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Hu W, Zhao P. Soil warming affects sap flow and stomatal gas exchange through altering functional traits in a subtropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170581. [PMID: 38309334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming influences the structure and function of ecosystems. However, the mechanisms of plant water use and gas exchange responses to climate warming have been less studied, especially from the perspective of different functional traits. We conducted a field experiment to investigate how soil warming (+2 °C) affects sap flow and stomatal gas exchange through plant functional traits and nutrient characteristics in a subtropical forest. We measured stomatal gas exchange of trees (Acacia auriculiformis and Schima superba) and shrubs (Castanea henryi and Psychotria asiatica), and monitored long-term sap flow of both tree species. Besides, plant leaf nutrient contents, functional traits, and soil nutrients were also studied. It is demonstrated that soil warming significantly increased maximum sap flow density (Js_max, 35.1 %) and whole-tree transpiration (EL, 46.0 %) of A. auriculiformis, but decreased those of S. superba (15.6 % and 14.9 %, respectively). Warming increased the photosynthetic rate of P. asiatica (18.0 %) and water use efficiency of S. superba (47.2 %). Leaf nutrients and stomatal anatomical characteristics of shrubs were less affected by soil warming. Soil warming increased (+42.7 %) leaf K content of A. auriculiformis in dry season. Decomposition of soil total carbon, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen was accelerated under soil warming, and soil exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were decreased. Trees changed stomatal and anatomic traits to adapt to soil warming, while shrubs altered leaf water content and specific leaf area under soil warming. Warming had a greater effect on sap flow of trees, as well as on their leaf gas exchange (total effect: -0.27) than on that of shrubs (total effect: 0.06). In summary, our results suggest that the combination of functional and nutrient traits can help to better understand plant water use and gas exchange responses under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Liang X, Wang D, Ye Q, Zhang J, Liu M, Liu H, Yu K, Wang Y, Hou E, Zhong B, Xu L, Lv T, Peng S, Lu H, Sicard P, Anav A, Ellsworth DS. Stomatal responses of terrestrial plants to global change. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2188. [PMID: 37069185 PMCID: PMC10110556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the stomatal responses of plants to global change factors is crucial for modeling terrestrial carbon and water cycles. Here we synthesize worldwide experimental data to show that stomatal conductance (gs) decreases with elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), warming, decreased precipitation, and tropospheric ozone pollution, but increases with increased precipitation and nitrogen (N) deposition. These responses vary with treatment magnitude, plant attributes (ambient gs, vegetation biomes, and plant functional types), and climate. All two-factor combinations (except warming + N deposition) significantly reduce gs, and their individual effects are commonly additive but tend to be antagonistic as the effect sizes increased. We further show that rising CO2 and warming would dominate the future change of plant gs across biomes. The results of our meta-analysis provide a foundation for understanding and predicting plant gs across biomes and guiding manipulative experiment designs in a real world where global change factors do not occur in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Defu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Jinmeng Zhang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 211200, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510520, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Enqing Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Buqing Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Long Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Tong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shouzhang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Haibo Lu
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS Ltd, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France
| | - Alessandro Anav
- ENEA, Climate Modeling Laboratory, CR Casaccia, 301 Via Anguillarese, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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3
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Blumenthal DM, Carrillo Y, Kray JA, Parsons MC, Morgan JA, Pendall E. Soil disturbance and invasion magnify CO 2 effects on grassland productivity, reducing diversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6741-6751. [PMID: 36093790 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, disturbance, and plant invasion threaten grassland ecosystems, but their combined and interactive effects are poorly understood. Here, we examine how the combination of disturbance and plant invasion influences the sensitivity of mixed-grass prairie to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2 ) and warming. We established subplots of intact prairie and disturbed/invaded prairie within a free-air CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppmv) by infrared warming (+1.5°C day, 3°C night) experiment and followed plant and soil responses for 5 years. Elevated CO2 initially led to moderate increases in biomass and plant diversity in both intact and disturbed/invaded prairie, but these effects shifted due to strong eCO2 responses of the invasive forb Centaurea diffusa. In the final 3 years, biomass responses to eCO2 in disturbed/invaded prairie were 10 times as large as those in intact prairie (+186% vs. +18%), resulting in reduced rather than increased plant diversity (-17% vs. +10%). At the same time, warming interacted with disturbance/invasion and year, reducing the rate of topsoil carbon recovery following disturbance. The strength of these interactions demonstrates the need to incorporate disturbance into predictions of climate change effects. In contrast to expectations from studies in intact ecosystems, eCO2 may threaten plant diversity in ecosystems subject to soil disturbance and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie A Kray
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew C Parsons
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Resource Environmental Solutions, LLC, Brodhead, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jack A Morgan
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Maschler J, Bialic‐Murphy L, Wan J, Andresen LC, Zohner CM, Reich PB, Lüscher A, Schneider MK, Müller C, Moser G, Dukes JS, Schmidt IK, Bilton MC, Zhu K, Crowther TW. Links across ecological scales: Plant biomass responses to elevated CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6115-6134. [PMID: 36069191 PMCID: PMC9825951 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2 ]) increase the amount of carbon (C) assimilated by vegetation plays a key role in climate change. However, due to the short-term nature of CO2 enrichment experiments and the lack of reconciliation between different ecological scales, the effect of e[CO2 ] on plant biomass stocks remains a major uncertainty in future climate projections. Here, we review the effect of e[CO2 ] on plant biomass across multiple levels of ecological organization, scaling from physiological responses to changes in population-, community-, ecosystem-, and global-scale dynamics. We find that evidence for a sustained biomass response to e[CO2 ] varies across ecological scales, leading to diverging conclusions about the responses of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. While the distinct focus of every scale reveals new mechanisms driving biomass accumulation under e[CO2 ], none of them provides a full picture of all relevant processes. For example, while physiological evidence suggests a possible long-term basis for increased biomass accumulation under e[CO2 ] through sustained photosynthetic stimulation, population-scale evidence indicates that a possible e[CO2 ]-induced increase in mortality rates might potentially outweigh the effect of increases in plant growth rates on biomass levels. Evidence at the global scale may indicate that e[CO2 ] has contributed to increased biomass cover over recent decades, but due to the difficulty to disentangle the effect of e[CO2 ] from a variety of climatic and land-use-related drivers of plant biomass stocks, it remains unclear whether nutrient limitations or other ecological mechanisms operating at finer scales will dampen the e[CO2 ] effect over time. By exploring these discrepancies, we identify key research gaps in our understanding of the effect of e[CO2 ] on plant biomass and highlight the need to integrate knowledge across scales of ecological organization so that large-scale modeling can represent the finer-scale mechanisms needed to constrain our understanding of future terrestrial C storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maschler
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lalasia Bialic‐Murphy
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Joe Wan
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Constantin M. Zohner
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for the Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Andreas Lüscher
- ETH ZurichInstitute of Agricultural ScienceZurichSwitzerland
- Agroscope, Forage Production and Grassland SystemsZurichSwitzerland
| | - Manuel K. Schneider
- ETH ZurichInstitute of Agricultural ScienceZurichSwitzerland
- Agroscope, Forage Production and Grassland SystemsZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Plant EcologyJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Gerald Moser
- Institute of Plant EcologyJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Jeffrey S. Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mark C. Bilton
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources SciencesNamibia University of Science and Technology (NUST)WindhoekNamibia
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental StudiesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas W. Crowther
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZurichSwitzerland
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5
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Larson CD, Pollnac FW, Schmitz K, Rew LJ. Climate change and micro-topography are facilitating the mountain invasion by a non-native perennial plant species. NEOBIOTA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.65.61673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mountainous areas and their endemic plant diversity are threatened by global climate change and invasive species. Mountain plant invasions have historically been minimal, however, climate change and increased anthropogenic activity (e.g. roads and vehicles) are amplifying invasion pressure. We assessed plant performance (stem density and fruit production) of the invasive non-native forb Linaria dalmatica along three mountain roads, over an eight-year period (2008–2015) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), USA. We evaluated how L. dalmatica performed in response to elevation, changed over time, responded to climate and how the climate of our sites has changed, and compared elevation, climate, micro-topography (slope aspect and angle), and fruit production among sites with differing temporal trends. Linaria dalmatica stem density and fruit production increased with elevation and demonstrated two temporal groups, those populations where stem densities shrank and those that remained stable or grew over time. Stem density demonstrated a hump-shaped response to summer mean temperature, while fruit production decreased with summer mean maximum temperature and showed a hump-shaped response to winter precipitation. Analysis of both short and long-term climate data from our sites, demonstrated that summer temperatures have been increasing and winters getting wetter. The shrinking population group had a lower mean elevation, hotter summer temperatures, drier winters, had plots that differed in slope aspect and angle from the stable/growing group, and produced less fruit. Regional climate projections predict that the observed climate trends will continue, which will likely benefit L. dalmatica populations at higher elevations. We conclude that L. dalmatica may persist at lower elevations where it poses little invasive threat, and its invasion into the mountains will continue along roadways, expanding into higher elevations of the GYE.
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6
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Do day and night warming exert different effects on growth and competitive interaction between invasive and native plants? Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Smith NG, Keenan TF. Mechanisms underlying leaf photosynthetic acclimation to warming and elevated CO 2 as inferred from least-cost optimality theory. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5202-5216. [PMID: 32525621 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for photosynthetic acclimation are not well understood, effectively limiting predictability under future conditions. Least-cost optimality theory can be used to predict the acclimation of photosynthetic capacity based on the assumption that plants maximize carbon uptake while minimizing the associated costs. Here, we use this theory as a null model in combination with multiple datasets of C3 plant photosynthetic traits to elucidate the mechanisms underlying photosynthetic acclimation to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The model-data comparison showed that leaves decrease the ratio of the maximum rate of electron transport to the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Jmax /Vcmax ) under higher temperatures. The comparison also indicated that resources used for Rubisco and electron transport are reduced under both elevated temperature and CO2 . Finally, our analysis suggested that plants underinvest in electron transport relative to carboxylation under elevated CO2 , limiting potential leaf-level photosynthesis under future CO2 concentrations. Altogether, our results show that acclimation to temperature and CO2 is primarily related to resource conservation at the leaf level. Under future, warmer, high CO2 conditions, plants are therefore likely to use less nutrients for leaf-level photosynthesis, which may impact whole-plant to ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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8
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Sage E, Heisler-White J, Morgan J, Pendall E, Williams DG. Climate warming alters photosynthetic responses to elevated CO 2 in prairie plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1238-1252. [PMID: 32931042 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The impact of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]) and climate warming on plant productivity in dryland ecosystems is influenced strongly by soil moisture availability. We predicted that the influence of warming on the stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated [CO2 ] in prairie plants would operate primarily through direct and indirect effects on soil water. METHODS We measured light-saturated photosynthesis (Anet ), stomatal conductance (gs ), maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax ), maximum electron transport capacity (Jmax ) and related variables in four C3 plant species in the Prairie Heating and CO2 Enrichment (PHACE) experiment in southeastern Wyoming. Measurements were conducted over two growing seasons that differed in the amount of precipitation and soil moisture content. RESULTS Anet in the C3 subshrub Artemisia frigida and the C3 forb Sphaeralcea coccinea was stimulated by elevated [CO2 ] under ambient and warmed temperature treatments. Warming by itself reduced Anet in all species during the dry year, but stimulated photosynthesis in S. coccinea in the wet year. In contrast, Anet in the C3 grass Pascopyrum smithii was not stimulated by elevated [CO2 ] or warming under wet or dry conditions. Photosynthetic downregulation under elevated [CO2 ] in this species countered the potential stimulatory effect under improved water relations. Warming also reduced the magnitude of CO2 -induced down-regulation in this grass, possibly by sustaining high levels of carbon utilization. CONCLUSIONS Direct and indirect effects of elevated [CO2 ] and warming on soil water was an overriding factor influencing patterns of Anet in this semi-arid temperate grassland, emphasizing the important role of water relations in driving grassland responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sage
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | | | - Jack Morgan
- USDA-ARS Crops Research Laboratory, 1701 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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9
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Pastore MA, Lee TD, Hobbie SE, Reich PB. Interactive effects of elevated CO 2 , warming, reduced rainfall, and nitrogen on leaf gas exchange in five perennial grassland species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1862-1878. [PMID: 32400900 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global changes can interact to affect photosynthesis and thus ecosystem carbon capture, yet few multi-factor field studies exist to examine such interactions. Here, we evaluate leaf gas exchange responses of five perennial grassland species from four functional groups to individual and interactive global changes in an open-air experiment in Minnesota, USA, including elevated CO2 (eCO2 ), warming, reduced rainfall and increased soil nitrogen supply. All four factors influenced leaf net photosynthesis and/or stomatal conductance, but almost all effects were context-dependent, i.e. they differed among species, varied with levels of other treatments and/or depended on environmental conditions. Firstly, the response of photosynthesis to eCO2 depended on species and nitrogen, became more positive as vapour pressure deficit increased and, for a C4 grass and a legume, was more positive under reduced rainfall. Secondly, reduced rainfall increased photosynthesis in three functionally distinct species, potentially via acclimation to low soil moisture. Thirdly, warming had positive, neutral or negative effects on photosynthesis depending on species and rainfall. Overall, our results show that interactions among global changes and environmental conditions may complicate predictions based on simple theoretical expectations of main effects, and that the factors and interactions influencing photosynthesis vary among herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pastore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tali D Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Hager HA, Ryan GD, Newman JA. Effects of elevated CO 2 on competition between native and invasive grasses. Oecologia 2020; 192:1099-1110. [PMID: 32253494 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration increases the performance of invasive plants relative to natives when grown in monoculture, but it is unclear how that will affect the relative competitive abilities per se of invasive and native grasses grown together. We tested competitive outcomes for four native and four invasive perennial C3 and C4 grasses under ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (700 or 1000 ppm) CO2 concentrations in the greenhouse with non-limiting water and nutrients. We predicted that elevated CO2 would increase the competitive suppression of native grasses by invasive grasses. To test this, we determined the relative interaction intensity of biomass allocation for natives grown alone vs. those grown in native-invasive species pairs. We also measured photosynthetic traits that contribute to plant invasiveness and may be affected by elevated CO2 concentrations for species pairs in mixture to determine native-invasive relative performance. We found no effect of CO2 for the aboveground biomass and tiller production measures of interaction intensity or for relative performance for most of the measured photosynthetic traits. In competition, the invaders nearly always outperform natives in biomass and tiller production, regardless of CO2 level. The results suggest that increasing CO2 concentration alone has little effect on grass competitive outcomes under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Hager
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Geraldine D Ryan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Newman
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
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11
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Holohan AD, Müller C, McElwain J. Heritable Changes in Physiological Gas Exchange Traits in Response to Long-Term, Moderate Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1210. [PMID: 31681354 PMCID: PMC6802601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) concentrations significantly alter developmental plant traits with potentially far-reaching consequences for ecosystem function and productivity. However, contemporary evolutionary responses among extant plant species that coincide with modern, anthropogenically driven [CO2] rise have rarely been demonstrated among field-grown plant populations. Here we present findings from a long-term, free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study in a seminatural European grassland ecosystem in which we observe a differential capacity among plant species to acclimate intrinsic water-use efficiencies (WUEs) in response to prolonged multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO2] concentrations. In a reciprocal swap trial, using controlled environment growth chambers, we germinated seeds from six of the most dominant plant species at the FACE site [Arrhenatherum elatius (L.), Trisetum flavescens (L.), Holcus lanatus (L.), Geranium pratense (L.), Sanguisorba officinalis (L.), and Plantago lanceolata (L.)]. We found that long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] strongly influenced the dynamic control of WUEi in the first filial generations (F1) of all species as well as an unequal ability to adapt to changes in the [CO2] of the growth environment among those species. Furthermore, despite trait-environment relationships of this nature often being considered evidence for local adaptation in plants, we demonstrate that the ability to increase WUEi does not necessarily translate to an ecological advantage in diverse species mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan David Holohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christoph Müller
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, The Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science (E4.47), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Plant Ecology and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Augustine DJ, Blumenthal DM, Springer TL, LeCain DR, Gunter SA, Derner JD. Elevated CO 2 induces substantial and persistent declines in forage quality irrespective of warming in mixedgrass prairie. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:721-735. [PMID: 29297964 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric [CO2 ] and temperature are expected to affect the productivity, species composition, biogeochemistry, and therefore the quantity and quality of forage available to herbivores in rangeland ecosystems. Both elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and warming affect plant tissue chemistry through multiple direct and indirect pathways, such that the cumulative outcomes of these effects are difficult to predict. Here, we report on a 7-yr study examining effects of CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppm) and infrared warming (+1.5°C day/3°C night) under realistic field conditions on forage quality and quantity in a semiarid, mixedgrass prairie. For the three dominant forage grasses, warming effects on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and tissue [N] were detected only in certain years, varied from negative to positive, and were relatively minor. In contrast, eCO2 substantially reduced IVDMD (two most abundant grasses) and [N] (all three dominant grass species) in most years, except the two wettest years. Furthermore, eCO2 reduced IVDMD and [N] independent of warming effects. Reduced IVDMD with eCO2 was related both to reduced [N] and increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of grass tissues. For the six most abundant forage species (representing 96% of total forage production), combined warming and eCO2 increased forage production by 38% and reduced forage [N] by 13% relative to ambient climate. Although the absolute magnitude of the decline in IVDMD and [N] due to combined warming and eCO2 may seem small (e.g., from 63.3 to 61.1% IVDMD and 1.25 to 1.04% [N] for Pascopyrum smithii), such shifts could have substantial consequences for the rate at which ruminants gain weight during the primary growing season in the largest remaining rangeland ecosystem in North America. With forage production increases, declining forage quality could potentially be mitigated by adaptively increasing stocking rates, and through management such as prescribed burning, fertilization at low rates, and legume interseeding to enhance forage quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Augustine
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80525, USA
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80525, USA
| | - Tim L Springer
- Southern Plains Range Research Station, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 18th Street, Woodward, Oklahoma, 73801, USA
| | - Daniel R LeCain
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80525, USA
| | - Stacey A Gunter
- Southern Plains Range Research Station, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 18th Street, Woodward, Oklahoma, 73801, USA
| | - Justin D Derner
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 8408 Hildreth Road, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
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Blumenthal DM, Mueller KE, Kray JA, LeCain DR, Pendall E, Duke S, Zelikova TJ, Dijkstra FA, Williams DG, Morgan JA. Warming and Elevated CO2 Interact to Alter Seasonality and Reduce Variability of Soil Water in a Semiarid Grassland. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Terrer C, Vicca S, Stocker BD, Hungate BA, Phillips RP, Reich PB, Finzi AC, Prentice IC. Ecosystem responses to elevated CO 2 governed by plant-soil interactions and the cost of nitrogen acquisition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:507-522. [PMID: 29105765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 507 I. Introduction 507 II. The return on investment approach 508 III. CO2 response spectrum 510 IV. Discussion 516 Acknowledgements 518 References 518 SUMMARY: Land ecosystems sequester on average about a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. It has been proposed that nitrogen (N) availability will exert an increasingly limiting effect on plants' ability to store additional carbon (C) under rising CO2 , but these mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we review findings from elevated CO2 experiments using a plant economics framework, highlighting how ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 may depend on the costs and benefits of plant interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic N-fixing microbes. We found that N-acquisition efficiency is positively correlated with leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and plant growth, and negatively with soil C storage. Plants that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi and N-fixers may acquire N at a lower cost than plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, the additional growth in ectomycorrhizal plants is partly offset by decreases in soil C pools via priming. Collectively, our results indicate that predictive models aimed at quantifying C cycle feedbacks to global change may be improved by treating N as a resource that can be acquired by plants in exchange for energy, with different costs depending on plant interactions with microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Terrer
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Adrien C Finzi
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - I Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
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15
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Pathare VS, Crous KY, Cooke J, Creek D, Ghannoum O, Ellsworth DS. Water availability affects seasonal CO 2 -induced photosynthetic enhancement in herbaceous species in a periodically dry woodland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5164-5178. [PMID: 28691268 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2 ) is expected to reduce the impacts of drought and increase photosynthetic rates via two key mechanisms: first, through decreased stomatal conductance (gs ) and increased soil water content (VSWC ) and second, through increased leaf internal CO2 (Ci ) and decreased stomatal limitations (Slim ). It is unclear if such findings from temperate grassland studies similarly pertain to warmer ecosystems with periodic water deficits. We tested these mechanisms in three important C3 herbaceous species in a periodically dry Eucalyptus woodland and investigated how eCO2 -induced photosynthetic enhancement varied with seasonal water availability, over a 3 year period. Leaf photosynthesis increased by 10%-50% with a 150 μmol mol-1 increase in atmospheric CO2 across seasons. This eCO2 -induced increase in photosynthesis was a function of seasonal water availability, given by recent precipitation and mean daily VSWC . The highest photosynthetic enhancement by eCO2 (>30%) was observed during the most water-limited period, for example, with VSWC <0.07 in this sandy surface soil. Under eCO2 there was neither a significant decrease in gs in the three herbaceous species, nor increases in VSWC , indicating no "water-savings effect" of eCO2 . Periods of low VSWC showed lower gs (less than ≈ 0.12 mol m-2 s-1 ), higher relative Slim (>30%) and decreased Ci under the ambient CO2 concentration (aCO2 ), with leaf photosynthesis strongly carboxylation-limited. The alleviation of Slim by eCO2 was facilitated by increasing Ci , thus yielding a larger photosynthetic enhancement during dry periods. We demonstrated that water availability, but not eCO2 , controls gs and hence the magnitude of photosynthetic enhancement in the understory herbaceous plants. Thus, eCO2 has the potential to alter vegetation functioning in a periodically dry woodland understory through changes in stomatal limitation to photosynthesis, not by the "water-savings effect" usually invoked in grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha S Pathare
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Julia Cooke
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems Sciences, The Open University, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Hines J, Pabst S, Mueller KE, Blumenthal DM, Cesarz S, Eisenhauer N. Soil‐mediated effects of global change on plant communities depend on plant growth form. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jes Hines
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
| | - Susann Pabst
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
| | - Kevin E. Mueller
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Dana M. Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Simone Cesarz
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
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Liu Y, Oduor AMO, Zhang Z, Manea A, Tooth IM, Leishman MR, Xu X, van Kleunen M. Do invasive alien plants benefit more from global environmental change than native plants? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3363-3370. [PMID: 27888560 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien plant species threaten native biodiversity, disrupt ecosystem functions and can cause large economic damage. Plant invasions have been predicted to further increase under ongoing global environmental change. Numerous case studies have compared the performance of invasive and native plant species in response to global environmental change components (i.e. changes in mean levels of precipitation, temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentration or nitrogen deposition). Individually, these studies usually involve low numbers of species and therefore the results cannot be generalized. Therefore, we performed a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to assess whether there is a general pattern of differences in invasive and native plant performance under each component of global environmental change. We compiled a database of studies that reported performance measures for 74 invasive alien plant species and 117 native plant species in response to one of the above-mentioned global environmental change components. We found that elevated temperature and CO2 enrichment increased the performance of invasive alien plants more strongly than was the case for native plants. Invasive alien plants tended to also have a slightly stronger positive response to increased N deposition and increased precipitation than native plants, but these differences were not significant (N deposition: P = 0.051; increased precipitation: P = 0.679). Invasive alien plants tended to have a slightly stronger negative response to decreased precipitation than native plants, although this difference was also not significant (P = 0.060). So while drought could potentially reduce plant invasion, increases in the four other components of global environmental change considered, particularly global warming and atmospheric CO2 enrichment, may further increase the spread of invasive plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ayub M O Oduor
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Applied and Technical Biology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Anthony Manea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Michelle R Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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18
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Hovenden MJ, Newton PCD, Porter M. Elevated CO2 and warming effects on grassland plant mortality are determined by the timing of rainfall. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1225-1233. [PMID: 28334161 PMCID: PMC5604550 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Global warming is expected to increase the mortality rate of established plants in water-limited systems because of its effect on evapotranspiration. The rising CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]), however, should have the opposite effect because it reduces plant transpiration, delaying the onset of drought. This potential for elevated [CO 2 ] (eCO 2 ) to modify the warming effect on mortality should be related to prevailing moisture conditions. This study aimed to determine the impacts of warming by 2 °C and eCO 2 (550 μmol mol -1 ) on plant mortality in an Australian temperate grassland over a 6-year period and to test how interannual variation in rainfall influenced treatment effects. METHODS Analyses were based on results from a field experiment, TasFACE, in which grassland plots were exposed to a combination of eCO 2 by free air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) and warming by infrared heaters. Using an annual census of established plants and detailed estimates of recruitment, annual mortality of all established plants was calculated. The influence of rainfall amount and timing on the relative impact of treatments on mortality in each year was analysed using multiple regression techniques. KEY RESULTS Warming and eCO 2 effects had an interactive influence on mortality which varied strongly from year to year and this variation was determined by temporal rainfall patterns. Warming tended to increase density-adjusted mortality and eCO 2 moderated that effect, but to a greater extent in years with fewer dry periods. CONCLUSIONS These results show that eCO 2 reduced the negative effect of warming but this influence varied strongly with rainfall timing. Importantly, indices involving the amount of rainfall were not required to explain interannual variation in mortality or treatment effects on mortality. Therefore, predictions of global warming effects on plant mortality will be reliant not only on other climate change factors, but also on the temporal distribution of rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hovenden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Paul C. D. Newton
- Land & Environmental Management, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Meagan Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia
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Blumenthal DM, Kray JA, Ortmans W, Ziska LH, Pendall E. Cheatgrass is favored by warming but not CO2 enrichment in a semi-arid grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3026-3038. [PMID: 27090757 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 and warming may alter terrestrial ecosystems by promoting invasive plants with strong community and ecosystem impacts. Invasive plant responses to elevated CO2 and warming are difficult to predict, however, because of the many mechanisms involved, including modification of phenology, physiology, and cycling of nitrogen and water. Understanding the relative and interactive importance of these processes requires multifactor experiments under realistic field conditions. Here, we test how free-air CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppmv) and infrared warming (+1.5 °C day/3 °C night) influence a functionally and phenologically distinct invasive plant in semi-arid mixed-grass prairie. Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), a fast-growing Eurasian winter annual grass, increases fire frequency and reduces biological diversity across millions of hectares in western North America. Across 2 years, we found that warming more than tripled B. tectorum biomass and seed production, due to a combination of increased recruitment and increased growth. These results were observed with and without competition from native species, under wet and dry conditions (corresponding with tenfold differences in B. tectorum biomass), and despite the fact that warming reduced soil water. In contrast, elevated CO2 had little effect on B. tectorum invasion or soil water, while reducing soil and plant nitrogen (N). We conclude that (1) warming may expand B. tectorum's phenological niche, allowing it to more successfully colonize the extensive, invasion-resistant northern mixed-grass prairie, and (2) in ecosystems where elevated CO2 decreases N availability, CO2 may have limited effects on B. tectorum and other nitrophilic invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julie A Kray
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William Ortmans
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lewis H Ziska
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Botany & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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20
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Shi S, Li Z, Wang H, von Arx G, Lü Y, Wu X, Wang X, Liu G, Fu B. Roots of forbs sense climate fluctuations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau: Herb-chronology based analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28435. [PMID: 27323906 PMCID: PMC4914992 DOI: 10.1038/srep28435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of herbaceous plants responds sensitively and rapidly to climate variability. Yet, little is known regarding how climate warming influences the growth of herbaceous plants, particularly in semi-arid sites. This contrasts with widely reported tree growth decline and even mortality in response to severe water deficits due to climate warming around the world. Here, we use the relatively novel approach of herb-chronology to analyze the correlation between climatic factors and annual ring width in the root xylem of two perennial forb species (Medicago sativa, Potentilla chinensis) in the Loess Plateau of China. We show that warming-induced water deficit has a significant negative effect on the growth of herbaceous plants in the Loess Plateau. Our results indicate that the growth of forbs responds rapidly and sensitively to drought variability, implying that water availability plays a dominant role in regulating the growth of herbaceous plants in semi-arid areas. If warming and drying in the Loess Plateau continue in the future, further affects the growth of herbaceous plants, potentially driving regional changes in the relationship between herbaceous vegetation and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Yihe Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Roy J, Picon-Cochard C, Augusti A, Benot ML, Thiery L, Darsonville O, Landais D, Piel C, Defossez M, Devidal S, Escape C, Ravel O, Fromin N, Volaire F, Milcu A, Bahn M, Soussana JF. Elevated CO2 maintains grassland net carbon uptake under a future heat and drought extreme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6224-9. [PMID: 27185934 PMCID: PMC4896684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524527113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme climatic events (ECEs) such as droughts and heat waves are predicted to increase in intensity and frequency and impact the terrestrial carbon balance. However, we lack direct experimental evidence of how the net carbon uptake of ecosystems is affected by ECEs under future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2). Taking advantage of an advanced controlled environment facility for ecosystem research (Ecotron), we simulated eCO2 and extreme cooccurring heat and drought events as projected for the 2050s and analyzed their effects on the ecosystem-level carbon and water fluxes in a C3 grassland. Our results indicate that eCO2 not only slows down the decline of ecosystem carbon uptake during the ECE but also enhances its recovery after the ECE, as mediated by increases of root growth and plant nitrogen uptake induced by the ECE. These findings indicate that, in the predicted near future climate, eCO2 could mitigate the effects of extreme droughts and heat waves on ecosystem net carbon uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Roy
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France;
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angela Augusti
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 2-05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Marie-Lise Benot
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Lionel Thiery
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Darsonville
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Landais
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Clément Piel
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Marc Defossez
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Sébastien Devidal
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Christophe Escape
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Olivier Ravel
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Nathalie Fromin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Volaire
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Unité Sous Contrat 1338, INRA, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jean-François Soussana
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Manea A, Sloane DR, Leishman MR. Reductions in native grass biomass associated with drought facilitates the invasion of an exotic grass into a model grassland system. Oecologia 2016; 181:175-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Ziska LH, McConnell LL. Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Pest Biology: Monitor, Mitigate, Manage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6-12. [PMID: 25671793 DOI: 10.1021/jf506101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and subsequent changes in climate, including temperature and precipitation extremes, are very likely to alter pest pressures in both managed and unmanaged plant communities. Such changes in pest pressures can be positive (migration from a region) or negative (new introductions), but are likely to be accompanied by significant economic and environmental consequences. Recent studies indicate the range of invasive weeds such as kudzu and insects such as mountain pine beetle have already expanded to more northern regions as temperatures have risen. To reduce these consequences, a better understanding of the link between CO2/climate and pest biology is needed in the context of existing and new strategies for pest management. This paper provides an overview of the probable biological links and the vulnerabilities of existing pest management (especially chemical control) and provides a preliminary synthesis of research needs that could potentially improve the ability to monitor, mitigate, and manage pest impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Ziska
- Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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24
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Leishman MR, Gallagher RV. Will there be a shift to alien-dominated vegetation assemblages under climate change? DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Rachael V. Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
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25
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Seastedt TR. Biological control of invasive plant species: a reassessment for the Anthropocene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:490-502. [PMID: 25303317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The science of finding, testing and releasing herbivores and pathogens to control invasive plant species has achieved a level of maturity and success that argues for continued and expanded use of this program. The practice, however, remains unpopular with some conservationists, invasion biologists, and stakeholders. The ecological and economic benefits of controlling densities of problematic plant species using biological control agents can be quantified, but the risks and net benefits of biological control programs are often derived from social or cultural rather than scientific criteria. Management of invasive plants is a 'wicked problem', and local outcomes to wicked problems have both positive and negative consequences differentially affecting various groups of stakeholders. The program has inherent uncertainties; inserting species into communities that are experiencing directional or even transformational changes can produce multiple outcomes due to context-specific factors that are further confounded by environmental change drivers. Despite these uncertainties, biological control could play a larger role in mitigation and adaptation strategies used to maintain biological diversity as well as contribute to human well-being by protecting food and fiber resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Seastedt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA
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26
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Zelikova TJ, Blumenthal DM, Williams DG, Souza L, LeCain DR, Morgan J, Pendall E. Long-term exposure to elevated CO2 enhances plant community stability by suppressing dominant plant species in a mixed-grass prairie. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15456-61. [PMID: 25313034 PMCID: PMC4217402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414659111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate controls vegetation distribution across the globe, and some vegetation types are more vulnerable to climate change, whereas others are more resistant. Because resistance and resilience can influence ecosystem stability and determine how communities and ecosystems respond to climate change, we need to evaluate the potential for resistance as we predict future ecosystem function. In a mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains, we used a large field experiment to test the effects of elevated CO2, warming, and summer irrigation on plant community structure and productivity, linking changes in both to stability in plant community composition and biomass production. We show that the independent effects of CO2 and warming on community composition and productivity depend on interannual variation in precipitation and that the effects of elevated CO2 are not limited to water saving because they differ from those of irrigation. We also show that production in this mixed-grass prairie ecosystem is not only relatively resistant to interannual variation in precipitation, but also rendered more stable under elevated CO2 conditions. This increase in production stability is the result of altered community dominance patterns: Community evenness increases as dominant species decrease in biomass under elevated CO2. In many grasslands that serve as rangelands, the economic value of the ecosystem is largely dependent on plant community composition and the relative abundance of key forage species. Thus, our results have implications for how we manage native grasslands in the face of changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | | | - Lara Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey & Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019; and
| | - Daniel R LeCain
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - Jack Morgan
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - Elise Pendall
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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27
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Polley HW, Derner JD, Jackson RB, Wilsey BJ, Fay PA. Impacts of climate change drivers on C4 grassland productivity: scaling driver effects through the plant community. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3415-3424. [PMID: 24501178 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change drivers affect plant community productivity via three pathways: (i) direct effects of drivers on plants; (ii) the response of species abundances to drivers (community response); and (iii) the feedback effect of community change on productivity (community effect). The contribution of each pathway to driver-productivity relationships depends on functional traits of dominant species. We used data from three experiments in Texas, USA, to assess the role of community dynamics in the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) response of C4 grasslands to two climate drivers applied singly: atmospheric CO2 enrichment and augmented summer precipitation. The ANPP-driver response differed among experiments because community responses and effects differed. ANPP increased by 80-120g m(-2) per 100 μl l(-1) rise in CO2 in separate experiments with pasture and tallgrass prairie assemblages. Augmenting ambient precipitation by 128mm during one summer month each year increased ANPP more in native than in exotic communities in a third experiment. The community effect accounted for 21-38% of the ANPP CO2 response in the prairie experiment but little of the response in the pasture experiment. The community response to CO2 was linked to species traits associated with greater soil water from reduced transpiration (e.g. greater height). Community effects on the ANPP CO2 response and the greater ANPP response of native than exotic communities to augmented precipitation depended on species differences in transpiration efficiency. These results indicate that feedbacks from community change influenced ANPP-driver responses. However, the species traits that regulated community effects on ANPP differed from the traits that determined how communities responded to drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wayne Polley
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil & Water Research Laboratory, Temple, Texas, 76502, USA
| | - Justin D Derner
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, High Plains Grasslands Research Station, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Brian J Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil & Water Research Laboratory, Temple, Texas, 76502, USA
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