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Ren W, Tian L, Querejeta JI. Tight coupling between leaf δ 13 C and N content along leaf ageing in the N 2 -fixing legume tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14235. [PMID: 38472162 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
N2 -fixing legumes can strongly affect ecosystem functions by supplying nitrogen (N) and improving the carbon-fixing capacity of vegetation. Still, the question of how their leaf-level N status and carbon metabolism are coordinated along leaf ageing remains unexplored. Leaf tissue carbon isotopic composition (δ13 C) provides a useful indicator of time-integrated intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). Here, we quantified the seasonal changes of leaf δ13 C, N content on a mass and area basis (Nmass , Narea , respectively), Δ18 O (leaf 18 O enrichment above source water, a proxy of time-integrated stomatal conductance) and morphological traits in an emblematic N2 -fixing legume tree, the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), at a subtropical site in Southwest China. We also measured xylem, soil and rainwater isotopes (δ18 O, δ2 H) to characterize tree water uptake patterns. Xylem water isotopic data reveal that black locust primarily used shallow soil water in this humid habitat. Black locust exhibited a decreasing δ13 C along leaf ageing, which was largely driven by decreasing leaf Nmass , despite roughly constant Narea . In contrast, the decreasing δ13 C along leaf ageing was largely uncoupled from parallel increases in Δ18 O and leaf thickness. Leaf N content is used as a proxy of leaf photosynthetic capacity; thus, it plays a key role in determining the seasonality in δ13 C, whereas the roles of stomatal conductance and leaf morphology are minor. Black locust leaves can effectively adjust to changing environmental conditions along leaf ageing through LMA increases and moderate stomatal conductance reduction while maintaining constant Narea to optimize photosynthesis and carbon assimilation, despite declining leaf Nmass and δ13 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Kunming, China
| | - José Ignacio Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS, CSIC), Murcia, Spain
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2
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Song Y, Yan D, Liu T, Lu Y, Jiao R, Wen Y, Qin T, Weng B, Shi W. The suitability of isotopic methods in identifying water sources of a shallow-rooted herbaceous plant in a desert steppe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166072. [PMID: 37544443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic methodologies have gained prominence in investigating the composition of plant water sources; however, concerns regarding their suitability and reliability in diverse environments have emerged in recent years. This study presents a comparative analysis of root, soil, and liquid water (precipitation, dew, and groundwater) samples obtained from a desert steppe using isotope ratio infrared spectrometry (IRIS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The objective was to evaluate the applicability of these techniques in discerning the water sources of Stipa breviflora, a shallow-rooted herbaceous plant species. Additionally, we explored the root water uptake characteristics and water use strategy of S. breviflora. Our findings indicate that the IRIS method had more enriched values of D compared to the IRMS method across all samples, while no discernible pattern was observed for 18O. Notably, the differences observed among all samples exceeded the instruments' accuracies. Moreover, an unexpected occurrence was noted, whereby both D and 18O values in the root water were more enriched than in any of the considered water sources, rendering identification of the plant water sources unattainable. By conducting a re-analysis of more refined soil layer samples, we discovered that S. breviflora exhibits the ability to absorb and utilize water sources in close proximity to the soil surface. It further suggested that the shallow-rooted herbaceous plants in desert steppes can exploit small rainfalls, frequently overlooked in their ecological importance. Considering the distinctive soil and plant characteristics of desert steppes, we recommend adopting IRMS methods in conjunction with refined surface soil sampling for isotopic analysis aiming to identify water sources of shallow-rooted herbaceous plants. This study provides novel insights into assessing the suitability of isotopic techniques for analyzing plant water sources, while enhancing our understanding of water use strategies and environmental adaptation mechanisms employed by shallow-rooted herbaceous plants within xerophytic grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Denghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Tiejun Liu
- Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yajing Lu
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yunhao Wen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Tianling Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Baisha Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
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Martín-Gómez P, Rodríguez-Robles U, Ogée J, Wingate L, Sancho-Knapik D, Peguero-Pina J, Dos Santos Silva JV, Gil-Pelegrín E, Pemán J, Ferrio JP. Contrasting stem water uptake and storage dynamics of water-saver and water-spender species during drought and recovery. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1290-1306. [PMID: 36930058 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is projected to occur more frequently and intensely in the coming decades, and the extent to which it will affect forest functioning will depend on species-specific responses to water stress. Aiming to understand the hydraulic traits and water dynamics behind water-saver and water-spender strategies in response to drought and recovery, we conducted a pot experiment with two species with contrasting physiological strategies, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea L.). We applied two cycles of soil drying and recovery and irrigated with isotopically different water to track fast changes in soil and stem water pools, while continuously measuring physiological status and xylem water content from twigs. Our results provide evidence for a tight link between the leaf-level response and the water uptake and storage patterns in the stem. The water-saver strategy of pines prevented stem dehydration by rapidly closing stomata which limited their water uptake during the early stages of drought and recovery. Conversely, oaks showed a less conservative strategy, maintaining transpiration and physiological activity under dry soil conditions, and consequently becoming more dehydrated at the stem level. We interpreted this dehydration as the release of water from elastic storage tissues as no major loss of hydraulic conductance occurred for this species. After soil rewetting, pines recovered pre-drought leaf water potential rapidly, but it took longer to replace the water from conductive tissues (slower labeling speed). In contrast, water-spender oaks were able to quickly replace xylem water during recovery (fast labeling speed), but it took longer to refill stem storage tissues, and hence to recover pre-drought leaf water potential. These different patterns in sap flow rates, speed and duration of the labeling reflected a combination of water-use and storage traits, linked to the leaf-level strategies in response to drought and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Gómez
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Ctra de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, E-25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ulises Rodríguez-Robles
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Independencia Nacional 151, Autlán de Navarro, 48900 Jalisco, México
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Atmosphere Plant Soil Interactions Research Unit (UMR ISPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 71 Av. Edouard Bourlaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Atmosphere Plant Soil Interactions Research Unit (UMR ISPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 71 Av. Edouard Bourlaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Peguero-Pina
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Victor Dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Song J, Zhou D, Wu L, Wang Z, Jiang X, Su P, Yang Y. A potential primary method for peptide purity analysis by gas chromatography-isotope dilution infrared spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04772-x. [PMID: 37291250 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we proposed a method for peptide purity analysis using gas chromatography-isotope dilution infrared spectroscopy. The principle and feasibility of the proposed measurement method were investigated. The derivatization, separation, and infrared detection conditions for amino acids were optimized, and the performance of the method was investigated. Then, the proposed method was used for assessment of [Glu1]-fibrinopeptide B purity, and the results were compared with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. The average purity of six sub-samples using the proposed method was (0.755 ± 0.017) g/g, which agreed well with that obtained by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (0.754 ± 0.012) g/g. The repeatability of the proposed method was 2.2%, which was similar to that of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (1.7%). The proposed method has a similar principle and had similar accuracy, precision, and linearity to isotope dilution mass spectrometry; however, the developed method had higher limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values because of the low sensitivity of infrared detection. The results were also Système International d'Unités (SI) traceable. The developed method has the advantage of lower cost compared with isotope dilution mass spectrometry because only one isotope-labeled atom in an analog is required, and several infrared spectra can be extracted, averaged, and used for an amino acid calculation during one run, potentially leading to higher accuracy. This method could be easily expanded to the accurate quantitation of other organic compounds, including proteins. It is expected that the proposed method will be widely used in chemical and biological measurements as a new primary method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment, Beijing, 100062, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ping Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Gimeno TE, Stangl ZR, Barbeta A, Saavedra N, Wingate L, Devert N, Marshall JD. Water taken up through the bark is detected in the transpiration stream in intact upper-canopy branches. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3219-3232. [PMID: 35922889 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternative water uptake pathways through leaves and bark complement water supply with interception, fog or dew. Bark water-uptake contributes to embolism-repair, as demonstrated in cut branches. We tested whether bark water-uptake could also contribute to supplement xylem-water for transpiration. We applied bandages injected with 2 H-enriched water on intact upper-canopy branches of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica in a boreal and in a temperate forest, in summer and winter, and monitored transpiration and online isotopic composition (δ2 H and δ18 O) of water vapour, before sampling for analyses of δ2 H and δ18 O in tissue waters. Xylem, bark and leaf waters from segments downstream from the bandages were 2 H-enriched whereas δ18 O was similar to controls. Transpiration was positively correlated with 2 H-enrichment. Isotopic compositions of transpiration and xylem water allowed us to calculate isotopic exchange through the bark via vapour exchange, which was negligible in comparison to estimated bark water-uptake, suggesting that water-uptake occurred via liquid phase. Results were consistent across species, forests and seasons, indicating that bark water-uptake may be more ubiquitous than previously considered. We suggest that water taken up through the bark could be incorporated into the transpiration stream, which could imply that sap-flow measurements underestimate transpiration when bark is wet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Gimeno
- CREAF, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Zsofia R Stangl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adrià Barbeta
- BEECA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noelia Saavedra
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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Granda E, Antunes C, Máguas C, Castro‐Díez P. Water use partitioning of native and non‐native tree species in riparian ecosystems under contrasting climatic conditions. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Granda
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Cristina Antunes
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Cristina Máguas
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Pilar Castro‐Díez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Spain
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Kühnhammer K, Dahlmann A, Iraheta A, Gerchow M, Birkel C, Marshall JD, Beyer M. Continuous in situ measurements of water stable isotopes in soils, tree trunk and root xylem: Field approval. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9232. [PMID: 34862674 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New methods to measure stable isotopes of soil and tree water directly in the field enable us to increase the temporal resolution of obtained data and advance our knowledge on the dynamics of soil and plant water fluxes. Only few field applications exist. However, these are needed to further improve novel methods and hence exploit their full potential. METHODS We tested the borehole equilibration method in the field and collected in situ and destructive samples of stable isotopes of soil, trunk and root xylem water over a 2.5-month experiment in a tropical dry forest under natural abundance conditions and following labelled irrigation. Water from destructive samples was extracted using cryogenic vacuum extraction. Isotope ratios were determined with IRIS instruments using cavity ring-down spectroscopy both in the field and in the laboratory. RESULTS In general, timelines of both methods agreed well for both soil and xylem samples. Irrigation labelled with heavy hydrogen isotopes clearly impacted the isotope composition of soil water and one of the two studied tree species. Inter-method deviations increased in consequence of labelling, which revealed their different capabilities to cover spatial and temporal heterogeneities. CONCLUSIONS We applied the novel borehole equilibration method in a remote field location. Our experiment reinforced the potential of this in situ method for measuring xylem water isotopes in both tree trunks and roots and confirmed the reliability of gas permeable soil probes. However, in situ xylem measurements should be further developed to reduce the uncertainty within the range of natural abundance and hence enable their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kühnhammer
- IGOE, Environmental Geochemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Dahlmann
- IGOE, Environmental Geochemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Birkel
- Department of Geography and Water and Global Change Observatory, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), San José, Costa Rica
| | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Rezzouk FZ, Gracia-Romero A, Kefauver SC, Nieto-Taladriz MT, Serret MD, Araus JL. Dataset of above and below ground traits assessed in Durum wheat cultivars grown under Mediterranean environments differing in water and temperature conditions. Data Brief 2022; 40:107754. [PMID: 35005145 PMCID: PMC8718713 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideotypic characteristics of durum wheat associated with higher yield under different water and temperature regimes were studied under Mediterranean conditions. The focus of this paper is to provide raw and supplemental data from the research article entitled "Durum wheat ideotypes in Mediterranean environments differing in water and temperature conditions" [1], which aims to define specific durum wheat ideotypes according to their responses to different agronomic conditions. In this context, six modern (i.e. post green revolution) genotypes with contrasting yield performance (i.e. high vs low yield) were grown during two consecutive years under different treatments: (i) winter planting under support-irrigation conditions, (ii) winter planting under rainfed conditions, (iii) late planting under support-irrigation. Trials were conducted at the INIA station of Colmenar de Oreja (Madrid). Different traits were assessed to inform about water status (canopy temperature at anthesis and stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of the flag leaf and mature grains), root performance (root traits and the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) in the stem base water), phenology (days from sowing to heading), nitrogen status/photosynthetic capacity (nitrogen content and stable isotope composition (δ15N) of the flag leaf and mature grain together with the pigment contents and the nitrogen balance index (NBI) of the flag leaf), crop growth (plant height (PH) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at anthesis), grain yield and agronomic yield components. For most of the parameters assessed, data analysis demonstrated significant differences among genotypes within each treatment. The level of significance was determined using the Tukey-b test on independent samples, and ideotypes were modelled from the results of principle component analysis. The present data shed light on traits that help to define specific ideotype characteristics that confer genotypic adaptation to a wide range of agronomic conditions produced by variations in planting date, water conditions and season.
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Key Words
- CT, canopy temperature
- Canopy temperature
- DTH, days to heading
- GN, grain number
- GNY, total grain nitrogen yield
- GY, grain yield
- HI, harvest index
- ILP, irrigated late planting
- INP, irrigated normal planting
- Leaf pigments
- NBI, nitrogen balance index
- NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index
- PCA, principle component analysis
- PH, plant height
- RA, root angle
- RNP, rainfed normal planting
- Root traits
- SRL, Specific root length
- Stable isotopes
- TGW, thousand grain weight
- δ13C, carbon isotope composition
- δ15N, nitrogen isotope composition
- δ18O, oxygen isotope composition
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Rezzouk
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Adrian Gracia-Romero
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Shawn C. Kefauver
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Nieto-Taladriz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Barbeta A, Burlett R, Martín-Gómez P, Fréjaville B, Devert N, Wingate L, Domec JC, Ogée J. Evidence for distinct isotopic compositions of sap and tissue water in tree stems: consequences for plant water source identification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1121-1132. [PMID: 34767646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing hypothesis that the isotopic composition of plant stem water reflects that of source water is being challenged by studies reporting bulk water from woody stems with an isotopic composition that cannot be attributed to any potential water source. The mechanism behind such source-stem water isotopic offsets is still poorly understood. Using a novel technique to extract selectively sap water from xylem conduits, we show that, in cut stems and potted plants, the isotopic composition of sap water reflects that of irrigation water, demonstrating unambiguously that no isotopic fractionation occurs during root water uptake or sap water extraction. By contrast, water in nonconductive xylem tissues is always depleted in deuterium compared with sap water, irrespective of wood anatomy. Previous studies have shown that isotopic heterogeneity also exists in soils at the pore scale in which water adsorbed onto soil particles is more depleted in deuterium than unbound water. Data collected at a riparian forest indicated that sap water matches best unbound soil water from depth below -70 cm, while bulk stem and soil water differ markedly. We conclude that source-stem isotopic offsets can be explained by micrometre-scale heterogeneity in the isotope ratios of water within woody stems and soil micro-pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Barbeta
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
- BEECA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Régis Burlett
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Pessac, 33615, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Devert
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | | | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
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de la Puente L, Pedro Ferrio J, Palacio S. Disentangling water sources in a gypsum plant community. Gypsum crystallization water is a key source of water for shallow-rooted plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:87-100. [PMID: 34406365 PMCID: PMC8829898 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gypsum drylands are widespread worldwide. In these arid ecosystems, the ability of different species to access different water sources during drought is a key determining factor of the composition of plant communities. Gypsum crystallization water could be a relevant source of water for shallow-rooted plants, but the segregation in the use of this source of water among plants remains unexplored. We analysed the principal water sources used by 20 species living in a gypsum hilltop, the effect of rooting depth and gypsum affinity, and the interaction of the plants with the soil beneath them. METHODS We characterized the water stable isotope composition, δ 2H and δ 18O, of plant xylem water and related it to the free and gypsum crystallization water extracted from different depths throughout the soil profile and the groundwater, in both spring and summer. Bayesian isotope mixing models were used to estimate the contribution of water sources to plant xylem sap. KEY RESULTS In spring, all species used free water from the top soil as the main source. In summer, there was segregation in water sources used by different species depending on their rooting depth, but not on their gypsum affinity. Gypsum crystallization water was the main source for most shallow-rooted species, whereas free water from 50 to 100 cm depth was the main source for deep-rooted species. We detected plant-soil interactions in spring, and indirect evidence of possible hydraulic lift by deep-rooted species in summer. CONCLUSIONS Plants coexisting in gypsum communities segregate their hydrological niches according to their rooting depth. Crystallization water of gypsum represents an unaccounted for, vital source for most of the shallow-rooted species growing on gypsum drylands. Thus, crystallization water helps shallow-rooted species to endure arid conditions, which eventually accounts for the maintenance of high biodiversity in these specialized ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de la Puente
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 16, Jaca, ES-22700, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, ES-50059, Spain
| | - Sara Palacio
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 16, Jaca, ES-22700, Spain
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11
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Gessler A, Bächli L, Rouholahnejad Freund E, Treydte K, Schaub M, Haeni M, Weiler M, Seeger S, Marshall J, Hug C, Zweifel R, Hagedorn F, Rigling A, Saurer M, Meusburger K. Drought reduces water uptake in beech from the drying topsoil, but no compensatory uptake occurs from deeper soil layers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:194-206. [PMID: 34610146 PMCID: PMC9293437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The intensity and frequency of droughts events are projected to increase in future with expected adverse effects for forests. Thus, information on the dynamics of tree water uptake from different soil layers during and after drought is crucial. We applied an in situ water isotopologue monitoring system to determine the oxygen isotope composition in soil and xylem water of European beech with a 2-h resolution together with measurements of soil water content, transpiration and tree water deficit. Using a Bayesian isotope mixing model, we inferred the relative and absolute contribution of water from four different soil layers to tree water use. Beech took up more than 50% of its water from the uppermost 5 cm soil layer at the beginning of the 2018 drought, but then reduced absolute water uptake from the drying topsoil by 84%. The trees were not able to quantitatively compensate for restricted topsoil water availability by additional uptake from deeper soil layers, which is related to the fine root depth distribution. Absolute water uptake from the topsoil was restored to pre-drought levels within 3 wk after rewetting. These uptake patterns help to explain both the drought sensitivity of beech and its high recovery potential after drought release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lukas Bächli
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Haeni
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Markus Weiler
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Freiburg79098FreiburgGermany
| | - Stefan Seeger
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Freiburg79098FreiburgGermany
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå90283Sweden
| | - Christian Hug
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Research Unit Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Research Unit Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
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12
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Oak Competition Dominates Interspecific Interactions in Growth and Water-Use Efficiency in a Mixed Pine–Oak Mediterranean Forest. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean, mixed forests of Aleppo pine and holm oak are widespread. Generally considered a transition stage in the succession towards climax oak communities, niche segregation may also contribute to the prevalence of these communities. So far, there is increasing evidence of hydrological niche segregation, with the two species showing complementary water use and seasonal growth patterns. However, it remains unknown whether interspecific interactions affect the response to climate and the mid-term (decadal) growth and water-use efficiency of pines and oaks in mixed stands. Here, we combined tree-ring chronologies, built on different competition classes within a mixed stand, with a spatially explicit assessment of individual growth and wood carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C), as a proxy of intrinsic water-use efficiency, and compared these results with previously reported water uptake patterns. We found that competition with pines modulated the climate response of oaks, whereas pine climate response was insensitive to competition. On the other hand, pine density affected only pine growth, whereas oak competition affected both species. We conclude that the presence of pines had negligible or even positive effects on the oaks, but competition with neighbor oaks limited their ability to recover after drought. Conversely, pines experienced greater drought stress under competition, with both oaks and pines.
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13
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Millar C, Janzen K, Nehemy MF, Koehler G, Hervé-Fernández P, McDonnell JJ. Organic contamination detection for isotopic analysis of water by laser spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9118. [PMID: 33939862 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ2 H, δ17 O, and δ18 O values) are commonly used tracers of water. These ratios can be measured by isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). However, IRIS approaches are prone to errors induced by organic compounds present in plant, soil, and natural water samples. A novel approach using 17 O-excess values has shown promise for flagging spectrally contaminated plant samples during IRIS analysis. A systematic assessment of this flagging system is needed to prove it useful. METHODS Errors induced by methanol and ethanol water mixtures on measured IRIS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) results were evaluated. For IRIS analyses both liquid- and vapour-mode (via direct vapour equilibration) methods are used. The δ2 H, δ17 O, and δ18 O values were measured and compared with known reference values to determine the errors induced by methanol and ethanol contamination. In addition, the 17 O-excess contamination detection approach was tested. This is a post-processing detection tool for both liquid and vapour IRIS triple-isotope analyses, utilizing calculated 17 O-excess values to flag contaminated samples. RESULTS Organic contamination induced significant errors in IRIS results, not seen in IRMS results. Methanol caused larger errors than ethanol. Results from vapour-IRIS analyses had larger errors than those from liquid-IRIS analyses. The 17 O-excess approach identified methanol driven error in liquid- and vapour-mode IRIS samples at levels where isotope results became unacceptably erroneous. For ethanol contaminated samples, a mix of erroneous and correct flagging occurred with the 17 O-excess method. Our results indicate that methanol is the more problematic contaminant for data corruption. The 17 O-excess method was therefore useful for data quality control. CONCLUSIONS Organic contamination caused significant errors in IRIS stable isotope results. These errors were larger during vapour analyses than during liquid IRIS analyses, and larger for methanol than ethanol contamination. The 17 O-excess method is highly sensitive for detecting narrowband (methanol) contamination error in vapour and liquid analysis modes in IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Millar
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kim Janzen
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Magali F Nehemy
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Geoff Koehler
- NHRC Stable Isotope Laboratory, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Pedro Hervé-Fernández
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Instituto de la Patagonia, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Cui J, Lide T, Yu W. Organic contamination in online laser-based plant stem and leaf water isotope measurements for pre-extracted samples. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:262-270. [PMID: 33594914 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.1883010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water stable isotopes have been widely used as natural tracers to investigate soil-plant-atmosphere interactions. Recent developments in induction module cavity ring-down spectroscopy (IM-CRDS) have made it possible to rapidly complete isotope analyses, and to combust co-extracted organic compounds at the same time. However, the agreement between IM-CRDS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analyses has generally been poor and was primarily attributable to spectral interference of IM-CRDS. Here we evaluated the impacts of organic contamination on the isotope ratios using IM-CRDS with two different methods. No spectral interference was observed for solid samples measured directly by IM-CRDS, whereas clear organic contamination occurred in isotope analyses for pre-extracted plant stem and leaf samples. Our results demonstrate that IM-CRDS can fully combust co-extracted organic compounds by in-line oxidation in the direct measurement of solid samples, although this may not guarantee that the IM-CRDS can obtain better isotopic data than IRMS. It may be risky to evaluate the performance of IM-CRDS by measuring pre-extracted water samples because cryogenic vacuum distillation is likely to introduce extra organic compounds, which may not be fully removed during subsequent IM-CRDS measurement. In addition, spectral variables are useful for post-processing corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangpeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Lide
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wusheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Torres-García MT, Salinas-Bonillo MJ, Gázquez-Sánchez F, Fernández-Cortés Á, Querejeta JI, Cabello J. Squandering water in drylands: the water-use strategy of the phreatophyte Ziziphus lotus in a groundwater-dependent ecosystem. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:236-248. [PMID: 33586136 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Water is the most limiting factor in dryland ecosystems, and plants are adapted to cope with this constraint. Particularly vulnerable are phreatophytic plants from groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in regions that have to face water regime alterations due to the impacts of climate and land-use changes. METHODS We investigated two aspects related to the water-use strategy of a keystone species that dominates one of the few terrestrial GDEs in European drylands (Ziziphus lotus): where it obtains water and how it regulates its use. We (1) evaluated plants' water sources and use patterns using a multiple-isotope approach (δ2 H, δ18 O, and Δ13 C); (2) assessed the regulation of plant water potential by characterizing the species on an isohydric-anisohydric continuum; and (3) evaluated plants' response to increasing water stress along a depth-to-groundwater (DTGW) gradient by measuring foliar gas exchange and nutrient concentrations. RESULTS Ziziphus lotus behaves as a facultative or partial phreatophyte with extreme anisohydric stomatal regulation. However, as DTGW increased, Z. lotus (1) reduced the use of groundwater, (2) reduced total water uptake, and (3) limited transpiration water loss while increasing water-use efficiency. We also found a physiological threshold at 14 m depth to groundwater, which could indicate maximum rooting length beyond which optimal plant function could not be sustained. CONCLUSIONS Species such as Z. lotus survive by squandering water in drylands because of a substantial groundwater uptake. However, the identification of DTGW thresholds indicates that drawdowns in groundwater level would jeopardize the functioning of the GDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trinidad Torres-García
- Department of Biology and Geology, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s.n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Spain
| | - María J Salinas-Bonillo
- Department of Biology and Geology, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s.n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando Gázquez-Sánchez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s.n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Spain
| | - Ángel Fernández-Cortés
- Department of Biology and Geology, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s.n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Spain
| | - José I Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Cabello
- Department of Biology and Geology, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s.n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, 04120, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Spain
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16
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Brunel-Saldias N, Ferrio JP, Elazab A, Orellana M, del Pozo A. Root Architecture and Functional Traits of Spring Wheat Under Contrasting Water Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581140. [PMID: 33262777 PMCID: PMC7686047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wheat roots are known to play an important role in the yield performance under water-limited (WL) conditions. Three consecutive year trials (2015, 2016, and 2017) were conducted in a glasshouse in 160 cm length tubes on a set of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under contrasting water regimes (1) to assess genotypic variability in root weight density (RWD) distribution in the soil profile, biomass partitioning, and total water used; and (2) to determine the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic signatures of plant and soil water in order to evaluate the contribution of shallow and deep soil water to plant water uptake and the evaporative enrichment of these isotopes in the leaf as a surrogate for plant transpiration. In the 2015 trial under well-watered (WW) conditions, the aerial biomass (AB) was not significantly different among 15 wheat genotypes, while the total root biomass and the RWD distribution in the soil profile were significantly different. In the 2016 and 2017 trials, a subset of five genotypes from the 2015 trial was grown under WW and WL regimes. The water deficit significantly reduced AB only in 2016. The water regimes did not significantly affect the root biomass and root biomass distribution in the soil depths for both the 2016 and 2017 trials. The study results highlighted that under a WL regime, the production of thinner roots with low biomass is more beneficial for increasing the water uptake than the production of large thick roots. The models applied to estimate the relative contribution of the plant's primary water sources (shallow or deep soil water) showed large interindividual variability in soil, and plant water isotopic composition resulted in large uncertainties in the model estimates. On the other side, the combined information of root architecture and the leaf stable isotope signatures could explain plant water status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Brunel-Saldias
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Fundacion Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigacion y el Desarrollo (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Center of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Abdelhalim Elazab
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Massiel Orellana
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Alejandro del Pozo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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17
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Freyberg J, Allen ST, Grossiord C, Dawson TE. Plant and root‐zone water isotopes are difficult to measure, explain, and predict: Some practical recommendations for determining plant water sources. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Freyberg
- Department for Environmental Systems Sciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Ecohydrology School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Scott T. Allen
- Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Todd E. Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley, Berkeley CA USA
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18
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Barbeta A, Gimeno TE, Clavé L, Fréjaville B, Jones SP, Delvigne C, Wingate L, Ogée J. An explanation for the isotopic offset between soil and stem water in a temperate tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:766-779. [PMID: 32239512 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of field studies report isotopic offsets between stem water and its potential sources that prevent the unambiguous identification of plant water origin using water isotopes. We explored the causes of this isotopic offset by conducting a controlled experiment on the temperate tree species Fagus sylvatica. We measured δ2 H and δ18 O of soil and stem water from potted saplings growing on three soil substrates and subjected to two watering regimes. Regardless of substrate, soil and stem water δ2 H were similar only near permanent wilting point. Under moister conditions, stem water δ2 H was 11 ± 3‰ more negative than soil water δ2 H, coherent with field studies. Under drier conditions, stem water δ2 H became progressively more enriched than soil water δ2 H. Although stem water δ18 O broadly reflected that of soil water, soil-stem δ2 H and δ18 O differences were correlated (r = 0.76) and increased with transpiration rates indicated by proxies. Soil-stem isotopic offsets are more likely to be caused by water isotope heterogeneities within the soil pore and stem tissues, which would be masked under drier conditions as a result of evaporative enrichment, than by fractionation under root water uptake. Our results challenge our current understanding of isotopic signals in the soil-plant continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Barbeta
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa E Gimeno
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Basque Centre for Climate Change, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48008, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Clavé
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Sam P Jones
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, CEP 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Camille Delvigne
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lisa Wingate
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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19
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Cui J, Tian L. Temperature issues in online extraction of water from plant and soil for stable isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8750. [PMID: 32048358 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangpeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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20
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Ripullone F, Camarero JJ, Colangelo M, Voltas J. Variation in the access to deep soil water pools explains tree-to-tree differences in drought-triggered dieback of Mediterranean oaks. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:591-604. [PMID: 32159804 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in the access to deep soil water pools may explain the differential damage among coexisting, conspecific trees as a consequence of drought-induced dieback. We addressed this issue by comparing the responses to a severe drought of three Mediterranean oak species with different drought tolerance, Quercus pubescens L. and Quercus frainetto Ten., mainly thriving at xeric and mesic sites, respectively, and Quercus cerris L., which dominates at intermediate sites. For each species, we compared coexisting declining (D) and non-declining (ND) trees. The stable isotope composition (δ2H, δ18O) of xylem and soil water was used to infer a differential use of soil water sources. We also measured tree size and radial growth to quantify the long-term divergence of wood production between D and ND trees and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in sapwood to evaluate if D trees presented lower NSC values. The ND trees had access to deeper soil water than D trees except in Q. frainetto, as indicated by significantly more depleted xylem water values. However, a strong δ2H offset between soil and xylem water isotopes observed in peak summer could suggest that both tree types were not physiologically active under extreme drought conditions. Alternative processes causing deuterium fractionation, however, could not be ruled out. Tree height and recent (last 15-25 years) growth rates in all species studied were lower in D than in ND trees by 22 and 44%, respectively. Lastly, there was not a consistent pattern of NSC sapwood concentration; in Q. pubescens, it was higher in ND trees while in Q. frainetto, the D trees were the ones exhibiting the higher NSC concentration. We conclude that the vulnerability to drought among conspecific Mediterranean oaks depends on the differential access to deep soil water pools, which may be related to differences in rooting depth, tree size and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza I-85100, Italy
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, Zaragoza E-50059, Spain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza I-85100, Italy
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, Zaragoza E-50059, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain
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Marshall JD, Cuntz M, Beyer M, Dubbert M, Kuehnhammer K. Borehole Equilibration: Testing a New Method to Monitor the Isotopic Composition of Tree Xylem Water in situ. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:358. [PMID: 32351515 PMCID: PMC7175398 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Forest water use has been difficult to quantify. One promising approach is to measure the isotopic composition of plant water, e.g., the transpired water vapor or xylem water. Because different water sources, e.g., groundwater versus shallow soil water, often show different isotopic signatures, isotopes can be used to investigate the depths from which plants take up their water and how this changes over time. Traditionally such measurements have relied on the extraction of wood samples, which provide limited time resolution at great expense, and risk possible artifacts. Utilizing a borehole drilled through a tree's stem, we propose a new method based on the notion that water vapor in a slow-moving airstream approaches isotopic equilibration with the much greater mass of liquid water in the xylem. We present two empirical data sets showing that the method can work in practice. We then present a theoretical model estimating equilibration times and exploring the limits at which the approach will fail. The method provides a simple, cheap, and accurate means of continuously estimating the isotopic composition of the source water for transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Matthias Beyer
- IGOE, Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department B2.3: Groundwater Resources and Dynamics, German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, Germany
| | - Maren Dubbert
- Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IGB Berlin, Landscape Ecohydrology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kuehnhammer
- IGOE, Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Carrière SD, Martin-StPaul NK, Cakpo CB, Patris N, Gillon M, Chalikakis K, Doussan C, Olioso A, Babic M, Jouineau A, Simioni G, Davi H. Tree xylem water isotope analysis by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and laser spectrometry: A dataset to explore tree response to drought. Data Brief 2020; 29:105349. [PMID: 32181309 PMCID: PMC7066053 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water isotopes from plant xylem and surrounding environment are increasingly used in eco-hydrological studies. Carrière et al. [1] analyzed a dataset of water isotopes in (i) the xylem of three different tree species, (ii) the surrounding soil and drainage water and (iii) the underlying karst groundwater, to understand tree water uptake during drought in two different Mediterranean forests on karst setting. The xylem and soil water were extracted by cryogenic distillation. The full dataset was obtained with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer (IRIS), and included 219 measurements of δ2H and δ18O. Prompted by unexpected isotopic data characterized by a very negative deuterium excess, a subsample of 46 xylem samples and 9 soil water samples were double checked with both analytical techniques. IRMS and IRIS analyses yielded similar data. Therefore, the results reveal that laser spectrometry allows an accurate estimation of xylem and soil water isotopes. The dataset highlights a strong 2H depletion in xylem water for all species. Deuterium does not seem adequate to interpret ecological processes in this dataset given the strong fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Damien Carrière
- INRAE, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Nicolas K Martin-StPaul
- INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Coffi Belmys Cakpo
- INRAE, PSH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Nicolas Patris
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Gillon
- Avignon Université, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 Rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84911, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Konstantinos Chalikakis
- Avignon Université, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 Rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84911, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Doussan
- INRAE, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Albert Olioso
- INRAE, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Milanka Babic
- Avignon Université, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 Rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84911, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Jouineau
- INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Simioni
- INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de Recherche PACA, 228 Route de L'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
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Carrière SD, Martin-StPaul NK, Cakpo CB, Patris N, Gillon M, Chalikakis K, Doussan C, Olioso A, Babic M, Jouineau A, Simioni G, Davi H. The role of deep vadose zone water in tree transpiration during drought periods in karst settings - Insights from isotopic tracing and leaf water potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134332. [PMID: 31629315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Karst environments are unusual because their dry, stony and shallow soils seem to be unfavorable to vegetation, and yet they are often covered with forests. How can trees survive in these environments? Where do they find the water that allows them to survive? This study uses midday and predawn water potentials and xylem water isotopes of branches to assess tree water status and the origin of transpired water. Monitoring was conducted during the summers of 2014 and 2015 in two dissimilar plots of Mediterranean forest located in karst environments. The results show that the three monitored tree species (Abies alba Mill, Fagus sylvatica L, and Quercus ilex L.) use deep water resources present in the karst vadose zone (unsaturated zone) more intensively during drier years. Quercus ilex, a species well- adapted to water stress, which grows at the drier site, uses the deep water resource very early in the summer season. Conversely, the two other species exploit the deep water resource only during severe drought. These results open up new perspectives to a better understanding of ecohydrological equilibrium and to improved water balance modeling in karst forest settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Damien Carrière
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France.
| | - Nicolas K Martin-StPaul
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Coffi Belmys Cakpo
- INRA, PSH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Nicolas Patris
- IRD, Hydroscience Montpellier, 300 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Gillon
- UAPV, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239 84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Claude Doussan
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Albert Olioso
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Milanka Babic
- UAPV, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239 84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Jouineau
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Guillaume Simioni
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
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Millar C, Pratt D, Schneider DJ, Koehler G, McDonnell JJ. Further experiments comparing direct vapor equilibration and cryogenic vacuum distillation for plant water stable isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1850-1854. [PMID: 31306509 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cody Millar
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Dyan Pratt
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - David J Schneider
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Geoff Koehler
- NHRC Stable Isotope Laboratory, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
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Nehemy MF, Millar C, Janzen K, Gaj M, Pratt DL, Laroque CP, McDonnell JJ. 17 O-excess as a detector for co-extracted organics in vapor analyses of plant isotope signatures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1301-1310. [PMID: 31017711 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The stable isotope compositions of hydrogen and oxygen in water (δ2 H and δ18 O values) have been widely used to investigate plant water sources, but traditional isotopic measurements of plant waters are expensive and labor intensive. Recent work with direct vapor equilibration (DVE) on laser spectroscopy has shown potential to side step limitations imposed by traditional methods. Here, we evaluate DVE analysis of plants with a focus on spectral contamination introduced by organic compounds. We present 17 O-excess as a way of quantifying organic compound interference in DVE. METHODS We performed isotopic analysis using the δ2 H, δ18 O and δ17 O values of water on an Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (IWA-45EP OA-ICOS) instrument in vapor mode. We used a set of methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) solutions to assess errors in isotope measurements. We evaluated how organic compounds affect the 17 O-excess. DVE was used to measure the isotopic signatures in natural plant material from Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, and Larix laricina, and soil from boreal forest for comparison with solutions. RESULTS The 17 O-excess was sensitive to the presence of organic compounds in water. 17 O-excess changed proportionally to the concentration of MeOH per volume of water, resulting in positive values, while EtOH solutions resulted in smaller changes in the 17 O-excess. Soil samples did not show any spectral contamination. Plant samples were spectrally contaminated on the narrow-band and were enriched in 1 H and 16 O compared with source water. L. laricina was the only species that did not show any evidence of spectral contamination. Xylem samples that were spectrally contaminated had positive 17 O-excess values. CONCLUSIONS 17 O-excess can be a useful tool to identify spectral contamination and improve DVE plant and soil analysis in the laboratory and in situ. The 17 O-excess flagged the presence of MeOH and EtOH. Adding measurement of δ17 O values to traditional measurement of δ2 H and δ18 O values may shed new light on plant water analysis for source mixing dynamics using DVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali F Nehemy
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Cody Millar
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kim Janzen
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Marcel Gaj
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Dyan L Pratt
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Colin P Laroque
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
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The Depth of Water Taken up by Walnut Trees during Different Phenological Stages in an Irrigated Arid Hilly Area in the Taihang Mountains. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the soil environment impacts root water uptake location and magnitude is important for better management of plant irrigation. In this study, stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition were used to determine seasonal variations in the depth of water taken up by walnut trees during different phenological stages in an irrigated arid hilly area in the Taihang Mountains in China. The contributions of soil water at different depths to the water taken up were quantified by the MixSIAR Bayesian isotope mixing model. The results indicated that water taken up by the walnut trees was sourced mainly from soil water in the 0–20 cm soil layer at the sprouting and leaf expansion stages (62.95%), and the 20–40 cm soil layer at blossoming and fruit-bearing (43.45%), fruit expansion (41.8%), and fruit maturity (39.15%) stages. The mean soil depth of the water taken up by the walnut trees gradually decreased as the phenological stages advanced. The proportions of various soil layer water contributions to the walnut trees differed throughout the phenological stages, and the proportion of deeper soil water contributions gradually increased as the phenological stages of walnut trees advanced. The results of the present study indicated that water sources for walnut trees varied by depth during different phenological stages. In addition to soil moisture, soil temperature may also be an important factor affecting the depth of water taken up by walnut trees. The results also provided scientific implications for water-saving irrigation management.
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Water sources of plant uptake along a salt marsh flooding gradient. Oecologia 2018; 188:607-622. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Millar C, Pratt D, Schneider DJ, McDonnell JJ. A comparison of extraction systems for plant water stable isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1031-1044. [PMID: 29645300 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The stable isotope ratios of water (δ2 H and δ18 O values) have been widely used to trace water in plants in a variety of physiological, ecohydrological, biogeochemical and hydrological studies. In such work, the analyte must first be extracted from samples, prior to isotopic analysis. While cryogenic vacuum distillation is currently the most widely used method reported in the literature, a variety of extraction-collection-analysis methods exist. A formal inter-method comparison on plant tissues has yet to be carried out. METHODS We performed an inter-method comparison of six plant water extraction techniques: direct vapour equilibration, microwave extraction, two unique versions of cryogenic vacuum distillation, centrifugation, and high-pressure mechanical squeezing. These methods were applied to four isotopically unique plant portions (head, stem, leaf, and root crown) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Extracted plant water was analyzed via spectrometric (OA-ICOS) and mass-based (IRMS) analysis systems when possible. Spring wheat was grown under controlled conditions with irrigation inputs of a known isotopic composition. RESULTS The tested methods of extraction yielded markedly different isotopic signatures. Centrifugation, microwave extraction, direct vapour equilibration, and high-pressure mechanical squeezing produced water more enriched in 2 H and 18 O content. Both cryogenic vacuum distillation systems and the high-pressure mechanical squeezing method produced water more depleted in 2 H and 18 O content, depending upon the plant portion extracted. The various methods also produced differing concentrations of co-extracted organic compounds, depending on the mode of extraction. Overall, the direct vapor equilibration method outperformed all other methods. CONCLUSIONS Despite its popularity, cryogenic vacuum distillation was outperformed by the direct vapor equilibration method in terms of limited co-extraction of volatile organic compounds, rapid sample throughput, and near instantaneous returned stable isotope results. More research is now needed with other plant species, especially woody plants, to see how far the findings from this study could be extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Millar
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Dyan Pratt
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - David J Schneider
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
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De Deurwaerder H, Hervé-Fernández P, Stahl C, Burban B, Petronelli P, Hoffman B, Bonal D, Boeckx P, Verbeeck H. Liana and tree below-ground water competition-evidence for water resource partitioning during the dry season. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1071-1083. [PMID: 29509954 PMCID: PMC6025208 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To date, reasons for the increase in liana abundance and biomass in the Neotropics are still unclear. One proposed hypothesis suggests that lianas, in comparison with trees, are more adaptable to drought conditions. Moreover, previous studies have assumed that lianas have a deeper root system, which provides access to deeper soil layers, thereby making them less susceptible to drought stress. The dual stable water isotope approach (δ18O and δ2H) enables below-ground vegetation competition for water to be studied. Based on the occurrence of a natural gradient in soil water isotopic signatures, with enriched signatures in shallow soil relative to deep soil, the origin of vegetation water sources can be derived. Our study was performed on canopy trees and lianas reaching canopy level in tropical forests of French Guiana. Our results show liana xylem water isotopic signatures to be enriched in heavy isotopes in comparison with those from trees, indicating differences in water source depths and a more superficial root activity for lianas during the dry season. This enables them to efficiently capture dry season precipitation. Our study does not support the liana deep root water extraction hypothesis. Additionally, we provide new insights into water competition between tropical canopy lianas and trees. Results suggest that this competition is mitigated during the dry season due to water resource partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes De Deurwaerder
- CAVElab—Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent, Belgium
- Corresponding author ()
| | - Pedro Hervé-Fernández
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory—ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent, Belgium
| | - Clément Stahl
- INRA, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Benoit Burban
- INRA, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Pascal Petronelli
- Cirad UMR Ecofog (AgrosParisTech, CNRS, INRA, Univ Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Bruce Hoffman
- The Amazon Conservation Team - Suriname Program, Doekhieweg Oost 24, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory—ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab—Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent, Belgium
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Martín-Gómez P, Aguilera M, Pemán J, Gil-Pelegrín E, Ferrio JP. Contrasting ecophysiological strategies related to drought: the case of a mixed stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and a submediterranean oak (Quercus subpyrenaica). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1478-1492. [PMID: 29040771 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Submediterranean forests are considered an ecotone between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian ecosystems, and are very sensitive to global change. A decline of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and a related expansion of oak species (Quercus spp.) have been reported in the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees. Although this has been associated with increasing drought stress, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and suitable monitoring protocols are lacking. The aim of this study is to bring insight into the physiological mechanisms anticipating selective decline of the pines, with particular focus on carbon and water relations. For this purpose, we performed a sampling campaign covering two growing seasons in a mixed stand of P. sylvestris and Quercus subpyrenaica E.H del Villar. We sampled seasonally twig xylem and soil for water isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H), leaves for carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and stems to quantify non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentration, and measured water potential and leaf gas exchange. The first summer drought was severe for both species, reaching low predawn water potential (-2.2 MPa), very low stomatal conductance (12 ± 1.0 mmol m-2 s-1) and near-zero or even negative net photosynthesis, particularly in P. sylvestris (-0.6 ± 0.34 μmol m-2 s-1 in oaks, -1.3 ± 0.16 μmol m-2 s-1 in pines). Hence, the tighter stomatal control and more isohydric strategy of P. sylvestris resulted in larger limitations on carbon assimilation, and this was also reflected in carbon storage, showing twofold larger total NSC concentration in oaks than in pines (7.8 ± 2.4% and 4.0 ± 1.3%, respectively). We observed a faster recovery of predawn water potential after summer drought in Q. subpyrenaica than in P. sylvestris (-0.8 MPa and -1.1 MPa, respectively). As supported by the isotopic data, this was probably associated with a deeper and more reliable water supply in Q. subpyrenaica. In line with these short-term observations, we found a more pronounced negative effect of steadily increasing drought stress on long-term growth in pines compared with oaks. All these observations confer evidence of early warning of P. sylvestris decline and indicate the adaptive advantage of Q. subpyrenaica in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, CITA de Aragón, Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
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Azuma W, Nakashima S, Yamakita E, Ishii HR, Kuroda K. Water retained in tall Cryptomeria japonica leaves as studied by infrared micro-spectroscopy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1367-1378. [PMID: 28985389 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in the tallest tree species suggest that physiological and anatomical traits of tree-top leaves are adapted to water-limited conditions. In order to examine water retention mechanism of leaves in a tall tree, infrared (IR) micro-spectroscopy was conducted on mature leaf cross-sections of tall Cryptomeria japonica D. Don from four different heights (51, 43, 31 and 19 m). We measured IR transmission spectra and mainly analyzed OH (3700-3000 cm-1) and C-O (1190-845 cm-1) absorption bands, indicating water molecules and sugar groups, respectively. The changes in IR spectra of leaf sections from different heights were compared with bulk-leaf hydraulics. Both average OH band area of the leaf sections and leaf water content were larger in the upper-crown, while osmotic potential at saturation did not vary with height, suggesting higher dissolved sugar contents of upper-crown leaves. As cell-wall is the main cellular structure of leaves, we inferred that larger average C-O band area of upper-crown leaves reflected higher content of structural polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Infrared micro-spectroscopic imaging showed that the OH and C-O band areas are large in the vascular bundle, transfusion tissue and epidermis. Infrared spectra of individual tissue showed that much more water is retained in vascular bundle and transfusion tissue than mesophyll. These results demonstrate that IR micro-spectroscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing detailed, quantitative information on the spatial distribution of chemical substances within plant tissues, which cannot be done using conventional methods like histochemical staining. The OH band could be well reproduced by four Gaussian OH components around 3530 (free water: long H bond), 3410 (pectin-like OH species), 3310 (cellulose-like OH species) and 3210 (bound water: short H bond) cm-1, and all of these OH components were higher in the upper crown while their relative proportions did not vary with height. Based on the spectral analyses, we inferred that polysaccharides play a key role in biomolecular retention of water in leaves of tall C. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Azuma
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 675-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakashima
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Eri Yamakita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Roaki Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 675-8501, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuroda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 675-8501, Japan
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Chen G, Schäufele R, Auerswald K. Ambient Conditions and Feeding Strategy Influence δ 18O of Milk Water in Cows (Bos taurus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7387-7395. [PMID: 28780863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing concerns by consumers regarding agricultural product traceability and authenticity. Oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) has been used in this context based on the relationship between δ18O of animal products and annual precipitation. However, in dairy products this relationship is affected by the seasonality of δ18O in milk water which in turn depends on the feeding system used. We measured 608 milk samples from 28 farms with various feeding strategies in southern Germany throughout the year, investigating the influences of ambient conditions, drinking water source, and feeding strategies on seasonal variation of δ18O in milk water (δmilk). The mechanistic Munich-Kohn model reflecting these influences predicted the seasonal and farm-specific variation of δmilk well. The relationship between δ18O of precipitation and δmilk varied in different feeding strategies. The interplay of ambient conditions and feeding strategy on δmilk should thus be carefully considered when identifying the origin of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
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Martín-Gómez P, Serrano L, Ferrio JP. Short-term dynamics of evaporative enrichment of xylem water in woody stems: implications for ecohydrology. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:511-522. [PMID: 27974650 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In ecohydrology, it is generally assumed that xylem water reflects the water source used by plants. Several studies have reported isotopic enrichment within woody tissues, particularly during dormancy periods or after long periods of inactivity. However, little is known about the short-term dynamics of this process. Here we assessed the magnitude and dynamics of xylem isotopic enrichment in suberized twigs of pines and oaks. We performed a series of laboratory experiments, in which we monitored hourly changes in water content and isotopic composition under two contrasting scenarios of sap flow restriction. First, we simulated the effect of extreme hydraulic failure by excising twigs to restrict sap flow, while sealing the wounds to ensure that water loss took place only through the leaves or bark, as would be the case for evaporation in attached stems. Second, we studied the effect of reduced leaf transpiration by darkening with aluminium foil all the leaves of healthy, well-watered saplings growing in pot conditions. We found evidence of fast evaporative enrichment in metabolically active stems, as a consequence of a temporal decline in sap flow rates, and not necessarily linked to a traceable decline in stem water content. The excision experiments showed significant isotopic changes (~+1‰ in oxygen) appearing in <1 h. Similarly, the pot experiment showed a progressive increase in isotope composition (up to +8‰ in oxygen in a 3-day cycle) when the leaves were covered, and a rapid recovery to initial values when sap flow rates were re-established. We conclude that evaporative enrichment of xylem water in stems is a highly dynamic process that may have significant effects even during short periods of restricted water flow. This has important implications for the study of plant water uptake, as well as for ecosystem- and global-scale hydrological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Avda Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida,Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Avda Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida,Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Avda Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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Cui J, Tian L, Gerlein-Safdi C, Qu D. The influence of memory, sample size effects, and filter paper material on online laser-based plant and soil water isotope measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:509-522. [PMID: 28072488 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent development of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) was quickly followed by the addition of online extraction and analysis systems, making it faster and easier to measure soil and plant water isotopes. However, memory and sample size effects limit the efficiency and accuracy of these new setups. In response, this study presents a scheme dedicated to estimating and eliminating these two effects. METHODS Memory effect was determined by injecting two standard waters alternately. Each standard was injected nine times in a row and analyzed using induction module cavity ring-down spectroscopy (IM-CRDS). Memory coefficients were calculated using a new "multistage jump" algorithm. Sample size effects were evaluated by injecting water volumes ranging from 1 μL to 6 μL. Finally, the influence of cellulose filter paper on the isotopic measurements, the memory, and the sample size effect was evaluated by comparing it with glass filter paper. RESULTS Memory effects were detected for both δ18 O and δ2 H values, with the latter being stronger. Isotopic differences between replicates of the same plant or soil sample showed a clear decrease after memory correction. A small water volume effect was found only when the injected water volume was larger than 3 μL. However, while the correction method performed well for laboratory-made samples, it did not for field samples, due to the heterogeneity of the isotopic composition of the samples. Stronger memory and water volume effects were found for cellulose filter paper. CONCLUSIONS The memory coefficients and the water volume-isotope relationship improved the consistency and accuracy of both laboratory and field data. Our results indicate that cellulose filter paper may not be a suitable medium to measure standard waters and evaluate memory and water volume effects. Finally, a detailed correction and calibration protocol is suggested, along with notes on best practices to obtain good-quality IM-CRDS data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangpeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cynthia Gerlein-Safdi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Dongmei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Environment Change and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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37
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Johnson JE, Hamann L, Dettman DL, Kim-Hak D, Leavitt SW, Monson RK, Papuga SA. Performance of induction module cavity ring-down spectroscopy (IM-CRDS) for measuring δ 18 O and δ 2 H values of soil, stem, and leaf waters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:547-560. [PMID: 28010033 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Induction module cavity ring-down spectroscopy (IM-CRDS) has been proposed as a rapid and cost-effective alternative to cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for the measurement of δ18 O and δ2 H values in matrix-bound waters. In the current study, we characterized the performance of IM-CRDS relative to CVD and IRMS and investigated the mechanisms responsible for differences between the methods. METHODS We collected a set of 75 soil, stem, and leaf water samples, and measured the δ18 O and δ2 H values of each sample with four techniques: CVD and IRMS, CVD and CRDS, CVD and IM-CRDS, and IM-CRDS alone. We then calculated the isotopic errors for each of the three CRDS methods relative to CVD and IRMS, and analyzed the relationships among these errors and suites of diagnostic spectral parameters that are indicative of organic contamination. RESULTS The IM-CRDS technique accurately assessed the δ18 O and δ2 H values of pure waters, but exhibited progressively increasing errors for soil waters, stem waters, and leaf waters. For soils, the errors were attributable to subsampling of isotopically heterogeneous source material, whereas for stems and leaves, they were attributable to spectral interference. Unexpectedly, the magnitude of spectral interference was higher for the solid samples analyzed directly via IM-CRDS than for those originally extracted via CVD and then analyzed by IM-CRDS. CONCLUSIONS There are many types of matrix-bound water samples for which IM-CRDS measurements include significant errors from spectral interference. As a result, spectral analysis and validation should be incorporated into IM-CRDS post-processing procedures. In the future, IM-CRDS performance could be improved through: (i) identification of the compounds that cause spectral interference, and either (ii) modification of the combustion step to completely oxidize these compounds to CO2 , and/or (iii) incorporation of corrections for these compounds into the spectral fitting models used by the CRDS analyzers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - L Hamann
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - D L Dettman
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - D Kim-Hak
- Picarro, Inc., 3105 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, CA, 95054, USA
| | - S W Leavitt
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - R K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - S A Papuga
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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38
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Liu HT, Gong XY, Schäufele R, Yang F, Hirl RT, Schmidt A, Schnyder H. Nitrogen fertilization and δ 18 O of CO 2 have no effect on 18 O-enrichment of leaf water and cellulose in Cleistogenes squarrosa (C 4 ) - is VPD the sole control? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2701-2712. [PMID: 27576868 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen isotope composition of cellulose (δ18 OCel ) archives hydrological and physiological information. Here, we assess previously unexplored direct and interactive effects of the δ18 O of CO2 (δ18 OCO2 ), nitrogen (N) fertilizer supply and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on δ18 OCel , 18 O-enrichment of leaf water (Δ18 OLW ) and cellulose (Δ18 OCel ) relative to source water, and pex px , the proportion of oxygen in cellulose that exchanged with unenriched water at the site of cellulose synthesis, in a C4 grass (Cleistogenes squarrosa). δ18 OCO2 and N supply, and their interactions with VPD, had no effect on δ18 OCel , Δ18 OLW , Δ18 OCel and pex px . Δ18 OCel and Δ18 OLW increased with VPD, while pex px decreased. That VPD-effect on pex px was supported by sensitivity tests to variation of Δ18 OLW and the equilibrium fractionation factor between carbonyl oxygen and water. N supply altered growth and morphological features, but not 18 O relations; conversely, VPD had no effect on growth or morphology, but controlled 18 O relations. The work implies that reconstructions of VPD from Δ18 OCel would overestimate amplitudes of VPD variation, at least in this species, if the VPD-effect on pex px is ignored. Progress in understanding the relationship between Δ18 OLW and Δ18 OCel will require separate investigations of pex and px and of their responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Tao Liu
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Fang Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Regina Theresia Hirl
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Volkmann THM, Kühnhammer K, Herbstritt B, Gessler A, Weiler M. A method for in situ monitoring of the isotope composition of tree xylem water using laser spectroscopy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2055-63. [PMID: 27260852 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Field studies analyzing the stable isotope composition of xylem water are providing important information on ecosystem water relations. However, the capacity of stable isotopes to characterize the functioning of plants in their environment has not been fully explored because of methodological constraints on the extent and resolution at which samples could be collected and analysed. Here, we introduce an in situ method offering the potential to continuously monitor the stable isotope composition of tree xylem water via its vapour phase using a commercial laser-based isotope analyser and compact microporous probes installed into the xylem. Our technique enables efficient high-frequency measurement with intervals of only a few minutes per sample while eliminating the need for costly and cumbersome destructive collection of plant material and laboratory-based processing. We present field observations of xylem water hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions obtained over several days including a labelled irrigation event and compare them against results from concurrent destructive sampling with cryogenic distillation and mass spectrometric analysis. The data demonstrate that temporal changes as well as spatial patterns of integration in xylem water isotope composition can be resolved through direct measurement. The new technique can therefore present a valuable tool to study the hydraulic architecture and water utilization of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till H M Volkmann
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
- Biosphere 2 Earth Science, University of Arizona, 845 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kathrin Kühnhammer
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Herbstritt
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Weiler
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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Song X, Barbour MM. Leaf water oxygen isotope measurement by direct equilibration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1120-1128. [PMID: 27147584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen isotope composition of leaf water imparts a signal to a range of molecules in the atmosphere and biosphere, but has been notoriously difficult to measure in studies requiring a large number of samples as a consequence of the labour-intensive extraction step. We tested a method of direct equilibration of water in fresh leaf samples with CO2 , and subsequent oxygen isotope analysis on an optical spectrometer. The oxygen isotope composition of leaf water measured by the direct equilibration technique was strongly linearly related to that of cryogenically extracted leaf water in paired samples for a wide range of species with differing anatomy, with an R(2) of 0.95. The somewhat more enriched values produced by the direct equilibration method may reflect lack of full equilibration with unenriched water in the vascular bundles, but the strong relationship across a wide range of species suggests that this difference can be adequately corrected for using a simple linear relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
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Lazarus BE, Germino MJ, Vander Veen JL. Online induction heating for determination of isotope composition of woody stem water with laser spectrometry: a methods assessment. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2016; 52:309-325. [PMID: 26963293 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Application of stable isotopes of water to studies of plant-soil interactions often requires a substantial preparatory step of extracting water from samples without fractionating isotopes. Online heating is an emerging approach for this need, but is relatively untested and major questions of how to best deliver standards and assess interference by organics have not been evaluated. We examined these issues in our application of measuring woody stem xylem of sagebrush using a Picarro laser spectrometer with online induction heating. We determined (1) effects of cryogenic compared to induction-heating extraction, (2) effects of delivery of standards on filter media compared to on woody stem sections, and (3) spectral interference from organic compounds for these approaches (and developed a technique to do so). Our results suggest that matching sample and standard media improves accuracy, but that isotopic values differ with the extraction method in ways that are not due to spectral interference from organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynne E Lazarus
- a U.S. Geological Survey , Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center , Boise , ID , USA
| | - Matthew J Germino
- a U.S. Geological Survey , Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center , Boise , ID , USA
| | - Jessica L Vander Veen
- a U.S. Geological Survey , Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center , Boise , ID , USA
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42
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Cernusak LA, Barbour MM, Arndt SK, Cheesman AW, English NB, Feild TS, Helliker BR, Holloway-Phillips MM, Holtum JAM, Kahmen A, McInerney FA, Munksgaard NC, Simonin KA, Song X, Stuart-Williams H, West JB, Farquhar GD. Stable isotopes in leaf water of terrestrial plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1087-102. [PMID: 26715126 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf water contains naturally occurring stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in abundances that vary spatially and temporally. When sufficiently understood, these can be harnessed for a wide range of applications. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of stable isotope enrichment of leaf water, and its relevance for isotopic signals incorporated into plant organic matter and atmospheric gases. Models describing evaporative enrichment of leaf water have become increasingly complex over time, reflecting enhanced spatial and temporal resolution. We recommend that practitioners choose a model with a level of complexity suited to their application, and provide guidance. At the same time, there exists some lingering uncertainty about the biophysical processes relevant to patterns of isotopic enrichment in leaf water. An important goal for future research is to link observed variations in isotopic composition to specific anatomical and physiological features of leaves that reflect differences in hydraulic design. New measurement techniques are developing rapidly, enabling determinations of both transpired and leaf water δ(18) O and δ(2) H to be made more easily and at higher temporal resolution than previously possible. We expect these technological advances to spur new developments in our understanding of patterns of stable isotope fractionation in leaf water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Australia
| | - Alexander W Cheesman
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Nathan B English
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Taylor S Feild
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Brent R Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Niels C Munksgaard
- College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Kevin A Simonin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, USA
| | - Xin Song
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | | | - Jason B West
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Chang E, Wolf A, Gerlein-Safdi C, Caylor KK. Improved removal of volatile organic compounds for laser-based spectroscopy of water isotopes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:784-790. [PMID: 26864530 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as methanol and ethanol in water extracted from plants cause spectral interference in isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). This contamination degrades the accuracy of measurements, limiting the use of IRIS. In response, this study presents a new decontamination method of VOCs for enhanced IRIS measurements. METHODS The isotopic compositions of water from laboratory-made and field-collected plant samples pre- and post-treatment were analyzed using IRIS. Traditional treatment methods of activated charcoal and commercial pre-combustion systems (MCM) were compared with our new treatment method that implements solid-phase extraction (SPE). The absolute concentrations of contaminants pre- and post-treatment were determined using (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance to assess the effectiveness of the different treatments. RESULTS SPE removes an average of 86.7% and 78.8% ethanol and methanol, respectively, significantly reducing spectral interference. SPE reduces errors to within instrumental noise for both ethanol and methanol at concentrations found in nature (<3.0% and 0.08%, respectively). Activated charcoal minimally affected alcohol concentrations. MCM significantly worsened ethanol-contaminated water isotope measurements by producing primary alcohol oxidation products such as formic acid, another compound that interferes with IRIS absorption. CONCLUSIONS SPE is an effective, low-cost method for eliminating errors in ethanol-contaminated samples. For samples where methanol is prevalent, combining SPE and MCM is more effective than the use of SPE alone. Hence, SPE treatment alone or in conjunction with MCM is recommended as an effective pre-analysis purification method for water extracted from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Chang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Adam Wolf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Cynthia Gerlein-Safdi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Kelly K Caylor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
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Liu J, Liu W, An Z, Yang H. Different hydrogen isotope fractionations during lipid formation in higher plants: Implications for paleohydrology reconstruction at a global scale. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19711. [PMID: 26806719 PMCID: PMC4726312 DOI: 10.1038/srep19711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf wax δDn-alkane values have shown to differ significantly among plant life forms (e.g., among grasses, shrubs, and trees) in higher plants. However, the underlying causes for the differences in leaf wax δDn-alkane values among different plant life forms remain poorly understood. In this study, we observed that leaf wax δDn-alkane values between major high plant lineages (eudicots versus monocots) differed significantly under the same environmental conditions. Such a difference primarily inherited from different hydrogen biosynthetic fractionations (εwax-lw). Based upon a reanalysis of the available leaf wax δDn-alkane dataset from modern plants in the Northern Hemisphere, we discovered that the apparent hydrogen fractionation factor (εwax-p) between leaf wax δDn-alkane values of major angiosperm lineages and precipitation δD values exhibited distinguishable distribution patterns at a global scale, with an average of -140‰ for monocotyledonous species, -107‰ for dicotyledonous species. Additionally, variations of leaf wax δDn-alkane values and the εwax-p values in gymnosperms are similar to those of dicotyledonous species. Therefore, the data let us believe that biological factors inherited from plant taxonomies have a significant effect on controlling leaf wax δDn-alkane values in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Liu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, IEE, CAS, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, IEE, CAS, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, IEE, CAS, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Laboratory for Terrestrial Environments, College of Arts and Sciences, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI 02917, USA
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Voltas J, Lucabaugh D, Chambel MR, Ferrio JP. Intraspecific variation in the use of water sources by the circum-Mediterranean conifer Pinus halepensis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1031-41. [PMID: 26193768 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of interspecific variation in the use of plant water sources has been recognized in drought-prone environments. By contrast, the characterization of intraspecific differences in water uptake patterns remains elusive, although preferential access to particular soil layers may be an important adaptive response for species along aridity gradients. Stable water isotopes were analysed in soil and xylem samples of 56 populations of the drought-avoidant conifer Pinus halepensis grown in a common garden test. We found that most populations reverted to deep soil layers as the main plant water source during seasonal summer droughts. More specifically, we detected a clear geographical differentiation among populations in water uptake patterns even under relatively mild drought conditions (early autumn), with populations originating from more arid regions taking up more water from deep soil layers. However, the preferential access to deep soil water was largely independent of aboveground growth. Our findings highlight the high plasticity and adaptive relevance of the differential access to soil water pools among Aleppo pine populations. The observed ecotypic patterns point to the adaptive relevance of resource investment in deep roots as a strategy towards securing a source of water in dry environments for P. halepensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Voltas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, E-25198, Spain
| | - Devon Lucabaugh
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, E-25198, Spain
| | | | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, E-25198, Spain
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