1
|
Kolanowska M, Rewicz A, Nowak S. Can global warming be beneficial for Arctic-alpine orchid species? Outcomes from ecological niche modeling for Chamorchis alpina (L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173616. [PMID: 38844225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The disjunct Arctic-alpine plants that persist on isolated mountain sites at the limits of their geographical range are particularly sensitive indicators of climate change effects. Here, we investigated a remarkably fragile plant, the smallest orchid in Europe, Chamorchis alpina. The ecological niche modeling (ENM) approach was employed not only to verify the shift in the range of the studied orchid but also to evaluate the future overlap between this plant population and its pollen vectors, Dasytes alpigradus, Formica lemani and Leptothorax acervorum. Our analyses showed that the bioclimatic preferences of the northern (Scandinavian) populations differed from those of the southern populations located in the Alps and Carpathians. Surprisingly, both C. alpina groups will expand their potential ranges under the SSP2-4.5 climate change scenario, and additional suitable niches will become available for the northern group under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. The Scandinavian populations will face significant habitat loss (36 %) in the SSP5-8.5 projection. The southern group will lose suitable niches under both the SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios (33 % and 58 %, respectively). For all pollinators of C. alpina, global warming will be favorable, and all three species will expand their potential ranges under all analyzed climate change scenarios. Our research suggests that a "middle of the road" scenario of climate change (SSP2-4.5), which assumes that socioeconomic factors follow historical trends, will not be harmful to the studied orchid or possibly other elements of Arctic-alpine flora, but all other scenarios that predict increases in CO2 emissions will result in a decreases in the coverage of suitable C. alpina niches, especially in the alpine region. At the same time, an overall expansion of alpine dwarf orchid pollen vectors is predicted, so even within a reduced geographical range, the orchid population will be able to reproduce sexually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolanowska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rewicz
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Nowak
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Watkinson JI, Winkel BSJ. Diversity of unique, nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi in cultivated Phalaenopsis orchids: A pilot study. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10146. [PMID: 38764601 PMCID: PMC11101157 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Orchids comprise one of the largest, most diverse, and most broadly distributed families of flowering plants and contribute significantly to habitat biodiversity. One key aspect of orchid growth and development is the formation of mycorrhizal symbioses with compatible endophytic fungi, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant. Substantial efforts to identify the fungi that form mycorrhizal symbioses across a range of orchid species have often also uncovered numerous nonmycorrhizal, endophytic fungi. These fungi could also have significant effects on orchid growth and development and are beginning to be analyzed more closely, particularly in wild species. The role of endophytic fungi in the production, distribution, and continued growth by the hobbyist of orchids is not known. As an initial step toward characterizing nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi associated with cultivated orchids, we undertook a survey of fungi residing within roots of Phalaenopsis plants growing in home environments. Sequence analysis of ITS regions amplified from total DNA isolated from roots allowed rapid identification of endophytic fungi to the class level and may offer a useful initial screening method for beneficial species, for example, in horticultural settings. ITS-PCR sequences subsequently obtained from individual fungi cultured from surface-sterilized orchid roots corroborated the findings of the initial screen, while also providing a more complete characterization of the array of fungal taxa that were present. Although lower in diversity than has been reported for orchids growing in the wild, these endophytes have the potential to substantially enhance the growth and disease resistance of horticultural orchids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda S. J. Winkel
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- Fralin Life Sciences CenterVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mennicken S, Paula CCPD, Vogt-Schilb H, Jersáková J. Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Temperate Orchid Species: Comparison of Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:92. [PMID: 38392764 PMCID: PMC10890429 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Many orchid species are endangered due to anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction and overharvesting, meanwhile, all orchids rely on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for seed germination and seedling growth. Therefore, a better understanding of this intimate association is crucial for orchid conservation. Isolation and identification of OMF remain challenging as many fungi are unculturable. In our study, we tested the efficiency of both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to describe OMF diversity in multiple temperate orchids and assessed any phylogenetic patterns in cultivability. The culture-dependent method involved the cultivation and identification of single pelotons (intracellular hyphal coils), while the culture-independent method used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify root-associated fungal communities. We found that most orchid species were associated with multiple fungi, and the orchid host had a greater impact than locality on the variability in fungal communities. The culture-independent method revealed greater fungal diversity than the culture-dependent one, but despite the lower detection, the isolated fungal strains were the most abundant OMF in adult roots. Additionally, the abundance of NGS reads of cultured OTUs was correlated with the extent of mycorrhizal root colonization in orchid plants. Finally, this limited-scale study tentatively suggests that the cultivability character of OMF may be randomly distributed along the phylogenetic trees of the rhizoctonian families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mennicken
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Caio César Pires de Paula
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène Vogt-Schilb
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu JJ, Yang XQ, Li ZY, Miao JY, Li SB, Zhang WP, Lin YC, Lin LB. The role of symbiotic fungi in the life cycle of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae): a comprehensive review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1309038. [PMID: 38264031 PMCID: PMC10804856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1309038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume, a fully mycoheterotrophic perennial plant of the family Orchidaceae, is a traditional Chinese herb with medicinal and edible value. Interestingly, G. elata requires symbiotic relationships with Mycena and Armillaria strains for seed germination and plant growth, respectively. However, there is no comprehensive summary of the symbiotic mechanism between fungi and G. elata. Here, the colonization and digestion of hyphae, the bidirectional exchange of nutrients, the adaptation of fungi and G. elata to symbiosis, and the role of microorganisms and secondary metabolites in the symbiotic relationship between fungi and G. elata are summarized. We comprehensively and deeply analyzed the mechanism of symbiosis between G. elata and fungi from three perspectives: morphology, nutrition, and molecules. The aim of this review was to enrich the understanding of the mutualistic symbiosis mechanisms between plants and fungi and lay a theoretical foundation for the ecological cultivation of G. elata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungal Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zong-Yang Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia-Yun Miao
- Yunnan Senhao Fungi Industry Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bo Li
- Yunnan Senhao Fungi Industry Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Cen Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungal Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Low Specificity but Dissimilar Mycorrhizal Communities Associating with Roots May Contribute to the Spatial Pattern of Four Co-Occurring Habenaria (Orchidaceae) Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010665. [PMID: 36614105 PMCID: PMC9820590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi with orchid roots have been increasingly proven to play important roles in orchid growth, spatial distribution, and coexistence of natural communities. Here, we used 454 amplicon pyrosequencing with two different primer combinations to investigate the spatial variations in the community of OMF and endophytic fungi associates within the roots of four co-occurring Habenaria species. The results showed that all investigated Habenaria species were generalists and the different fungi communities may contribute to the spatial separation of the four Habenaria species. Firstly, the fungal OTUs identified in the roots of the four species overlapped but their presence differed amongst species and numerous distinct OMF families were unique to each species. Second, NMDS clustering showed samples clustered together based on associated species and PERMANOVA analyses indicated that fungi communities in the roots differed significantly between the Habenaria species, both for all endophytic fungi communities and for OMF communities. Third, the network structure of epiphytic fungi was highly specialized and modular but demonstrated lowly connected and anti-nested properties. However, it calls for more soil nutrition and soil fungal communities' studies to elucidate the contribution of habitat-specific adaptations in general and mycorrhizal divergence.
Collapse
|
6
|
Addition of fungal inoculum increases seed germination and protocorm formation in a terrestrial orchid. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
7
|
Perez-Lamarque B, Petrolli R, Strullu-Derrien C, Strasberg D, Morlon H, Selosse MA, Martos F. Structure and specialization of mycorrhizal networks in phylogenetically diverse tropical communities. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:38. [PMID: 35859141 PMCID: PMC9297633 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root mycobiome plays a fundamental role in plant nutrition and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In temperate forests or meadows dominated by angiosperms, the numerous fungi involved in root symbioses are often shared between neighboring plants, thus forming complex plant-fungus interaction networks of weak specialization. Whether this weak specialization also holds in rich tropical communities with more phylogenetically diverse sets of plant lineages remains unknown. We collected roots of 30 plant species in semi-natural tropical communities including angiosperms, ferns, and lycophytes, in three different habitat types on La Réunion island: a recent lava flow, a wet thicket, and an ericoid shrubland. We identified root-inhabiting fungi by sequencing both the 18S rRNA and the ITS2 variable regions. We assessed the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal taxa according to plant species and lineages, as well as the structure and specialization of the resulting plant-fungus networks. RESULTS The 18S and ITS2 datasets are highly complementary at revealing the root mycobiota. According to 18S, Glomeromycotina colonize all plant groups in all habitats forming the least specialized interactions, resulting in nested network structures, while Mucoromycotina (Endogonales) are more abundant in the wetland and show higher specialization and modularity compared to the former. According to ITS2, mycorrhizal fungi of Ericaceae and Orchidaceae, namely Helotiales, Sebacinales, and Cantharellales, also colonize the roots of most plant lineages, confirming that they are frequent endophytes. While Helotiales and Sebacinales present intermediate levels of specialization, Cantharellales are more specialized and more sporadic in their interactions with plants, resulting in highly modular networks. CONCLUSIONS This study of the root mycobiome in tropical environments reinforces the idea that mycorrhizal fungal taxa are locally shared between co-occurring plants, including phylogenetically distant plants (e.g. lycophytes and angiosperms), where they may form functional mycorrhizae or establish endophytic colonization. Yet, we demonstrate that, irrespectively of the environmental variations, the level of specialization significantly varies according to the fungal lineages, probably reflecting the different evolutionary origins of these plant-fungus symbioses. Frequent fungal sharing between plants questions the roles of the different fungi in community functioning and highlights the importance of considering networks of interactions rather than isolated hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Perez-Lamarque
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France.
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France.
| | - Rémi Petrolli
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Christine Strullu-Derrien
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
- Science Group, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Dominique Strasberg
- Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, UMR PVBMT, Université de La Réunion, 97 400, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang YJ, Zhou DY, Dai J, Li Y, Xing YM, Guo SX, Chen J. Potential Specificity Between Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Widespread Dendrobium spp. and Rare D. huoshanense Seeds. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:264. [PMID: 35859013 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In nature, orchid seed germination and seedling development depend on compatible mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal generalist and specificity affect the orchid distribution and rarity. Here, we investigated the specificity toward fungi in the rare D. huoshanense by mycorrhizal fungal isolation and symbiotic germination in vitro. Twenty mycorrhizal fungal strains were isolated from the roots of adult Dendrobium spp. (six and 12 strains from rare D. huoshanense and widespread D. officinale, respectively, and two strains from D. nobile and D. moniliforme, respectively) and 13 strains belong to Tulasnellaceae and seven strains belong to Serendipitaceae. Germination trials in vitro revealed that all 20 tested fungal strains can stimulate seed germination of D. huoshanense, but only nine strains (~ 50%) can support it up to the seedling stage. This finding indicates that generalistic fungi are important for early germination, but only a few can maintain a symbiosis with host in seedling stage. Thus, a shift of the microbial community from seedling to mature stage probably narrows the D. huoshanense distribution range. In addition, to further understand the relationship between the fungal capability to promote seed germination and fungal enzyme activity, we screened the laccase and pectase activity. The results showed that the two enzymes activities of fungi cannot be directly correlated with their germination-promoting activities. Understanding the host specificity degree toward fungi can help to better interpret the limited geographic distribution of D. huoshanense and provides opportunities for in situ and ex situ conservation and reintroduction programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jing Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Mei Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Triana-Vallejos JA, Bailón-Aijón C, Cifuentes-Castellanos JM. Descripción morfológica y caracterización molecular de los hongos asociados a la raíz de Masdevallia coccinea Linden ex Lindl. REVISTA U.D.C.A ACTUALIDAD & DIVULGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.31910/rudca.v25.n1.2022.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
10
|
Zhu C, Wang Z, Deane DC, Luo W, Chen Y, Cao Y, Lin Y, Zhang M. The Effects of Species Abundance, Spatial Distribution, and Phylogeny on a Plant-Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:784778. [PMID: 35665141 PMCID: PMC9158544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.784778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant and root fungal interactions are among the most important belowground ecological interactions, however, the mechanisms underlying pairwise interactions and network patterns of rhizosphere fungi and host plants remain unknown. We tested whether neutral process or spatial constraints individually or jointly best explained quantitative plant-ectomycorrhizal fungal network assembly in a subtropical forest in southern China. Results showed that the observed plant-ectomycorrhizal fungal network had low connectivity, high interaction evenness, and an intermediate level of specialization, with nestedness and modularity both greater than random expectation. Incorporating information on the relative abundance and spatial overlap of plants and fungi well predicted network nestedness and connectance, but not necessarily explained other network metrics such as specificity. Spatial overlap better predicted pairwise species interactions of plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi than species abundance or a combination of species abundance and spatial overlap. There was a significant phylogenetic signal on species degree and interaction strength for ectomycorrhizal fungal but not for plant species. Our study suggests that neutral processes (species abundance matching) and niche/dispersal-related processes (implied by spatial overlap and phylogeny) jointly drive the shaping of a plant-ectomycorrhizal fungal network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchao Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David C. Deane
- Centre for Future Landscapes and Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfa Chen
- Department of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yumiao Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Minhua Zhang
- ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Zhejiang Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Davis B, Lim WH, Lambers H, Dixon KW, Read DJ. Inorganic phosphorus nutrition in green-leaved terrestrial orchid seedlings. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:669-678. [PMID: 35247265 PMCID: PMC9113155 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many terrestrial orchids have an obligate dependence on their mycorrhizal associations for nutrient acquisition, particularly during germination and early seedling growth. Though important in plant growth and development, phosphorus (P) nutrition studies in mixotrophic orchids have been limited to only a few orchid species and their fungal symbionts. For the first time, we demonstrate the role of a range of fungi in the acquisition and transport of inorganic P to four phylogenetically distinct green-leaved terrestrial orchid species (Diuris magnifica, Disa bracteata, Pterostylis sanguinea and Microtis media subsp. media) that naturally grow in P-impoverished soils. METHODS Mycorrhizal P uptake and transfer to orchids was determined and visualized using agar microcosms with a diffusion barrier between P source (33P orthophosphate) and orchid seedlings, allowing extramatrical hyphae to reach the source. KEY RESULTS Extramatrical hyphae of the studied orchid species were effective in capturing and transporting inorganic P into the plant. Following 7 d of exposure, between 0.5 % (D. bracteata) and 47 % (D. magnifica) of the P supplied was transported to the plants (at rates between 0.001 and 0.097 fmol h-1). This experimental approach was capable of distinguishing species based on their P-foraging efficiency, and highlighted the role that fungi play in P nutrition during early seedling development. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that orchids occurring naturally on P-impoverished soils can obtain significant amounts of inorganic P from their mycorrhizal partners, and significantly more uptake of P supplied than previously shown in other green-leaved orchids. These results provide support for differences in mycorrhiza-mediated P acquisition between orchid species and fungal symbionts in green-leaved orchids at the seedling stage. The plant-fungus combinations of this study also provide evidence for plant-mediated niche differentiation occurring, with ecological implications in P-limited systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Davis
- Kings Park Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wei-Han Lim
- Kings Park Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - David J Read
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen J, Tang Y, Kohler A, Lebreton A, Xing Y, Zhou D, Li Y, Martin FM, Guo S. Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis of the Symbiotic Germination of D. officinale (Orchidaceae) With Emphasis on Plant Cell Wall Modification and Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880600. [PMID: 35599894 PMCID: PMC9120867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orchid seed germination in nature is an extremely complex physiological and ecological process involving seed development and mutualistic interactions with a restricted range of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. The impact of the fungal species' partner on the orchids' transcriptomic and metabolic response is still unknown. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between symbiotic and asymbiotic germination at three developmental stages based on two distinct fungi (Tulasnella sp. and Serendipita sp.) inoculated to the same host plant, Dendrobium officinale. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding important structural proteins of the host plant cell wall were identified, such as epidermis-specific secreted glycoprotein, proline-rich receptor-like protein, and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extensin-like protein. These DEGs were significantly upregulated in the symbiotic germination stages and especially in the protocorm stage (stage 3) and seedling stage (stage 4). Differentially expressed carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in symbiotic fungal mycelium were observed, they represented 66 out of the 266 and 99 out of the 270 CAZymes annotated in Tulasnella sp. and Serendipita sp., respectively. These genes were speculated to be involved in the reduction of plant immune response, successful colonization by fungi, or recognition of mycorrhizal fungi during symbiotic germination of orchid seed. Our study provides important data to further explore the molecular mechanism of symbiotic germination and orchid mycorrhiza and contribute to a better understanding of orchid seed biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Annie Lebreton
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Yongmei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ofosu‐Bamfo B, Addo‐Fordjour P, Belford EJ. Edge disturbance shapes liana diversity and abundance but not liana‐tree interaction network patterns in moist semi‐deciduous forests, Ghana. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8585. [PMID: 35371433 PMCID: PMC8859495 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Edge disturbance can drive liana community changes and alter liana‐tree interaction networks, with ramifications for forest functioning. Understanding edge effects on liana community structure and liana‐tree interactions is therefore essential for forest management and conservation. We evaluated the response patterns of liana community structure and liana‐tree interaction structure to forest edge in two moist semi‐deciduous forests in Ghana (Asenanyo and Suhuma Forest Reserves: AFR and SFR, respectively). Liana community structure and liana‐tree interactions were assessed in 24 50 × 50 m randomly located plots in three forest sites (edge, interior and deep‐interior) established at 0–50 m, 200 m and 400 m from edge. Edge effects positively and negatively influenced liana diversity in forest edges of AFR and SFR, respectively. There was a positive influence of edge disturbance on liana abundance in both forests. We observed anti‐nested structure in all the liana‐tree networks in AFR, while no nestedness was observed in the networks in SFR. The networks in both forests were less connected, and thus more modular and specialised than their null models. Many liana and tree species were specialised, with specialisation tending to be symmetrical. The plant species played different roles in relation to modularity. Most of the species acted as peripherals (specialists), with only a few species having structural importance to the networks. The latter species group consisted of connectors (generalists) and hubs (highly connected generalists). Some of the species showed consistency in their roles across the sites, while the roles of other species changed. Generally, liana species co‐occurred randomly on tree species in all the forest sites, except edge site in AFR where lianas showed positive co‐occurrence. Our findings deepen our understanding of the response of liana communities and liana‐tree interactions to forest edge disturbance, which are useful for managing forest edge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bismark Ofosu‐Bamfo
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology School of Sciences University of Energy and Natural Resources Sunyani Ghana
| | - Patrick Addo‐Fordjour
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology Faculty of Biosciences College of Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana
| | - Ebenezer J.D. Belford
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology Faculty of Biosciences College of Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cook K, Sharma J, Taylor AD, Herriott IC, Taylor DL. Epiphytic fungal communities vary by substrate type and at sub-meter spatial scales. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1879-1891. [PMID: 35060231 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal species have numerous important environmental functions. Where these functions occur will depend on how fungi are spatially distributed, but spatial structures of fungal communities are largely unknown, especially in understudied hyperdiverse tropical tree canopy systems. We explore fungal communities in a Costa Rican tropical rainforest canopy, with a focus on local-scale spatial structure and substrate specificity of fungi. Samples of ~1 cm3 were collected from 135 points along 5 adjacent tree branches, with inter-sample distances from 1 to 800 cm, and dissected into four substrates: outer host tree bark, inner bark, dead bryophytes, and living bryophytes. We sequenced the ITS2 region to characterize total fungal communities. Fungal community composition and diversity varied among substrate types, even when multiple substrates were in direct contact. Fungi were most diverse in living bryophytes, with 39% of all OTUs found exclusively in this substrate, and the least diverse in inner bark. Fungal communities had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and distance decay of similarity only at distances less than one meter. Similarity among samples declines by half in less than ten cm, and even at these short distances, similarities are low with few OTUs shared among samples. These results indicate that community turnover is high and occurs at very small spatial scales, with any two locations sharing very few fungi in common. High heterogeneity of fungal communities in space and among substrates may have implications for the distributions, population dynamics, and diversity of other tree canopy organisms, including epiphytic plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kel Cook
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, MSC03-2020, 219 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Bayer Plant Science Building, Room 219, 2911 15th Street, Mail Stop 2122, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2122, USA
| | - Andrew D Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Edmondson Hall 216, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ian Charold Herriott
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, 311 Irving I Building, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 1480, MSC03-2020, 219 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao Z, Shao S, Liu N, Liu Q, Jacquemyn H, Xing X. Extracellular Enzyme Activities and Carbon/Nitrogen Utilization in Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated From Epiphytic and Terrestrial Orchids. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:787820. [PMID: 34992588 PMCID: PMC8724439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.787820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi employ extracellular enzymes to initiate the degradation of organic macromolecules into smaller units and to acquire the nutrients for their growth. As such, these enzymes represent important functional components in terrestrial ecosystems. While it is well-known that the regulation and efficiency of extracellular enzymes to degrade organic macromolecules and nutrient-acquisition patterns strongly differ between major fungal groups, less is known about variation in enzymatic activity and carbon/nitrogen preference in mycorrhizal fungi. In this research, we investigated variation in extracellular enzyme activities and carbon/nitrogen preferences in orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Previous research has shown that the mycorrhizal fungi associating with terrestrial orchids often differ from those associating with epiphytic orchids, but whether extracellular enzyme activities and carbon/nitrogen preference differ between growth forms remains largely unknown. To fill this gap, we compared the activities of five extracellular enzymes [cellulase, xylanase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] between fungi isolated from epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. In total, 24 fungal strains belonging to Tulasnellaceae were investigated. Cellulase and xylanase activities were significantly higher in fungi isolated from terrestrial orchids (0.050 ± 0.006 U/ml and 0.531 ± 0.071 U/ml, respectively) than those from epiphytic orchids (0.043 ± 0.003 U/ml and 0.295 ± 0.067 U/ml, respectively), while SOD activity was significantly higher in OMF from epiphytic orchids (5.663 ± 0.164 U/ml) than those from terrestrial orchids (3.780 ± 0.180 U/ml). Carboxymethyl cellulose was more efficiently used by fungi from terrestrial orchids, while starch and arginine were more suitable for fungi from epiphytic orchids. Overall, the results of this study show that extracellular enzyme activities and to a lesser extent carbon/nitrogen preferences differ between fungi isolated from terrestrial and epiphytic orchids and may indicate functional differentiation and ecological adaptation of OMF to local growth conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng Shao
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yagame T, Lallemand F, Selosse MA, Funabiki E, Yukawa T. Mycobiont diversity and first evidence of mixotrophy associated with Psathyrellaceae fungi in the chlorophyllous orchid Cremastra variabilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1213-1224. [PMID: 34405353 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy (MX, also called partial mycoheterotrophy) in plants is characterized by isotopic abundances that differ from those of autotrophs. Previous studies have evaluated mycoheterotrophy in MX plants associated with fungi of similar ecological characteristics, but little is known about the differences in the relative abundances of 13C and 15N in an orchid species that associates with several different mycobionts species. Since the chlorophyllous orchid Cremastra variabilis Nakai associates with various fungi with different ecologies, we hypothesized that it may change its relative abundances of 13C and 15N depending on the associated mycobionts. We investigated mycobiont diversity in the chlorophyllous orchid C. variabilis together with the relative abundance of 13C and 15N and morphological underground differentiation (presence or absence of a mycorhizome with fungal colonization). Rhizoctonias (Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales) were detected as the main mycobionts. High differences in δ13C values (- 34.7 to - 27.4 ‰) among individuals were found, in which the individuals associated with specific Psathyrellaceae showed significantly high relative abundance of 13C. In addition, Psathyrellaceae fungi were always detected on individuals with mycorhizomes. In the present study, MX orchid association with non-rhizoctonia saprobic fungi was confirmed, and the influence of mycobionts on morphological development and on relative abundance of 13C and 15N was discovered. Cremastra variabilis may increase opportunities to gain nutrients from diverse partners, in a bet-hedging plasticity that allows colonization of various environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- Mizuho Town Museum, 316-5 Komagata Fujiyama, Mizuho, Nishitama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Felix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Eriko Funabiki
- The Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun X, Li JL, He C, Li XC, Guo LD. Specific network and phylosymbiosis pattern in endophyte community of coastal halophytes. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Whigham D, McCormick M, Brooks H, Josey B, Floyd R, Applegate J. Isotria medeoloides, a North American Threatened Orchid: Fungal Abundance May Be as Important as Light in Species Management. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091924. [PMID: 34579457 PMCID: PMC8471007 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The management of endangered or threatened plant species is difficult if protocols are not developed to propagate species for the purpose of restoration or the enhancement of existing populations. The management of endangered and threatened orchids is especially difficult because of the obligate interactions between orchids and orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Isotria medeoloides is a federally threatened forest-dwelling orchid species with a wide distribution in eastern North America. Seeds have not been successfully germinated and current management is based primarily on using subcanopy thinning to increase light in areas where monitoring demonstrates that populations are declining. We report the results of long-term monitoring efforts, canopy thinning, and orchid mycorrhizal fungus abundance studies at two locations in Virginia. The declining populations responded positively to the experimental and natural thinning of the canopy. At one site, the response was the result of understory canopy thinning. At the second site, the response was due to the natural death of a canopy tree. In light of the dramatic increase in fungal abundance following death of the canopy tree, we propose the Fungal Abundance Hypothesis as an additional approach to the management of endangered plant species. The removal of canopy trees in or adjacent to Isotria populations results in an increase in dead belowground biomass (i.e., roots of the dead canopy tree) that provides substrates for microbial growth, including orchid mycorrhizal fungi, that benefit Isotria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Whigham
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; (M.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-482-2226
| | - Melissa McCormick
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; (M.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hope Brooks
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; (M.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Brian Josey
- Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort A. P. Hill, VA 22427, USA;
| | - Robert Floyd
- Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Isolating ecological-specific fungi and creating fungus-seed bags for epiphytic orchid conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
20
|
Li T, Wu S, Yang W, Selosse MA, Gao J. How Mycorrhizal Associations Influence Orchid Distribution and Population Dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647114. [PMID: 34025695 PMCID: PMC8138319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchid distribution and population dynamics are influenced by a variety of ecological factors and the formation of holobionts, which play key roles in colonization and ecological community construction. Seed germination, seedling establishment, reproduction, and survival of orchid species are strongly dependent on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), with mycorrhizal cheating increasingly observed in photosynthetic orchids. Therefore, changes in the composition and abundance of OMF can have profound effects on orchid distribution and fitness. Network analysis is an important tool for the study of interactions between plants, microbes, and the environment, because of the insights that it can provide into the interactions and coexistence patterns among species. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing the current research status of the effects of OMF on orchid distribution and dynamics, phylogenetic signals in orchid-OMF interactions, and OMF networks. We argue that orchid-OMF associations exhibit complementary and specific effects that are highly adapted to their environment. Such specificity of associations may affect the niche breadth of orchid species and act as a stabilizing force in plant-microbe coevolution. We postulate that network analysis is required to elucidate the functions of fungal partners beyond their effects on germination and growth. Such studies may lend insight into the microbial ecology of orchids and provide a scientific basis for the protection of orchids under natural conditions in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shimao Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li T, Yang W, Wu S, Selosse MA, Gao J. Progress and Prospects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646325. [PMID: 34025694 PMCID: PMC8138444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids form mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi in natural habitats that affect their seed germination, protocorm growth, and adult nutrition. An increasing number of studies indicates how orchids gain mineral nutrients and sometime even organic compounds from interactions with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Thus, OMF exhibit a high diversity and play a key role in the life cycle of orchids. In recent years, the high-throughput molecular identification of fungi has broadly extended our understanding of OMF diversity, revealing it to be a dynamic outcome co-regulated by environmental filtering, dispersal restrictions, spatiotemporal scales, biogeographic history, as well as the distribution, selection, and phylogenetic spectrum width of host orchids. Most of the results show congruent emerging patterns. Although it is still difficult to extend them to all orchid species or geographical areas, to a certain extent they follow the "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects" rule. This review provides an extensive understanding of the diversity and ecological dynamics of orchid-fungal association. Moreover, it promotes the conservation of resources and the regeneration of rare or endangered orchids. We provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing six fields of research on orchid-fungal diversity: the research methods of orchid-fungal interactions, the primer selection in high-throughput sequencing, the fungal diversity and specificity in orchids, the difference and adaptability of OMF in different habitats, the comparison of OMF in orchid roots and soil, and the spatiotemporal variation patterns of OMF. Further, we highlight certain shortcomings of current research methodologies and propose perspectives for future studies. This review emphasizes the need for more information on the four main ecological processes: dispersal, selection, ecological drift, and diversification, as well as their interactions, in the study of orchid-fungal interactions and OMF community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shimao Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evans A, Jacquemyn H. Impact of mating system on range size and niche breadth in Epipactis (Orchidaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1203-1214. [PMID: 32722751 PMCID: PMC7684703 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The geographical distribution of plant species is linked fundamentally not only to environmental variables, but also to key traits that affect the dispersal, establishment and evolutionary potential of a species. One of the key plant traits that can be expected to affect standing genetic variation, speed of adaptation and the capacity to colonize and establish in new habitats, and therefore niche breadth and range size, is the plant mating system. However, the precise role of the mating system in shaping range size and niche breadth of plant species remains unclear, and different studies have provided contrasting results. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that range size and niche breadth differed with mating system in the orchid genus Epipactis. METHODS We modelled the ecological niches of 14 Epipactis species in Europe using occurrence records and environmental satellite data in Maxent. Niche breadth and niche overlap in both geographic and environmental space were calculated from the resulting habitat suitability maps using ENMTools, and geographic range was estimated using α-hull range definition. Habitat suitability, environmental variable contributions and niche metrics were compared among species with different mating systems. KEY RESULTS We did not detect significant differences in niche breadth, occurrence probability or geographical range between autogamous and allogamous Epipactis species, although autogamous species demonstrated notably low variation in niche parameters. We also found no significant differences in niche overlap between species with the same mating system or different mating systems. For all Epipactis species, occurrence was strongly associated with land cover, particularly broad-leafed and coniferous forests, and with limestone bedrock. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mating system does not necessarily contribute to niche breadth and differentiation, and that other factors (e.g. mycorrhizal specificity) may be more important drivers of range size and niche breadth in Epipactis and orchids in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Evans
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yao H, Sun X, He C, Li XC, Guo LD. Host identity is more important in structuring bacterial epiphytes than endophytes in a tropical mangrove forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5800982. [PMID: 32149339 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between plants and microbes are involved in biodiversity maintenance, community stability and ecosystem functioning. However, differences in the community and network structures between phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic bacteria have rarely been investigated. Here, we examined phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities of six mangrove species using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results revealed that the community structure of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria was different. Plant identity significantly affected the diversity and community structure of both epiphytic and endophytic bacteria, with a greater effect on the community structure of the former than the latter. Network analysis showed that both plant-epiphytic and plant-endophytic bacterial network structures were characterized by significantly highly specialized and modular but lowly connected and anti-nested properties. Furthermore, the epiphytic bacterial network was more highly specialized and modular but less connected and more strongly anti-nested than the endophytic bacterial network. This study reveals that the phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community structures differ and plant identity has a greater effect on the epiphytic than on the endophytic bacteria, which may provide a comprehensive insight into the role of plant identity in driving the phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic microbial community structures in mangrove ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Herrera-Rus I, Pastor JE, Juan R. Fungal colonization associated with phenological stages of a photosynthetic terrestrial temperate orchid from the Southern Iberian Peninsula. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:807-825. [PMID: 32968931 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes, both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal, are involved in the development of the life cycle of orchids, providing potential beneficial relationships. Here, we assess the succession of changes in the diversity of fungal symbionts associated with a terrestrial temperate orchid species, Anacamptis morio subsp. champagneuxii, over three phenological stages: developed leaves but no stem elongation, flowering, and fruiting. Fungi endophyte associated with roots were obtained by culture in sterile conditions. A total of 18 morphotypes-one Mortierellomycota, two Basidiomycota and 15 Ascomycota-were differentiated, and were also characterized using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. Only three of the 18 OTUs are shared among the three phenological stages examined: Westerdykella sp., a member of Ceratobasidiaceae, and Fusarium oxysporum, representing a relative abundance of between 28% (fruiting) to 41% (flowering). Our research confirmed that fungal symbionts varied among the different phenological stages examined, the peak of endophyte diversity appearing in the flowering stage. The availability of a diverse mycobiota seems to be important for the survival of orchid plants because it may cover particular physiological needs, and knowledge concerning this mycobiota is of special relevance in the establishment of reliable conservation programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Herrera-Rus
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julio E Pastor
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Juan
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baguette M, Bertrand JAM, Stevens VM, Schatz B. Why are there so many bee-orchid species? Adaptive radiation by intra-specific competition for mnesic pollinators. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1630-1663. [PMID: 32954662 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive radiations occur mostly in response to environmental variation through the evolution of key innovations that allow emerging species to occupy new ecological niches. Such biological innovations may play a major role in niche divergence when emerging species are engaged in reciprocal ecological interactions. To demonstrate coevolution is a difficult task; only a few studies have confirmed coevolution as driver of speciation and diversification. Herein we review current knowledge about bee orchid (Ophrys spp.) reproductive biology. We propose that the adaptive radiation of the Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys, comprising several hundred species, is due to coevolutionary dynamics between these plants and their pollinators. We suggest that pollination by sexual swindling used by Ophrys orchids is the main driver of this coevolution. Flowers of each Ophrys species mimic a sexually receptive female of one particular insect species, mainly bees. Male bees are first attracted by pseudo-pheromones emitted by Ophrys flowers that are similar to the sexual pheromones of their females. Males then are lured by the flower shape, colour and hairiness, and attempt to copulate with the flower, which glues pollen onto their bodies. Pollen is later transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same Ophrys species during similar copulation attempts. In contrast to rewarding pollination strategies, Ophrys pollinators appear to be parasitized. Here we propose that this apparent parasitism is in fact a coevolutionary relationship between Ophrys and their pollinators. For plants, pollination by sexual swindling could ensure pollination efficiency and specificity, and gene flow among populations. For pollinators, pollination by sexual swindling could allow habitat matching and inbreeding avoidance. Pollinators might use the pseudo-pheromones emitted by Ophrys to locate suitable habitats from a distance within complex landscapes. In small populations, male pollinators would disperse once they have memorized the local diversity of sexual pseudo-pheromone bouquets or if all Ophrys flowers are fertilized and thus repel pollinators via production of repulsive pheromones that mimic those produced by fertilized female bees. We propose the following evolutionary scenario: Ophrys radiation is driven by strong intra-specific competition among Ophrys individuals for the attraction of species-specific pollinators, which is a consequence of the high cognitive abilities of pollinators. Male bees record the pheromone signatures of kin or of previously courted partners to avoid further copulation attempts, thereby inducing strong selection on Ophrys for variation in odour bouquets emitted by individual flowers. The resulting odour bouquets could by chance correspond to pseudo-pheromones of the females of another bee species, and thus attract a new pollinator. If such pollinator shifts occur simultaneously in several indivuals, pollen exchanges might occur and initiate speciation. To reinforce the attraction of the new pollinator and secure prezygotic isolation, the following step is directional selection on flower phenotypes (shape, colour and hairiness) towards a better match with the body of the pollinator's female. Pollinator shift and the resulting prezygotic isolation is adaptive for new Ophrys species because they may benefit from competitor-free space for limited pollinators. We end our review by proritizing several critical research avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Baguette
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, F-75005, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Joris A M Bertrand
- LGDP (Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes) UMR5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia -CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive) UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Farysia magdalena sp. nov. and description of the anamorph of Anthracocystis heteropogonicola from the Americas. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Is the Distribution of Two Rare Orchis Sister Species Limited by Their Main Mycobiont? DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12070262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As orchids rely on their mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient supply, their spatial range is dependent on the distribution of orchid mycorrhizal (OM) fungi. We addressed possible correlations between mycorrhizal specificity and the geographic distribution of orchids and OM fungi in three populations of the rare sister species Orchis patens and O. canariensis. Metabarcoding of the fungal ITS2 region indicated that, although adult plants of either species were colonized by several ceratobasidioid, tulasnelloid, sebacinoid and serendipitoid fungi, the mycobiont spectra were dominated by Tulasnella helicospora (which occurred in 100% of examined plants with high read numbers), which is a globally distributed fungus. In vitro assays with a T. helicospora isolate obtained from O. patens indicated the effectiveness of this OM fungus at germinating seeds of its native host. At a local scale, higher read numbers for T. helicospora were found in soil samples collected underneath O. patens roots than at locations unoccupied by the orchid. Although these findings suggest that the geographical pattern of the main fungal symbiont does not limit the distribution of O. patens and O. canariensis at this scale, the actual causal link between orchid and OM fungal occurrence/abundance still needs to be better understood.
Collapse
|
28
|
Xing X, Liu Q, Gao Y, Shao S, Guo L, Jacquemyn H, Zhao Z, Guo S. The Architecture of the Network of Orchid–Fungus Interactions in Nine Co-occurring Dendrobium Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
29
|
|
30
|
Gao Y, Zhao Z, Li J, Liu N, Jacquemyn H, Guo S, Xing X. Do fungal associates of co-occurring orchids promote seed germination of the widespread orchid species Gymnadenia conopsea? MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:221-228. [PMID: 32146514 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with mycorrhizal fungi have been increasingly recognized as one of the most important ecological factors determining the distribution and local abundance of orchids. While some orchid species may interact with a variety of fungal associates, others are more specific in their choice of mycorrhizal partners. Moreover, orchids that co-occur at a given site, often associate with different partners, possibly to avoid competition and to allow stable coexistence. However, whether differences in mycorrhizal partners directly affect seed germination and subsequent protocorm formation remains largely unknown. In this research, we used in vitro germination experiments to investigate to what extent seed germination and protocorm formation of Gymnadenia conopsea was affected by the origin and identity of fungal associates. Fungi were isolated from G. conopsea and three other co-occurring orchid species (Dactylorhiza viridis (Coeloglossum viride), Herminium monorchis, and Platanthera chlorantha). In total, eight fungal associates, belonging to Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and Serendipitaceae, were successfully isolated and cultured. While all eight fungal strains were able to promote early germination of G. conopsea seeds, only fungal strain GS2, a member of the Ceratobasidiaceae isolated from G. conopsea itself, was able to promote protocorm formation and subsequent growth to a seedling. Two other fungal strains isolated from G. conopsea only supported seed germination until the protocorm formation stage. The other five fungal strains isolated from the co-occurring orchid species did not support seed germination beyond the protocorm stage. We conclude that, although G. conopsea is considered a mycorrhizal generalist that associates with a wide range of fungi during its adult life, it requires specific fungi to promote protocorm formation and growth to a seedling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silva-Flores P, Aguilar A, Dibán MJ, Mujica MI. Mycorrhizas in the South American Mediterranean-Type Ecosystem: Chilean Matorral. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15228-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
32
|
Yao H, Sun X, He C, Maitra P, Li XC, Guo LD. Phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungal community and network structures differ in a tropical mangrove ecosystem. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:57. [PMID: 30967154 PMCID: PMC6456958 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revealing the relationship between plants and fungi is very important in understanding biodiversity maintenance, community stability, and ecosystem functioning. However, differences in the community and network structures of phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungi are currently poorly documented. In this study, we examined epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with the leaves of six mangrove species using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences. RESULTS A total of 635 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of endophytic and epiphytic fungi were obtained at a 97% sequence similarity level; they were dominated by Dothideomycetes and Tremellomycetes. Plant identity had a significant effect on the OTU richness of endophytic fungi, but not on epiphytic fungi. The community composition of epiphytic and endophytic fungi was significantly different, and plant identity had a greater effect on endophytic fungi than on epiphytic fungi. Network analysis showed that both epiphytic and endophytic network structures were characterized by significantly highly specialized and modular but lowly connected and anti-nested properties. Furthermore, the endophytic network had higher levels of specialization and modularity but lower connectance and stronger anti-nestedness than the epiphytic network. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities differ, and plant identity has a greater effect on the endophytic fungi than on epiphytic fungi. These findings demonstrate the role of host plant identity in driving phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pulak Maitra
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xing X, Jacquemyn H, Gai X, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhao Z, Guo S. The impact of life form on the architecture of orchid mycorrhizal networks in tropical forest. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Dept of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology Leuven Belgium
| | - Xuege Gai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming Yunnan PR China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen Y, Gao Y, Song L, Zhao Z, Guo S, Xing X. Mycorrhizal fungal community composition in seven orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:838-847. [PMID: 30810964 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the germination and growth of orchids essentially influencing their survival, abundance, and spatial distribution. In this study, we investigated the composition of the mycorrhizal fungal community in seven terrestrial orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China, using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The mycorrhizal communities in the seven orchids were mainly composed of members of the Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, and Tulasnellaceae, while a number of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, Tricholomataceae, Thelephoraceae, and Cortinariaceae were occasionally observed. However, the dominant fungal associates and mycorrhizal community differed significantly among the orchid species as well as subhabitats. These findings confirm the previous observation that sympatric orchid species show different preferences for mycorrhizal fungi, which may drive niche partitioning and contribute to their cooccurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linli Song
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
New Insights into the Symbiotic Relationship between Orchids and Fungi. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas play an important role in plant growth and development. In mycorrhizal symbioses, fungi supply soil mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to their host plants in exchange for carbon resources. Plants gain as much as 80% of mineral nutrient requirements from mycorrhizal fungi, which form associations with the roots of over 90% of all plant species. Orchid seeds lack endosperms and contain very limited storage reserves. Therefore, the symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi that form endomycorrhizas is essential for orchid seed germination and protocorm development under natural conditions. The rapid advancement of next-generation sequencing contributes to identifying the orchid and fungal genes involved in the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis and unraveling the molecular mechanisms regulating the symbiosis. We aim to update and summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms on orchid-fungus symbiosis, and the main focus will be on the nutrient exchange between orchids and their fungal partners.
Collapse
|
36
|
Van Geel M, Jacquemyn H, Plue J, Saar L, Kasari L, Peeters G, van Acker K, Honnay O, Ceulemans T. Abiotic rather than biotic filtering shapes the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of European seminatural grasslands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1262-1272. [PMID: 29243832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a key role in the functioning of natural ecosystems, the underlying drivers determining the composition of AMF communities remain unclear. In this study, we established 138 sampling plots at 46 grassland sites, consisting of 26 acidic grasslands and 20 calcareous grasslands spread across eight European countries, to assess the relative importance of abiotic and biotic filtering in driving AMF community composition and structure in both the grassland soils and in the roots of 13 grassland plant species. Soil AMF communities differed significantly between acidic and calcareous grasslands. In root AMF communities, most variance was attributable to soil variables while very little variation was explained by host plant identity. Root AMF communities in host plant species occurring in only one grassland type closely resembled the soil AMF communities of that grassland type and the root AMF communities of other host plant species occurring in the same grassland type. The observed AMF-host plants networks were not modular but nested. Our results indicate that abiotic conditions, rather than biotic filtering through host plant specificity, are the most important drivers in shaping AMF communities in European seminatural grasslands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jan Plue
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Liina Saar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Liis Kasari
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kasper van Acker
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Tobias Ceulemans
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Gaskett AC, Gallagher RV. Orchid diversity: Spatial and climatic patterns from herbarium records. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11235-11245. [PMID: 30519440 PMCID: PMC6262934 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We test for spatial and climatic patterns of diversification in the Orchidaceae, an angiosperm family characterized by high levels of species diversity and rarity. Globally, does orchid diversity correlate with land area? In Australia, does diversity correlate with herbarium collecting effort, range size, or climate niche breadth? Where are Australia's orchids distributed spatially, in protected areas, and in climate space? LOCATION Global, then Australia. METHODS We compared orchid diversity with land area for continents and recognized orchid diversity hotspots. Then, we used cleaned herbarium records to compare collecting effort (for Australian Orchidaceae vs. all other plant families, and also among orchid genera). Spatial and climate distributions were mapped to determine orchids' coverage in the protected area network, range sizes, and niche breadths. RESULTS Globally, orchid diversity does not correlate with land area (depauperate regions are the subantarctic: 10 species, and northern North America: 394 species). Australian herbarium records and collecting effort generally reflect orchid species diversity (1,583 spp.), range sizes, and niche breadths. Orchids are restricted to 13% of Australia's landmass with 211 species absent from any protected areas. Species richness is the greatest in three biomes with high general biodiversity: Temperate (especially southwest and southeast Australia), Tropical, and Subtropical (coastal northern Queensland). Absence from the Desert is consistent with our realized climate niche-orchids avoid high temperature/low rainfall environments. Orchids have narrower range sizes than nonorchid species. Highly diverse orchid genera have narrower rainfall breadths than less diverse genera. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Herbarium data are adequate for testing hypotheses about Australian orchids. Distribution is likely driven by environmental factors. In contrast, diversification did not correlate with increases in range size, rainfall, or temperature breadths, suggesting speciation does not occur via invasion and local adaptation to new habitats. Instead, diversification may rely on access to extensive obligate symbioses with mycorrhizae and/or pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Gaskett
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rachael V. Gallagher
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cevallos S, Herrera P, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Declerck S, Suárez JP. Untangling factors that drive community composition of root associated fungal endophytes of Neotropical epiphytic orchids. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
40
|
Herrera P, Kottke I, Molina MC, Méndez M, Suárez JP. Generalism in the interaction of Tulasnellaceae mycobionts with orchids characterizes a biodiversity hotspot in the tropical Andes of Southern Ecuador. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
41
|
Jacquemyn H, Waud M, Brys R, Lallemand F, Courty PE, Robionek A, Selosse MA. Mycorrhizal Associations and Trophic Modes in Coexisting Orchids: An Ecological Continuum between Auto- and Mixotrophy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1497. [PMID: 28912791 PMCID: PMC5583604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct nutritional syndromes have been described in temperate green orchids. Most orchids form mycorrhizas with rhizoctonia fungi and are considered autotrophic. Some orchids, however, associate with fungi that simultaneously form ectomycorrhizas with surrounding trees and derive their carbon from these fungi. This evolutionarily derived condition has been called mixotrophy or partial mycoheterotrophy and is characterized by 13C enrichment and high N content. Although it has been suggested that the two major nutritional syndromes are clearly distinct and tightly linked to the composition of mycorrhizal communities, recent studies have challenged this assumption. Here, we investigated whether mycorrhizal communities and nutritional syndromes differed between seven green orchid species that co-occur under similar ecological conditions (coastal dune slacks). Our results showed that mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between orchid species. Rhizoctonia fungi dominated in Dactylorhiza sp., Herminium monorchis, and Epipactis palustris, which were autotrophic based on 13C and N content. Conversely, Liparis loeselii and Epipactis neerlandica associated primarily with ectomycorrhizal fungi but surprisingly, 13C and N content supported mixotrophy only in E. neerlandica. This, together with the finding of some ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizoctonia-associated orchids, suggests that there exists an ecological continuum between the two syndromes. The presence of a large number of indicator species associating with individual orchid species further confirms previous findings that mycorrhizal fungi may be important factors driving niche-partitioning in terrestrial orchids and therefore contribute to orchid coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Waud
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and NatureGeraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Félix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France
| | | | - Alicja Robionek
- The Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ruibal MP, Triponez Y, Smith LM, Peakall R, Linde CC. Population structure of an orchid mycorrhizal fungus with genus-wide specificity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5613. [PMID: 28717170 PMCID: PMC5514033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental life history processes of mycorrhizal fungi with inconspicuous fruiting bodies can be difficult to elucidate. In this study we investigated the species identities and life history of the orchid mycorrhizal Tulasnella fungi, which associate with the south eastern Australia orchid genus Chiloglottis. Tulasnella prima was the primary partner and was found to be associated with all 17 Chiloglottis species across a range of >1000 km, and to occur in the two edaphic conditions investigated (soil and sphagnum hammocks). Another Tulasnella species (T. sphagneti) appears to be restricted to moist conditions of alpine sphagnum hammocks. The population genetic structure of the widespread species T. prima, was investigated at 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and at four cross-amplified SSR loci for T. sphagneti. For both taxa, no sharing of multilocus genotypes was found between sites, but clones were found within sites. Evidence for inbreeding within T. prima was found at 3 of 5 sites. Significant genetic differentiation was found within and between taxa. Significant local positive spatial genetic autocorrelation was detected among non-clonal isolates at the scale of two metres. Overall, the population genetic patterns indicated that in Tulasnella mating occurs by inbreeding and dispersal is typically restricted to short-distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Ruibal
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Y Triponez
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - L M Smith
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - R Peakall
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C C Linde
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gervasi DDL, Selosse MA, Sauve M, Francke W, Vereecken NJ, Cozzolino S, Schiestl FP. Floral scent and species divergence in a pair of sexually deceptive orchids. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6023-6034. [PMID: 28808562 PMCID: PMC5551101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Speciation is typically accompanied by the formation of isolation barriers between lineages. Commonly, reproductive barriers are separated into pre‐ and post‐zygotic mechanisms that can evolve with different speed. In this study, we measured the strength of different reproductive barriers in two closely related, sympatric orchids of the Ophrys insectifera group, namely Ophrys insectifera and Ophrys aymoninii to infer possible mechanisms of speciation. We quantified pre‐ and post‐pollination barriers through observation of pollen flow, by performing artificial inter‐ and intraspecific crosses and analyzing scent bouquets. Additionally, we investigated differences in mycorrhizal fungi as a potential extrinsic factor of post‐zygotic isolation. Our results show that floral isolation mediated by the attraction of different pollinators acts apparently as the sole reproductive barrier between the two orchid species, with later‐acting intrinsic barriers seemingly absent. Also, the two orchids share most of their fungal mycorrhizal partners in sympatry, suggesting little or no importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in reproductive isolation. Key traits underlying floral isolation were two alkenes and wax ester, present predominantly in the floral scent of O. aymoninii. These compounds, when applied to flowers of O. insectifera, triggered attraction and a copulation attempt of the bee pollinator of O. aymoninii and thus led to the (partial) breakdown of floral isolation. Based on our results, we suggest that adaptation to different pollinators, mediated by floral scent, underlies species isolation in this plant group. Pollinator switches may be promoted by low pollination success of individuals in dense patches of plants, an assumption that we also confirmed in our study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D L Gervasi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marc-Andre Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation University of Gdansk Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicolas J Vereecken
- Agroecology and Pollination Group Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cevallos S, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Decock C, Declerck S, Suárez JP. Are there keystone mycorrhizal fungi associated to tropical epiphytic orchids? MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:225-232. [PMID: 27882467 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In epiphytic orchids, distinctive groups of fungi are involved in the symbiotic association. However, little is known about the factors that determine the mycorrhizal community structure. Here, we analyzed the orchid mycorrhizal fungi communities associated with three sympatric Cymbidieae epiphytic tropical orchids (Cyrtochilum flexuosum, Cyrtochilum myanthum, and Maxillaria calantha) at two sites located within the mountain rainforest of southern Ecuador. To characterize these communities at each orchid population, the ITS2 region was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq technology. Fifty-five mycorrhizal fungi operational taxonomic units (OTUs) putatively attributed to members of Serendipitaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae were identified. Significant differences in mycorrhizal communities were detected between the three sympatric orchid species as well as among sites/populations. Interestingly, some mycorrhizal OTUs overlapped among orchid populations. Our results suggested that populations of studied epiphytic orchids have site-adjusted mycorrhizal communities structured around keystone fungal species. Interaction with multiple mycorrhizal fungi could favor orchid site occurrence and co-existence among several orchid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cevallos
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 11-01-608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Aminael Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 11-01-608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Cony Decock
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL1), Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Juan Pablo Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 11-01-608, Loja, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xing X, Ma X, Men J, Chen Y, Guo S. Phylogenetic constrains on mycorrhizal specificity in eight Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) species. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:536-544. [PMID: 28299575 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant phylogeny constrains orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungal community composition in some orchids. Here, we investigated the structures of the OrM fungal communities of eight Dendrobium species in one niche to determine whether similarities in the OrM fungal communities correlated with the phylogeny of the host plants and whether the Dendrobium-OrM fungal interactions are phylogenetically conserved. A phylogeny based on DNA data was constructed for the eight coexisting Dendrobium species, and the OrM fungal communities were characterized by their roots. There were 31 different fungal lineages associated with the eight Dendrobium species. In total, 82.98% of the identified associations belonging to Tulasnellaceae, and a smaller proportion involved members of the unknown Basidiomycota (9.67%). Community analyses revealed that phylogenetically related Dendrobium tended to interact with a similar set of Tulasnellaceae fungi. The interactions between Dendrobium and Tulasnellaceae fungi were significantly influenced by the phylogenetic relationships among the Dendrobium species. Our results provide evidence that the mycorrhizal specificity in the eight coexisting Dendrobium species was phylogenetically conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xueting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinxin Men
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen L, Zheng Y, Gao C, Mi XC, Ma KP, Wubet T, Guo LD. Phylogenetic relatedness explains highly interconnected and nested symbiotic networks of woody plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a Chinese subtropical forest. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2563-2575. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xiang-Cheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Ke-Ping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Soil Ecology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); University Leipzig; 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Voyron S, Ercole E, Ghignone S, Perotto S, Girlanda M. Fine-scale spatial distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in the soil of host-rich grasslands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1428-1439. [PMID: 27861936 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the survival of orchid seedlings under natural conditions. The distribution of these fungi in soil can constrain the establishment and resulting spatial arrangement of orchids at the local scale, but the actual extent of occurrence and spatial patterns of orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungi in soil remain largely unknown. We addressed the fine-scale spatial distribution of OrM fungi in two orchid-rich Mediterranean grasslands by means of high-throughput sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons, obtained from soil samples collected either directly beneath or at a distance from adult Anacamptis morio and Ophrys sphegodes plants. Like ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycobionts, OrM fungi (tulasnelloid, ceratobasidioid, sebacinoid and pezizoid fungi) exhibited significant horizontal spatial autocorrelation in soil. However, OrM fungal read numbers did not correlate with distance from adult orchid plants, and several of these fungi were extremely sporadic or undetected even in the soil samples containing the orchid roots. Orchid mycorrhizal 'rhizoctonias' are commonly regarded as unspecialized saprotrophs. The sporadic occurrence of mycobionts of grassland orchids in host-rich stands questions the view of these mycorrhizal fungi as capable of sustained growth in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Voyron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ercole
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Turin (CNR-IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Turin (CNR-IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Girlanda
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Turin (CNR-IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
|