity of the eater (influenced by multiple conditioning factors) may be important in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Livovsky
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9103102 Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Teorora Pribic
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-274-6222; Fax: +34-93-489-4456
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25
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Wang Q, Liszt KI, Depoortere I. Extra-oral bitter taste receptors: New targets against obesity? Peptides 2020; 127:170284. [PMID: 32092303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taste perception on the tongue is essential to help us to identify nutritious or potential toxic food substances. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the expression and function of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in a wide range of extra-oral tissues. In particular, TAS2Rs in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells control the secretion of appetite regulating gut hormones and influence hunger and food intake. Furthermore, these effects may be reinforced by the presence of TAS2Rs on intestinal smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and the brain. This review summarises how activation of extra-oral TAS2Rs can influence appetite and body weight control and how obesity impacts the expression and function of TAS2Rs. Region-selective targeting of bitter taste receptors may be promising targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Walker E, Lo K, Tham S, Pahl M, Lomiwes D, Cooney J, Wohlers M, Gopal P. New Zealand Bitter Hops Extract Reduces Hunger During a 24 h Water Only Fast. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112754. [PMID: 31766216 PMCID: PMC6893682 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting improves metabolic and cardiac health. However, increased hunger towards the end of the fasting period may affect compliance and limit its application. Our aim was to determine the effect of anorexigenic agent co-therapy on subjective ratings of appetite during the 16–24 h period of a day-long water-only intermittent fast. Thirty adult men were recruited and required to fast for 24 h from 18:00 h to 18:00 h on the same day of the week for three subsequent weeks. Treatments of either a placebo or one of two doses (high dose; HD: 250 mg or low dose; LD: 100 mg) of a bitter hops-based appetite suppressant (Amarasate®) were given twice per day at 16 and 20 h into the fast. From 18–24 h of the 24 h fast, both the HD and LD treatment groups exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) > 10% reduction in hunger. Additionally, the expected lunchtime increase in hunger that was present in the placebo group (12:00 h) was absent in both the HD and LD groups. These data suggest that appetite suppressant co-therapy may be useful in reducing hunger during intermittent fasting, and show that bitter compounds may regulate appetite independently of meal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Walker
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9925-7050
| | - Kim Lo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Sze Tham
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.T.); (D.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Malcolm Pahl
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Dominic Lomiwes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.T.); (D.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; (K.L.); (M.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Pramod Gopal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.T.); (D.L.); (P.G.)
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27
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Roura E, Depoortere I, Navarro M. Review: Chemosensing of nutrients and non-nutrients in the human and porcine gastrointestinal tract. Animal 2019; 13:2714-2726. [PMID: 31387651 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an interface between the external and internal milieus that requires continuous monitoring for nutrients or pathogens and toxic chemicals. The study of the physiological/molecular mechanisms, mediating the responses to the monitoring of the GIT contents, has been referred to as chemosensory science. While most of the progress in this area of research has been obtained in laboratory rodents and humans, significant steps forward have also been reported in pigs. The objective of this review was to update the current knowledge on nutrient chemosensing in pigs in light of recent advances in humans and laboratory rodents. A second objective relates to informing the existence of nutrient sensors with their functionality, particularly linked to the gut peptides relevant to the onset/offset of appetite. Several cell types of the intestinal epithelium such as Paneth, goblet, tuft and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contain subsets of chemosensory receptors also found on the tongue as part of the taste system. In particular, EECs show specific co-expression patterns between nutrient sensors and/or transceptors (transport proteins with sensing functions) and anorexigenic hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), amongst others. In addition, the administration of bitter compounds has an inhibitory effect on GIT motility and on appetite through GLP-1-, CCK-, ghrelin- and PYY-labelled EECs in the human small intestine and colon. Furthermore, the mammalian chemosensory system is the target of some bacterial metabolites. Recent studies on the human microbiome have discovered that commensal bacteria have developed strategies to stimulate chemosensory receptors and trigger host cellular functions. Finally, the study of gene polymorphisms related to nutrient sensors explains differences in food choices, food intake and appetite between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gut Peptide Research Lab, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Bitarafan V, Fitzgerald PCE, Little TJ, Meyerhof W, Wu T, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Intraduodenal Infusion of the Bitter Tastant, Quinine, on Antropyloroduodenal Motility, Plasma Cholecystokinin, and Energy Intake in Healthy Men. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:413-422. [PMID: 31177650 PMCID: PMC6657929 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nutrient-induced gut hormone release (eg, cholecystokinin [CCK]) and the modulation of gut motility (particularly pyloric stimulation) contribute to the regulation of acute energy intake. Non-caloric bitter compounds, including quinine, have recently been shown in cell-line and animal studies to stimulate the release of gastrointestinal hormones by activating bitter taste receptors expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and thus, may potentially suppress energy intake without providing additional calories. This study aims to evaluate the effects of intraduodenally administered quinine on antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma CCK and energy intake. METHODS Fourteen healthy, lean men (25 ± 5 years; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2) received on 4 separate occasions, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 60-minute intraduodenal infusions of quinine hydrochloride at doses totaling 37.5 mg ("Q37.5"), 75 mg ("Q75") or 225 mg ("Q225"), or control (all 300 mOsmol). Antropyloroduodenal pressures (high-resolution manometry), plasma CCK (radioimmunoassay), and appetite perceptions/gastrointestinal symptoms (visual analog questionnaires) were measured. Ad libitum energy intake (buffet-meal) was quantified immediately post-infusion. Oral quinine taste-thresholds were assessed on a separate occasion using 3-alternative forced-choice procedure. RESULTS All participants detected quinine orally (detection-threshold: 0.19 ± 0.07 mmol/L). Intraduodenal quinine did not affect antral, pyloric or duodenal pressures, plasma CCK (pmol/L [peak]; control: 3.6 ± 0.4, Q37.5: 3.6 ± 0.4, Q75: 3.7 ± 0.3, Q225: 3.9 ± 0.4), appetite perceptions, gastrointestinal symptoms or energy intake (kcal; control: 1088 ± 90, Q37.5: 1057 ± 69, Q75: 1029 ±7 0, Q225: 1077 ± 88). CONCLUSIONS Quinine, administered intraduodenally over 60 minutes, even at moderately high doses, but low infusion rates, does not modulate appetite-related gastrointestinal functions or energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Tanya J Little
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg,
Germany
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia
- Correspondence: Christine Feinle-Bisset, PhD, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia, Tel: +61-8-8313-6053, Fax: +61-8-8313-7794, E-mail:
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29
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Wang J, Kong S, Chen F, Chen W, Du L, Cai W, Huang L, Wu C, Zhang DW. A bioelectronic taste sensor based on bioengineered Escherichia coli cells combined with ITO-constructed electrochemical sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:73-78. [PMID: 31387721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel bioelectronic taste sensor for the detection of specific bitter substances. A human bitter taste receptor, hT2R4, was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), which was used as the primary recognition element. A simple and low-cost electrochemical device based on ITO-based electrolyte-semiconductor (ES) structure was innovatively employed as the transducer to assess bacterial metabolic consequences of receptor activation in real time. An apparent increase in extracellular acidification rate was observed, which was resulted from the triggering of hT2R4 receptors by their target ligand of denatonium. The sensor showed dose-dependent responses to denatonuim ranging from 50 nM to 500 nM, while non-bioengineered bacteria without hT2R4 receptors exhibited negligible responses to the same stimulus. In addition, the specificity of the proposed taste biosensor was verified using other typical bitter substances such as quinine and alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU). This research provides a simple and inexpensive approach for the construction of bioelectronic taste sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shu Kong
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Fangming Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liquan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310031, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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30
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Kure Liu C, Joseph PV, Feldman DE, Kroll DS, Burns JA, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Brain Imaging of Taste Perception in Obesity: a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 8:108-119. [PMID: 30945140 PMCID: PMC6486899 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize neuroimaging findings related to processing of taste (fat, salt, umami, bitter, and sour) in the brain and how they influence hedonic responses and eating behaviors and their role in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Neuroimaging studies in obese individuals have revealed alterations in reward/motivation, executive control/self-regulation, and limbic/affective circuits that are implicated in food and drug addiction. Psychophysical studies show that sensory properties of food ingredients may be associated with anthropometric and neurocognitive outcomes in obesity. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of taste and processing of calories and nutrient content in obesity. The literature of neural correlated of bitter, sour, and salty tastes remains sparse in obesity. Most published studies have focused on sweet, followed by fat and umami taste. Studies on calorie processing and its conditioning by preceding taste sensations have started to delineate a dynamic pattern of brain activation associated with appetition. Our expanded understanding of taste processing in the brain from neuroimaging studies is poised to reveal novel prevention and treatment targets to help address overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kure Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Paule Valery Joseph
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Rm 5B03, Bethesda, MD 20892-2178 USA
| | - Dana E. Feldman
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Danielle S. Kroll
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Jamie A. Burns
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892-9581 USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
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Harada Y, Koseki J, Sekine H, Fujitsuka N, Kobayashi H. Role of Bitter Taste Receptors in Regulating Gastric Accommodation in Guinea Pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:466-472. [PMID: 30967403 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.256008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste stimulants play important roles in triggering digestion and absorption of nutrients and in toxin detection, under the control of the gut-brain axis. Bitter compounds regulate gut hormone secretion and gastrointestinal motility through bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) located in the taste buds on the tongue and in the enteroendocrine cells. Gastric accommodation (GA) is an important physiologic function. However, the role of TAS2R agonists in regulating GA remains unclear. To clarify whether GA is influenced by bitter stimulants, we examined the effect of TAS2R agonist denatonium benzoate (DB), administered intraorally and intragastrically, by measuring the consequent intrabag pressure in the proximal stomach of guinea pigs. Effects of the Kampo medicine rikkunshito (RKT) and its bitter components liquiritigenin and naringenin on GA were also examined. Intraoral DB (0.2 nmol/ml) administration enhanced GA. Intragastric DB administration (0.1 and 1 nmol/kg) promoted GA, whereas higher DB doses (30 μmol/kg) inhibited it. Similar changes in GA were observed with intragastric (1000 mg/kg) and intraoral (200 mg/ml) RKT administration. Liquiritigenin and naringenin also promoted GA. These findings suggest that GA is affected by the stimulation of TAS2Rs in the oral cavity or gut in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Harada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Junichi Koseki
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hitomi Sekine
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
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Deloose E, Verbeure W, Depoortere I, Tack J. Motilin: from gastric motility stimulation to hunger signalling. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:238-250. [PMID: 30675023 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of motilin in 1972, motilin and the motilin receptor were studied intensely for their role in the control of gastrointestinal motility and as targets for treating hypomotility disorders. The genetic revolution - with the use of knockout models - sparked novel insights into the role of multiple peptides but contributed to a decline in interest in motilin, as this peptide and its receptor exist only as pseudogenes in rodents. The past 5 years have seen a major surge in interest in motilin, as a series of studies have shown its relevance in the control of hunger and regulation of food intake in humans in both health and disease. Luminal stimuli, such as bitter tastants, have been identified as modulators of motilin release, with effects on hunger and food intake. The current state of knowledge and potential implications for therapy are summarized in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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33
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Behrens M, Meyerhof W. A role for taste receptors in (neuro)endocrinology? J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12691. [PMID: 30712315 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sense of taste is positioned at the forefront when it comes to the interaction of our body with foodborne chemicals. However, the role of our taste system, and in particular its associated taste receptors, is not limited to driving food preferences leading to ingestion or rejection before other organs take over responsibility for nutrient digestion, absorption and metabolic regulation. Taste sensory elements do much more. On the one hand, extra-oral taste receptors from the brain to the gut continue to sense nutrients and noxious substances after ingestion and, on the other hand, the nutritional state feeds back on the taste system. This intricate regulatory network is orchestrated by endocrine factors that are secreted in response to taste receptor signalling and, in turn regulate the taste receptor cells themselves. The present review summarises current knowledge on the endocrine regulation of the taste perceptual system and the release of hunger/satiety regulating factors by gastrointestinal taste receptors. Furthermore, the regulation of blood glucose levels via the activation of pancreatic sweet taste receptors and subsequent insulin secretion, as well as the influence of bitter compounds on thyroid hormone release, is addressed. Finally, the central effects of tastants are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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34
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Weltens N, Iven J, Van Oudenhove L, Kano M. The gut-brain axis in health neuroscience: implications for functional gastrointestinal disorders and appetite regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1428:129-150. [PMID: 30255954 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, scientific interest in the gut-brain axis (i.e., the bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain) has exploded, mostly due to the identification of the gut microbiota as a novel key player in this communication. However, important progress has also been made in other aspects of gut-brain axis research, which has been relatively underemphasized in the review literature. Therefore, in this review, we provide a comprehensive, although not exhaustive, overview of recent research on the functional neuroanatomy of the gut-brain axis and its relevance toward the multidisciplinary field of health neuroscience, excluding studies on the role of the gut microbiota. More specifically, we first focus on irritable bowel syndrome, after which we outline recent findings on the role of the gut-brain axis in appetite and feeding regulation, primarily focusing on the impact of subliminal nutrient-related gut-brain signals. We conclude by providing future perspectives to facilitate translation of the findings from gut-brain axis neuroscientific research to clinical applications in these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Iven
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiko Kano
- Frontiers Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Behavioral Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Klaassen T, Alleleyn AME, van Avesaat M, Troost FJ, Keszthelyi D, Masclee AAM. Intraintestinal Delivery of Tastants Using a Naso-Duodenal-Ileal Catheter Does Not Influence Food Intake or Satiety. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020472. [PMID: 30813412 PMCID: PMC6412712 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraduodenal activity of taste receptors reduces food intake. Taste receptors are expressed throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Currently, there are no data available on the effects of distal taste receptor activation. In this study, we investigate the effect of intraduodenal and/or intraileal activation of taste receptors on food intake and satiety. In a single-blind randomized crossover trial, fourteen participants were intubated with a naso-duodenal-ileal catheter and received four infusion regimens: duodenal placebo and ileal placebo (DPIP), duodenal tastants and ileal placebo (DTIP), duodenal placebo and ileal tastants (DPIT), duodenal tastants and ileal tastants (DTIT). Fifteen minutes after cessation of infusion, subjects received an ad libitum meal to measure food intake. Visual analog scale scores for satiety feelings were collected at regular intervals. No differences in food intake were observed between the various interventions (DPIP: 786.6 ± 79.2 Kcal, DTIP: 803.3 ± 69.0 Kcal, DPIT: 814.7 ± 77.3 Kcal, DTIT: 834.8 ± 59.2 Kcal, p = 0.59). No differences in satiety feelings were observed. Intestinal infusion of tastants using a naso-duodenal-ileal catheter did not influence food intake or satiety feelings. Possibly, the burden of the four-day naso-duodenal-ileal intubation masked a small effect that tastants might have on food intake and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klaassen
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Food Innovation and Health, Center for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, 5911 AA Venlo, The Netherlands.
| | - Annick M E Alleleyn
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Freddy J Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Food Innovation and Health, Center for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, 5911 AA Venlo, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Adrian A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Wang Q, Liszt KI, Deloose E, Canovai E, Thijs T, Farré R, Ceulemans LJ, Lannoo M, Tack J, Depoortere I. Obesity alters adrenergic and chemosensory signaling pathways that regulate ghrelin secretion in the human gut. FASEB J 2019; 33:4907-4920. [PMID: 30629462 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801661rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensory signaling in organs such as the mouth and gut contributes to the mechanisms that control metabolism. We investigated the chemosensory pathways that regulate secretion of the hunger hormone ghrelin in response to neurotransmitters, bitter and sweet tastants at the cellular level in the human gut mucosa, and the disturbances in this regulatory pathway induced by obesity. Obesity impaired ghrelin protein production and adrenalin-induced ghrelin secretion in fundic cells, which was counterbalanced by somatostatin. Bitter agonists selective for taste receptor type 2 (TAS2Rs), TAS2R5 and TAS2R10 stimulated ghrelin secretion in fundic cells. The stimulatory effect of the broadly tuned bitter agonist, denatonium benzoate, was selectively blunted by obesity in the small intestine but not in the fundus. Luminal glucose concentrations inhibited ghrelin secretion via sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter and taste receptor type 1 member 3. Obesity altered the sensitivity of the ghrelin cell to glucose in the small intestine but not in the fundus. Sweet taste receptor activation inhibited bitter taste signaling of the ghrelin cell. In conclusion, obesity impairs the sympathetic drive that controls ghrelin release in the fundus and affects the sensitivity of the ghrelin cell to bitter and sweet stimuli in the small intestine but not in the fundus. Region-selective targeting of gut taste receptors in obesity is indicated.-Wang, Q., Liszt, K. I., Deloose, E., Canovai, E., Thijs, T., Farré, R., Ceulemans, L. J., Lannoo, M., Tack, J., Depoortere, I. Obesity alters adrenergic and chemosensory signaling pathways that regulate ghrelin secretion in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilio Canovai
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplant Coordination, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens J Ceulemans
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplant Coordination, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Matthias Lannoo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Schier LA, Spector AC. The Functional and Neurobiological Properties of Bad Taste. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:605-663. [PMID: 30475657 PMCID: PMC6442928 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system serves as a critical line of defense against ingesting harmful substances. Technological advances have fostered the characterization of peripheral receptors and have created opportunities for more selective manipulations of the nervous system, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying taste-based avoidance and aversion remain poorly understood. One conceptual obstacle stems from a lack of recognition that taste signals subserve several behavioral and physiological functions which likely engage partially segregated neural circuits. Moreover, although the gustatory system evolved to respond expediently to broad classes of biologically relevant chemicals, innate repertoires are often not in register with the actual consequences of a food. The mammalian brain exhibits tremendous flexibility; responses to taste can be modified in a specific manner according to bodily needs and the learned consequences of ingestion. Therefore, experimental strategies that distinguish between the functional properties of various taste-guided behaviors and link them to specific neural circuits need to be applied. Given the close relationship between the gustatory and visceroceptive systems, a full reckoning of the neural architecture of bad taste requires an understanding of how these respective sensory signals are integrated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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38
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Witkamp RF, van Norren K. Let thy food be thy medicine….when possible. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 836:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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39
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Xie C, Wang X, Young RL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. Role of Intestinal Bitter Sensing in Enteroendocrine Hormone Secretion and Metabolic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:576. [PMID: 30319553 PMCID: PMC6171477 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract stores ingested nutrients in the stomach which are then delivered to the small intestine at a controlled rate to optimize their digestion and absorption. The interaction of nutrients with the small and large intestine generates feedback that slows gastric emptying, induces satiation, and reduces postprandial glycemic excursions. The mechanisms underlying these nutrient-gut interactions are complex; it has only recently been appreciated that the gut has the capacity to detect intraluminal contents in much the same way as the tongue, via activation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors, and that ensuing signaling mechanisms modulate the release of an array of gut hormones that influence gastrointestinal motility, appetite and glycemia. Interestingly, evidence from preclinical models supports a functional link between intestinal bitter taste receptor (BTRs) and gastrointestinal hormone secretion, and the outcomes of recent studies indicate that stimulation of intestinal BTRs may be used to modulate gastrointestinal function, to diminish energy intake and limit postprandial blood glucose excursions in humans. This review summarizes current evidence about the expression and function of intestinal BTRs in relation to enteroendocrine hormone release and discusses the clinical implications of this pathway for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xuyi Wang
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard L. Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Pribic T, Azpiroz F. Biogastronomy: Factors that determine the biological response to meal ingestion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13309. [PMID: 29392797 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological response to a meal includes physiological changes, primarily related to the digestive process, and a sensory experience, involving sensations related to the homeostatic control of food consumption, eg, satiety and fullness, with a hedonic dimension, ie associated with changes in digestive well-being and mood. The responses to a meal include a series of events before, during and after ingestion. While much attention has been paid to the events before and during ingestion, relatively little is known about the postprandial sensations, which are key to the gastronomical experience. PURPOSE The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview and to define the framework to investigate the factors that determine the postprandial experience. Based on a series of proof-of-concept studies and related information, we propose that the biological responses to a meal depend on the characteristics of the meal, primarily its palatability and composition, and the responsiveness of the guest, which may be influenced by multiple previous and concurrent conditioning factors. This information provides the scientific backbone to the development of personalized gastronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pribic
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Iven J, Biesiekierski JR, Zhao D, Deloose E, O'Daly OG, Depoortere I, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L. Intragastric quinine administration decreases hedonic eating in healthy women through peptide-mediated gut-brain signaling mechanisms. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:850-862. [PMID: 29607741 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1457841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Intragastric bitter tastants may decrease appetite and food intake. We aimed to investigate the gut-brain signaling and brain mechanisms underlying these effects.Methods: Brain responses to intragastric quinine-hydrochloride (QHCl, 10 µmol/kg) or placebo infusion were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 15 healthy women. Appetite-related sensations, plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones and hedonic food intake (ad libitum drink test) were assessed.Results: Lower octanoylated ghrelin (P<0.04), total ghrelin (P<0.01), and motilin (P<0.01) plasma levels were found after QHCl administration, along with lower prospective food consumption ratings (P<0.02) and hedonic food intake (P<0.05). QHCl increased neural activity in the hypothalamus and hedonic (anterior insula, putamen, caudate, pallidum, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, midbrain) regions, but decreased activity in the homeostatic medulla (all pFWE-corrected<0.05). Differential brain responses to QHCl versus placebo covaried with subjective and hormonal responses and predicted differences in hedonic food intake.Discussion: Intragastric QHCl decreases prospective and actual food intake in healthy women by interfering with homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits in a ghrelin- and motilin-mediated fashion. These findings suggest a potential of bitter tastants to reduce appetite and food intake, through the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Iven
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica R Biesiekierski
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongxing Zhao
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Center for Neuroimaging Sciences, Psychology, and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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