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Jing H, Xiong X, Jiang F, Pu X, Ma W, Li D, Liu Z, Wang Z. Climate change filtered out resource-acquisitive plants in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:403-413. [PMID: 37606847 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has led to the decline of species and functional diversity in ecosystems, changing community composition and ecosystem functions. However, we still know little about how species with different resource-use strategies (different types of resource usage and plant growth of plants as indicated by the spectrum of plant economic traits, including acquisitive resource-use strategy and conservative resource-use strategy) would change in response to climate change, and how the changes in the diversity of species with different resource-use strategies may influence community-level productivity. Here, using long-term (1982-2017) observatory data in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, we investigated how climate change had affected the species richness (SR) and functional richness (FRic) for the whole community and for species with different resource-use strategies. Specifically, based on data for four traits representing leaf economics spectrum (leaf carbon concentration, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, and specific leaf area), we divided 81 plant species appearing in the grassland community into three plant functional types representing resource-acquisitive, medium, and resource-conservative species. We then analyzed the changes in community-level productivity in response to the decline of SR and FRic at the community level and for different resource-use strategies. We found that community-level SR and FRic decreased with drying climate, which was largely driven by the decline of diversity for resource-acquisitive species. However, community-level productivity remained stable because resource-conservative species dominating this grassland were barely affected by climate change. Our study revealed distinctive responses of species with different resource-use strategies to climate change and provided a new approach based on species functional traits for predicting the magnitude and direction of climate change effects on ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Jing
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xingshuo Xiong
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xucai Pu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenhong Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Zhongling Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Van de Waal DB, White LA, Everett R, Asik L, Borer ET, Frenken T, González AL, Paseka R, Seabloom EW, Strauss AT, Peace A. Reconciling contrasting effects of nitrogen on host immunity and pathogen transmission using stoichiometric models. Ecology 2023; 104:e4170. [PMID: 37755721 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Hosts rely on the availability of nutrients for growth, and for defense against pathogens. At the same time, changes in host nutrition can alter the dynamics of pathogens that rely on their host for reproduction. For primary producer hosts, enhanced nutrient loads may increase host biomass or pathogen reproduction, promoting faster density-dependent pathogen transmission. However, the effect of elevated nutrients may be reduced if hosts allocate a growth-limiting nutrient to pathogen defense. In canonical disease models, transmission is not a function of nutrient availability. Yet, including nutrient availability is necessary to mechanistically understand the response of infection to changes in the environment. Here, we explore the implications of nutrient-mediated pathogen infectivity and host immunity on infection outcomes. We developed a stoichiometric disease model that explicitly integrates the contrasting dependencies of pathogen infectivity and host immunity on nitrogen (N) and parameterized it for an algal-host system. Our findings reveal dynamic shifts in host biomass build-up, pathogen prevalence, and the force of infection along N supply gradients with N-mediated host infectivity and immunity, compared with a model in which the transmission rate was fixed. We show contrasting responses in pathogen performance with increasing N supply between N-mediated infectivity and N-mediated immunity, revealing an optimum for pathogen transmission at intermediate N supply. This was caused by N limitation of the pathogen at a low N supply and by pathogen suppression via enhanced host immunity at a high N supply. By integrating both nutrient-mediated pathogen infectivity and host immunity into a stoichiometric model, we provide a theoretical framework that is a first step in reconciling the contrasting role nutrients can have on host-pathogen dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren A White
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), University of Maryland, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Everett
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lale Asik
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER), University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angélica L González
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachel Paseka
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander T Strauss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela Peace
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Ribone AI, Fass M, Gonzalez S, Lia V, Paniego N, Rivarola M. Co-Expression Networks in Sunflower: Harnessing the Power of Multi-Study Transcriptomic Public Data to Identify and Categorize Candidate Genes for Fungal Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2767. [PMID: 37570920 PMCID: PMC10421300 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant diseases are a major threat to food security worldwide. Current efforts to identify and list loci involved in different biological processes are more complicated than originally thought, even when complete genome assemblies are available. Despite numerous experimental and computational efforts to characterize gene functions in plants, about ~40% of protein-coding genes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. are still not categorized in the Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Process (BP) annotation. In non-model organisms, such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), the number of BP term annotations is far fewer, ~22%. In the current study, we performed gene co-expression network analysis using eight terabytes of public transcriptome datasets and expression-based functional prediction to categorize and identify loci involved in the response to fungal pathogens. We were able to construct a reference gene network of healthy green tissue (GreenGCN) and a gene network of healthy and stressed root tissues (RootGCN). Both networks achieved robust, high-quality scores on the metrics of guilt-by-association and selective constraints versus gene connectivity. We were able to identify eight modules enriched in defense functions, of which two out of the three modules in the RootGCN were also conserved in the GreenGCN, suggesting similar defense-related expression patterns. We identified 16 WRKY genes involved in defense related functions and 65 previously uncharacterized loci now linked to defense response. In addition, we identified and classified 122 loci previously identified within QTLs or near candidate loci reported in GWAS studies of disease resistance in sunflower linked to defense response. All in all, we have implemented a valuable strategy to better describe genes within specific biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Máximo Rivarola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA—Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina; (A.I.R.); (M.F.); (S.G.); (V.L.); (N.P.)
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Mohanbabu N, Veldhuis MP, Jung D, Ritchie ME. Integrating defense and leaf economic spectrum traits in a tropical savanna plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1185616. [PMID: 37342149 PMCID: PMC10277734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1185616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Allocation to plant defense traits likely depends on resource supply, herbivory, and other plant functional traits such as the leaf economic spectrum (LES) traits. Yet, attempts to integrate defense and resource acquisitive traits remain elusive. Methods We assessed intraspecific covariation between different defense and LES traits in a widely distributed tropical savanna herb, Solanum incanum, a unique model species for studying allocations to physical, chemical, and structural defenses to mammalian herbivory. Results We found that in a multivariate trait space, the structural defenses - lignin and cellulose - were positively related to the resource conservative traits - low SLA and low leaf N. Phenolic content, a chemical defense, was positively associated with resource acquisitive traits - high SLA and high leaf N - while also being associated with an independent third component axis. Both principal components 1 and 3 were not associated with resource supply and herbivory intensity. In contrast, spine density - a physical defense - was orthogonal to the LES axis and positively associated with soil P and herbivory intensity. Discussion These results suggest a hypothesized "pyramid" of trade-offs in allocation to defense along the LES and herbivory intensity axes. Therefore, future attempts to integrate defense traits with the broader plant functional trait framework, such as the LES, needs a multifaceted approach that accounts for unique influences of resource acquisitive traits and herbivory risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mohanbabu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Michiel P. Veldhuis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Jung
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mark E. Ritchie
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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de Tombeur F, Pélissier R, Shihan A, Rahajaharilaza K, Fort F, Mahaut L, Lemoine T, Thorne SJ, Hartley SE, Luquet D, Fabre D, Lambers H, Morel JB, Ballini E, Violle C. Growth-defence trade-off in rice: fast-growing and acquisitive genotypes have lower expression of genes involved in immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3094-3103. [PMID: 36840921 PMCID: PMC10199124 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant ecologists and molecular biologists have long considered the hypothesis of a trade-off between plant growth and defence separately. In particular, how genes thought to control the growth-defence trade-off at the molecular level relate to trait-based frameworks in functional ecology, such as the slow-fast plant economics spectrum, is unknown. We grew 49 phenotypically diverse rice genotypes in pots under optimal conditions and measured growth-related functional traits and the constitutive expression of 11 genes involved in plant defence. We also quantified the concentration of silicon (Si) in leaves to estimate silica-based defences. Rice genotypes were aligned along a slow-fast continuum, with slow-growing, late-flowering genotypes versus fast-growing, early-flowering genotypes. Leaf dry matter content and leaf Si concentrations were not aligned with this axis and negatively correlated with each other. Live-fast genotypes exhibited greater expression of OsNPR1, a regulator of the salicylic acid pathway that promotes plant defence while suppressing plant growth. These genotypes also exhibited greater expression of SPL7 and GH3.2, which are also involved in both stress resistance and growth. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a growth-defence trade-off when leaf Si and leaf dry matter content are considered, but they do when hormonal pathway genes are considered. We demonstrate the benefits of combining ecological and molecular approaches to elucidate the growth-defence trade-off, opening new avenues for plant breeding and crop science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rémi Pélissier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ammar Shihan
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Koloina Rahajaharilaza
- Faculty of Sciences, DS Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Antananarivo 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Fort
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Mahaut
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Taïna Lemoine
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah J Thorne
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jean-Benoît Morel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Elsa Ballini
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Bahmani K, Robinson A, Majumder S, LaVardera A, Dowell JA, Goolsby EW, Mason CM. Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: Implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:2051-2067. [PMID: 36317693 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE As plant lineages diversify across environmental gradients, species are predicted to encounter divergent biotic pressures. This study investigated the evolution of volatile secondary metabolism across species of Helianthus. METHODS Leaves and petals of 40 species of wild Helianthus were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine volatile secondary metabolite profiles. RESULTS Across all species, 500 compounds were identified; 40% were sesquiterpenes, 18% monoterpenes, 3% diterpenes, 4% fatty acid derivatives, and 35% other compounds such as phenolics and small organic molecules. Qualitatively, annuals and species from more arid western climates had leaf compositions with a higher proportion of total monoterpenes, while erect perennials and species from more mesic eastern habitats contained a higher proportion of total sesquiterpenes. Among species, mass-based leaf monoterpene and sesquiterpene abundance were identified as largely orthogonal axes of variation by principal component analysis. Profiles for leaves were not strongly correlated with those of petals. CONCLUSIONS Volatile metabolites were highly diverse among wild Helianthus, indicating the value of this genus as a model system and rich genetic resource. The independence of leaf and petal volatile profiles indicates a low level of phenotypic integration between vegetative and reproductive structures, implying vegetative defense and reproductive defense or pollinator attraction functions mediated by terpene profiles in these two organs can evolve without major trade-offs. The major biosynthetic pathways for the major terpenes in wild Helianthus are already well described, providing a road map to deeper inquiry into the drivers of this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Bahmani
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Sambadi Majumder
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Jordan A Dowell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Peterson K, Cheremond E, Brandvain Y, Van Tassel D, Murrell E. Weight Gain of Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Leaf and Floral Tissues of Silphium integrifolium (Asterales: Asteraceae) Differs by Plant Genotype. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:397-404. [PMID: 35024830 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silflower (Silphium integrifolium (Michaux)) is a native North American relative of sunflower that is undergoing domestication as a perennial oilseed crop. As silflower incurs pest damage from multiple insect species, it is necessary to screen genotypes for their effect on insect performance such that more pest tolerant/resistant accessions can be incorporated into future silflower breeding programs. We present a bioassay protocol for silflower using the generalist herbivore fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)). In this study, fall armyworm larvae were placed on leaf and flower tissue from eleven silflower genotypes, one cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum (L.) (Asterales: Asteraceae)) genotype, and an inbred sunflower line (Helianthus annuus (L.) (Asterales: Asteraceae), HA89). Caterpillar weight gained during a 4-d feeding period significantly differed on leaf and floral tissue from different silflower genotypes, between the Silphium species (silflower and cup plant), and between Silphium genotypes and annual sunflower. Two wild silflower genotypes produced lower larval weight gain on both the floral and leaf tissue than all other genotypes, suggesting these genotypes have either lower nutrition or greater resistance to fall armyworm. However, nonsignificant correlations between larval growth on floral versus leaf tissue across all plant species tested and among all silflower accessions suggest insect performances on these tissue types in silflower are independent. Along with identifying germplasm of interest for silflower breeding programs, we established an easily replicable bioassay protocol using fall armyworm on silflower floral and leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Peterson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Edy Cheremond
- Crop Protection Ecology, The Land Institute, 2440 E Water Well Road, Salina, KS, USA
| | - Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - David Van Tassel
- Crop Protection Ecology, The Land Institute, 2440 E Water Well Road, Salina, KS, USA
| | - Ebony Murrell
- Crop Protection Ecology, The Land Institute, 2440 E Water Well Road, Salina, KS, USA
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Ávila-Lovera E, Goldsmith GR, Kay KM, Funk JL. Above- and below-ground functional trait coordination in the Neotropical understory genus Costus. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plab073. [PMID: 35035869 PMCID: PMC8757582 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant functional traits and variation among and within species can help illuminate functional coordination and trade-offs in key processes that allow plants to grow, reproduce and survive. We studied 20 leaf, above-ground stem, below-ground stem and fine-root traits of 17 Costus species from forests in Costa Rica and Panama to answer the following questions: (i) Do congeneric species show above-ground and below-ground trait coordination and trade-offs consistent with theory of resource acquisition and conservation? (ii) Is there correlated evolution among traits? (iii) Given the diversity of habitats over which Costus occurs, what is the relative contribution of site and species to trait variation? We performed a principal components analysis (PCA) to assess for the existence of a spectrum of trait variation and found that the first two PCs accounted for 21.4 % and 17.8 % of the total trait variation, respectively, with the first axis of variation being consistent with a continuum of resource-acquisitive and resource-conservative traits in water acquisition and use, and the second axis of variation being related to the leaf economics spectrum. Stomatal conductance was negatively related to both above-ground stem and rhizome specific density, and these relationships became stronger after accounting for evolutionary relatedness, indicating correlated evolution. Despite elevation and climatic differences among sites, high trait variation was ascribed to individuals rather than to sites. We conclude that Costus species present trait coordination and trade-offs that allow species to be categorized as having a resource-acquisitive or resource-conservative functional strategy, consistent with a whole-plant functional strategy with evident coordination and trade-offs between above-ground and below-ground function. Our results also show that herbaceous species and species with rhizomes tend to agree with trade-offs found in more species-rich comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleinis Ávila-Lovera
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Jennifer L Funk
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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Zheng X, Yin M, Chu S, Yang M, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Huang L, Peng H. Comparative Elucidation of Age, Diameter, and "Pockmarks" in Roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Shaoyao) by Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802196. [PMID: 35154191 PMCID: PMC8826210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. is a world-famous ornamental plant, whose roots have been used as an important traditional Chinese medicine, Shaoyao, to treat diseases for more than 1,000 years. Because of the excellent curative effect of Shaoyao, its quality has attracted wide attention, however, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the different influencing factors of quality of Shaoyao. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) were utilized to systematically analyze the Shaoyao of different ages, diameters and roots with "pockmarks." 60 metabolites were detected and identified from Shaoyao using the UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, of which 20 potential quality markers of dissected roots with and without "pockmarks" were selected for the first time using the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and the variable importance for projection (VIP) plot. Then, a selective and accurate HPLC-DAD quantitative assay has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 bioactive components in Shaoyao. The results showed that the total content of five monoterpene glycosides including oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, lactiflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin and six phenols including gallic acid, catechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, apiopaeonoside and benzoic acid in the 3-year-old Shaoyao was higher than that of 4-year-old and 5-year-old Shaoyao. In Shaoyao of the same age, the total content of five monoterpene glycosides and six phenols decreased with an increase in diameter. In addition, regardless of whether it is a whole or a divided root, the contents of five monoterpene glycosides and six phenols in Shaoyao with "pockmarks" were higher than those of Shaoyao without "pockmarks." In summary, this work has explored several factors that might affect the quality of Shaoyao, and provide a guide for more comprehensive quality evaluation in its further production, processing, and rational utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Minzhen Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengyang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | | | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU57, Beijing, China
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Salomé-Abarca LF, van der Toorn T, van Vugt R, Klinkhamer PGL, Choi YH. Chemical Differentiation of Plant Latexes and Their Anti-herbivory Activity against Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:1032-1044. [PMID: 34237788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1529-8370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on latex, some fundamental questions on their chemical specialization and the factors influencing this specialization have yet to be investigated. To address this issue, latexes and their bearing tissues from diverse species were profiled by 1HNMR and GC-MS. Additionally, the antiherbivory activity of these materials was tested against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895). The multivariate data analysis showed a clear separation between latexes and leaves from the same species. Conversely, the chemical profiles of latexes from different species were highly similar, that is, they displayed much less metabolic species-specificity. These shared chemical profiles of latexes were reflected in their overall higher mortality index (80.4% ± 7.5) against thrips compared with their bearing tissues (55.5% ± 14.9). The metabolites correlated to the antiherbivory activity of latexes were triterpenoids and steroids. However, the activity could not be attributed to any single terpenoid. This discrepancy and the reduction of the latex activity after fractionation suggested a complementary effect of the compounds when in a mixture as represented by the latex. Additionally, aqueous fractions of several latexes were found to possess simple spectra, even with only 1 metabolite. These metabolites were determined to be organic acids that might be involved in the modulation of the rate of latex coagulation, potentially increasing the sealing and trapping effects of the latex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas van der Toorn
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Vugt
- Hortus Botanicus Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Mohiley A, Laaser T, Höreth S, Clemens S, Tielbörger K, Gruntman M. Between the devil and the deep blue sea: herbivory induces foraging for and uptake of cadmium in a metal hyperaccumulating plant. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211682. [PMID: 34583580 PMCID: PMC8479331 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been shown to change their foraging behaviour in response to resource heterogeneity. However, an unexplored hypothesis is that foraging could be induced by environmental stressors, such as herbivory, which might increase the demand for particular resources, such as those required for herbivore defence. This study examined the way simulated herbivory affects both root foraging for and uptake of cadmium (Cd), in the metal-hyperaccumulating plant Arabidopsis halleri, which uses this heavy metal as herbivore defence. Simulated herbivory elicited enhanced relative allocation of roots to Cd-rich patches as well as enhanced Cd uptake, and these responses were exhibited particularly by plants from non-metalliferous origin, which have lower metal tolerance. By contrast, plants from a metalliferous origin, which are more tolerant to Cd, did not show any preference in root allocation, yet enhanced Cd sharing between ramets when exposed to herbivory. These results suggest that foraging for heavy metals, as well as their uptake and clonal-sharing, could be stimulated in A. halleri by herbivory impact. Our study provides first support for the idea that herbivory can induce not only defence responses in plants but also affect their foraging, resource uptake and clonal sharing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Mohiley
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Laaser
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Höreth
- Lehrstuhl Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Lehrstuhl Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Gruntman
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security and Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Highly Species-Specific Foliar Metabolomes of Diverse Woody Species and Relationships with the Leaf Economics Spectrum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030644. [PMID: 33805842 PMCID: PMC7999030 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants show an extraordinary diversity in chemical composition and are characterized by different functional traits. However, relationships between the foliar primary and specialized metabolism in terms of metabolite numbers and composition as well as links with the leaf economics spectrum have rarely been explored. We investigated these relationships in leaves of 20 woody species from the Mediterranean region grown as saplings in a common garden, using a comparative ecometabolomics approach that included (semi-)polar primary and specialized metabolites. Our analyses revealed significant positive correlations between both the numbers and relative composition of primary and specialized metabolites. The leaf metabolomes were highly species-specific but in addition showed some phylogenetic imprints. Moreover, metabolomes of deciduous species were distinct from those of evergreens. Significant relationships were found between the primary metabolome and nitrogen content and carbon/nitrogen ratio, important traits of the leaf economics spectrum, ranging from acquisitive (mostly deciduous) to conservative (evergreen) leaves. A comprehensive understanding of various leaf traits and their coordination in different plant species may facilitate our understanding of plant functioning in ecosystems. Chemodiversity is thereby an important component of biodiversity.
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13
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Holeski LM, Keefover-Ring K, Sobel JM, Kooyers NJ. Evolutionary history and ecology shape the diversity and abundance of phytochemical arsenals across monkeyflowers. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:571-583. [PMID: 33484000 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examine the extent to which phylogenetic effects and ecology are associated with macroevolutionary patterns of phytochemical defence production across the Mimulus phylogeny. We grew plants from 21 species representing the five major sections of the Mimulus phylogeny in a common garden to assess how the arsenals (NMDS groupings) and abundances (concentrations) of a phytochemical defence, phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs), vary across the phylogeny. Very few PPGs are widespread across the genus, but many are common to multiple sections of the genus. Phytochemical arsenals cluster among sections in an NMDS and are not associated with total concentration of PPGs. There is a strong phylogenetic signal for phytochemical arsenal composition across the Mimulus genus, whereas ecological variables such as growing season length, latitude, and elevation do not significantly influence arsenal. In contrast, there is little phylogenetic signal for total PPG concentration, and this trait is significantly influenced by several ecological factors. Phytochemical arsenals and abundances are influenced by plant life history form. Both phylogenetic effects and ecology are related to phytochemical patterns across species, albeit in different ways. The independence of phytochemical defence concentrations from arsenal compositions indicates that these aspects of defence may continue to evolve independently of one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza M Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James M Sobel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
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14
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Bradshaw M, Goolsby E, Mason C, Tobin PC. Evolution of Disease Severity and Susceptibility in the Asteraceae to the Powdery Mildew Golovinomyces latisporus: Major Phylogenetic Structure Coupled With Highly Variable Disease Severity at Fine Scales. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:268-275. [PMID: 32787655 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1375-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen host range and pathogen severity are dependent on interactions with their hosts and are hypothesized to have evolved as products of a coevolutionary arms race. An understanding of the factors that affect host range and pathogen severity is especially crucial in introduced pathogens that infect evolutionarily naïve hosts and cause substantial damage to ecosystems. Powdery mildews are detrimental pathogens found worldwide in managed and natural systems. Golovinomyces latisporus is a powdery mildew species that is especially damaging to plants within Asteraceae and to plants within the genus Helianthus in particular. In this study, we evaluated 126 species within Asteraceae to measure the role of host plant morphophysiological traits and evolutionary history on susceptibility to G. latisporus and disease severity. We observed phylogenetic signal in both susceptibility and severity within and among major clades of the Asteraceae. In general, there was a major phylogenetic structure of host severity to G. latisporus; however, there was some fine-scale phylogenetic variability. Phylogenetic statistical methods showed that chlorophyll content, biomass, stomatal index, and trichome density were not associated with disease severity, thus providing evidence that phylogenetic structure, rather than observed plant morphophysiological traits, is the most reliable predictor of pathogen severity. This work sheds light on the role that evolutionary history plays in plant susceptibility and severity to disease and underscores the relative unimportance of commonly assessed host plant traits in powdery mildew severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Chase Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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15
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Wang H, Zhou W, Li Z, Niklas KJ, Sun S. Plant volatiles mediate evolutionary interactions between plants and tephritid flies and are evolutionarily more labile than non-volatile defenses. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:846-858. [PMID: 33340098 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that plant defenses influence the host-use of herbivores and tend to be evolutionarily more labile than herbivore traits (e.g. feeding preferences). However, all previous studies have focused exclusively on non-volatile plant defenses thereby overlooking the roles of plant volatiles. We hypothesized that volatiles are equally important determinants of herbivore host-use and are evolutionarily more labile than herbivore traits. To test these hypotheses, the following experiments were conducted. We identified the volatiles and non-volatiles of 17 Asteraceae species and measured their relative contents. We also used a highly resolved bipartite trophic network of the 17 host species and 20 herbivorous (pre-dispersal seed predator) tephritid fly species to determine the evolutionary interactions between plants and herbivores. The chemical data showed that interspecific similarity in volatiles-but not non-volatiles and phylogenetic distance-significantly accounted for the herbivore community across the plant species; this implies that plant volatiles-but not non-volatile compounds and species identity-dictate plant-tephritid fly interactions. Moreover, we observed phylogenetic signal for non-volatiles but not for volatiles; therefore closely related herbivores do not necessarily use closely related host species with similar non-volatiles, but do tend to attack plants producing similar volatiles. Thus, plant volatiles are evolutionarily more labile than non-volatiles and herbivore traits associate with host use. These results show that the interactions between plants and herbivores are evolutionary asymmetric, shed light on the role of plant volatiles in plant-herbivore interactions, and highlight the need to include data for both volatiles and non-volatiles when investigating plant-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenlong Zhou
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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16
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Zhao J, Segar ST, McKey D, Chen J. Macroevolution of defense syndromes in
Ficus
(Moraceae). ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303China
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University NewportTF10 8NBUnited Kingdom
| | - Doyle McKey
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS–University of Montpellier–University Paul–Valéry–EPHE–SupAgro Montpellier–INRA–IRD Montpellier34293France
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303China
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17
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De La Pascua DR, Smith-Winterscheidt C, Dowell JA, Goolsby EW, Mason CM. Evolutionary trade-offs in the chemical defense of floral and fruit tissues across genus Cornus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1260-1273. [PMID: 32984956 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Defense investment in plant reproductive structures is relatively understudied compared to the defense of vegetative organs. Here the evolution of chemical defenses in reproductive structures is examined in light of the optimal defense, apparency, and resource availability hypotheses within the genus Cornus using a phylogenetic comparative approach in relation to phenology and native habitat environmental data. METHODS Individuals representing 25 Cornus species were tracked for reproductive phenology over a full growing season at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Floral, fruit, and leaf tissue was sampled to quantify defensive chemistry as well as fruit nutritional traits relevant to bird dispersal. Native habitat environmental characteristics were estimated using locality data from digitized herbarium records coupled with global soil and climate data sets. RESULTS The evolution of later flowering was correlated with increased floral tannins, and the evolution of later fruiting was correlated with increased total phenolics. Leaves were found to contain the highest tannin activity, while inflorescences contained the highest total flavonoids. Multiple aspects of fruit defensive chemistry were correlated with fruit nutritional traits. Floral and fruit defensive chemistry were evolutionarily correlated with aspects of native habitat temperature, precipitation, and soil characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Results provide tentative support for the apparency hypothesis with respect to both flower and fruit phenology, while relative concentrations of secondary metabolites across organs provide mixed support for the optimal defense hypothesis. The evolution of reproductive defense with native habitat provides, at best, mixed support for the resource availability hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordan A Dowell
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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18
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Fass MI, Rivarola M, Ehrenbolger GF, Maringolo CA, Montecchia JF, Quiroz F, García-García F, Blázquez JD, Hopp HE, Heinz RA, Paniego NB, Lia VV. Exploring sunflower responses to Sclerotinia head rot at early stages of infection using RNA-seq analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13347. [PMID: 32770047 PMCID: PMC7414910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia head rot (SHR), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most devastating sunflower crop diseases. Despite its worldwide occurrence, the genetic determinants of plant resistance are still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the Sclerotinia-sunflower pathosystem by analysing temporal changes in gene expression in one susceptible and two tolerant inbred lines (IL) inoculated with the pathogen under field conditions. Differential expression analysis showed little overlapping among ILs, suggesting genotype-specific control of cell defense responses possibly related to differences in disease resistance strategies. Functional enrichment assessments yielded a similar pattern. However, all three ILs altered the expression of genes involved in the cellular redox state and cell wall remodeling, in agreement with current knowledge about the initiation of plant immune responses. Remarkably, the over-representation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) was another common feature among ILs. Our findings highlight the diversity of transcriptional responses to SHR within sunflower breeding lines and provide evidence of lncRNAs playing a significant role at early stages of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica I Fass
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Máximo Rivarola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo F Ehrenbolger
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla A Maringolo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Juan F Montecchia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Quiroz
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Joaquín Dopazo Blázquez
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,INB-ELIXIR-Es, FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 42013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - H Esteban Hopp
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), 1428, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth A Heinz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma B Paniego
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica V Lia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Plant palatability and trait responses to experimental warming. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10526. [PMID: 32601471 PMCID: PMC7324391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to significantly affect plant-herbivore interactions. Even though direct effects of temperature on herbivores were extensively studied, indirect effects of temperature (acting via changes in host plant quality) on herbivore performance have rarely been addressed. We conducted multiple-choice feeding experiments with generalist herbivore Schistocerca gregaria feeding on six species of genus Impatiens cultivated at three different temperatures in growth chambers and a common garden. We also studied changes in leaf morphology and chemistry. We tested effects of temperature on plant palatability and assessed whether the effects could be explained by changes in the leaf traits. The leaves of most Impatiens species experienced the highest herbivory when cultivated at the warmest temperature. Traits related to leaf morphology (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and leaf area), but not to leaf chemistry, partly mediated the effects of temperature on plant palatability. Herbivores preferred smaller leaves with lower specific leaf area and higher leaf dry matter content. Our study suggests that elevated temperature will lead to changes in leaf traits and increase their palatability. This might further enhance the levels of herbivory under the increased herbivore pressure, which is forecasted as a consequence of climate warming.
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20
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Gai F, Karamać M, Janiak MA, Amarowicz R, Peiretti PG. Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) Plants at Various Growth Stages Subjected to Extraction-Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Profile. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E535. [PMID: 32575358 PMCID: PMC7346105 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) extracts obtained from the aerial parts of plants harvested at five growth stages. In vitro assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity, i.e., ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging activity, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the ability to inhibit β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion oxidation. Phenolic compounds, such as mono- and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers and caffeic acid hexose, were identified using the LC-TOF-MS/MS technique. The predominant compound during the growth cycle of the plant was 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, whose content was the highest at the mid-flowering stage. The total phenolic content was also the highest in sunflowers at the mid-flowering stage. The main phenolic compound contents were closely correlated with ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging activity and FRAP. No significant correlation was found between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity in the emulsion system. The highest antiradical activity and FRAP were generally determined in older plants (mid-flowering and late flowering stages). In conclusion, the aerial parts of sunflowers, in particular those harvested at the mid-flowering stage, are a good plant material from which to obtain phenolic compound extracts, albeit mainly of one class (esters of caffeic acid and quinic acid), with high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (R.A.)
| | - Michał A. Janiak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (R.A.)
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.A.J.); (R.A.)
| | - Pier Giorgio Peiretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (P.G.P.)
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21
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Cappelli SL, Pichon NA, Kempel A, Allan E. Sick plants in grassland communities: a growth-defense trade-off is the main driver of fungal pathogen abundance. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1349-1359. [PMID: 32455502 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground fungal pathogens can substantially reduce biomass production in grasslands. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of fungal pathogen infection and impact. Using a grassland global change and biodiversity experiment we show that the trade-off between plant growth and defense is the main determinant of infection incidence. In contrast, nitrogen addition only indirectly increased incidence via shifting plant communities towards faster growing species. Plant diversity did not decrease incidence, likely because spillover of generalist pathogens or dominance of susceptible plants counteracted negative diversity effects. A fungicide treatment increased plant biomass production and high levels of infection incidence were associated with reduced biomass. However, pathogen impact was context dependent and infection incidence reduced biomass more strongly in diverse communities. Our results show that a growth-defense trade-off is the key driver of pathogen incidence, but pathogen impact is determined by several mechanisms and may depend on pathogen community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina L Cappelli
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Noémie A Pichon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Anne Kempel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
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22
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Agrawal AA. A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology. Ecology 2020; 101:e02924. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
- Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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Sartori K, Vasseur F, Violle C, Baron E, Gerard M, Rowe N, Ayala-Garay O, Christophe A, Jalón LGD, Masclef D, Harscouet E, Granado MDR, Chassagneux A, Kazakou E, Vile D. Leaf economics and slow-fast adaptation across the geographic range of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10758. [PMID: 31341185 PMCID: PMC6656729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history strategies of most organisms are constrained by resource allocation patterns that follow a 'slow-fast continuum'. It opposes slow growing and long-lived organisms with late investment in reproduction to those that grow faster, have earlier and larger reproductive effort and a short longevity. In plants, the Leaf Economics Spectrum (LES) depicts a leaf-level trade-off between the rate of carbon assimilation and leaf lifespan, as stressed in functional ecology from interspecific comparative studies. However, it is still unclear how the LES is connected to the slow-fast syndrome. Interspecific comparisons also impede a deep exploration of the linkage between LES variation and adaptation to climate. Here, we measured growth, morpho-physiological and life-history traits, at both the leaf and whole-plant levels, in 378 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the LES is tightly linked to variation in whole-plant functioning, and aligns with the slow-fast continuum. A genetic analysis further suggested that phenotypic differentiation results from the selection of different slow-fast strategies in contrasted climates. Slow growing and long-lived plants were preferentially found in cold and arid habitats while fast growing and short-lived ones in more favorable habitats. Our findings shed light on the role of the slow-fast continuum for plant adaptation to climate. More broadly, they encourage future studies to bridge functional ecology, genetics and evolutionary biology to improve our understanding of plant adaptation to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sartori
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - François Vasseur
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Baron
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Gerard
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Nick Rowe
- Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Oscar Ayala-Garay
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, Montpellier, France
- Programa de Recursos Genéticos y Productividad (RGP)-Fisiología Vegetal, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Ananda Christophe
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Garcia de Jalón
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Masclef
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Erwan Harscouet
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Del Rey Granado
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Agathe Chassagneux
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, DRE Unité, Ongulés sauvages, Birieux, France
| | - Elena Kazakou
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Vile
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, Montpellier, France
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López-Goldar X, Villari C, Bonello P, Borg-Karlson AK, Grivet D, Zas R, Sampedro L. Inducibility of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Stem Predicts Genetic Variation in Resistance Against a Key Insect Herbivore in Maritime Pine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1651. [PMID: 30519249 PMCID: PMC6258960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to herbivores and pathogens is considered a key plant trait with strong adaptive value in trees, usually involving high concentrations of a diverse array of plant secondary metabolites (PSM). Intraspecific genetic variation and plasticity of PSM are widely known. However, their ecology and evolution are unclear, and even the implication of PSM as traits that provide direct effective resistance against herbivores is currently questioned. We used control and methyl jasmonate (MJ) induced clonal copies of genotypes within families from ten populations of the main distribution range of maritime pine to exhaustively characterize the constitutive and induced profile and concentration of PSM in the stem phloem, and to measure insect herbivory damage as a proxy of resistance. Then, we explored whether genetic variation in resistance to herbivory may be predicted by the constitutive concentration of PSM, and the role of its inducibility to predict the increase in resistance once the plant is induced. We found large and structured genetic variation among populations but not between families within populations in resistance to herbivory. The MJ-induction treatment strongly increased resistance to the weevil in the species, and the genetic variation in the inducibility of resistance was significantly structured among populations, with greater inducibility in the Atlantic populations. Genetic variation in resistance was largely explained by the multivariate concentration and profile of PSM at the genotypic level, rather than by bivariate correlations with individual PSM, after accounting for genetic relatedness among genotypes. While the constitutive concentration of the PSM blend did not show a clear pattern of resistance to herbivory, specific changes in the chemical profile and the increase in concentration of the PSM blend after MJ induction were related to increased resistance. To date, this is the first example of a comprehensive and rigorous approach in which inducibility of PSM in trees and its implication in resistance was analyzed excluding spurious associations due to genetic relatedness, often overlooked in intraspecific studies. Here we provide evidences that multivariate analyses of PSM, rather than bivariate correlations, provide more realistic information about the potentially causal relationships between PSM and resistance to herbivory in pine trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anna Karin Borg-Karlson
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delphine Grivet
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre, INIA, Madrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, INIA-University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luís Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Pontevedra, Spain
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25
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Sedio BE, Parker JD, McMahon SM, Wright SJ. Comparative foliar metabolomics of a tropical and a temperate forest community. Ecology 2018; 99:2647-2653. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Sedio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología Apartado 0843‐01103 Ciudad del Saber Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Mary Land 21037 USA
| | - Sean M. McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Mary Land 21037 USA
| | - S. Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
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26
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Fishbein M, Straub SCK, Boutte J, Hansen K, Cronn RC, Liston A. Evolution at the tips: Asclepias phylogenomics and new perspectives on leaf surfaces. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:514-524. [PMID: 29693728 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Leaf surface traits, such as trichome density and wax production, mediate important ecological processes such as anti-herbivory defense and water-use efficiency. We present a phylogenetic analysis of Asclepias plastomes as a framework for analyzing the evolution of trichome density and presence of epicuticular waxes. METHODS We produced a maximum-likelihood phylogeny using plastomes of 103 species of Asclepias. We reconstructed ancestral states and used model comparisons in a likelihood framework to analyze character evolution across Asclepias. KEY RESULTS We resolved the backbone of Asclepias, placing the Sonoran Desert clade and Incarnatae clade as successive sisters to the remaining species. We present novel findings about leaf surface evolution of Asclepias-the ancestor is reconstructed as waxless and sparsely hairy, a macroevolutionary optimal trichome density is supported, and the rate of evolution of trichome density has accelerated. CONCLUSIONS Increased sampling and selection of best-fitting models of evolution provide more resolved and robust estimates of phylogeny and character evolution than obtained in previous studies. Evolutionary inferences are more sensitive to character coding than model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fishbein
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Shannon C K Straub
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Julien Boutte
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Kimberly Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Richard C Cronn
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Aaron Liston
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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27
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Agrawal AA. Toward a Predictive Framework for Convergent Evolution: Integrating Natural History, Genetic Mechanisms, and Consequences for the Diversity of Life. Am Nat 2017; 190:S1-S12. [PMID: 28731831 DOI: 10.1086/692111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A charm of biology as a scientific discipline is the diversity of life. Although this diversity can make laws of biology challenging to discover, several repeated patterns and general principles govern evolutionary diversification. Convergent evolution, the independent evolution of similar phenotypes, has been at the heart of one approach to understand generality in the evolutionary process. Yet understanding when and why organismal traits and strategies repeatedly evolve has been a central challenge. These issues were the focus of the American Society of Naturalists Vice Presidential Symposium in 2016 and are the subject of this collection of articles. Although naturalists have long made inferences about convergent evolution and its importance, there has been confusion in the interpretation of the pattern of convergence. Does convergence primarily indicate adaptation or constraint? How often should convergence be expected? Are there general principles that would allow us to predict where and when and by what mechanisms convergent evolution should occur? What role does natural history play in advancing our understanding of general evolutionary principles? In this introductory article, I address these questions, review several generalizations about convergent evolution that have emerged over the past 15 years, and present a framework for advancing the study and interpretation of convergence. Perhaps the most important emerging conclusion is that the genetic mechanisms of convergent evolution are phylogenetically conserved; that is, more closely related species tend to share the same genetic basis of traits, even when independently evolved. Finally, I highlight how the articles in this special issue further develop concepts, methodologies, and case studies at the frontier of our understanding of the causes and consequences of convergent evolution.
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28
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Mason CM, Goolsby EW, Davis KE, Bullock DV, Donovan LA. Importance of whole-plant biomass allocation and reproductive timing to habitat differentiation across the North American sunflowers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1131-1142. [PMID: 28203721 PMCID: PMC5604586 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trait-based plant ecology attempts to use small numbers of functional traits to predict plant ecological strategies. However, a major gap exists between our understanding of organ-level ecophysiological traits and our understanding of whole-plant fitness and environmental adaptation. In this gap lie whole-plant organizational traits, including those that describe how plant biomass is allocated among organs and the timing of plant reproduction. This study explores the role of whole-plant organizational traits in adaptation to diverse environments in the context of life history, growth form and leaf economic strategy in a well-studied herbaceous system. METHODS A phylogenetic comparative approach was used in conjunction with common garden phenotyping to assess the evolution of biomass allocation and reproductive timing across 83 populations of 27 species of the diverse genus Helianthus (the sunflowers). KEY RESULTS Broad diversity exists among species in both relative biomass allocation and reproductive timing. Early reproduction is strongly associated with resource-acquisitive leaf economic strategy, while biomass allocation is less integrated with either reproductive timing or leaf economics. Both biomass allocation and reproductive timing are strongly related to source site environmental characteristics, including length of the growing season, temperature, precipitation and soil fertility. CONCLUSIONS Herbaceous taxa can adapt to diverse environments in many ways, including modulation of phenology, plant architecture and organ-level ecophysiology. Although leaf economic strategy captures one key aspect of plant physiology, on their own leaf traits are not particularly predictive of ecological strategies in Helianthus outside of the context of growth form, life history and whole-plant organization. These results highlight the importance of including data on whole-plant organization alongside organ-level ecophysiological traits when attempting to bridge the gap between functional traits and plant fitness and environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M. Mason
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eric W. Goolsby
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kaleigh E. Davis
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Devon V. Bullock
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lisa A. Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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29
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Moreira X, Pearse IS. Leaf habit does not determine the investment in both physical and chemical defences and pair-wise correlations between these defensive traits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:354-359. [PMID: 28008702 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant life-history strategies associated with resource acquisition and economics (e.g. leaf habit) are thought to be fundamental determinants of the traits and mechanisms that drive herbivore pressure, resource allocation to plant defensive traits, and the simultaneous expression (positive correlations) or trade-offs (negative correlations) between these defensive traits. In particular, it is expected that evergreen species - which usually grow slower and support constant herbivore pressure in comparison with deciduous species - will exhibit higher levels of both physical and chemical defences and a higher predisposition to the simultaneous expression of physical and chemical defensive traits. Here, by using a dataset which included 56 oak species (Quercus genus), we investigated whether leaf habit of plant species governs the investment in both physical and chemical defences and pair-wise correlations between these defensive traits. Our results showed that leaf habit does not determine the production of most leaf physical and chemical defences. Although evergreen oak species had higher levels of leaf toughness and specific leaf mass (physical defences) than deciduous oak species, both traits are essentially prerequisites for evergreenness. Similarly, our results also showed that leaf habit does not determine pair-wise correlations between defensive traits because most physical and chemical defensive traits were simultaneously expressed in both evergreen and deciduous oak species. Our findings indicate that leaf habit does not substantially contribute to oak species differences in plant defence investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - I S Pearse
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL, USA
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30
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Züst T, Agrawal AA. Trade-Offs Between Plant Growth and Defense Against Insect Herbivory: An Emerging Mechanistic Synthesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:513-534. [PMID: 28142282 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be constrained by trade-offs that reflect the allocation of limiting resources. Recent advances in uncovering signal transduction networks have revealed that defense trade-offs are often the result of regulatory "decisions" by the plant, enabling it to fine-tune its phenotype in response to diverse environmental challenges. We place these results in the context of classic studies in ecology and evolutionary biology, and propose a unifying framework for growth-defense trade-offs as a means to study the plant's allocation of limiting resources. Pervasive physiological costs constrain the upper limit to growth and defense traits, but the diversity of selective pressures on plants often favors negative correlations at intermediate trait levels. Despite the ubiquity of underlying costs of defense, the current challenge is using physiological and molecular approaches to predict the conditions where they manifest as detectable trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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31
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Shahzad R, Khan AL, Bilal S, Asaf S, Lee IJ. Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria versus pathogenic infections: an example of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3107. [PMID: 28321368 PMCID: PMC5357341 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogenic attacks are one of the major threats to the growth and productivity of crop plants. Currently, instead of synthetic fungicides, the use of plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes has been considered intriguingly eco-friendly in nature. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antagonistic approach by using seed-borne endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 against pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The results revealed significant suppression of pathogenic fungal growth by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in vitro. Further to this, we inoculated tomato plants with RWL-1 and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in the root zone. The results showed that the growth attributes and biomass were significantly enhanced by endophytic-inoculation during disease incidence as compared to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici infected plants. Under pathogenic infection, the RWL-1-applied plants showed increased amino acid metabolism of cell wall related (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine (Ser), and proline (Pro)) as compared to diseased plants. In case of endogenous phytohormones, significantly lower amount of jasmonic acid (JA) and higher amount of salicylic acid (SA) contents was recorded in RWL-1-treated diseased plants. The phytohormones regulation in disease incidences might be correlated with the ability of RWL-1 to produce organic acids (e.g., succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and citric acid) during the inoculation and infection of tomato plants. The current findings suggest that RWL-1 inoculation promoted and rescued plant growth by modulating defense hormones and regulating amino acids. This suggests that bacterial endophytes could be used for possible control of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in an eco-friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheem Shahzad
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Chair of Oman’s Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Saqib Bilal
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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