1
|
Arend M, Hoch G, Kahmen A. Stem growth phenology, not canopy greening, constrains deciduous tree growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad160. [PMID: 38159107 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Canopy phenology is a widely used proxy for deciduous forest growth with various applications in terrestrial ecosystem modeling. Its use relies on common assumptions that canopy greening and stem growth are tightly coordinated processes, enabling predictions on the timing and the quantity of annual tree growth. Here, we present parallel observations of canopy and stem growth phenology and annual stem increment in around 90 deciduous forest trees with diffuse-porous (Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus) or ring-porous (Quercus robur × petraea) wood anatomy. These data were collected in a mixed temperate forest at the Swiss-Canopy-Crane II site, in 4 years with strongly contrasting weather conditions. We found that stem growth resumption lagged several weeks behind spring canopy greening in diffuse-porous but not in ring-porous trees. Canopy greening and stem growth resumption showed no or only weak signs of temporal coordination across the observation years. Within the assessed species, the seasonal timing of stem growth varied strongly among individuals, as trees with high annual increments resumed growth earlier and also completed their main growth earlier. The length of main growth activity had no influence on annual increments. Our findings not only challenge tight temporal coordination of canopy and stem growth phenology but also demonstrate that longer main growth activity does not translate into higher annual increments. This may compromise approaches modeling tree growth and forest productivity with canopy phenology and growth length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Arend
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Ecology, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Giberti GS, von Arx G, Giovannelli A, du Toit B, Unterholzner L, Bielak K, Carrer M, Uhl E, Bravo F, Tonon G, Wellstein C. The admixture of Quercus sp. in Pinus sylvestris stands influences wood anatomical trait responses to climatic variability and drought events. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213814. [PMID: 38034580 PMCID: PMC10687546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Forests are threatened by increasingly severe and more frequent drought events worldwide. Mono-specific forests, developed as a consequence of widespread management practices established early last century, seem particularly susceptible to global warming and drought compared with mixed-species forests. Although, in several contexts, mixed-species forests display higher species diversity, higher productivity, and higher resilience, previous studies highlighted contrasting findings, with not only many positive but also neutral or negative effects on tree performance that could be related to tree species diversity. Processes underlying this relationship need to be investigated. Wood anatomical traits are informative proxies of tree functioning, and they can potentially provide novel long-term insights in this regard. However, wood anatomical traits are critically understudied in such a context. Here, we assess the role of tree admixture on Pinus sylvestris L. xylem traits such as mean hydraulic diameter, cell wall thickness, and anatomical wood density, and we test the variability of these traits in response to climatic parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and drought event frequency and intensity. Methods Three monocultural plots of P. sylvestris and three mixed-stand plots of P. sylvestris and Quercus sp. were identified in Poland and Spain, representing Continental and Mediterranean climate types, respectively. In each plot, we analyzed xylem traits from three P. sylvestris trees, for a total of nine trees in monocultures and nine in mixed stands per study location. Results The results highlighted that anatomical wood density was one of the most sensitive traits to detect tree responses to climatic conditions and drought under different climate and forest types. Inter-specific facilitation mechanisms were detected in the admixture between P. sylvestris and Quercus sp., especially during the early growing season and during stressful events such as spring droughts, although they had negligible effects in the late growing season. Discussion Our findings suggest that the admixture between P. sylvestris and Quercus sp. increases the resilience of P. sylvestris to extreme droughts. In a global warming scenario, this admixture could represent a useful adaptive management option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Silvia Giberti
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ben du Toit
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lucrezia Unterholzner
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Kamil Bielak
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Enno Uhl
- School of Life Sciences, Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Freising, Germany
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Gestión Forestal Sostenible (iuFOR). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Giustino Tonon
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
García-González I, Souto-Herrero M. Earlywood Anatomy Highlights the Prevalent Role of Winter Conditions on Radial Growth of Oak at Its Distribution Boundary in NW Iberia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1185. [PMID: 36904045 PMCID: PMC10007082 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared climate-growth relationships (1956-2013) of two natural pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) stands with different water-holding capacities growing at the species distribution limit of the Mediterranean Region in NW Iberia. For this, tree-ring chronologies of earlywood vessel size (separating the first row from the other vessels) and latewood width were obtained. Earlywood traits were coupled to conditions during dormancy, whereby an elevated winter temperature appears to induce a high consumption of carbohydrates, resulting in smaller vessels. This effect was reinforced by waterlogging at the wettest site, whose correlation to winter precipitation was strongly negative. Soil water regimes caused differences between vessel rows, since all earlywood vessels were controlled by winter conditions at the wettest site, but only the first row at the driest one; radial increment was related to water availability during the previous rather than the current season. This confirms our initial hypothesis that oak trees near their southern distribution boundary adopt a conservative strategy, prioritizing reserve storage under limiting conditions during the growing period. We believe that wood formation is highly dependent on the balance between the previous accumulation of carbohydrates and their consumption to maintain both respiration during dormancy and early spring growth.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gu H, Qiao Y, Xi Z, Rossi S, Smith NG, Liu J, Chen L. Warming-induced increase in carbon uptake is linked to earlier spring phenology in temperate and boreal forests. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3698. [PMID: 35760820 PMCID: PMC9237039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under global warming, advances in spring phenology due to rising temperatures have been widely reported. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the advancement in spring phenology still remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of temperature during the previous growing season on spring phenology of current year based on the start of season extracted from multiple long-term and large-scale phenological datasets between 1951 and 2018. Our findings indicate that warmer temperatures during previous growing season are linked to earlier spring phenology of current year in temperate and boreal forests. Correspondingly, we observed an earlier spring phenology with the increase in photosynthesis of the previous growing season. These findings suggest that the observed warming-induced earlier spring phenology is driven by increased photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the previous growing season. Therefore, the vital role of warming-induced changes in carbon assimilation should be considered to accurately project spring phenology and carbon cycling in forest ecosystems under future climate warming. The mechanisms underlying plant phenological shifts are debated. Here, based on phenological observations and ecosystem flux and climate data, Gu and colleagues provide evidence that warming-enhanced photosynthesis in a growing season contributes to earlier spring phenology in the following year in temperate and boreal forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giovannelli A, Mattana S, Emiliani G, Anichini M, Traversi ML, Pavone FS, Cicchi R. Localized stem heating from the rest to growth phase induces latewood-like cell formation and slower stem radial growth in Norway spruce saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1149-1163. [PMID: 34918169 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent climate projections predict a more rapid increase of winter temperature than summer and global temperature averages in temperate and cold environments. As there is relatively little experimental knowledge on the effect of winter warming on cambium phenology and stem growth in species growing in cold environments, the setting of manipulative experiments is considered of primary importance, and they can help to decipher the effect of reduced winter chilling and increased forcing temperatures on cambium reactivation, growth and xylem traits. In this study, localized stem heating was applied to investigate the effect of warming from the rest to the growth phase on cambium phenology, intra-annual stem growth dynamics and ring wood features in Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. We hypothesized that reduced winter chilling induces a postponed cambium dormancy release and decrease of stem growth, while high temperature during cell wall lignification determines an enrichment of latewood-like cells. The heating device was designed to maintain a +5 °C temperature delta with respect to air temperature, thus allowing an authentic scenario of warming. Continuous stem heating from the rest (November) to the growing phase determined, at the beginning of radial growth, a reduction of the number of cell layers in the cambium, higher number of cell layers in the wall thickening phase and an asynchronous stem radial growth when comparing heated and ambient saplings. Nevertheless, heating did not induce changes in the number of produced cell layers at the end of the growing season. The analyses of two-photon fluorescence images showed that woody rings formed during heating were enriched with latewood-like cells. Our results showed that an increase of 5 °C of temperature applied to the stem from the rest to growth might not influence, as generally reported, onset of cambial activity, but it could affect xylem morphology of Norway spruce in mountain environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Monica Anichini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Traversi
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopie Non-lineari (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tumajer J, Scharnweber T, Smiljanic M, Wilmking M. Limitation by vapour pressure deficit shapes different intra-annual growth patterns of diffuse- and ring-porous temperate broadleaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2429-2441. [PMID: 35000201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of temperature and moisture on radial growth is vital for assessing the impacts of climate change on carbon and water cycles. However, studies observing growth at sub-daily temporal scales remain scarce. We analysed sub-daily growth dynamics and its climatic drivers recorded by point dendrometers for 35 trees of three temperate broadleaved species during the years 2015-2020. We isolated irreversible growth driven by cambial activity from the dendrometer records. Next, we compared the intra-annual growth patterns among species and delimited their climatic optima. The growth of all species peaked at air temperatures between 12 and 16°C and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) below 0.1 kPa. Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica, both diffuse-porous, sustained growth under suboptimal VPD. Ring-porous Quercus robur experienced a steep decline of growth rates with reduced air humidity. This resulted in multiple irregular growth peaks of Q. robur during the year. By contrast, the growth patterns of the diffuse-porous species were always right-skewed unimodal with a peak in June between day of the year 150-170. Intra-annual growth patterns are shaped more by VPD than temperature. The different sensitivity of radial growth to VPD is responsible for unimodal growth patterns in both diffuse-porous species and multimodal growth pattern in Q. robur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tumajer
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraβe 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraβe 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marko Smiljanic
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraβe 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraβe 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gričar J, Jevšenak J, Hafner P, Prislan P, Ferlan M, Lavrič M, Vodnik D, Eler K. Climatic regulation of leaf and cambial phenology in Quercus pubescens: Their interlinkage and impact on xylem and phloem conduits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149968. [PMID: 34525737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased frequency and severity of stressful events affects the growth patterns and functioning of trees which adjust their phenology to given conditions. Here, we analysed environmental effects (temperature, precipitation, VPD and SWC) on the timing of leaf phenology, seasonal stem radial growth patterns, and xylem and phloem anatomy of Quercus pubescens in the sub-Mediterranean in the period 2014-2019, when various adverse weather events occurred, i.e. spring drought in 2015, summer fire in 2016 and summer drought in 2017. Results showed that the timings of leaf and cambium phenology do not occur simultaneously in Q. pubescens, reflecting different environmental and internal constraints. Although year-to-year variability in the timings of leaf and cambial phenology exists, their chronological sequence is fairly fixed. Different effects of weather conditions on different stages of leaf development in spring were observed. Common climatic drivers (i.e., negative effect of hot and dry summers and a positive effect of increasing moisture availability in winter and summer) were found to affect the widths of xylem and phloem increments with more pronounced effect on late formed parts. A legacy effect of the timing of leaf and cambial phenology of the previous growing season on the timing of phenology of the following spring was confirmed. Rarely available phloem data permitted a comprehensive insight into the interlinkage of the timing of cambium and leaf phenology and adjustment strategies of vascular tissues in Mediterranean pubescent oak to various environmental constraints, including frequent extreme events (drought, fire). Our results suggest that predicted changes in autumn/winter and spring climatic conditions for this area could affect the timings of leaf and stem cambial phenology of Q. pubescens in the coming years, which would affect stem xylem and phloem structure and hydraulic properties, and ultimately its performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jernej Jevšenak
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Hafner
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Forest Techniques and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Ferlan
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Lavrič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominik Vodnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Etzold S, Sterck F, Bose AK, Braun S, Buchmann N, Eugster W, Gessler A, Kahmen A, Peters RL, Vitasse Y, Walthert L, Ziemińska K, Zweifel R. Number of growth days and not length of the growth period determines radial stem growth of temperate trees. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:427-439. [PMID: 34882952 PMCID: PMC9299935 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radial stem growth dynamics at seasonal resolution are essential to understand how forests respond to climate change. We studied daily radial growth of 160 individuals of seven temperate tree species at 47 sites across Switzerland over 8 years. Growth of all species peaked in the early part of the growth season and commenced shortly before the summer solstice, but with species-specific seasonal patterns. Day length set a window of opportunity for radial growth. Within this window, the probability of daily growth was constrained particularly by air and soil moisture, resulting in intermittent growth to occur only on 29 to 77 days (30% to 80%) within the growth period. The number of days with growth largely determined annual growth, whereas the growth period length contributed less. We call for accounting for these non-linear intra-annual and species-specific growth dynamics in tree and forest models to reduce uncertainties in predictions under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arun K Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Sabine Braun
- Institute of Applied Plant Biology AG, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Science, Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Forest is Life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pasqualotto G, Ascari L, Bicego G, Carraro V, Huerta ES, De Gregorio T, Siniscalco C, Anfodillo T. Radial stem growth dynamics and phenology of a multi-stemmed species (Corylus avellana L.) across orchards in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2022-2033. [PMID: 33987674 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and the global economy impose new challenges in the management of food-producing trees and require studying how to model plant physiological responses, namely growth dynamics and phenology. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a multi-stemmed forest species domesticated for nut production and now widely spread across different continents. However, information on stem growth and its synchronization with leaf and reproductive phenology is extremely limited. This study aimed at (i) defining the sequencing of radial growth phases in hazelnut (onset, maximum growth and cessation) and the specific temperature triggering stem growth; and (ii) combining the stem growth phases with leaf and fruit phenology. Point dendrometers were installed on 20 hazelnut trees across eight orchards distributed in the Northern and Southern hemisphere during a period of three growing seasons between 2015 and 2018. The radial growth variations and climatic parameters were averaged and recorded every 15 min. Leaf and reproductive phenology were collected weekly at each site. Results showed that stem radial growth started from day of year 84 to 134 in relation to site and year but within a relatively narrow range of temperature (from 13 to 16.5 °C). However, we observed a temperature-related acclimation in the cultivar Tonda di Giffoni. Maximum growth always occurred well before the summer solstice (on average 35 days) and before the maximum annual air temperatures. Xylogenesis developed rapidly since the time interval between onset and maximum growth rate was about 3 weeks. Importantly, the species showed an evident delay of stem growth onset with respect to leaf emergence (on average 4-6 weeks) rarely observed in tree species. These findings represent the first global analysis of radial growth dynamics in hazelnut, which is an essential step for developing models on orchard functioning and management on different continents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualotto
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ascari
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bicego
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eloy Suarez Huerta
- Hazelnut Company Division, Ferrero Trading Luxembourg, Rue de Trèves, L-2632 Findel, Luxembourg
| | - Tommaso De Gregorio
- Hazelnut Company Division, Ferrero Trading Luxembourg, Rue de Trèves, L-2632 Findel, Luxembourg
| | - Consolata Siniscalco
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bose AK, Scherrer D, Camarero JJ, Ziche D, Babst F, Bigler C, Bolte A, Dorado-Liñán I, Etzold S, Fonti P, Forrester DI, Gavinet J, Gazol A, de Andrés EG, Karger DN, Lebourgeois F, Lévesque M, Martínez-Sancho E, Menzel A, Neuwirth B, Nicolas M, Sanders TGM, Scharnweber T, Schröder J, Zweifel R, Gessler A, Rigling A. Climate sensitivity and drought seasonality determine post-drought growth recovery of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147222. [PMID: 34088042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified strong relationships between delayed recovery of tree growth after drought and tree mortality caused by subsequent droughts. These observations raise concerns about forest ecosystem services and post-drought growth recovery given the projected increase in drought frequency and extremes. For quantifying the impact of extreme droughts on tree radial growth, we used a network of tree-ring width data of 1689 trees from 100 sites representing most of the distribution of two drought tolerant, deciduous oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur). We first examined which climatic factors and seasons control growth of the two species and if there is any latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trend. We then quantified the relative departure from pre-drought growth during droughts, and how fast trees were able to recover the pre-drought growth level. Our results showed that growth was more related to precipitation and climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) than to temperature. However, we did not detect any clear latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trends except a decreasing influence of summer water balance on growth of Q. petraea with latitude. Neither species was able to maintain the pre-drought growth level during droughts. However, both species showed rapid recovery or even growth compensation after summer droughts but displayed slow recovery in response to spring droughts where none of the two species was able to fully recover the pre-drought growth-level over the three post-drought years. Collectively, our results indicate that oaks which are considered resilient to extreme droughts have also shown vulnerability when droughts occurred in spring especially at sites where long-term growth is not significantly correlated with climatic factors. This improved understanding of the role of drought seasonality and climate sensitivity of sites is key to better predict trajectories of post-drought growth recovery in response to the drier climate projected for Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Christof Bigler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophia Etzold
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David I Forrester
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jordane Gavinet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Ester González de Andrés
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Dirk Nikolaus Karger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathieu Lévesque
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Annette Menzel
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany; Technische Universität München, Institute for Advanced Study, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Nicolas
- Departement Recherche et Développement, ONF, Office National des Fôrets, Batiment B, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau F-77300, France
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr.15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Schröder
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Roman Zweifel
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trade-offs among transport, support, and storage in xylem from shrubs in a semiarid chaparral environment tested with structural equation modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104336118. [PMID: 34389676 PMCID: PMC8379947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104336118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant vascular systems play a central role in global water and carbon cycles and drought resistance. These vascular systems perform multiple functions that affect the fitness of plants, and trade-offs are present among these functions. Some trade-offs are well established, but studies have not examined the full suite of functions of these complex systems. Here, we used a powerful multivariate method, structural equation modeling, to test hypotheses about the trade-offs that govern this vital and globally important tissue. We show that xylem traits are broadly governed by trade-offs related to transport, mechanical support, and storage, which are rooted in cellular structure, and that the level of dehydration experienced by plants in the field exerts a strong influence over these relationships. The xylem in plants is specialized to transport water, mechanically support the plant body, and store water and carbohydrates. Balancing these functions leads to trade-offs that are linked to xylem structure. We proposed a multivariate hypothesis regarding the main xylem functions and tested it using structural equation modeling. We sampled 29 native shrub species from field sites in semiarid Southern California. We quantified xylem water transport (embolism resistance and transport efficiency), mechanical strength, storage of water (capacitance) and starch, minimum hydrostatic pressures (Pmin), and proportions of fibers, vessels, and parenchyma, which were treated as a latent variable representing “cellular trade-offs.” We found that xylem functions (transport, mechanical support, water storage, and starch storage) were independent, a result driven by Pmin. Pmin was strongly and directly or indirectly associated with all xylem functions as a hub trait. More negative Pmin was associated with increased embolism resistance and tissue strength and reduced capacitance and starch storage. We found strong support for a trade-off between embolism resistance and transport efficiency. Tissue strength was not directly associated with embolism resistance or transport efficiency, and any associations were indirect involving Pmin. With Pmin removed from the model, cellular trade-offs were central and related to all other traits. We conclude that xylem traits are broadly governed by functional trade-offs and that the Pmin experienced by plants in the field exerts a strong influence over these relationships. Angiosperm xylem contains different cell types that contribute to different functions and that underpin trade-offs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Skiadaresis G, Schwarz J, Stahl K, Bauhus J. Groundwater extraction reduces tree vitality, growth and xylem hydraulic capacity in Quercus robur during and after drought events. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5149. [PMID: 33664306 PMCID: PMC7970862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to pose major direct and indirect threats to groundwater-dependent forest ecosystems. Forests that concurrently experience increased rates of water extraction may face unprecedented exposure to droughts. Here, we examined differences in stem growth and xylem hydraulic architecture of 216 oak trees from sites with contrasting groundwater availability, including sites where groundwater extraction has led to reduced water availability for trees over several decades. We expected reduced growth and xylem hydraulic capacity for trees at groundwater extraction sites both under normal and unfavourable growing conditions. Compared to sites without extraction, trees at sites with groundwater extraction showed reduced growth and hydraulic conductivity both during periods of moderate and extremely low soil water availability. Trees of low vigour, which were more frequent at sites with groundwater extraction, were not able to recover growth and hydraulic capacity following drought, pointing to prolonged drought effects. Long-term water deficit resulting in reduced CO2 assimilation and hydraulic capacity after drought are very likely responsible for observed reductions in tree vitality at extraction sites. Our results demonstrate that groundwater access maintains tree function and resilience to drought and is therefore important for tree health in the context of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skiadaresis
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Julia Schwarz
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stahl
- Chair of Environmental Hydrological Systems, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstrasse 39, 79098, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Takahashi S, Takahashi E. Relationship between Vessel Formation and Seasonal Changes in Leaf Area of Evergreen and Deciduous Species with Different Vessel Arrangements. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010100. [PMID: 33418961 PMCID: PMC7825128 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To discuss the diversity of morphological traits and life strategies of trees, the functional relationship between leaf expansion and vessel formation must be clarified. We compared the temporal relationship among tree species with different leaf habits and vessel arrangements. Twigs, leaves, and trunk core samples were periodically acquired from 35 sample trees of nine species in a temperate forest in Japan. We quantitatively estimated leaf expansion using a nonlinear regression model and observed thin sections of twigs and trunks with a light microscope. Almost all of the first-formed vessels in twigs, which formed adjacent to the annual ring border, were lignified with a leaf area between 0% and 70% of the maximum in all species. The first-formed vessels in trunks lignified between 0% and 95% of the maximum leaf area in ring-porous deciduous Quercus serrata and ring-(radial-)porous evergreen Castanopsis cuspidate. Their lignification occurred earlier than in diffuse-porous deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua, diffuse-porous evergreen Cinnamomum camphora and Symplocos prunifolia, and radial-porous evergreen Quercus glauca and Quercus myrsinifolia. The timing varied in semi-ring-porous deciduous Acanthopanax sciadophylloides and diffuse-porous evergreen Ilex pedunculosa. The observed differences in the timing of vessel formation after leaf appearance were reflected in their differing vessel porosities and were connected to the different life strategies among tree species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Takahashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-shi, Shimane 690-8504, Japan;
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-852-32-6513
| | - Erina Takahashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-shi, Shimane 690-8504, Japan;
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zheng J, Hänninen H, Lin J, Shen S, Zhang R. Extending the Cultivation Area of Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) Toward the South in Southeastern Subtropical China May Cause Increased Cold Damage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:768963. [PMID: 34917105 PMCID: PMC8669331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is an important nut tree species in its native areas in temperate and subtropical North America, and as an introduced crop in subtropical southeastern China as well. We used process-based modeling to assess the effects of climatic warming in southeastern China on the leaf-out phenology of pecan seedlings and the subsequent risk of "false springs," i.e., damage caused by low temperatures occurring as a result of prematurely leafing out. In order to maximize the biological realism of the model used in scenario simulations, we developed the model on the basis of experiments explicitly designed for determining the responses modeled. The model showed reasonable internal accuracy when calibrated against leaf-out observations in a whole-tree chamber (WTC) experiment with nine different natural-like fluctuating temperature treatments. The model was used to project the timing of leaf-out in the period 2022-2099 under the warming scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in southeastern China. Two locations in the main pecan cultivation area in the northern subtropical zone and one location south of the main cultivation area were addressed. Generally, an advancing trend of leaf-out was projected for all the three locations under both warming scenarios, but in the southern location, a delay was projected under RCP8.5 in many years during the first decades of the 21st century. In the two northern locations, cold damage caused by false springs was projected to occur once in 15-26 years at most, suggesting that pecan cultivation can be continued relatively safely in these two locations. Paradoxically, more frequent cold damage was projected for the southern location than for the two northern locations. The results for the southern location also differed from those for the northern locations in that more frequent cold damage was projected under the RCP4.5 warming scenario (once in 6 years) than under the RCP8.5 scenario (once in 11 years) in the southern location. Due to the uncertainties of the model applied, our conclusions need to be re-examined in an additional experimental study and further model development based on it; but on the basis of our present results, we do not recommend starting large-scale pecan cultivation in locations south of the present main pecan cultivation area in southeastern subtropical China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heikki Hänninen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- SFGA Research Center for Torreya Grandis, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sitian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- SFGA Research Center for Torreya Grandis, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timeline of Leaf and Cambial Phenology in Relation to Development of Initial Conduits in Xylem and Phloem in Three Coexisting Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Tree Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.
Collapse
|
16
|
Marchand LJ, Dox I, Gričar J, Prislan P, Leys S, Van den Bulcke J, Fonti P, Lange H, Matthysen E, Peñuelas J, Zuccarini P, Campioli M. Inter-individual variability in spring phenology of temperate deciduous trees depends on species, tree size and previous year autumn phenology. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2020; 290:108031. [PMID: 32817727 PMCID: PMC7304479 DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We explored the inter-individual variability in bud-burst and its potential drivers, in homogeneous mature stands of temperate deciduous trees. Phenological observations of leaves and wood formation were performed weekly from summer 2017 to summer 2018 for pedunculate oak, European beech and silver birch in Belgium. The variability of bud-burst was correlated to previous' year autumn phenology (i.e. the onset of leaf senescence and the cessation of wood formation) and tree size but with important differences among species. In fact, variability of bud-burst was primarily related to onset of leaf senescence, cessation of wood formation and tree height for oak, beech and birch, respectively. The inter-individual variability of onset of leaf senescence was not related to the tree characteristics considered and was much larger than the inter-individual variability in bud-burst. Multi-species multivariate models could explain up to 66% of the bud-burst variability. These findings represent an important advance in our fundamental understanding and modelling of phenology and tree functioning of deciduous tree species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorène Julia Marchand
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 263 Av. du Général Leclerc, 35042Rennes, France
| | - Inge Dox
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Leys
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, UGent-Woodlab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Holger Lange
- NIBIO (Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Høgskoleveien 8, 1433Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Paolo Zuccarini
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nechita C, Macovei I, Popa I, Badea ON, Apostol EN, Eggertsson Ó. Radial growth-based assessment of sites effects on pedunculate and greyish oak in southern Romania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133709. [PMID: 31394332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the climate growth drivers of Quercus robur L. (pedunculate oak) and Q. robur subsp. pedunculiflora K. Koch. (greyish oak), occurring in the biodiversity of three sites in southern Romania. We determined the degree of tolerance of the greyish oak, between the tardive and praecox varieties, to environmental stress, between 1951 and 2016. Total tree ring-width (RW), and earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) measurements were subject of periodical and monthly climate-growth analysis. Our results revealed a moderate relationship between climate and tree-growth. A significant and positive relationship was observed between RW and previous growing season precipitation. Mean and minimum temperatures affected both positive and negative tree-rings during the growing season. We also observed that winter and spring represent key seasons for differentiating tardive from praecox varieties, affecting the intra-annual variability of ring-width, and EW and LW parameters. The correlation between the tree-ring measurements and daily climate data shows a clear offset of the starting growth between greyish oak varieties. A weak influence of stressors on tree-growth at the sites was observed through pointer year and resilience components analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Nechita
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania; Department of Geography, Universității 13, 720229, Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
| | - Irina Macovei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania; INCE- Mountain Economy Center CE-MONT, Vatra Dornei, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Nicolae Badea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Nicoleta Apostol
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei, 73 bis, 725100, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mundo IA, González CV, Stoffel M, Ballesteros-Cánovas JA, Villalba R. Fire damage to cambium affects localized xylem anatomy and hydraulics: the case of Nothofagus pumilio in Patagonia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1536-1544. [PMID: 31758552 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Fire scars on trees are created by excessive heat from a fire that kills the vascular cambium. Although, fires are one of the most important forest disturbances in Patagonia, the effects of fire on tree physiology and wood anatomy are still unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that abnormal functioning of the cambium after a fire will induce anatomical changes in the wood. We also assumed that these anatomical changes would affect xylem safety transport. METHODS We quantified wood anatomical traits in Nothofagus pumilio, the dominant subalpine tree species of Patagonia, using two approaches: time and distance. In the first, anatomical changes in tree rings were compared before, during, and after fire occurrence. In the second, the spatial extent of these changes was evaluated with respect to the wound by measuring anatomical traits in sampling bands in two directions (0° and 45°) with respect to the onset of healing. RESULTS Reductions in lumen diameter and vessel number were the most conspicuous changes associated with fire damage and observed in the fire ring and subsequent post-fire rings. In addition, the fire ring had more rays than in control rings. In terms of distance, anatomical changes were only restricted to short distances from the wound. CONCLUSIONS Post-fire changes in wood anatomical traits were confined close to the wound margins. These changes might be associated with a defense strategy related to the compartmentalization of the wound and safety of water transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Mundo
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, IANIGLA-CONICET, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, CC330-M5502IRA, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carina V González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
- IBAM-CONICET/UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Markus Stoffel
- dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, Université de Genève, 13 rue des Maraîchers, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, Université de Genève, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Université de Genève, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan A Ballesteros-Cánovas
- dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, Université de Genève, 13 rue des Maraîchers, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, Université de Genève, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, IANIGLA-CONICET, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, CC330-M5502IRA, Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Copini P, Vergeldt FJ, Fonti P, Sass-Klaassen U, den Ouden J, Sterck F, Decuyper M, Gerkema E, Windt CW, Van As H. Magnetic resonance imaging suggests functional role of previous year vessels and fibres in ring-porous sap flow resumption. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1009-1018. [PMID: 30896019 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of axial water flow in ring-porous species is a complex process related to stem water content and developmental stage of both earlywood-vessel and leaf formation. Yet empirical evidence with non-destructive methods on the dynamics of water flow resumption in relation to these mechanisms is lacking. Here we combined in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and wood-anatomical observations to monitor the dynamic changes in stem water content and flow during spring reactivation in 4-year-old pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur L.) saplings. We found that previous year latewood vessels and current year developing earlywood vessels form a functional unit for water flow during growth resumption. During spring reactivation, water flow shifted from latewood towards the new earlywood, paralleling the formation of earlywood vessels and leaves. At leaves' full expansion, volumetric water content of previous rings drastically decreased due to the near-absence of water in fibre tissue. We conclude (i) that in ring-porous oak, latewood vessels play an important hydraulic role for bridging the transition between old and new water-conducting vessels and (ii) that fibre and parenchyma provides a place for water storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Vergeldt
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Gerkema
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fernández-de-Uña L, Aranda I, Rossi S, Fonti P, Cañellas I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Divergent phenological and leaf gas exchange strategies of two competing tree species drive contrasting responses to drought at their altitudinal boundary. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1152-1165. [PMID: 29718459 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean mountains, Pinus sylvestris L. is expected to be displaced under a warming climate by more drought-tolerant species such as the sub-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Understanding how environmental factors drive tree physiology and phenology is, therefore, essential to assess the effect of changing climatic conditions on the performance of these species and, ultimately, their distribution. We compared the cambial and leaf phenology and leaf gas exchange of Q. pyrenaica and P. sylvestris at their altitudinal boundary in Central Spain and assessed the environmental variables involved. Results indicate that P. sylvestris cambial phenology was more sensitive to weather conditions (temperature at the onset and water deficit at the end of the growing season) than Q. pyrenaica. On the other hand, Q. pyrenaica cambial and leaf phenology were synchronized and driven by photoperiod and temperatures. Pinus sylvestris showed lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and higher intrinsic water-use efficiency than Q. pyrenaica as a result of a tighter stomatal control in response to summer dry conditions, despite its less negative midday leaf water potentials. These phenological and leaf gas exchange responses evidence a stronger sensitivity to drought of P. sylvestris than that of Q. pyrenaica, which may therefore hold a competitive advantage over P. sylvestris under the predicted increase in recurrence and intensity of drought events. On the other hand, both species could benefit from warmer springs through an advanced phenology, although this effect could be limited in Q. pyrenaica if it maintains a photoperiod control over the onset of xylogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-de-Uña
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña, km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, INRA Grand Est-Nancy, Rue d'Amance, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (QC), Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 111 Zürcherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu S, Li X, Rossi S, Wang L, Li W, Liang E, Leavitt SW. Differences in xylogenesis between dominant and suppressed trees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:950-956. [PMID: 29874391 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Most dendroecological studies focus on dominant trees, but little is known about the growing season of trees belonging to different size classes and their sensitivity to biotic factors. The objective of this study was to compare the dynamics of xylem formation between dominant and suppressed trees of Abies fabri of similar age growing in the Gongga Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and to identify the association between xylem growth and climate. METHODS The timing and duration of xylogenesis in histological sections were investigated weekly during the 2013-2015 growing seasons. KEY RESULTS Our investigation found that timing and duration of xylogenesis varied with canopy position and its associated tree size. Xylogenesis started 6-14 days earlier, and ended 5-11 days later in dominant trees than in suppressed trees, resulting in a significantly longer growing season. Dominant trees also exhibited higher temperature sensitivity of tracheid production rate than suppressed trees. CONCLUSIONS The observed differences in xylogenesis among trees suggested that competition affects tree growth by reducing the growing period in suppressed trees. Representative climate-growth relationships should involve trees of all size classes when evaluating the effects of the environment on forest dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fundamentals, Laboratoirs d'Écologie Végétale, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de I' Université, Chicoutimi, (QC), G7H2B1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lily Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Eryuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Steven W Leavitt
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Granda E, Alla AQ, Laskurain NA, Loidi J, Sánchez-Lorenzo A, Camarero JJ. Coexisting oak species, including rear-edge populations, buffer climate stress through xylem adjustments. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:159-172. [PMID: 29300954 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of trees to cope with climate change is a pivotal feature of forest ecosystems, especially for rear-edge populations facing warm and dry conditions. To evaluate current and future forests threats, a multi-proxy focus on the growth, anatomical and physiological responses to climate change is needed. We examined the long-term xylem adjustments to climate variability of the temperate Quercus robur L. at its rear edge and the sub-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Both species coexist at a mesic (ME, humid and warmer) and a xeric (XE, dry and cooler) site in northern Spain, the latter experiencing increasing temperatures in recent decades. We compared xylem traits at each site and assessed their trends, relationships and responses to climate (1960-2008). Traits included basal area increment, earlywood vessel hydraulic diameter, density and theoretical-specific hydraulic conductivity together with latewood oxygen (δ18O) stable isotopes and δ13C-derived water-use efficiency (iWUE). Quercus robur showed the highest growth at ME, likely through enhanced cambial activity. Quercus pyrenaica had higher iWUE at XE compared with ME, but limited plasticity of anatomical xylem traits was found for the two oak species. Similar physiological performance was found for both species. The iWUE augmented in recent years especially at XE, likely explained by stomatal closure given the increasing δ18O signal in response to drier and sunnier growing seasons. Overall, traits were more correlated at XE than at ME. The iWUE improvements were linked to higher growth up to a threshold (~85 μmol mol-1) after which reduced growth was found at XE. Our results are consistent with Q. pyrenaica and Q. robur coexisting at the central and dry edge of the climatic species distribution, respectively, showing similar responses to buffer warmer conditions. In fact, the observed adjustments found for Q. robur point towards growth stability of similar rear-edge oak populations under warmer climate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Granda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Q Alla
- Fakulteti i Shkencave Pyjore, Universiteti Bujqësor i Tiranës, Kodër-Kamëz 1029, Tirana, Albania
| | - N A Laskurain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - J Loidi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Lorenzo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fernández-de-Uña L, Rossi S, Aranda I, Fonti P, González-González BD, Cañellas I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Xylem and Leaf Functional Adjustments to Drought in Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica at Their Elevational Boundary. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28744292 PMCID: PMC5504171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climatic scenarios for the Mediterranean region forecast increasing frequency and intensity of drought events. Consequently, a reduction in Pinus sylvestris L. distribution range is projected within the region, with this species being outcompeted at lower elevations by more drought-tolerant taxa such as Quercus pyrenaica Willd. The functional response of these species to the projected shifts in water availability will partially determine their performance and, thus, their competitive success under these changing climatic conditions. We studied how the cambial and leaf phenology and xylem anatomy of these two species responded to a 3-year rainfall exclusion experiment set at their elevational boundary in Central Spain. Additionally, P. sylvestris leaf gas exchange, water potential and carbon isotope content response to the treatment were measured. Likewise, we assessed inter-annual variability in the studied functional traits under control and rainfall exclusion conditions. Prolonged exposure to drier conditions did not affect the onset of xylogenesis in either of the studied species, whereas xylem formation ceased 1-3 weeks earlier in P. sylvestris. The rainfall exclusion had, however, no effect on leaf phenology on either species, which suggests that cambial phenology is more sensitive to drought than leaf phenology. P. sylvestris formed fewer, but larger tracheids under dry conditions and reduced the proportion of latewood in the tree ring. On the other hand, Q. pyrenaica did not suffer earlywood hydraulic diameter changes under rainfall exclusion, but experienced a cumulative reduction in latewood width, which could ultimately challenge its hydraulic performance. The phenological and anatomical response of the studied species to drought is consistent with a shift in resource allocation under drought stress from xylem to other sinks. Additionally, the tighter stomatal control and higher intrinsic water use efficiency observed in drought-stressed P. sylvestris may eventually limit carbon uptake in this species. Our results suggest that both species are potentially vulnerable to the forecasted increase in drought stress, although P. sylvestris might experience a higher risk of drought-induced decline at its low elevational limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Cañellas
- Department of Silviculture and Management of Forest Systems, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carrer M, Castagneri D, Prendin AL, Petit G, von Arx G. Retrospective Analysis of Wood Anatomical Traits Reveals a Recent Extension in Tree Cambial Activity in Two High-Elevation Conifers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:737. [PMID: 28533792 PMCID: PMC5420594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of xylogenesis or wood formation is a powerful, yet labor intensive monitoring approach to investigate intra-annual tree growth responses to environmental factors. However, it seldom covers more than a few growing seasons, so is in contrast to the much longer lifespan of woody plants and the time scale of many environmental processes. Here we applied a novel retrospective approach to test the long-term (1926-2012) consistency in the timing of onset and ending of cambial activity, and in the maximum cambial cell division rate in two conifer species, European larch and Norway spruce at high-elevation in the Alps. We correlated daily temperature with time series of cell number and lumen area partitioned into intra-annual sectors. For both species, we found a good correspondence (1-10 days offset) between the periods when anatomical traits had significant correlations with temperature in recent decades (1969-2012) and available xylogenesis data (1996-2005), previously collected at the same site. Yet, results for the 1926-1968 period indicate a later onset and earlier ending of the cambial activity by 6-30 days. Conversely, the peak in the correlation between annual cell number and temperature, which should correspond to the peak in secondary growth rate, was quite stable over time, with just a minor advance of 4-5 days in the recent decades. Our analyses on time series of wood anatomical traits proved useful to infer on past long-term changes in xylogenetic phases. Combined with intensive continuous monitoring, our approach will improve the understanding of tree responses to climate variability in both the short- and long-term context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Angela L. Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental SciencesGeneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Niu C, Meinzer FC, Hao G. Divergence in strategies for coping with winter embolism among co‐occurring temperate tree species: the role of positive xylem pressure, wood type and tree stature. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cun‐Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Frederick C. Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service Forestry Sciences Laboratory 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR97331 USA
| | - Guang‐You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lavrič M, Eler K, Ferlan M, Vodnik D, Gričar J. Chronological Sequence of Leaf Phenology, Xylem and Phloem Formation and Sap Flow of Quercus pubescens from Abandoned Karst Grasslands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 28321232 PMCID: PMC5337753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intra-annual variations in leaf development, radial growth, including the phloem part, and sap flow have rarely been studied in deciduous trees from drought-prone environments. In order to understand better the chronological order and temporal course of these processes, we monitored leaf phenology, xylem and phloem formation and sap flow in Quercus pubescens from abandoned karst grasslands in Slovenia during the growing season of 2014. We found that the initial earlywood vessel formation started before bud opening at the beginning of April. Buds started to open in the second half of April and full leaf unfolding occurred by the end of May. LAI values increased correspondingly with leaf development. About 28% of xylem and 22% of phloem annual increment were formed by the time of bud break. Initial earlywood vessels were fully lignified and ready for water transport, indicating that they are essential to provide hydraulic conductivity for axial water flow during leaf development. Sap flow became active and increasing contemporarily with leaf development and LAI values. Similar early spring patterns of xylem sap flow and LAI denoted that water transport in oaks broadly followed canopy leaf area development. In the initial 3 weeks of radial growth, phloem growth preceded that of xylem, indicating its priority over xylem at the beginning of the growing season. This may be related to the fact that after bud break, the developing foliage is a very large sink for carbohydrates but, at the same time, represents a small transpirational area. Whether the interdependence of the chronological sequence of the studied processes is fixed in Q. pubescens needs to be confirmed with more data and several years of analyses, although the 'correct sequence' of processes is essential for synchronized plant performance and response to environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lavrič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Ferlan
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominik Vodnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pérez‐de‐Lis G, Olano JM, Rozas V, Rossi S, Vázquez‐Ruiz RA, García‐González I. Environmental conditions and vascular cambium regulate carbon allocation to xylem growth in deciduous oaks. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez‐de‐Lis
- Departamento de Botánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela EPS 27002 Lugo Spain
- CFE– Centro de Ecologia Funcional Departamento de Ciências da Vida Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - José Miguel Olano
- Área de Botánica EUI Agrarias Universidad de Valladolid 42004 Soria Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica EUI Agrarias Universidad de Valladolid 42004 Soria Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi QCG7H 2B1 Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou510650 China
| | - Rosa Ana Vázquez‐Ruiz
- Departamento de Botánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela EPS 27002 Lugo Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Klein T, Vitasse Y, Hoch G. Coordination between growth, phenology and carbon storage in three coexisting deciduous tree species in a temperate forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:847-55. [PMID: 27126226 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In deciduous trees growing in temperate forests, bud break and growth in spring must rely on intrinsic carbon (C) reserves. Yet it is unclear whether growth and C storage occur simultaneously, and whether starch C in branches is sufficient for refoliation. To test in situ the relationships between growth, phenology and C utilization, we monitored stem growth, leaf phenology and stem and branch nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics in three deciduous species: Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. To quantify the role of NSC in C investment into growth, a C balance approach was applied. Across the three species, >95% of branchlet starch was consumed during bud break, confirming the importance of C reserves for refoliation in spring. The C balance calculation showed that 90% of the C investment in foliage (7.0-10.5 kg tree(-1) and 5-17 times the C needed for annual stem growth) was explained by simultaneous branchlet starch degradation. Carbon reserves were recovered sooner than expected, after leaf expansion, in parallel with stem growth. Carpinus had earlier leaf phenology (by ∼25 days) but delayed cambial growth (by ∼15 days) than Fagus and Quercus, the result of a competitive strategy to flush early, while having lower NSC levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Present address: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Institute of Geography, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland; Group Mountain Ecosystems, Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), 7620 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jennings KA, Guerrieri R, Vadeboncoeur MA, Asbjornsen H. Response of Quercus velutina growth and water use efficiency to climate variability and nitrogen fertilization in a temperate deciduous forest in the northeastern USA. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:428-443. [PMID: 26917704 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition and changing climate patterns in the northeastern USA can influence forest productivity through effects on plant nutrient relations and water use. This study evaluates the combined effects of N fertilization, climate and rising atmospheric CO2on tree growth and ecophysiology in a temperate deciduous forest. Tree ring widths and stable carbon (δ(13)C) and oxygen (δ(18)O) isotopes were used to assess tree growth (basal area increment, BAI) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) ofQuercus velutinaLamb., the dominant tree species in a 20+ year N fertilization experiment at Harvard Forest (MA, USA). We found that fertilized trees exhibited a pronounced and sustained growth enhancement relative to control trees, with the low- and high-N treatments responding similarly. All treatments exhibited improved iWUE over the study period (1984-2011). Intrinsic water use efficiency trends in the control trees were primarily driven by changes in stomatal conductance, while a stimulation in photosynthesis, supported by an increase in foliar %N, contributed to enhancing iWUE in fertilized trees. All treatments were predominantly influenced by growing season vapor pressure deficit (VPD), with BAI responding most strongly to early season VPD and iWUE responding most strongly to late season VPD. Nitrogen fertilization increasedQ. velutinasensitivity to July temperature and precipitation. Combined, these results suggest that ambient N deposition in N-limited northeastern US forests has enhanced tree growth over the past 30 years, while rising ambient CO2has improved iWUE, with N fertilization and CO2having synergistic effects on iWUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Jennings
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | | | - Heidi Asbjornsen
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA Department of Natural Resources and the Environment and Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 114 James Hall, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
De Micco V, Balzano A, Čufar K, Aronne G, Gričar J, Merela M, Battipaglia G. Timing of False Ring Formation in Pinus halepensis and Arbutus unedo in Southern Italy: Outlook from an Analysis of Xylogenesis and Tree-Ring Chronologies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:705. [PMID: 27252721 PMCID: PMC4877369 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean tree rings are characterized by intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) due to partly climate-driven cambial activity. IADFs are used as structural signals to gain information on relations between environmental conditions and eco-physiological processes during xylogenesis, with intra-annual resolution. To reach an unbiased synchronization of the IADF position within tree rings and seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions, it is necessary to know the timing of cambial activity and wood formation, which are species- and site-specific processes. We applied the microcoring technique to analyze xylogenesis in Pinus halepensis and Arbutus unedo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study xylogenesis in a hardwood species forming frequent IADFs. Both species co-occur at a site in southern Italy characterized by a Mediterranean climate. To facilitate tree-ring dating and identification of IADFs, we performed traditional dendroecological analysis. We analyzed xylogenesis during summer, which is considered a constraint for xylogenesis and a trigger for IADF formation. We followed the different phases of cell development in the current wood increment with the aim of evaluating whether and which type of IADFs were formed. We additionally analyzed the same phases again in September and in winter to verify the possible formation of IADFs in fall and whether cell production and differentiation was completed by the end of the calendar year. Both species formed the same type of IADFs (earlywood-like cells within latewood), due to temporary growth restoration triggered by rain events during the period of summer drought. At the end of the calendar year, no cells in the phases of enlargement and secondary cell wall deposition occurred. A. unedo was more sensitive than P. halepensis because IADFs were formed earlier in the season and were more frequent in the tree-ring series. The dendro-anatomical approach, combining analysis of tree-ring series and of xylogenesis, helped to detect the period of IADF formation in the two species. Results are discussed in functional terms, highlighting the environmental conditions triggering IADFs, and also in methodological terms, evaluating the applicability of xylogenesis analysis in Mediterranean woods, especially when the formation of IADFs is not uniform around the stem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, NaplesItaly
- *Correspondence: Veronica De Micco,
| | - Angela Balzano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, NaplesItaly
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Giovanna Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, NaplesItaly
| | | | - Maks Merela
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, CasertaItaly
- Laboratoire Paléoenvironnements et Chronoécologie, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université de Montpellier, MontpellierFrance
| |
Collapse
|