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Hamberg L, Vanhatalo J, Velmala S, Taylor AFS, MacKay J, Caron S, Asiegbu FO, Sievänen R, Raumonen P, Hytönen T, Pennanen T. The community of root fungi is associated with the growth rate of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16662. [PMID: 38840258 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Our study delved into the relationship between root-associated fungi, gene expression and plant morphology in Norway spruce cuttings derived from both slow-and fast-growing trees. We found no clear link between the gene expression patterns of adventitious roots and the growth phenotype, suggesting no fundamental differences in the receptiveness to fungal symbionts between the phenotypes. Interestingly, saplings from slow-growing parental trees exhibited a higher richness of ectomycorrhizal species and larger roots. Some ectomycorrhizal species, typically found on mature spruces, were more prevalent on saplings from slow-growing spruces. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungus, Hyaloscypha hepaticola, showed a stronger association with saplings from fast-growing spruces. Moreover, saplings from slow-growing spruces had a greater number of Ascomycete taxa and free-living saprotrophic fungi. Aboveground sapling stems displayed some phenotypic variation; saplings from fast-growing phenotypes had longer branches but fewer whorls in their stems compared to those from the slow-growing group. In conclusion, the observed root-associated fungi and phenotypic characteristics in young Norway spruces may play a role in their long-term growth rate. This suggests that the early interactions between spruces and fungi could potentially influence their growth trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Hamberg
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno Vanhatalo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - John MacKay
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sébastien Caron
- Center for Forest Research and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Sievänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Computing Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuija Hytönen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Hagh-Doust N, Färkkilä SM, Hosseyni Moghaddam MS, Tedersoo L. Symbiotic fungi as biotechnological tools: Methodological challenges and relative benefits in agriculture and forestry. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Khalid M, Tan H, Ali M, Rehman A, Liu X, Su L, Zhao C, Li X, Hui N. Karst rocky desertification diverged the soil residing and the active ectomycorrhizal fungal communities thereby fostering distinctive extramatrical mycelia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151016. [PMID: 34666083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are mutualists that play crucial roles in liberation, nutrient acquisition, transfer of growth-limiting resources and provision of water to host plants in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in stressed prone climates. In this study, a field-based experiment was performed in Yunnan, China to assess the effect of karst rocky desertification (KRD) and natural forests (non-KRD) sites on the richness and composition of EMF communities. Inert sand-filled mesh bags were employed to characterize the active EMF and quantify the production of extramatrical mycelium (EMM). Results indicated that, EMF exhibited a significant differentiation among KRD and non-KRD sites, richness and diversity were higher across KRD areas, whereas the evenness showed the opposite trend. Ascomycota and Zygomycota were greater across KRD sites, however, Basidiomycota showed no difference across both study sites. The relative abundance of Clavaria, Butyriboletus, Odontia, Phyloporus, Helvella, Russula and Tomentella were higher across the KRD sites, whereas, Clavulinopsis, Endogone, Amanita, Inocybe and Clavulina were higher across the non-KRD sites. It's worth noting that, saprophytic (SAP) fungal community was found to be more abundant in the soil than the mesh bags at both sites particularly at KRD sites, which likely provide more free space and less competition for the EMF to thrive well in the mesh bags. In similar pattern, ergosterol concentration in mesh bags was observed relatively higher at KRD sites than the non-KRD sites. The Entoloma, Amanita, and Sebacina were found to be substantially higher in mesh bags than soil across both sites. Delicatula, Helvella and Tomentella on the other hand, showed higher relative abundance in mesh bags than soil over KRD sites, however they did not differ across non-KRD sites. Taken together, the presented results highlight relationship between the EMF community and the complex KRD environment, which is very important for the restoration of disturbed karst landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haoxin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mehran Ali
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Asad Rehman
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lantian Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
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Vesala R, Kiheri H, Hobbie EA, van Dijk N, Dise N, Larmola T. Atmospheric nitrogen enrichment changes nutrient stoichiometry and reduces fungal N supply to peatland ericoid mycorrhizal shrubs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148737. [PMID: 34323746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands store one third of global soil carbon (C) and up to 15% of global soil nitrogen (N) but often have low plant nutrient availability owing to slow organic matter decomposition under acidic and waterlogged conditions. In rainwater-fed ombrotrophic peatlands, elevated atmospheric N deposition has increased N availability with potential consequences to ecosystem nutrient cycling. Here, we studied how 14 years of continuous N addition with either nitrate or ammonium had affected ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) shrubs at Whim Bog, Scotland. We examined whether enrichment has influenced foliar nutrient stoichiometry and assessed using N stable isotopes whether potential changes in plant nutrient constraints are linked with plant N uptake through ERM fungi versus direct plant uptake. High doses of ammonium alleviated N deficiency in Calluna vulgaris and Erica tetralix, whereas low doses of ammonium and nitrate improved plant phosphorus (P) nutrition, indicated by the lowered foliar N:P ratios. Root acid phosphatase activities correlated positively with foliar N:P ratios, suggesting enhanced P uptake as a result of improved N nutrition. Elevated foliar δ15N of fertilized shrubs suggested that ERM fungi were less important for N supply with N fertilization. Increases in N availability in peat porewater and in direct nonmycorrhizal N uptake likely have reduced plant nitrogen uptake via mycorrhizal pathways. As the mycorrhizal N uptake correlates with the reciprocal C supply from host plants to the soil, such reduction in ERM activity may affect peat microbial communities and even accelerate C loss via decreased ERM activity and enhanced saprotrophic activity. Our results thus introduce a previously unrecognized mechanism for how anthropogenic N pollution may affect nutrient and carbon cycling within peatland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Vesala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Finland.
| | - Heikki Kiheri
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Finland; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, United States
| | - Netty van Dijk
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy Dise
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Edinburgh, UK
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Veselá P, Vašutová M, Edwards-Jonášová M, Holub F, Fleischer P, Cudlín P. Management After Windstorm Affects the Composition of Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts of Regenerating Trees but Not Their Mycorrhizal Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641232. [PMID: 34054889 PMCID: PMC8160286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to ongoing climate change, forests are expected to face significant disturbances more frequently than in the past. Appropriate management is intended to facilitate forest regeneration. Because European temperate forests mostly consist of trees associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, understanding their role in these disturbances is important to develop strategies to minimize their consequences and effectively restore forests. Our aim was to determine how traditional (EXT) and nonintervention (NEX) management in originally Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests with an admixture of European larch (Larix decidua) affect ECM fungal communities and the potential to interconnect different tree species via ECM networks 15 years after a windstorm. Ten plots in NEX and 10 plots in EXT with the co-occurrences of Norway spruce, European larch, and silver birch (Betula pendula) were selected, and a total of 57 ECM taxa were identified using ITS sequencing from ECM root tips. In both treatments, five ECM species associated with all the studied tree species dominated, with a total abundance of approximately 50% in the examined root samples. Because there were no significant differences between treatments in the number of ECM species associated with different tree species combinations in individual plots, we concluded that the management type did not have a significant effect on networking. However, management significantly affected the compositions of ECM symbionts of Norway spruce and European larch but not those of silver birch. Although this result is explained by the occurrence of seedlings and ECM propagules that were present in the original forest, the consequences are difficult to assess without knowledge of the ecology of different ECM symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Veselá
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Vašutová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Magda Edwards-Jonášová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Filip Holub
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Peter Fleischer
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
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6
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Fracchia F, Mangeot-Peter L, Jacquot L, Martin F, Veneault-Fourrey C, Deveau A. Colonization of Naive Roots from Populus tremula × alba Involves Successive Waves of Fungi and Bacteria with Different Trophic Abilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02541-20. [PMID: 33452025 PMCID: PMC8105020 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02541-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Through their roots, trees interact with a highly complex community of microorganisms belonging to various trophic guilds and contributing to tree nutrition, development, and protection against stresses. Tree roots select for specific microbial species from the bulk soil communities. The root microbiome formation is a dynamic process, but little is known on how the different microorganisms colonize the roots and how the selection occurs. To decipher whether the final composition of the root microbiome is the product of several waves of colonization by different guilds of microorganisms, we planted sterile rooted cuttings of gray poplar obtained from plantlets propagated in axenic conditions in natural poplar stand soil. We analyzed the root microbiome at different time points between 2 and 50 days of culture by combining high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the fungal ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons with confocal laser scanning microscopy observations. The microbial colonization of poplar roots took place in three stages, but bacteria and fungi had different dynamics. Root bacterial communities were clearly different from those in the soil after 2 days of culture. In contrast, if fungi were also already colonizing roots after 2 days, the initial communities were very close to that in the soil and were dominated by saprotrophs. They were slowly replaced by endophytes and ectomycorhizal fungi. The replacement of the most abundant fungal and bacterial community members observed in poplar roots over time suggest potential competition effect between microorganisms and/or a selection by the host.IMPORTANCE The tree root microbiome is composed of a very diverse set of bacterial and fungal communities. These microorganisms have a profound impact on tree growth, development, and protection against different types of stress. They mainly originate from the bulk soil and colonize the root system, which provides a unique nutrient-rich environment for a diverse assemblage of microbial communities. In order to better understand how the tree root microbiome is shaped over time, we observed the composition of root-associated microbial communities of naive plantlets of poplar transferred in natural soil. The composition of the final root microbiome relies on a series of colonization stages characterized by the dominance of different fungal guilds and bacterial community members over time. Our observations suggest an early stabilization of bacterial communities, whereas fungal communities are established following a more gradual pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fracchia
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | | | - L Jacquot
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - F Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | | | - A Deveau
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
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7
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Peltoniemi K, Adamczyk S, Fritze H, Minkkinen K, Pennanen T, Penttilä T, Sarjala T, Laiho R. Site fertility and soil water-table level affect fungal biomass production and community composition in boreal peatland forests. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:5733-5749. [PMID: 33350006 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A substantial amount of below-ground carbon (C) is suggested to be associated with fungi, which may significantly affect the soil C balance in forested ecosystems. Ergosterol from in-growth mesh bags and litterbags was used to estimate fungal biomass production and community composition in drained peatland forests with differing fertility. Extramatrical mycelia (EMM) biomass production was generally higher in the nutrient-poor site, increased with deeper water table level and decreased along the length of the recovery time. EMM biomass production was of the same magnitude as in mineral-soil forests. Saprotrophic fungal biomass production was higher in the nutrient-rich site. Both ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprotrophic fungal community composition changed according to site fertility and water table level. ECM fungal community composition with different exploration types may explain the differences in fungal biomass production between peatland forests. Melanin-rich Hyaloscypha may indicate decreased turnover of biomass in nutrient-rich young peatland forest. Genera Lactarius and Laccaria may be important in nutrient rich and Piloderma in the nutrient-poor conditions, respectively. Furthermore, Paxillus involutus and Cortinarius sp. may be important generalists in all sites and responsible for EMM biomass production during the first summer months. Saprotrophs showed a functionally more diverse fungal community in the nutrient-rich site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Natural Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Sylwia Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Natural Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Natural Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Kari Minkkinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Natural Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Timo Penttilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Natural Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Tytti Sarjala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Production Systems, Kaironiementie 15, Parkano, FI-39700, Finland
| | - Raija Laiho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Natural Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
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8
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Salmela MJ, Velmala SM, Pennanen T. Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti J. Salmela
- Natural Resources Inst. Finland (Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9 FI‐00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sannakajsa M. Velmala
- Natural Resources Inst. Finland (Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9 FI‐00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Inst. Finland (Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9 FI‐00790 Helsinki Finland
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9
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Saravesi K, Markkola A, Taulavuori E, Syvänperä I, Suominen O, Suokas M, Saikkonen K, Taulavuori K. Impacts of experimental warming and northern light climate on growth and root fungal communities of Scots pine populations. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Cruz-Paredes C, Frøslev TG, Michelsen A, Bang-Andreasen T, Hansen M, Ingerslev M, Skov S, Wallander H, Kjøller R. Wood ash application in a managed Norway spruce plantation did not affect ectomycorrhizal diversity or N retention capacity. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Effect of Deadwood on Ectomycorrhizal Colonisation of Old-Growth Oak Forests. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of coarse woody debris (CWD) for species diversity is recognized, the effects of coarse woody debris decay class on species composition have received little attention. We examined how the species composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) changes with CWD decay. We describe ectomycorrhizal root tips and the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal species at three English oak (Quercus robur L.) sites. DNA barcoding revealed a total of 17 ECM fungal species. The highest degree of mycorrhizal colonization was found in CWDadvanced (27.2%) and CWDearly (27.1%). Based on exploration types, ectomycorrhizae were classified with respect to ecologically relevant soil features. The short distance type was significantly correlated with soil P2O5, while the contact type was correlated with soil C/N. The lowest mean content of soil Corg was found in the CWDabsent site. The difference in total soil N between sites decreased with increasing CWD decomposition, whereas total C/N increased correspondingly. In this study we confirmed that soil CWD stimulates ectomycorrhizal fungi, representing contact or short-distance exploration types of mycelium.
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12
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Zhang S, Vaario LM, Xia Y, Matsushita N, Geng Q, Tsuruta M, Kurokochi H, Lian C. The effects of co-colonising ectomycorrhizal fungi on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in Laccaria japonica colonising seedlings of Pinus densiflora. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:207-218. [PMID: 30953171 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees are colonised by different species of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that interact competitively or mutualistically with one another. Most ECM fungi can produce sporocarps. To date, the effects of co-colonising fungal species on sporocarp formation in ECM fungi remain unknown. In this study, we examined host plant growth, mycorrhizal colonisation, and sporocarp formation when roots of Pinus densiflora are colonised by Laccaria japonica and three other ECM fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum, Pisolithus sp., and Suillus luteus). Sporocarp numbers were recorded throughout the experimental period. The biomass, photosynthetic rate, and mycorrhizal colonisation rate of the seedlings were also measured at 45 days, 62 days, and 1 year after seedlings were transplanted. Results indicated that C. geophilum and S. luteus may negatively impact mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. Sporocarp formation in L. japonica was positively correlated with conspecific mycorrhizal colonisation but negatively correlated with the biomass of seedlings of P. densiflora. The co-occurring ECM fungi largely competed with L. japonica, resulting in various effects on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. A variety of mechanisms may be involved in the competitive interactions among the different ECM fungal species, including abilities to more rapidly colonise root tips, acquire soil nutrients, or produce antibiotics. These mechanisms need to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Lu-Min Vaario
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Qifang Geng
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Momi Tsuruta
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurokochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
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Żywiec M, Fedriani JM, Kurek P, Holeksa J. Non‐trophic plant–animal interactions mediate positive density dependence among conspecific saplings. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żywiec
- Centre for Applied Ecology ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’ (CEABN‐InBIO), Inst. Superior of Agronomy, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- W. Szafer Inst. of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46, 31 512 Kraków Poland
| | - José M. Fedriani
- Centre for Applied Ecology ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’ (CEABN‐InBIO), Inst. Superior of Agronomy, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- Dept of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Doñana (EBD – CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Przemysław Kurek
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznań Poland
| | - Jan Holeksa
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznań Poland
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14
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Patterson A, Flores-Rentería L, Whipple A, Whitham T, Gehring C. Common garden experiments disentangle plant genetic and environmental contributions to ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:493-502. [PMID: 30009496 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The interactions among climate change, plant genetic variation and fungal mutualists are poorly understood, but probably important to plant survival under drought. We examined these interactions by studying the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of pinyon pine seedlings (Pinus edulis) planted in a wildland ecosystem experiencing two decades of climate change-related drought. We established a common garden containing P. edulis seedlings of known maternal lineages (drought tolerant, DT; drought intolerant, DI), manipulated soil moisture and measured EMF community structure and seedling growth. Three findings emerged: EMF community composition differed at the phylum level between DT and DI seedlings, and diversity was two-fold greater in DT than in DI seedlings. EMF communities of DT seedlings did not shift with water treatment and were dominated by an ascomycete, Geopora sp. By contrast, DI seedlings shifted to basidiomycete dominance with increased moisture, demonstrating a lineage by environment interaction. DT seedlings grew larger than DI seedlings in high (28%) and low (50%) watering treatments. These results show that inherited plant traits strongly influence microbial communities, interacting with drought to affect seedling performance. These interactions and their potential feedback effects may influence the success of trees, such as P. edulis, in future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adair Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Lluvia Flores-Rentería
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Amy Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Thomas Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
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15
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Köhler J, Yang N, Pena R, Raghavan V, Polle A, Meier IC. Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity increases phosphorus uptake efficiency of European beech. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1200-1210. [PMID: 29770963 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increases in summer droughts and nitrogen (N) deposition have raised concerns of widespread biodiversity loss and nutrient imbalances, but our understanding of the ecological role of ectomycorrhizal fungal (ECMF) diversity in mediating root functions remains a major knowledge gap. We used different global change scenarios to experimentally alter the composition of ECMF communities colonizing European beech saplings and examined the consequences for phosphorus (P) uptake (H333 PO4 feeding experiment) and use efficiencies of trees. Specifically, we simulated increases in temperature and N deposition and decreases in soil moisture and P availability in a factorial experiment. Here, we show that ECMF α diversity is a major factor contributing to root functioning under global change. P uptake efficiency of beech significantly increased with increasing ECMF species richness and diversity, as well as with decreasing P availability. As a consequence of decreases in ECMF diversity, P uptake efficiency decreased when soil moisture was limiting. By contrast, P use efficiencies were a direct (negative) function of P availability and not of ECMF diversity. We conclude that increasing summer droughts may reduce ECMF diversity and the complementarity of P uptake by ECMF species, which will add to negative growth effects expected from nutrient imbalances under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Köhler
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nan Yang
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rodica Pena
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Venket Raghavan
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Laboratory for Radio-Isotopes, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Hamberg L, Velmala SM, Sievänen R, Kalliokoski T, Pennanen T. Early root growth and architecture of fast- and slow-growing Norway spruce (Picea abies) families differ-potential for functional adaptation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:853-864. [PMID: 29253241 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the growth rate of aboveground parts of trees and fine root development is largely unknown. We investigated the early root development of fast- and slow-growing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) families at a developmental stage when the difference in size is not yet observed. Seedling root architecture data, describing root branching, were collected with the WinRHIZO™ image analysis system, and mixed models were used to determine possible differences between the two growth phenotypes. A new approach was used to investigate the spatial extent of root properties along the whole sample root from the base of 1-year-old seedlings to the most distal part of a root. The root architecture of seedlings representing fast-growing phenotypes showed ~30% higher numbers of root branches and tips, which resulted in larger root extensions and potentially a better ability to acquire nutrients. Seedlings of fast-growing phenotypes oriented and allocated root tips and biomass further away from the base of the seedling than those growing slowly, a possible advantage in nutrient-limited and heterogeneous boreal forest soils. We conclude that a higher long-term growth rate of the aboveground parts in Norway spruce may relate to greater allocation of resources to explorative roots that confers a competitive edge during early growth phases in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Hamberg
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sannakajsa M Velmala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Sievänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kalliokoski
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Atmospheric Sciences, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Chen W, Koide RT, Eissenstat DM. Nutrient foraging by mycorrhizas: From species functional traits to ecosystem processes. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weile Chen
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Roger T. Koide
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Biology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - David M. Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
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18
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Velmala SM, Vuorinen I, Uimari A, Piri T, Pennanen T. Ectomycorrhizal fungi increase the vitality of Norway spruce seedlings under the pressure of Heterobasidion root rot in vitro but may increase susceptibility to foliar necrotrophs. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:101-109. [PMID: 29458713 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested if root colonisation by ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) could alter the susceptibility of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings to root rot infection or necrotic foliar pathogens. Firstly, spruce seedlings were inoculated by various EMF and challenged with Heterobasidion isolates in triaxenix tubes. The ascomycete EMF Meliniomyces bicolor, that had showed strong antagonistic properties towards root rot causing Heterobasidion in vitro, protected spruce seedlings effectively against root rot. Secondly, spruce seedlings, inoculated with M. bicolor or the forest humus, were subjected to necrotrophic foliar pathogens in conventional forest nursery conditions on peat substrates. Botrytis cinerea infection after winter was mild and the level of needle damage was independent of substrate and EMF colonisation. Needle damage severity caused by Gremminiella abietina was high in seedlings grown in substrates with high nutrient availability as well as in seedlings with well-established EMF communities. These results show that albeit M. bicolor is able to protect spruce seedlings against Heterobasidion root rot in axenic cultures it fails to induce systemic protection against foliar pathogens. We also point out that unsterile inoculum sources, such as the forest humus, should not be considered for use in greenhouse conditions as they might predispose seedlings to unintended needle damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Velmala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - I Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - A Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Suonenjoki, Finland.
| | - T Piri
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - T Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Urban Parks Are Similar to Those in Natural Forests but Shaped by Vegetation and Park Age. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01797-17. [PMID: 28970220 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01797-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important mutualists for the growth and health of most boreal trees. Forest age and its host species composition can impact the composition of ECM fungal communities. Although plentiful empirical data exist for forested environments, the effects of established vegetation and its successional trajectories on ECM fungi in urban greenspaces remain poorly understood. We analyzed ECM fungi in 5 control forests and 41 urban parks of two plant functional groups (conifer and broadleaf trees) and in three age categories (10, ∼50, and >100 years old) in southern Finland. Our results show that although ECM fungal richness was marginally greater in forests than in urban parks, urban parks still hosted rich and diverse ECM fungal communities. ECM fungal community composition differed between the two habitats but was driven by taxon rank order reordering, as key ECM fungal taxa remained largely the same. In parks, the ECM communities differed between conifer and broadleaf trees. The successional trajectories of ECM fungi, as inferred in relation to the time since park construction, differed among the conifers and broadleaf trees: the ECM fungal communities changed over time under the conifers, whereas communities under broadleaf trees provided no evidence for such age-related effects. Our data show that plant-ECM fungus interactions in urban parks, in spite of being constructed environments, are surprisingly similar in richness to those in natural forests. This suggests that the presence of host trees, rather than soil characteristics or even disturbance regime of the system, determine ECM fungal community structure and diversity.IMPORTANCE In urban environments, soil and trees improve environmental quality and provide essential ecosystem services. ECM fungi enhance plant growth and performance, increasing plant nutrient acquisition and protecting plants against toxic compounds. Recent evidence indicates that soil-inhabiting fungal communities, including ECM and saprotrophic fungi, in urban parks are affected by plant functional type and park age. However, ECM fungal diversity and its responses to urban stress, plant functional type, or park age remain unknown. The significance of our study is in identifying, in greater detail, the responses of ECM fungi in the rhizospheres of conifer and broadleaf trees in urban parks. This will greatly enhance our knowledge of ECM fungal communities under urban stresses, and the findings can be utilized by urban planners to improve urban ecosystem services.
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20
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Mäkipää R, Rajala T, Schigel D, Rinne KT, Pennanen T, Abrego N, Ovaskainen O. Interactions between soil- and dead wood-inhabiting fungal communities during the decay of Norway spruce logs. THE ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1964-1974. [PMID: 28430188 PMCID: PMC5563949 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between fungal communities of soil and dead wood substrates. For this, we applied molecular species identification and stable isotope tracking to both soil and decaying wood in an unmanaged boreal Norway spruce-dominated stand. Altogether, we recorded 1990 operational taxonomic units, out of which more than 600 were shared by both substrates and 589 were found to exclusively inhabit wood. On average the soil was more species-rich than the decaying wood, but the species richness in dead wood increased monotonically along the decay gradient, reaching the same species richness and community composition as soil in the late stages. Decaying logs at all decay stages locally influenced the fungal communities from soil, some fungal species occurring in soil only under decaying wood. Stable isotope analyses suggest that mycorrhizal species colonising dead wood in the late decay stages actively transfer nitrogen and carbon between soil and host plants. Most importantly, Piloderma sphaerosporum and Tylospora sp. mycorrhizal species were highly abundant in decayed wood. Soil- and wood-inhabiting fungal communities interact at all decay phases of wood that has important implications in fungal community dynamics and thus nutrient transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Mäkipää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Rajala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitry Schigel
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja T Rinne
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Moeller HV, Peay KG. Competition-function tradeoffs in ectomycorrhizal fungi. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2270. [PMID: 27547573 PMCID: PMC4974999 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The extent to which ectomycorrhizal fungi mediate primary production, carbon storage, and nutrient remineralization in terrestrial ecosystems depends upon fungal community composition. However, the factors that govern community composition at the root system scale are not well understood. Here, we explore a potential tradeoff between ectomycorrhizal fungal competitive ability and enzymatic function. Methods. We grew Pinus muricata (Bishop Pine) seedlings in association with ectomycorrhizal fungi from three different genera in a fully factorial experimental design. We measured seedling growth responses, ectomycorrhizal abundance, and the root tip activity of five different extracellular enzymes involved in the mobilization of carbon and phosphorus. Results. We found an inverse relationship between competitiveness, quantified based on relative colonization levels, and enzymatic activity. Specifically, Thelephora terrestris, the dominant fungus, had the lowest enzyme activity levels, while Suillus pungens, the least dominant fungus, had the highest. Discussion. Our results identify a tradeoff between competition and function in ectomycorrhizal fungi, perhaps mediated by the competing energetic demands associated with competitive interactions and enzymatic production. These data suggest that mechanisms such as active partner maintenance by host trees may be important to maintaining "high-quality" ectomycorrhizal fungal partners in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V. Moeller
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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22
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Moeller HV, Peay KG. Competition-function tradeoffs in ectomycorrhizal fungi. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2270. [PMID: 27547573 DOI: 10.7717/peerj2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The extent to which ectomycorrhizal fungi mediate primary production, carbon storage, and nutrient remineralization in terrestrial ecosystems depends upon fungal community composition. However, the factors that govern community composition at the root system scale are not well understood. Here, we explore a potential tradeoff between ectomycorrhizal fungal competitive ability and enzymatic function. Methods. We grew Pinus muricata (Bishop Pine) seedlings in association with ectomycorrhizal fungi from three different genera in a fully factorial experimental design. We measured seedling growth responses, ectomycorrhizal abundance, and the root tip activity of five different extracellular enzymes involved in the mobilization of carbon and phosphorus. Results. We found an inverse relationship between competitiveness, quantified based on relative colonization levels, and enzymatic activity. Specifically, Thelephora terrestris, the dominant fungus, had the lowest enzyme activity levels, while Suillus pungens, the least dominant fungus, had the highest. Discussion. Our results identify a tradeoff between competition and function in ectomycorrhizal fungi, perhaps mediated by the competing energetic demands associated with competitive interactions and enzymatic production. These data suggest that mechanisms such as active partner maintenance by host trees may be important to maintaining "high-quality" ectomycorrhizal fungal partners in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V Moeller
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA; Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
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23
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Smith AJH, Potvin LR, Lilleskov EA. Fertility-dependent effects of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on white spruce seedling nutrition. MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:649-662. [PMID: 25904341 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) typically colonize nursery seedlings, but nutritional and growth effects of these communities are only partly understood. To examine these effects, Picea glauca seedlings collected from a tree nursery naturally colonized by three dominant EcMF were divided between fertilized and unfertilized treatments. After one growing season seedlings were harvested, ectomycorrhizas identified using DNA sequencing, and seedlings analyzed for leaf nutrient concentration and content, and biomass parameters. EcMF community structure-nutrient interactions were tested using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) combined with vector analysis of foliar nutrients and biomass. We identified three dominant species: Amphinema sp., Atheliaceae sp., and Thelephora terrestris. NMDS + envfit revealed significant community effects on seedling nutrition that differed with fertilization treatment. PERMANOVA and regression analyses uncovered significant species effects on host nutrient concentration, content, and stoichiometry. Amphinema sp. had a significant positive effect on phosphorus (P), calcium and zinc concentration, and P content; in contrast, T. terrestris had a negative effect on P concentration. In the unfertilized treatment, percent abundance of the Amphinema sp. negatively affected foliar nitrogen (N) concentration but not content, and reduced foliar N/P. In fertilized seedlings, Amphinema sp. was positively related to foliar concentrations of N, magnesium, and boron, and both concentration and content of manganese, and Atheliaceae sp. had a negative relationship with P content. Findings shed light on the community and species effects on seedling condition, revealing clear functional differences among dominants. The approach used should be scalable to explore function in more complex communities composed of unculturable EcMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J H Smith
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Lynette R Potvin
- Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1199, USA
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1199, USA.
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24
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Kranabetter JM, Stoehr M, O'Neill GA. Ectomycorrhizal fungal maladaptation and growth reductions associated with assisted migration of Douglas-fir. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1135-1144. [PMID: 25623442 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Climatic adaptations are the foundation of conifer genecology, but populations also display variation in traits for nitrogen (N) utilization, along with some heritable specificity for ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). We examined soil and EMF influences on assisted migration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) by comparing two contrasting maritime populations planted up to 400 km northward in southwestern British Columbia. Soil N availability and host N status (via δ(15) N) were assessed across 12 maritime test sites, whereas EMF on local and introduced hosts were quantified by morphotyping with molecular analysis. Climatic transfer effects were only significant with soil N concentrations of test sites as a covariate, and illustrated how height growth was compromised for populations originating from relatively dry or cool maritime environments. We also found evidence for EMF maladaptation, where height declined by up to 15% with the extent of dissimilarity in EMF communities of southern populations relative to local hosts. The results demonstrate how geographic structure in belowground environments can contribute to conifer genecology. Differences in the inherent growth potential of conifers may be partly related to nutritional adaptations arising under native soil fertility, and optimization of this growth potential likely requires close affiliation with local EMF communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marty Kranabetter
- BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, PO Box 9536 Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C4, Canada
| | - Michael Stoehr
- BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, PO Box 9525 Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C3, Canada
| | - Greg A O'Neill
- Kalamalka Forestry Centre, BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 3401 Reservoir Road, Vernon, BC, V1B 2C7, Canada
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25
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Huusko K, Tarvainen O, Saravesi K, Pennanen T, Fritze H, Kubin E, Markkola A. Short-term impacts of energy wood harvesting on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Norway spruce saplings. THE ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:581-91. [PMID: 25171334 PMCID: PMC4331576 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for harvesting energy wood raises questions about its effects on the functioning of the forest ecosystems, soil processes and biodiversity. Impacts of tree stump removal on ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of Norway spruce saplings were studied with 454-pyrosequencing in a 3-year field experiment replicated in 3 geographical areas. This is possibly the most thorough investigation of EMF communities associated with saplings grown on sites subjected to energy wood harvesting. To separate impacts of tree stump and logging residue removal on EMF and plant variables, we used three harvesting treatments with increasing complexity from patch mounding alone (P) to patch mounding combined with logging residue removal (RP), and patch mounding combined with both logging residue and stump removal (SRP). Saplings grown in uncut forests (F) served as references for harvesting treatments. A majority of sequences (>92%) and operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 55%) were assigned as EMF. EMF OTU richness, fungal community composition or sapling growth did not differ between harvesting treatments (P, RP and SRP), while EMF OTU richness, diversity and evenness were highest and sapling growth lowest in the undisturbed reference forests (F). The short study period may partially explain the similarities in fungal and sapling variables in different harvesting treatments. In conclusion, our results indicate that neither stump removal nor logging residue removal have significant additional negative impacts on EMF communities or growth of Norway spruce saplings in the short-term compared with the impacts of more conventional harvesting methods, including clear cutting and patch mounding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oili Tarvainen
- Oulu Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Taina Pennanen
- Vantaa Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Vantaa Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Eero Kubin
- Oulu Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Oulu, Finland
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