1
|
Nanjareddy K, Guerrero-Carrillo MF, Lara M, Arthikala MK. Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of the Amino Acid Transporter (AAT) gene family and their roles during Phaseolus vulgaris symbioses. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:47. [PMID: 38430379 PMCID: PMC10908646 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are essential integral membrane proteins that serve multiple roles, such as facilitating the transport of amino acids across cell membranes. They play a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. Phaseolus vulgaris, a significant legume crop, serves as a valuable model for studying root symbiosis. In this study, we have conducted an exploration of the AAT gene family in P. vulgaris. In this research, we identified 84 AAT genes within the P. vulgaris genome sequence and categorized them into 12 subfamilies based on their similarity and phylogenetic relationships with AATs found in Arabidopsis and rice. Interestingly, these AAT genes were not evenly distributed across the chromosomes of P. vulgaris . Instead, there was an unusual concentration of these genes located toward the outer edges of chromosomal arms. Upon conducting motif analysis and gene structural analysis, we observed a consistent presence of similar motifs and an intron-exon distribution pattern among the subfamilies. When we analyzed the expression profiles of PvAAT genes, we noted tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, our investigation into AAT gene expression under rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiotic conditions revealed that certain genes exhibited high levels of expression. Specifically, ATLa5 and LHT2 was notably upregulated under both symbiotic conditions. These findings point towards a potential role of AATs in the context of rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis in P. vulgaris, in addition to their well-established regulatory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Leon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37689, México.
| | - María Fernanda Guerrero-Carrillo
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Leon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37689, México
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Leon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37689, México.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zayed O, Hewedy OA, Abdelmoteleb A, Ali M, Youssef MS, Roumia AF, Seymour D, Yuan ZC. Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1443. [PMID: 37892125 PMCID: PMC10605003 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants uptake and assimilate nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium ions, and available amino acids from organic sources. Plant nitrate and ammonium transporters are responsible for nitrate and ammonium translocation from the soil into the roots. The unique structure of these transporters determines the specificity of each transporter, and structural analyses reveal the mechanisms by which these transporters function. Following absorption, the nitrogen metabolism pathway incorporates the nitrogen into organic compounds via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase that convert ammonium ions into glutamine and glutamate. Different isoforms of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase exist, enabling plants to fine-tune nitrogen metabolism based on environmental cues. Under stressful conditions, nitric oxide has been found to enhance plant survival under drought stress. Furthermore, the interaction between salinity stress and nitrogen availability in plants has been studied, with nitric oxide identified as a potential mediator of responses to salt stress. Conversely, excessive use of nitrate fertilizers can lead to health and environmental issues. Therefore, alternative strategies, such as establishing nitrogen fixation in plants through diazotrophic microbiota, have been explored to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Ultimately, genomics can identify new genes related to nitrogen fixation, which could be harnessed to improve plant productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Zayed
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 9250, USA;
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ali Abdelmoteleb
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Maryout Research Station, Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., El-Matareya, Cairo 11753, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Youssef
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ahmed F. Roumia
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt;
| | - Danelle Seymour
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 9250, USA;
| | - Ze-Chun Yuan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Javed R, Mumtaz S, Choi EH, Han I. Effect of Plasma-Treated Water with Magnesium and Zinc on Growth of Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098426. [PMID: 37176132 PMCID: PMC10179069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonthermal biocompatible plasma (NBP) is an emerging technology in the field of agriculture to boost plant growth. Plasma is a source of various gaseous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and has a promising role in agricultural applications, as the long-lived RONS (H2O2, NO2-, NO3-) in liquid activate signaling molecules in plant metabolism. Plasma-treated water (PTW) has an acidic pH of around 3 to 4, which may be detrimental to pH-sensitive plants. Innovative techniques for producing PTW with a pH value of 6 to 7 under neutral circumstances are desperately required to broaden the application range of NBP in agriculture. Furthermore, Pak Choi (Brassica campestris L.) is a Brassicaceae family green vegetable that has yet to be investigated for its response to NBP. In this work, we proposed an alternate method for neutralizing the pH of PTW by immersing metal ions (Mg2+ and Zn2+) in the PTW and observing its effect on Pak Choi. After synthesizing PTW with MECDBD, we analyzed germination rate and growth parameters, then seedlings for 42 days to show physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. The germination rate was observed to be higher with PTW and more efficient when metal ions were present. Seedling length and germination rates were dramatically boosted when compared to DI water irrigation. Because of the increased chlorophyll and protein content, the plants responded to the availability of nitrogen by generating highly green leaves. Furthermore, we observed that PTW increases the expression of NR genes and GLR1 genes, which are further increased when metals are submerged in the PTW. Furthermore, PTW and PTW with metals reduced ABI5 and CHO1 which is associated with a growth inhibitor. According to this study, nonthermal plasma might be utilized to significantly improve seed germination and seedlings' development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rida Javed
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bio-Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohail Mumtaz
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bio-Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Landorfa-Svalbe Z, Andersone-Ozola U, Ievinsh G. Type of Anion Largely Determines Salinity Tolerance in Four Rumex Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010092. [PMID: 36616221 PMCID: PMC9823408 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of various salts composed of different cations (Na+, K+) and anions (chloride, nitrate, nitrite) on growth, development and ion accumulation in three Rumex species with accessions from sea coast habitats (Rumex hydrolapathum, Rumex longifolius and Rumex maritimus) and Rumex confertus from an inland habitat. Plants were cultivated in soil in an experimental automated greenhouse during the autumn-winter season. Nitrite salts strongly inhibited growth of all Rumex species, but R. maritimus was the least sensitive. Negative effects of chloride salts were rather little-pronounced, but nitrates resulted in significant growth stimulation, plant growth and development. Effects of Na+ and K+ at the morphological level were relatively similar, but treatment with K+ salts resulted in both higher tissue electrolyte levels and proportion of senescent leaves, especially for chloride salts. Increases in tissue water content in leaves were associated with anion type, and were most pronounced in nitrate-treated plants, resulting in dilution of electrolyte concentration. At the morphological level, salinity responses of R. confertus and R. hydrolapathum were similar, but at the developmental and physiological level, R. hydrolapathum and R. maritimus showed more similar salinity effects. In conclusion, the salinity tolerance of all coastal Rumex species was high, but the inland species R. confertus was the least tolerant to salinity. Similarity in effects between Na+ and K+ could be related to the fact that surplus Na+ and K+ has similar fate (including mechanisms of uptake, translocation and compartmentation) in relatively salt-tolerant species. However, differences between various anions are most likely related to differences in physiological functions and metabolic fate of particular ions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ievinsh G, Landorfa-Svalbe Z, Andersone-Ozola U, Karlsons A, Osvalde A. Salinity and Heavy Metal Tolerance, and Phytoextraction Potential of Ranunculus sceleratus Plants from a Sandy Coastal Beach. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121959. [PMID: 36556324 PMCID: PMC9782882 DOI: 10.3390/life12121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate tolerance to salinity and different heavy metals as well as the phytoextraction potential of Ranunculus sceleratus plants from a brackish coastal sandy beach habitat. Four separate experiments were performed with R. sceleratus plants in controlled conditions: (1) the effect of NaCl gradient on growth and ion accumulation, (2) the effect of different Na+ and K+ salts on growth and ion accumulation, (3) heavy metal tolerance and metal accumulation potential, (4) the effect of different forms of Pb salts (nitrate and acetate) on plant growth and Pb accumulation. A negative effect of NaCl on plant biomass was evident at 0.5 g L-1 Na+ and growth was inhibited by 44% at 10 g L-1 Na+, and this was associated with changes in biomass allocation. The maximum Na+ accumulation (90.8 g kg-1) was found in the stems of plants treated with 10 g kg-1 Na+. The type of anion determined the salinity tolerance of R. sceleratus plants, as Na+ and K+ salts with an identical anion component had a comparable effect on plant growth: nitrates strongly stimulated plant growth, and chloride treatment resulted in slight but significant growth reduction, but plants treated with nitrites and carbonates died within 4 and 5 weeks after the full treatment, respectively. The shoot growth of R. sceleratus plants was relatively insensitive to treatment with Mn, Cd and Zn in the form of sulphate salts, but Pb nitrate increased it. Hyperaccumulation threshold concentration values in the leaves of R. sceleratus were reached for Cd, Pb and Zn. R. sceleratus can be characterized as a shoot accumulator of heavy metals and a hyperaccumulator of Na+. A relatively short life cycle together with a high biomass accumulation rate makes R. sceleratus useful for dynamic constructed wetland systems aiming for the purification of concentrated wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gederts Ievinsh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Zaiga Landorfa-Svalbe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Una Andersone-Ozola
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Andis Karlsons
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, 4 Ojāra Vācieša Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Anita Osvalde
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, 4 Ojāra Vācieša Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen YN, Cartwright HN, Ho CH. In vivo visualization of nitrate dynamics using a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4915. [PMID: 36260665 PMCID: PMC9581486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) uptake and distribution are critical to plant life. Although the upstream regulation of NO3- uptake and downstream responses to NO3- in a variety of cells have been well studied, it is still not possible to directly visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of NO3- with high resolution at the cellular level. Here, we report a nuclear-localized, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, which we named NitraMeter3.0, for the quantitative visualization of NO3- distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana. This biosensor tracked the spatiotemporal distribution of NO3- along the primary root axis and disruptions by genetic mutation of transport (low NO3- uptake) and assimilation (high NO3- accumulation). The developed biosensor effectively monitors NO3- concentrations at the cellular level in real time and spatiotemporal changes during the plant life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ning Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Heather N. Cartwright
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kostoláni D, Ndiffo Yemeli GB, Švubová R, Kyzek S, Machala Z. Physiological Responses of Young Pea and Barley Seedlings to Plasma-Activated Water. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10081750. [PMID: 34451795 PMCID: PMC8400694 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the indirect effects of non-thermal ambient air plasmas (NTP) on seed germination and plant growth. It investigates the effect of plasma-activated water (PAW) on 3-day-old seedlings of two important farm plants-barley and pea. Applying different types of PAW on pea seedlings exhibited stimulation of amylase activity and had no inhibition of seed germination, total protein concentration or protease activity. Moreover, PAW caused no or only moderate oxidative stress that was in most cases effectively alleviated by antioxidant enzymes and proved by in situ visualization of H2O2 and ˙O2-. In pea seedlings, we observed a faster turn-over from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism proved by inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. Additionally, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species contained in PAW did not affect the DNA integrity. On the other hand, the high level of DNA damage in barley together with the reduced root and shoot length and amylase activity was attributed to the oxidative stress caused by PAW, which was exhibited by the enhanced activity of guaiacol peroxidase or ADH. Our results show the glow discharge PAW at 1 min activation time as the most promising for pea. However, determining the beneficial type of PAW for barley requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kostoláni
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.K.); (R.Š.)
| | - Gervais B. Ndiffo Yemeli
- Division of Environmental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.K.); (R.Š.)
| | - Stanislav Kyzek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Zdenko Machala
- Division of Environmental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Utilizing Anaerobic Digestates as Nutrient Solutions in Hydroponic Production Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122310076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moving food production into the urban and peri-urban areas is one way of facilitating a closed-loop approach, integrating waste handling with food production in order to recirculate nutrients and at the same time reduce the use of mined and fossil resources in the production. Using anaerobic digestion as a way of converting urban wastes to an energy source (methane) and a nutrient-rich biodigestate with subsequent use as fertilizer for food production seems like a feasible approach. However, utilizing urban wastes in plant production systems implies some challenges, such as high salinity of the waste, imbalanced composition of nutrients, and abundance of less favorable forms of nitrogen. In a series of experiments, these problems were addressed. Vegetables (Pak Choi) were cultivated hydroponically in a controlled climate. Experiments included increased salinity, elevated levels of nitrite, and different concentrations of the biogas digestate-based nutrient solution, with mineral based solutions as controls. In general, the mineral controls yielded around 50% higher fresh biomass than the organic solutions. However, the quality of the produce with respect to content of secondary metabolites such as vitamins was enhanced when the plants were cultivated with organic nutrient solutions. Increasing the concentration of NaCl to 241 mg Cl L−1 did not negatively affect plant performance. Increasing the concentration of nitrite negatively affected plant growth, with reductions in biomass production by up to 50%. Given this well-functioning nitrification process that did not result in high nitrite concentrations, the use of anaerobic digestates seems feasible for hydroponic production of vegetables.
Collapse
|
9
|
Meng X, Yu X, Wu Y, Kim DH, Nan N, Cong W, Wang S, Liu B, Xu ZY. Chromatin Remodeling Protein ZmCHB101 Regulates Nitrate-Responsive Gene Expression in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 32117389 PMCID: PMC7031486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is the main source of nitrogen for plants and an essential component of fertilizers. Rapid transcriptional activation of genes encoding the high-affinity nitrate transport system (HATS) is an important strategy that plants use to cope with nitrogen deficiency. However, the specific transcriptional machineries involved in this process and the detailed transcriptional regulatory mechanism of the core HATS remain poorly understood. ZmCHB101 is the core subunit of the SWI/SNF-type ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex in maize. RNA-interference transgenic plants (ZmCHB101-RNAi) display abaxially curling leaves and impaired tassel and cob development. Here, we demonstrate that ZmCHB101 plays a pivotal regulatory role in nitrate-responsive gene expression. ZmCHB101-RNAi lines showed accelerated root growth and increased biomass under low nitrate conditions. An RNA sequencing analysis revealed that ZmCHB101 regulates the expression of genes involved in nitrate transport, including ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2. The NIN-like protein (NLP) of maize, ZmNLP3.1, recognized the consensus nitrate-responsive cis-elements (NREs) in the promoter regions of ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2, and activated the transcription of these genes in response to nitrate. Intriguingly, well-positioned nucleosomes were detected at NREs in the ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2 gene promoters, and nucleosome densities were lower in ZmCHB101-RNAi lines than in wild-type plants, both in the absence and presence of nitrate. The ZmCHB101 protein bound to NREs and was involved in the maintenance of nucleosome occupancies at these sites, which may impact the binding of ZmNLP3.1 to NREs in the absence of nitrate. However, in the presence of nitrate, the binding affinity of ZmCHB101 for NREs decreased dramatically, leading to reduced nucleosome density at NREs and consequently increased ZmNLP3.1 binding. Our results provide novel insights into the role of chromatin remodeling proteins in the regulation of nitrate-responsive gene expression in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, South Korea
| | - Nan Nan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Weixuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takahashi M, Arimura GI, Morikawa H. Dual nitrogen species involved in foliar uptake of nitrogen dioxide in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1582263. [PMID: 30810449 PMCID: PMC6512919 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1582263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Foliar uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is governed by its reactive absorption mechanism, by which NO2 molecules diffuse through cell wall layers and simultaneously react with apoplastic ascorbate to form nitrous acid, which freely diffuses across plasmalemma. However, whether free diffusion of nitrous acid is the sole mechanism of foliar uptake of NO2 remains unknown. The involvement of ammonia-inhibitable nitrite transporters in the foliar uptake of NO2, as reported in nitrite transport in Arabidopsis roots, is also unknown. In this study, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana leaves with methionine sulfoximine (MSX) to inhibit incorporation of ammonia into glutamate and exposed them to 4 ppm 15N-labeled NO2 for 4 h in light followed by quantification of total nitrogen, reduced nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen derived from NO2 using mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. The total nitrogen derived from NO2 in leaves without MSX treatment was 587.0 nmol NO2/g fresh weight, of which more than 65% was recovered as reduced nitrogen. In comparison, MSX treatment decreased the total nitrogen and reduced nitrogen derived from NO2 by half. Thus, half of the foliar uptake of NO2 is not attributable to passive diffusion of nitrous acid but to ammonia-inhibitable nitrite transport. Foliar uptake of NO2 is mediated by a dual mechanism in A. thaliana: nitrous acid-free diffusion and nitrite transporter-mediated transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Berger A, Brouquisse R, Pathak PK, Hichri I, Singh I, Bhatia S, Boscari A, Igamberdiev AU, Gupta KJ. Pathways of nitric oxide metabolism and operation of phytoglobins in legume nodules: missing links and future directions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018. [PMID: 29351361 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to the establishment of a beneficial symbiotic relationship. Recent advances in legume - rhizobium symbiosis revealed that various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including nitric oxide (NO) play important roles during this process. Nodule development occurs with a transition from a normoxic environment during the establishment of symbiosis to a microoxic environment in functional nodules. Such oxygen dynamics are required for activation and repression of various NO production and scavenging pathways. Both the plant and bacterial partners participate in the synthesis and degradation of NO. However, the pathways of NO production and degradation as well as their cross-talk and involvement in the metabolism are still a matter of debate. The plant-originated reductive pathways are known to contribute to the NO production in nodules under hypoxic conditions. Non-symbiotic hemoglobin (phytoglobin) (Pgb) possesses high NO oxygenation capacity, buffers and scavenges NO. Its operation, through a respiratory cycle called Pgb-NO cycle, leads to the maintenance of redox and energy balance in nodules. The role of Pgb/NO cycle under fluctuating NO production from soil needs further investigation for complete understanding of NO regulatory mechanism governing nodule development to attain optimal food security under changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Imène Hichri
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sabhyata Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B3X9, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hachiya T, Sakakibara H. Interactions between nitrate and ammonium in their uptake, allocation, assimilation, and signaling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2501-2512. [PMID: 28007951 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) availability is a major factor determining plant growth and productivity. Plants acquire inorganic N from the soil, mainly in the form of nitrate and ammonium. To date, researchers have focused on these N sources, and demonstrated that plants exhibit elaborate responses at both physiological and morphological levels. Mixtures of nitrate and ammonium are beneficial in terms of plant growth, as compared to nitrate or ammonium alone, and therefore synergistic responses to both N sources are predicted at different steps ranging from acquisition to assimilation. In this review, we summarize interactions between nitrate and ammonium with respect to uptake, allocation, assimilation, and signaling. Given that cultivated land often contains both nitrate and ammonium, a better understanding of the synergism between these N sources should help to identify targets with the potential to improve crop productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Hachiya
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Yuan S, Jia H, Gao F, Zhou M, Yuan N, Wu P, Hu Q, Sun D, Luo H. Ectopic expression of a cyanobacterial flavodoxin in creeping bentgrass impacts plant development and confers broad abiotic stress tolerance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:433-446. [PMID: 27638479 PMCID: PMC5362689 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavodoxin (Fld) plays a pivotal role in photosynthetic microorganisms as an alternative electron carrier flavoprotein under adverse environmental conditions. Cyanobacterial Fld has been demonstrated to be able to substitute ferredoxin of higher plants in most electron transfer processes under stressful conditions. We have explored the potential of Fld for use in improving plant stress response in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Overexpression of Fld altered plant growth and development. Most significantly, transgenic plants exhibited drastically enhanced performance under oxidative, drought and heat stress as well as nitrogen (N) starvation, which was associated with higher water retention and cell membrane integrity than wild-type controls, modified expression of heat-shock protein genes, production of more reduced thioredoxin, elevated N accumulation and total chlorophyll content as well as up-regulated expression of nitrite reductase and N transporter genes. Further analysis revealed that the expression of other stress-related genes was also impacted in Fld-expressing transgenics. Our data establish a key role of Fld in modulating plant growth and development and plant response to multiple sources of adverse environmental conditions in crop species. This demonstrates the feasibility of manipulating Fld in crop species for genetic engineering of plant stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Shuangrong Yuan
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
- The Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Centreand National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
- Crop Research InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduSichuanChina
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Ning Yuan
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Dongfa Sun
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Genetics and BiochemistryClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hachiya T, Ueda N, Kitagawa M, Hanke G, Suzuki A, Hase T, Sakakibara H. Arabidopsis Root-Type Ferredoxin:NADP(H) Oxidoreductase 2 is Involved in Detoxification of Nitrite in Roots. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2440-2450. [PMID: 27615794 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase (FNR) plays a key role in redox metabolism in plastids. Whereas leaf FNR (LFNR) is required for photosynthesis, root FNR (RFNR) is believed to provide electrons to ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent enzymes, including nitrite reductase (NiR) and Fd-glutamine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (Fd-GOGAT) in non-photosynthetic conditions. In some herbal species, however, most nitrate reductase activity is located in photosynthetic organs, and ammonium in roots is assimilated mainly by Fd-independent NADH-GOGAT. Therefore, RFNR might have a limited impact on N assimilation in roots grown with nitrate or ammonium nitrogen sources. AtRFNR genes are rapidly induced by application of toxic nitrite. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that RFNR could contribute to nitrite reduction in roots by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings of the wild type with loss-of-function mutants of RFNR2 When these seedlings were grown under nitrate, nitrite or ammonium, only nitrite nutrition caused impaired growth and nitrite accumulation in roots of rfnr2 Supplementation of nitrite with nitrate or ammonium as N sources did not restore the root growth in rfnr2 Also, a scavenger for nitric oxide (NO) could not effectively rescue the growth impairment. Thus, nitrite toxicity, rather than N depletion or nitrite-dependent NO production, probably causes the rfnr2 root growth defect. Our results strongly suggest that RFNR2 has a major role in reduction of toxic nitrite in roots. A specific set of genes related to nitrite reduction and the supply of reducing power responded to nitrite concomitantly, suggesting that the products of these genes act co-operatively with RFNR2 to reduce nitrite in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Hachiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Nanae Ueda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | | | - Guy Hanke
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, 7 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reaction, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li G, Vilcherrez D, Carvajal-Arroyo JM, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. Exogenous nitrate attenuates nitrite toxicity to anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2360-2367. [PMID: 26610295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (anammox) can be severely inhibited by one of its main substrates, nitrite (NO2(-)). At present, there is limited information on the processes by which anammox bacteria are able to tolerate toxic NO2(-). Intracellular consumption or electrochemically driven (transmembrane proton motive force) NO2(-) export are considered the main mechanisms of NO2(-) detoxification. In this work, we evaluated the potential of exogenous nitrate (NO3(-)) on relieving NO2(-) toxicity, putatively facilitated by NarK, a NO3(-)/NO2(-) transporter encoded in the anammox genome. The relative contribution of NO3(-) to NO2(-) detoxification was found to be pH dependent. Exposure of anammox cells to NO2(-) in absence of their electron donating substrate, ammonium (NH4(+)), causes NO2(-) stress. At pH 6.7 and 7.0, the activity of NO2(-) stressed cells was respectively 0 and 27% of the non-stressed control activity (NO2(-) and NH4(+) fed simultaneously). Exogenous NO3(-) addition caused the recovery to 42% and 80% of the control activity at pH 6.7 and 7.0, respectively. The recovery of the activity of NO2(-) stressed cells improved with increasing NO3(-) concentration, the maximum recovery being achieved at 0.85 mM. The NO3(-) pre-incubation time is less significant at pH 7.0 than at pH 6.7 due to a more severe NO2(-) toxicity at lower pH. Additionally, NO3(-) caused almost complete attenuation of NO2(-) toxicity in cells exposed to the proton gradient disruptor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone at pH 7.5, providing evidence that the NO3(-) attenuation is independent of the proton motive force. The absence of a measurable NO3(-) consumption (or NO3(-) dependent N2 production) during the batch tests leaves NO3(-) dependent active transport of NO2(-) as the only plausible explanation for the relief of NO2(-) inhibition. We suggest that anammox cells can use a secondary transport system facilitated by exogenous NO3(-) to alleviate NO2(-) toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721-001, USA.
| | - David Vilcherrez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721-001, USA
| | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Arroyo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721-001, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721-001, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721-001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schroeder HJ, Kanda E, Power GG, Blood AB. Fetal-maternal nitrite exchange in sheep: Experimental data, a computational model and an estimate of placental nitrite permeability. Placenta 2016; 38:67-75. [PMID: 26907384 PMCID: PMC4768312 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitrite conveys NO-bioactivity that may contribute to the high-flow, low-resistance character of the fetal circulation. Fetal blood nitrite concentrations depend partly on placental permeability which has not been determined experimentally. We aimed to extract the placental permeability-surface (PS) product for nitrite in sheep from a computational model. METHODS An eight-compartment computational model of the fetal-maternal unit was constructed (Matlab(®) (R2013b (8.2.0.701), MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA). Taking into account fetal and maternal body weights, four variables (PS, the rate of nitrite metabolism within red cells, and two nitrite distribution volumes, one with and one without nitrite metabolism), were varied to obtain optimal fits to the experimental plasma nitrite profiles observed following the infusion of nitrite into either the fetus (n = 7) or the ewe (n = 8). RESULTS The model was able to replicate the average and individual nitrite-time profiles (r(2) > 0.93) following both fetal and maternal nitrite infusions with reasonable variation of the four fitting parameters. Simulated transplacental nitrite fluxes were able to predict umbilical arterial-venous nitrite concentration differences that agreed with experimental values. The predicted PS values for a 3 kg sheep fetus were 0.024 ± 0.005 l∙min(-1) in the fetal-maternal direction and 0.025 ± 0.003 l∙min(-1) in the maternal-fetal direction (mean ± SEM). These values are many-fold higher than the reported PS product for chloride anions across the sheep placenta. CONCLUSION The result suggests a transfer of nitrite across the sheep placenta that is not exclusively by simple diffusion through water-filled channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hobe J Schroeder
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Eriko Kanda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gordon G Power
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Arlin B Blood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pike S, Gao F, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Schachtman DP, Gassmann W. Members of the NPF3 transporter subfamily encode pathogen-inducible nitrate/nitrite transporters in grapevine and Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:162-70. [PMID: 24259683 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera, the major grapevine species cultivated for wine production, is very susceptible to Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of powdery mildew (PM). This obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen attacks both leaf and berry, greatly affecting yield and quality. To investigate possible mechanisms of nutrient acquisition by successful biotrophs, we characterized a candidate NITRATE TRANSPORTER1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY (NPF, formerly NRT1/PTR) member, grapevine NFP3.2, that was up-regulated in E. necator-inoculated susceptible V. vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon leaves, but not in resistant V. aestivalis Norton. Expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage clamp measurements showed that VvNPF3.2 is a low-affinity transporter for both nitrate and nitrite and displays characteristics of NPF members from other plants. We also cloned the Arabidopsis ortholog, AtNPF3.1, and showed that AtNPF3.1 similarly transported nitrate and nitrite with low affinity. With an Arabidopsis triple mutant that is susceptible to E. necator, we found that AtNPF3.1 is up-regulated in the leaves of infected Arabidopsis similarly to VvNPF3.2 in susceptible grapevine leaves. Expression of the reporter β-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by the promoter of VvNPF3.2 or AtNPF3.1 in Arabidopsis indicated that both transporters are expressed in vascular tissue, with expression in major and minor veins, respectively. Interestingly, the promoter of VvNPF3.2 allowed induced expression of GUS in minor veins in PM-infected leaves. Our experiments lay the groundwork for investigating the manipulation of host nutrient distribution by biotrophic pathogens and characterizing physiological variables in the pathogenesis of this difficult to study grapevine disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, 1201 E. Rollins Rd., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|