1
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Nielsen ME. Vesicle trafficking pathways in defence-related cell wall modifications: papillae and encasements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3700-3712. [PMID: 38606692 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens that cause plant diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, anthracnose, and late blight continue to represent an enormous challenge for farmers worldwide. Interestingly, these pathogens, although phylogenetically distant, initiate pathogenesis in a very similar way by penetrating the cell wall and establishing a feeding structure inside the plant host cell. To prevent pathogen ingress, the host cell responds by forming defence structures known as papillae and encasements that are thought to mediate pre- and post-invasive immunity, respectively. This form of defence is evolutionarily conserved in land plants and is highly effective and durable against a broad selection of non-adapted filamentous pathogens. As most pathogens have evolved strategies to overcome the defences of only a limited range of host plants, the papilla/encasement response could hold the potential to become an optimal transfer of resistance from one plant species to another. In this review I lay out current knowledge of the involvement of membrane trafficking that forms these important defence structures and highlight some of the questions that still need to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Eggert Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, CPSC, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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2
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Khoso MA, Zhang H, Khoso MH, Poudel TR, Wagan S, Papiashvili T, Saha S, Ali A, Murtaza G, Manghwar H, Liu F. Synergism of vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton during regulation of plant growth and development: A mechanistic outlook. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21976. [PMID: 38034654 PMCID: PMC10682163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a fundamental component found in all eukaryotic organisms, serving as a critical factor in various essential cyto-biological mechanisms, particularly in the locomotion and morphological transformations of plant cells. The cytoskeleton is comprised of three main components: microtubules (MT), microfilaments (MF), and intermediate filaments (IF). The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in the process of cell wall formation and remodeling throughout the growth and development of cells. It is a highly organized and regulated network composed of filamentous components. In the basic processes of intracellular transport, such as mitosis, cytokinesis, and cell polarity, the plant cytoskeleton plays a crucial role according to recent studies. The major flaws in the organization of the cytoskeletal framework are at the root of the aberrant organogenesis currently observed in plant mutants. The regulation of protein compartmentalization and abundance within cells is predominantly governed by the process of vesicle/membrane transport, which plays a crucial role in several signaling cascades.The regulation of membrane transport in eukaryotic cells is governed by a diverse array of proteins. Recent developments in genomics have provided new tools to study the evolutionary relationships between membrane proteins in different plant species. It is known that members of the GTPases, COP, SNAREs, Rabs, tethering factors, and PIN families play essential roles in vesicle transport between plant, animal, and microbial species. This Review presents the latest research on the plant cytoskeleton, focusing on recent developments related to the cytoskeleton and summarizing the role of various proteins in vesicle transport. In addition, the report predicts future research direction of plant cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking, potential research priorities, and provides researchers with specific pointers to further investigate the significant link between cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Ahmed Khoso
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mir Hassan Khoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Tika Ram Poudel
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sindho Wagan
- Laboratory of Pest Physiology Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Department of Forest Protection Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tamar Papiashvili
- School of Economics and Management Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sudipta Saha
- School of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Abid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Harbin Medical University China, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
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3
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Moraga C, Sanchez E, Ferrarini MG, Gutierrez RA, Vidal EA, Sagot MF. BrumiR: A toolkit for de novo discovery of microRNAs from sRNA-seq data. Gigascience 2022; 11:6773084. [PMID: 36283679 PMCID: PMC9596168 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are key players in the regulation of gene expression. In the past decade, with the increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing technologies, different methods have been developed to identify miRNAs, most of which rely on preexisting reference genomes. However, when a reference genome is absent or is not of high quality, such identification becomes more difficult. In this context, we developed BrumiR, an algorithm that is able to discover miRNAs directly and exclusively from small RNA (sRNA) sequencing (sRNA-seq) data. We benchmarked BrumiR with datasets encompassing animal and plant species using real and simulated sRNA-seq experiments. The results demonstrate that BrumiR reaches the highest recall for miRNA discovery, while at the same time being much faster and more efficient than the state-of-the-art tools evaluated. The latter allows BrumiR to analyze a large number of sRNA-seq experiments, from plants or animal species. Moreover, BrumiR detects additional information regarding other expressed sequences (sRNAs, isomiRs, etc.), thus maximizing the biological insight gained from sRNA-seq experiments. Additionally, when a reference genome is available, BrumiR provides a new mapping tool (BrumiR2reference) that performs an a posteriori exhaustive search to identify the precursor sequences. Finally, we also provide a machine learning classifier based on a random forest model that evaluates the sequence-derived features to further refine the prediction obtained from the BrumiR-core. The code of BrumiR and all the algorithms that compose the BrumiR toolkit are freely available at https://github.com/camoragaq/BrumiR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Sanchez
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Mayor, 8580745 Santiago, Chile,Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo–Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology iBio, 7500565 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Galvão Ferrarini
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France,Inria Lyon Centre, ERABLE team, 56 Bd Niels Bohr, 69100 Villeurbanne, France,Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2i, UMR0203, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Rodrigo A Gutierrez
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo–Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology iBio, 7500565 Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , 8331010 Santiago, Chile,Fondo de Desarrollo de Areas Prioritarias, Center for Genome Regulation, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, 8370415 Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Mayor, 8580745 Santiago, Chile,Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo–Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology iBio, 7500565 Santiago, Chile,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Mayor, 8580745 Santiago, Chile
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4
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Žárský V. Exocyst functions in plants - secretion and autophagy. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2324-2334. [PMID: 35729750 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tethering complexes mediate vesicle-target compartment contact. Octameric complex exocyst initiates vesicle exocytosis at specific cytoplasmic membrane domains. Plant exocyst is possibly stabilized at the membrane by a direct interaction between SEC3 and EXO70A. Land plants evolved three basic membrane-targeting EXO70 subfamilies, the evolution of which resulted in several types of exocyst with distinct functions within the same cell. Surprisingly, some of these EXO70-exocyst versions are implicated in autophagy as is animal exocyst or are involved in host defense, cell-wall fortification and secondary metabolites transport. Interestingly, EXO70Ds act as selective autophagy receptors in the regulation of cytokinin signalling pathway. Secretion of double membrane autophagy-related structures formed with the contribution of EXO70s to the apoplast hints at the possibility of secretory autophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Batystová K, Synek L, Klejchová M, Janková Drdová E, Sabol P, Potocký M, Žárský V, Hála M. Diversification of SEC15a and SEC15b isoforms of an exocyst subunit in seed plants is manifested in their specific roles in Arabidopsis sporophyte and male gametophyte. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1382-1396. [PMID: 35306706 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst complex is an octameric evolutionarily conserved tethering complex engaged in the regulation of polarized secretion in eukaryotic cells. Here, we focus on the systematic comparison of two isoforms of the SEC15 exocyst subunit, SEC15a and SEC15b. We infer that SEC15 gene duplication and diversification occurred in the common ancestor of seed plants (Spermatophytes). In Arabidopsis, SEC15a represents the main SEC15 isoform in the male gametophyte, and localizes to the pollen tube tip at the plasma membrane. Although pollen tubes of sec15a mutants are impaired, sporophytes show no phenotypic deviations. Conversely, SEC15b is the dominant isoform in the sporophyte and localizes to the plasma membrane in root and leaf cells. Loss-of-function sec15b mutants exhibit retarded elongation of hypocotyls and root hairs, a loss of apical dominance, dwarfed plant stature and reduced seed coat mucilage formation. Surprisingly, the sec15b mutants also exhibit compromised pollen tube elongation in vitro, despite its very low expression in pollen, suggesting a non-redundant role for the SEC15b isoform there. In pollen tubes, SEC15b localizes to distinct cytoplasmic structures. Reciprocally to this, SEC15a also functions in the sporophyte, where it accumulates at plasmodesmata. Importantly, although overexpressed SEC15a could fully complement the sec15b phenotypic deviations in the sporophyte, the pollen-specific overexpression of SEC15b was unable to fully compensate for the loss of SEC15a function in pollen. We conclude that the SEC15a and SEC15b isoforms evolved in seed plants, with SEC15a functioning mostly in pollen and SEC15b functioning mostly in the sporophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Batystová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, Charles University, Prague, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Synek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Klejchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Janková Drdová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, Charles University, Prague, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, Charles University, Prague, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hála
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, CZ-16502, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, Charles University, Prague, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
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6
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Xu H, Giannetti A, Sugiyama Y, Zheng W, Schneider R, Watanabe Y, Oda Y, Persson S. Secondary cell wall patterning-connecting the dots, pits and helices. Open Biol 2022; 12:210208. [PMID: 35506204 PMCID: PMC9065968 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All plant cells are encased in primary cell walls that determine plant morphology, but also protect the cells against the environment. Certain cells also produce a secondary wall that supports mechanically demanding processes, such as maintaining plant body stature and water transport inside plants. Both these walls are primarily composed of polysaccharides that are arranged in certain patterns to support cell functions. A key requisite for patterned cell walls is the arrangement of cortical microtubules that may direct the delivery of wall polymers and/or cell wall producing enzymes to certain plasma membrane locations. Microtubules also steer the synthesis of cellulose-the load-bearing structure in cell walls-at the plasma membrane. The organization and behaviour of the microtubule array are thus of fundamental importance to cell wall patterns. These aspects are controlled by the coordinated effort of small GTPases that probably coordinate a Turing's reaction-diffusion mechanism to drive microtubule patterns. Here, we give an overview on how wall patterns form in the water-transporting xylem vessels of plants. We discuss systems that have been used to dissect mechanisms that underpin the xylem wall patterns, emphasizing the VND6 and VND7 inducible systems, and outline challenges that lay ahead in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Xu
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alessandro Giannetti
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Wenna Zheng
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wu D, Guo J, Zhang Q, Shi S, Guan W, Zhou C, Chen R, Du B, Zhu L, He G. Necessity of rice resistance to planthoppers for OsEXO70H3 regulating SAMSL excretion and lignin deposition in cell walls. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1031-1046. [PMID: 35119102 PMCID: PMC9306520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The planthopper resistance gene Bph6 encodes a protein that interacts with OsEXO70E1. EXO70 forms a family of paralogues in rice. We hypothesized that the EXO70-dependent trafficking pathway affects the excretion of resistance-related proteins, thus impacting plant resistance to planthoppers. Here, we further explored the function of EXO70 members in rice resistance against planthoppers. We used the yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays to identify proteins that play roles in Bph6-mediated planthopper resistance. The functions of the identified proteins were characterized via gene transformation, plant resistance evaluation, insect performance, cell excretion observation and cell wall component analyses. We discovered that another EXO70 member, OsEXO70H3, interacted with BPH6 and functioned in cell excretion and in Bph6-mediated planthopper resistance. We further found that OsEXO70H3 interacted with an S-adenosylmethionine synthetase-like protein (SAMSL) and increased the delivery of SAMSL outside the cells. The functional impairment of OsEXO70H3 and SAMSL reduced the lignin content and the planthopper resistance level of rice plants. Our results suggest that OsEXO70H3 may recruit SAMSL and help its excretion to the apoplast where it may be involved in lignin deposition in cell walls, thus contributing to rice resistance to planthoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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8
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Arabidopsis exocyst subunit SEC6 is involved in cell plate formation during Microgametogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 598:100-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Ortmannová J, Sekereš J, Kulich I, Šantrůček J, Dobrev P, Žárský V, Pečenková T. Arabidopsis EXO70B2 exocyst subunit contributes to papillae and encasement formation in antifungal defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:742-755. [PMID: 34664667 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the reaction to non-adapted Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermal cells deposit cell wall reinforcements called papillae or seal fungal haustoria in encasements, both of which involve intensive exocytosis. A plant syntaxin, SYP121/PEN1, has been found to be of key importance for the timely formation of papillae, and the vesicle tethering complex exocyst subunit EXO70B2 has been found to contribute to their morphology. Here, we identify a specific role for the EXO70B2-containing exocyst complex in the papillae membrane domains important for callose deposition and GFP-SYP121 delivery to the focal attack sites, as well as its contribution to encasement formation. The mRuby2-EXO70B2 co-localizes with the exocyst core subunit SEC6 and GFP-SYP121 in the membrane domain of papillae, and EXO70B2 and SYP121 proteins have the capacity to directly interact. The exo70B2/syp121 double mutant produces a reduced number of papillae and haustorial encasements in response to Bgh, indicating an additive role of the exocyst in SYP121-coordinated non-host resistance. In summary, we report cooperation between the plant exocyst and a SNARE protein in penetration resistance against non-adapted fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Ortmannová
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Laboratory of Applied Proteomics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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10
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Zhu YQ, Qiu L, Liu LL, Luo L, Han XP, Zhai YH, Wang WJ, Ren MZ, Xing YD. Identification and Comprehensive Structural and Functional Analyses of the EXO70 Gene Family in Cotton. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101594. [PMID: 34680988 PMCID: PMC8536163 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The EXO70 gene is a vital component of the exocytosis complex and participates in biological processes ranging from plant cell division to polar growth. There are many EXO70 genes in plants and their functions are extensive, but little is known about the EXO70 gene family in cotton. Here, we analyzed four cotton sequence databases, identified 165 EXO70 genes, and divided them into eight subgroups (EXO70A–EXO70H) based on their phylogenetic relationships. EXO70A had the most exons (≥11), whereas the other seven each had only one or two exons. Hence, EXO70A may have many important functions. The 84 EXO70 genes in Asian and upland cotton were expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fibers, and/or ovules. Full-length GhEXO70A1-A cDNA was homologously cloned from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, G. hirsutum). Subcellular analysis revealed that GhEXO70A1-A protein was localized to the plasma membrane. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that GhEXO70A1-A interacted with GhEXO84A, GhEXO84B, and GhEXO84C. GhEXO70A1-A silencing significantly altered over 4000 genes and changed several signaling pathways related to metabolism. Thus, the EXO70 gene plays critical roles in the physiological functions of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xin-Pei Han
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yao-Hua Zhai
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Mao-Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Correspondence: (M.-Z.R.); (Y.-D.X.)
| | - Ya-Di Xing
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.-Q.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.-L.L.); (L.L.); (X.-P.H.); (Y.-H.Z.); (W.-J.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.-Z.R.); (Y.-D.X.)
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11
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Plasma membrane phospholipid signature recruits the plant exocyst complex via the EXO70A1 subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105287118. [PMID: 34470819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105287118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized exocytosis is essential for many vital processes in eukaryotic cells, where secretory vesicles are targeted to distinct plasma membrane domains characterized by their specific lipid-protein composition. Heterooctameric protein complex exocyst facilitates the vesicle tethering to a target membrane and is a principal cell polarity regulator in eukaryotes. The architecture and molecular details of plant exocyst and its membrane recruitment have remained elusive. Here, we show that the plant exocyst consists of two modules formed by SEC3-SEC5-SEC6-SEC8 and SEC10-SEC15-EXO70-EXO84 subunits, respectively, documenting the evolutionarily conserved architecture within eukaryotes. In contrast to yeast and mammals, the two modules are linked by a plant-specific SEC3-EXO70 interaction, and plant EXO70 functionally dominates over SEC3 in the exocyst recruitment to the plasma membrane. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we found that the C-terminal part of EXO70A1, the canonical EXO70 isoform in Arabidopsis, is critical for this process. In contrast to yeast and animal cells, the EXO70A1 interaction with the plasma membrane is mediated by multiple anionic phospholipids uniquely contributing to the plant plasma membrane identity. We identified several evolutionary conserved EXO70 lysine residues and experimentally proved their importance for the EXO70A1-phospholipid interactions. Collectively, our work has uncovered plant-specific features of the exocyst complex and emphasized the importance of the specific protein-lipid code for the recruitment of peripheral membrane proteins.
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12
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Zhang W, Huang L, Zhang C, Staiger CJ. Arabidopsis myosin XIK interacts with the exocyst complex to facilitate vesicle tethering during exocytosis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2454-2478. [PMID: 33871640 PMCID: PMC8364239 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Myosin motors are essential players in secretory vesicle trafficking and exocytosis in yeast and mammalian cells; however, similar roles in plants remain a matter for debate, at least for diffusely growing cells. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) myosin XIK, via its globular tail domain (GTD), participates in the vesicle tethering step of exocytosis through direct interactions with the exocyst complex. Specifically, myosin XIK GTD bound directly to several exocyst subunits in vitro and functional fluorescently tagged XIK colocalized with multiple exocyst subunits at plasma membrane (PM)-associated stationary foci. Moreover, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of myosin XI activity reduced the rate of appearance and lifetime of stationary exocyst complexes at the PM. By tracking single exocytosis events of cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes with high spatiotemporal resolution imaging and pair-wise colocalization of myosin XIK, exocyst subunits, and CESA6, we demonstrated that XIK associates with secretory vesicles earlier than exocyst and is required for the efficient localization and normal dynamic behavior of exocyst complex at the PM tethering site. This study reveals an important functional role for myosin XI in secretion and provides insights about the dynamic regulation of exocytosis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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13
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Marković V, Kulich I, Žárský V. Functional Specialization within the EXO70 Gene Family in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7595. [PMID: 34299214 PMCID: PMC8303320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized delivery of plasma-membrane and cell-wall components is a crucial process for plant cell growth. One of the regulators of secretory-vesicle targeting is the exocyst tethering complex. The exocyst mediates first interaction between transport vesicles and the target membrane before their fusion is performed by SNARE proteins. In land plants, genes encoding the EXO70 exocyst subunit underwent an extreme proliferation with 23 paralogs present in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome. These paralogs often acquired specialized functions during evolution. Here, we analyzed functional divergence of selected EXO70 paralogs in Arabidopsis. Performing a systematic cross-complementation analysis of exo70a1 and exo70b1 mutants, we found that EXO70A1 was functionally substituted only by its closest paralog, EXO70A2. In contrast, none of the EXO70 isoforms tested were able to substitute EXO70B1, including its closest relative, EXO70B2, pointing to a unique function of this isoform. The presented results document a high degree of functional specialization within the EXO70 gene family in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Marković
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (V.Ž.)
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (V.Ž.)
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (V.Ž.)
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang Z, Niu Y, Chen Y, Sun L, Wang H, Wang X, Xiao J. The Exocyst Complex Subunit EXO70E1-V From Haynaldia villosa Interacts With Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene CMPG1-V. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:652337. [PMID: 34305961 PMCID: PMC8295898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.652337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
EXO70 belongs to the exocyst complex subunit that plays a critical role in regulating plant cell polarity establishment and defense response. A previous study proved that the E3 ligase CMPG1-V from Haynaldia villosa, a diploid wheat relative, positively regulates the resistance to wheat powdery mildew (Pm), caused by fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici (Bgt). In this study, a member of EXO70 superfamily named EXO70E1-V was isolated from H. villosa, and EXO70E1-V interacted with CMPG1-V were shown by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), pull-down assay, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, and luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay. It is localized in various subcellular organs, i.e., plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum. Co-expression of EXO70E1-V and CMPG1-V showed dot-like structure fluorescence signals that were mainly in PM and nucleus. Expression of EXO70E1-V was relatively higher in leaf and was significantly induced by Bgt infection and exogenous application of hormones such as salicylic acid. Transient or stable overexpression of EXO70E1-V could not enhance/decrease the Pm resistance level, suggesting overexpression of EXO70E1-V alone has no impact on Pm resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongkuan Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Niu
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
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15
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Sato F, Iba K, Higaki T. Involvement of the Membrane Trafficking Factor PATROL1 in the Salinity Stress Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. CYTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
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16
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Durr J, Reyt G, Spaepen S, Hilton S, Meehan C, Qi W, Kamiya T, Flis P, Dickinson HG, Feher A, Shivshankar U, Pavagadhi S, Swarup S, Salt D, Bending GD, Gutierrez-Marcos J. A Novel Signaling Pathway Required for Arabidopsis Endodermal Root Organization Shapes the Rhizosphere Microbiome. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:248-261. [PMID: 33475132 PMCID: PMC8112839 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Casparian strip (CS) constitutes a physical diffusion barrier to water and nutrients in plant roots, which is formed by the polar deposition of lignin polymer in the endodermis tissue. The precise pattern of lignin deposition is determined by the scaffolding activity of membrane-bound Casparian Strip domain proteins (CASPs), but little is known of the mechanism(s) directing this process. Here, we demonstrate that Endodermis-specific Receptor-like Kinase 1 (ERK1) and, to a lesser extent, ROP Binding Kinase1 (RBK1) are also involved in regulating CS formation, with the former playing an essential role in lignin deposition as well as in the localization of CASP1. We show that ERK1 is localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus of the endodermis and that together with the circadian clock regulator, Time for Coffee (TIC), forms part of a novel signaling pathway necessary for correct CS organization and suberization of the endodermis, with their single or combined loss of function resulting in altered root microbiome composition. In addition, we found that other mutants displaying defects in suberin deposition at the CS also display altered root exudates and microbiome composition. Thus, our work reveals a complex network of signaling factors operating within the root endodermis that establish both the CS diffusion barrier and influence the microbial composition of the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Durr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Guilhem Reyt
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stijn Spaepen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions & Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linn�-Weg 10, K�ln 50829, Germany
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven Institute for Beer Research, University of Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1 B-3001, Belgium
| | - Sally Hilton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Cathal Meehan
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Wu Qi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Paulina Flis
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hugh G Dickinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Attila Feher
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesv�ri krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Umashankar Shivshankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shruti Pavagadhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Swarup
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - David Salt
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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17
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Overdijk EJR, Putker V, Smits J, Tang H, Bouwmeester K, Govers F, Ketelaar T. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR1 disturbs the growth of Physcomitrium patens without affecting Sec5 localization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249637. [PMID: 33831039 PMCID: PMC8031463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens often exploit a whole range of effectors to facilitate infection. The RXLR effector AVR1 produced by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans suppresses host defense by targeting Sec5. Sec5 is a subunit of the exocyst, a protein complex that is important for mediating polarized exocytosis during plant development and defense against pathogens. The mechanism by which AVR1 manipulates Sec5 functioning is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effect of AVR1 on Sec5 localization and functioning in the moss Physcomitrium patens. P. patens has four Sec5 homologs. Two (PpSec5b and PpSec5d) were found to interact with AVR1 in yeast-two-hybrid assays while none of the four showed a positive interaction with AVR1ΔT, a truncated version of AVR1. In P. patens lines carrying β-estradiol inducible AVR1 or AVR1ΔT transgenes, expression of AVR1 or AVR1ΔT caused defects in the development of caulonemal protonema cells and abnormal morphology of chloronema cells. Similar phenotypes were observed in Sec5- or Sec6-silenced P. patens lines, suggesting that both AVR1 and AVR1ΔT affect exocyst functioning in P. patens. With respect to Sec5 localization we found no differences between β-estradiol-treated and untreated transgenic AVR1 lines. Sec5 localizes at the plasma membrane in growing caulonema cells, also during pathogen attack, and its subcellular localization is the same, with or without AVR1 in the vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa J. R. Overdijk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Smits
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Subcellular coordination of plant cell wall synthesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:933-948. [PMID: 33761322 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organelles of the plant cell cooperate to synthesize and secrete a strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based extracellular matrix: the cell wall. Cell wall composition varies among plant species, across cell types within a plant, within different regions of a single cell wall, and in response to intrinsic or extrinsic signals. This diversity in cell wall makeup is underpinned by common cellular mechanisms for cell wall production. Cellulose synthase complexes function at the plasma membrane and deposit their product into the cell wall. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized by a multitude of glycosyltransferases in hundreds of mobile Golgi stacks, and an extensive set of vesicle trafficking proteins govern secretion to the cell wall. In this review, we discuss the different subcellular locations at which cell wall synthesis occurs, review the molecular mechanisms that control cell wall biosynthesis, and examine how these are regulated in response to different perturbations to maintain cell wall homeostasis.
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19
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Iino T, Hashimoto K, Asai T, Kuchitsu K, Ozeki Y. Multicolour chemical imaging of plant tissues with hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:1234-1238. [PMID: 33355541 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows for label-free biological imaging with chemical specificity based on molecular-vibrational signatures. In particular, hyperspectral SRS imaging can acquire a molecular-vibrational spectrum at each pixel, allowing us not only to investigate the spectral difference of various biological molecules but also to discriminate different constituents based on their spectral difference. However, the number of constituents discriminated in previous label-free SRS imaging was limited to four because of the subtleness of spectral difference. Here, we report hyperspectral SRS imaging of plant tissues including leaves of Camellia japonica, roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, and thalli of a liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. We show that SRS can discriminate as many as six components in Marchantia polymorpha L. without labeling. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of hyperspectral SRS imaging as a tool for label-free multicolour imaging analysis of various biomolecules in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan. and Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Asai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan. and Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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20
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Saccomanno A, Potocký M, Pejchar P, Hála M, Shikata H, Schwechheimer C, Žárský V. Regulation of Exocyst Function in Pollen Tube Growth by Phosphorylation of Exocyst Subunit EXO70C2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:609600. [PMID: 33519861 PMCID: PMC7840542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exocyst is a heterooctameric protein complex crucial for the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Compared to other eukaryotes, exocyst subunit EXO70 is represented by many isoforms in land plants whose cell biological and biological roles, as well as modes of regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we present data on the phospho-regulation of exocyst isoform EXO70C2, which we previously identified as a putative negative regulator of exocyst function in pollen tube growth. A comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis revealed phosphorylation of EXO70C2 at multiple sites. We have now performed localization and functional studies of phospho-dead and phospho-mimetic variants of Arabidopsis EXO70C2 in transiently transformed tobacco pollen tubes and stably transformed Arabidopsis wild type and exo70C2 mutant plants. Our data reveal a dose-dependent effect of AtEXO70C2 overexpression on pollen tube growth rate and cellular architecture. We show that changes of the AtEXO70C2 phosphorylation status lead to distinct outcomes in wild type and exo70c2 mutant cells, suggesting a complex regulatory pattern. On the other side, phosphorylation does not affect the cytoplasmic localization of AtEXO70C2 or its interaction with putative secretion inhibitor ROH1 in the yeast two-hybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Saccomanno
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Potocký
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Hála
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hiromasa Shikata
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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21
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High-order mutants reveal an essential requirement for peroxidases but not laccases in Casparian strip lignification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29166-29177. [PMID: 33139576 PMCID: PMC7682338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012728117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a defining polymer of vascular plants and of great physiological, ecological, and economical importance. Yet, its polymerization in the cell wall is still not understood. Lignin polymerizing enzymes, laccases and peroxidases, exist in vast numbers in plant genomes. By focusing on a specific lignin structure, the ring-like Casparian strips (CSs), we reduced candidate numbers and abolished essentially all laccases with detectable endodermal expression. Yet, not even slight defects in CS formation were detected. By contrast, a quintuple peroxidase mutant displayed a complete absence of CS. Our findings suggest that cells lignify differently depending on whether lignin is localized or ubiquitous and whether cells stay alive during and after lignification, as well as the composition of the cell wall. Lignin has enabled plants to colonize land, grow tall, transport water within their bodies, and protect themselves against various stresses. Consequently, this polyphenolic polymer, impregnating cellulosic plant cell walls, is the second most abundant polymer on Earth. Yet, despite its great physiological, ecological, and economical importance, our knowledge of lignin biosynthesis in vivo, especially the polymerization steps within the cell wall, remains vague—specifically, the respective roles of the two polymerizing enzymes classes, laccases and peroxidases. One reason for this lies in the very high numbers of laccases and peroxidases encoded by 17 and 73 homologous genes, respectively, in Arabidopsis. Here, we have focused on a specific lignin structure, the ring-like Casparian strips (CSs) within the root endodermis. By reducing candidate numbers using cellular resolution expression and localization data and by boosting stacking of mutants using CRISPR-Cas9, we mutated the majority of laccases in Arabidopsis in a nonuple mutant—essentially abolishing laccases with detectable endodermal expression. Yet, we were unable to detect even slight defects in CS formation. By contrast, we were able to induce a complete absence of CS formation in a quintuple peroxidase mutant. Our findings are in stark contrast to the strong requirement of xylem vessels for laccase action and indicate that lignin in different cell types can be polymerized in very distinct ways. We speculate that cells lignify differently depending on whether lignin is localized or ubiquitous and whether cells stay alive during and after lignification, as well as the composition of the cell wall.
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22
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Jacobs B, Molenaar J, Deinum EE. Robust banded protoxylem pattern formation through microtubule-based directional ROP diffusion restriction. J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110351. [PMID: 32505828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In plant vascular tissue development, different cell wall patterns are formed, offering different mechanical properties optimised for different growth stages. Critical in these patterning processes are Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, a class of evolutionarily conserved small GTPase proteins responsible for local membrane domain formation in many organisms. While te spotted metaxylem pattern can easily be understood as a result of a Turing-style reaction-diffusion mechanism, it remains an open question how the consistent orientation of evenly spaced bands and spirals as found in protoxylem is achieved. We hypothesise that this orientation results from an interaction between ROPs and an array of transversely oriented cortical microtubules that acts as a directional diffusion barrier. Here, we explore this hypothesis using partial differential equation models with anisotropic ROP diffusion and show that a horizontal microtubule array acting as a vertical diffusion barrier to active ROP can yield a horizontally banded ROP pattern. We then study the underlying mechanism in more detail, finding that it can only orient curved pattern features but not straight lines. This implies that, once formed, banded and spiral patterns cannot be reoriented by this mechanism. Finally, we observe that ROPs and microtubules together only form ultimately static patterns if the interaction is implemented with sufficient biological realism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Jacobs
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Molenaar
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva E Deinum
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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OsExo70B1 Positively Regulates Disease Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197049. [PMID: 32992695 PMCID: PMC7582735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The exocyst, an evolutionarily conserved octameric protein complex, mediates tethering of vesicles to the plasma membrane in the early stage of exocytosis. Arabidopsis Exo70, a subunit of the exocyst complex, has been found to be involved in plant immunity. Here, we characterize the function of OsExo70B1 in rice. OsExo70B1 mainly expresses in leaf and shoot and its expression is induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae). Knocking out OsExo70B1 results in significantly decreased resistance and defense responses to M. oryzae compared to the wild type, including more disease lesions and enhanced fungal growth, downregulated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation. In contrast, the exo70B1 mutant does not show any defects in growth and development. Furthermore, OsExo70B1 can interact with the receptor-like kinase OsCERK1, an essential component for chitin reception in rice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that OsExo70B1 functions as an important regulator in rice immunity.
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Pečenková T, Potocká A, Potocký M, Ortmannová J, Drs M, Janková Drdová E, Pejchar P, Synek L, Soukupová H, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. Redundant and Diversified Roles Among Selected Arabidopsis thaliana EXO70 Paralogs During Biotic Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:960. [PMID: 32676093 PMCID: PMC7333677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterooctameric vesicle-tethering complex exocyst is important for plant development, growth, and immunity. Multiple paralogs exist for most subunits of this complex; especially the membrane-interacting subunit EXO70 underwent extensive amplification in land plants, suggesting functional specialization. Despite this specialization, most Arabidopsis exo70 mutants are viable and free of developmental defects, probably as a consequence of redundancy among isoforms. Our in silico data-mining and modeling analysis, corroborated by transcriptomic experiments, pinpointed several EXO70 paralogs to be involved in plant biotic interactions. We therefore tested corresponding single and selected double mutant combinations (for paralogs EXO70A1, B1, B2, H1, E1, and F1) in their two biologically distinct responses to Pseudomonas syringae, root hair growth stimulation and general plant susceptibility. A shift in defense responses toward either increased or decreased sensitivity was found in several double mutants compared to wild type plants or corresponding single mutants, strongly indicating both additive and compensatory effects of exo70 mutations. In addition, our experiments confirm the lipid-binding capacity of selected EXO70s, however, without the clear relatedness to predicted C-terminal lipid-binding motifs. Our analysis uncovers that there is less of functional redundancy among isoforms than we could suppose from whole sequence phylogeny and that even paralogs with overlapping expression pattern and similar membrane-binding capacity appear to have exclusive roles in plant development and biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Matěj Drs
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Edita Janková Drdová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Synek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany, CAS, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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García-González J, Kebrlová Š, Semerák M, Lacek J, Kotannal Baby I, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 Complex Is Required for Auxin-Driven Cell Expansion Through Regulation of Auxin Transporter Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32425966 PMCID: PMC7212389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an actin nucleator shown to be required throughout plant morphogenesis, contributing to processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation or cell wall assembly. A recent publication demonstrated that plants lacking functional Arp2/3 complex also present defects in auxin distribution and transport. This work shows that Arp2/3 complex subunits are predominantly expressed in the provasculature, although other plant tissues also show promoter activity (e.g., cotyledons, apical meristems, or root tip). Moreover, auxin can trigger subunit expression, indicating a role of this phytohormone in mediating the complex activity. Further investigation of the functional interaction between Arp2/3 complex and auxin signaling also reveals their cooperation in determining pavement cell shape, presumably through the role of Arp2/3 complex in the correct auxin carrier trafficking. Young seedlings of arpc5 mutants show increased auxin-triggered proteasomal degradation of DII-VENUS and altered PIN3 distribution, with higher levels of the protein in the vacuole. Closer observation of vacuolar morphology revealed the presence of a more fragmented vacuolar compartment when Arp2/3 function is abolished, hinting a generalized role of Arp2/3 complex in endomembrane function and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štépánka Kebrlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matěj Semerák
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Innu Kotannal Baby
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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26
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Elliott L, Moore I, Kirchhelle C. Spatio-temporal control of post-Golgi exocytic trafficking in plants. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs237065. [PMID: 32102937 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex and dynamic endomembrane system is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells and underpins the evolution of specialised cell types in multicellular organisms. Endomembrane system function critically depends on the ability of the cell to (1) define compartment and pathway identity, and (2) organise compartments and pathways dynamically in space and time. Eukaryotes possess a complex molecular machinery to control these processes, including small GTPases and their regulators, SNAREs, tethering factors, motor proteins, and cytoskeletal elements. Whereas many of the core components of the eukaryotic endomembrane system are broadly conserved, there have been substantial diversifications within different lineages, possibly reflecting lineage-specific requirements of endomembrane trafficking. This Review focusses on the spatio-temporal regulation of post-Golgi exocytic transport in plants. It highlights recent advances in our understanding of the elaborate network of pathways transporting different cargoes to different domains of the cell surface, and the molecular machinery underpinning them (with a focus on Rab GTPases, their interactors and the cytoskeleton). We primarily focus on transport in the context of growth, but also highlight how these pathways are co-opted during plant immunity responses and at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Elliott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Žárský V, Sekereš J, Kubátová Z, Pečenková T, Cvrčková F. Three subfamilies of exocyst EXO70 family subunits in land plants: early divergence and ongoing functional specialization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:49-62. [PMID: 31647563 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Localized delivery of plasma membrane and cell wall components is an essential process in all plant cells. The vesicle-tethering complex, the exocyst, an ancient eukaryotic hetero-octameric protein cellular module, assists in targeted delivery of exocytosis vesicles to specific plasma membrane domains. Analyses of Arabidopsis and later other land plant genomes led to the surprising prediction of multiple putative EXO70 exocyst subunit paralogues. All land plant EXO70 exocyst subunits (including those of Bryophytes) form three distinct subfamilies-EXO70.1, EXO70.2, and EXO70.3. Interestingly, while the basal well-conserved EXO70.1 subfamily consists of multiexon genes, the remaining two subfamilies contain mostly single exon genes. Published analyses as well as public transcriptomic and proteomic data clearly indicate that most cell types in plants express and also use several different EXO70 isoforms. Here we sum up recent advances in the characterization of the members of the family of plant EXO70 exocyst subunits and present evidence that members of the EXO70.2 subfamily are often recruited to non-canonical functions in plant membrane trafficking pathways. Engagement of the most evolutionarily dynamic EXO70.2 subfamily of EXO70s in biotic interactions and defence correlates well with massive proliferation and conservation of new protein variants in this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Kubátová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Pečenková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Lawaju BR, Niraula P, Lawrence GW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The Glycine max Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) Complex Functions During a Defense Response to Heterodera glycines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:564495. [PMID: 33262774 PMCID: PMC7686354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, functioning in retrograde trafficking, is a universal structure present among eukaryotes that maintains the correct Golgi structure and function. The COG complex is composed of eight subunits coalescing into two sub-complexes. COGs1-4 compose Sub-complex A. COGs5-8 compose Sub-complex B. The observation that COG interacts with the syntaxins, suppressors of the erd2-deletion 5 (Sed5p), is noteworthy because Sed5p also interacts with Sec17p [alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP)]. The α-SNAP gene is located within the major Heterodera glycines [soybean cyst nematode (SCN)] resistance locus (rhg1) and functions in resistance. The study presented here provides a functional analysis of the Glycine max COG complex. The analysis has identified two paralogs of each COG gene. Functional transgenic studies demonstrate at least one paralog of each COG gene family functions in G. max during H. glycines resistance. Furthermore, treatment of G. max with the bacterial effector harpin, known to function in effector triggered immunity (ETI), leads to the induced transcription of at least one member of each COG gene family that has a role in H. glycines resistance. In some instances, altered COG gene expression changes the relative transcript abundance of syntaxin 31. These results indicate that the G. max COG complex functions through processes involving ETI leading to H. glycines resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisho Ram Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Gary W. Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- *Correspondence: Vincent P. Klink, ;
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Saeed B, Brillada C, Trujillo M. Dissecting the plant exocyst. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:69-76. [PMID: 31509792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst is an evolutionary conserved complex that mediates tethering of post-Golgi vesicles derived from the conventional secretory pathway to the plasma membrane (PM), before SNARE-mediated fusion. Through its tethering function, connecting secretory vesicles to the PM, it mediates spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis. As an integral element of the secretory machinery, the exocyst has been implicated in a large variety of processes. However, emerging evidence suggests that it may also cater for unconventional secretory pathways, as well as autophagy. The exocyst entertains a multitude of interactions with proteins and membrane phospholipids, reflecting its highly dynamic nature and the complex regulatory processes that hardwire it with cellular signalling networks. However, our molecular understanding of this essential complex remains fragmentary. Here we review recent work focusing on the molecular features that have revealed both commonalities with yeast and animals, as well as unique characteristics of the plant exocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Saeed
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carla Brillada
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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30
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Zhou Y, Dobritsa AA. Formation of aperture sites on the pollen surface as a model for development of distinct cellular domains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110222. [PMID: 31521218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains are covered by the complex extracellular structure, called exine, which in most species is deposited on the pollen surface non-uniformly. Certain surface areas receive fewer exine deposits and develop into regions whose structure and morphology differ significantly from the rest of pollen wall. These regions are known as pollen apertures. Across species, pollen apertures can vary in their numbers, positions, and morphology, generating highly diverse patterns. The process of aperture formation involves establishment of cell polarity, formation of distinct plasma membrane domains, and deposition of extracellular materials at precise positions. Thus, pollen apertures present an excellent model for studying the development of cellular domains and formation of patterns at the single-cell level. Until very recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and formation of aperture sites were completely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the molecular processes involved in pollen aperture formation, focusing on the molecular players identified through genetic approaches in the model plant Arabidopsis. We discuss a potential working model that describes the process of aperture formation, including specification of domains, creation of their defining features, and protection of these regions from exine deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Anna A Dobritsa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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31
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Morello L, Pydiura N, Galinousky D, Blume Y, Breviario D. Flax tubulin and CesA superfamilies represent attractive and challenging targets for a variety of genome- and base-editing applications. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:163-176. [PMID: 30826923 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flax is both a valuable resource and an interesting model crop. Despite a long history of flax genetic transformation only one transgenic linseed cultivar has been so far registered in Canada. Implementation and use of the genome-editing technologies that allow site-directed modification of endogenous genes without the introduction of foreign genes might improve this situation. Besides its potential for boosting crop yields, genome editing is now one of the best tools for carrying out reverse genetics and it is emerging as an especially versatile tool for studying basic biology. A complex interplay between the flax tubulin family (6 α-, 14 β-, and 2 γ-tubulin genes), the building block of microtubules, and the CesA (15-16 genes), the subunit of the multimeric cellulose-synthesizing complex devoted to the oriented deposition of the cellulose microfibrils is fundamental for the biosynthesis of the cell wall. The role of the different members of each family in providing specificities to the assembled complexes in terms of structure, dynamics, activity, and interaction remains substantially obscure. Genome-editing strategies, recently shown to be successful in flax, can therefore be useful to unravel the issue of functional redundancy and provide evidence for specific interactions between different members of the tubulin and CesA gene families, in relation to different phase and mode of cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morello
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolay Pydiura
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademicheskaya St. 27, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Diego Breviario
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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33
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Identification and Characterization of the EXO70 Gene Family in Polyploid Wheat and Related Species. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010060. [PMID: 30586859 PMCID: PMC6337732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The EXO70 gene family is involved in different biological processes in plants, ranging from plant polar growth to plant immunity. To date, analysis of the EXO70 gene family has been limited in Triticeae species, e.g., hexaploidy Triticum aestivum and its ancestral/related species. By in silico analysis of multiple Triticeae sequence databases, a total of 200 EXO70 members were identified. By homologue cloning approaches, 15 full-length cDNA of EXO70s were cloned from diploid Haynaldia villosa. Phylogenetic relationship analysis of 215 EXO70 members classified them into three groups (EXO70.1, EXO70.2, and EXO70.3) and nine subgroups (EXO70A to EXO70I). The distribution of most EXO70 genes among different species/sub-genomes were collinear, implying their orthologous relationship. The EXO70A subgroup has the most introns (at least five introns), while the remaining seven subgroups have only one intron on average. The expression profiling of EXO70 genes from wheat revealed that 40 wheat EXO70 genes were expressed in at least one tissue (leaf, stem, or root), of which 25 wheat EXO70 genes were in response to at least one biotic stress (stripe rust or powdery mildew) or abiotic stress (drought or heat). Subcellular localization analysis showed that ten EXO70-V proteins had distinct plasma membrane localization, EXO70I1-V showed a distinctive spotted pattern on the membrane. The 15 EXO70-V genes were differentially expressed in three tissue. Apart from EXO70D2-V, the remaining EXO70-V genes were in response to at least one stress (flg22, chitin, powdery mildew, drought, NaCl, heat, or cold) or phytohormones (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon, or abscisic acid) and hydrogen peroxide treatments. This research provides a genome-wide glimpse of the Triticeae EXO70 gene family and those up- or downregulated genes require further validation of their biological roles in response to biotic/abiotic stresses.
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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35
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Liu C, Moschou PN. Cutting in the middleman: hidden substrates at the interface between proteases and plant development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:916-922. [PMID: 28262953 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 916 I. Introduction 916 II. DEK1: towards identification of protease substrates 917 III. Separases: when proteolytic modules attain nonproteolytic functions 918 IV. The peculiar case of a nonredundant subtilisin 919 V. Towards a solution to the protease redundancy problem 920 VI. Matters arising and closing remarks 921 Acknowledgements 921 References 921 SUMMARY: Proteases are integral components of proteome remodelling networks that regulate turnover of proteins and expand their functional diversity. Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of proteases as being central hubs of developmental programs. Yet the molecular pathways that many proteases act on, their natural substrates and their putative nonproteolytic functions remain largely elusive. Here, we discuss recent findings on proteases with functions that converge into plant development regulation, such as DEFECTIVE KERNEL 1 (DEK1), separase and subtilisins, to highlight conspicuous but unexplored aspects of protease biology. We also suggest an exploratory framework for addressing protease functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7080, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7080, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Du Y, Overdijk EJR, Berg JA, Govers F, Bouwmeester K. Solanaceous exocyst subunits are involved in immunity to diverse plant pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:655-666. [PMID: 29329405 PMCID: PMC5853398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst, a multiprotein complex consisting of eight subunits, plays an essential role in many biological processes by mediating secretion of post-Golgi-derived vesicles towards the plasma membrane. In recent years, roles for plant exocyst subunits in pathogen defence have been uncovered, largely based on studies in the model plant Arabidopsis. Only a few studies have been undertaken to assign the role of exocyst subunits in plant defence in other plants species, including crops. In this study, predicted protein sequences from exocyst subunits were retrieved by mining databases from the Solanaceous plants Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, and potato. Subsequently, their evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis exocyst subunits was analysed. Gene silencing in N. benthamiana showed that several exocyst subunits are required for proper plant defence against the (hemi-)biotrophic plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Pseudomonas syringae. In contrast, some exocyst subunits seem to act as susceptibility factors for the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, the majority of the exocyst subunits were found to be involved in callose deposition, suggesting that they play a role in basal plant defence. This study provides insight into the evolution of exocyst subunits in Solanaceous plants and is the first to show their role in immunity against multiple unrelated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elysa J R Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Oda Y. Emerging roles of cortical microtubule-membrane interactions. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:5-14. [PMID: 29170834 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cortical microtubules have crucial roles in cell wall development. Cortical microtubules are tightly anchored to the plasma membrane in a highly ordered array, which directs the deposition of cellulose microfibrils by guiding the movement of the cellulose synthase complex. Cortical microtubules also interact with several endomembrane systems to regulate cell wall development and other cellular events. Recent studies have identified new factors that mediate interactions between cortical microtubules and endomembrane systems including the plasma membrane, endosome, exocytic vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum. These studies revealed that cortical microtubule-membrane interactions are highly dynamic, with specialized roles in developmental and environmental signaling pathways. A recent reconstructive study identified a novel function of the cortical microtubule-plasma membrane interaction, which acts as a lateral fence that defines plasma membrane domains. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of cortical microtubule-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
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38
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Noack LC, Jaillais Y. Precision targeting by phosphoinositides: how PIs direct endomembrane trafficking in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:22-33. [PMID: 28734137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Each phosphoinositide (PI, also known as phosphatidylinositol phosphate, polyphosphoinositide, PtdInsP or PIP) species is partitioned in the endomembrane system and thereby contributes to the identity of membrane compartments. However, membranes are in constant flux within this system, which raises the questions of how the spatiotemporal pattern of phosphoinositides is established and maintained within the cell. Here, we review the general mechanisms by which phosphoinositides and membrane trafficking feedbacks on each other to regulate cellular patterning. We then use the specific examples of polarized trafficking, endosomal sorting and vacuolar biogenesis to illustrate these general concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise C Noack
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France.
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39
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Ravikumar R, Steiner A, Assaad FF. Multisubunit tethering complexes in higher plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:97-105. [PMID: 28889036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tethering complexes mediate the initial, specific contact between donor and acceptor membranes. This review focuses on the modularity and function of multisubunit tethering complexes (MTCs) in higher plants. One emphasis is on molecular interactions of plant MTCs. Here, a number of insights have been gained concerning interactions between different tethering complexes, and between tethers and microtubule-associated proteins. The roles of tethering complexes in abiotic stress responses appear indirect, but in the context of biotic stress responses it has been suggested that some tethers are direct targets of pathogen effectors or virulence factors. In light of the central roles tethering complexes play in plant development, an emerging concept is that tethers may be co-opted for plant adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farhah F Assaad
- Botany, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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40
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Golfier P, Volkert C, He F, Rausch T, Wolf S. Regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis by a NAC transcription factor from Miscanthus. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00024. [PMID: 31245671 PMCID: PMC6508536 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall recalcitrance is a major limitation for the sustainable exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource. Species and hybrids of the genus Miscanthus have emerged as candidate crops for the production of lignocellulosic feedstock in temperate climates, and dedicated efforts are underway to improve biomass yield. However, nothing is known about the molecular players involved in Miscanthus cell wall biosynthesis to facilitate breeding efforts towards tailored biomass. Here, we identify a Miscanthus sinensis transcription factor related to SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN1 (SND1), which acts as a master switch for the regulation of secondary cell wall formation and lignin biosynthesis. MsSND1 is expressed in growth stages associated with secondary cell wall formation, together with its potential targets. Consistent with this observation, MsSND1 was able to complement the secondary cell wall defects of the Arabidopsis snd1 nst1 double mutant, and ectopic expression of MsSND1 in tobacco leaves was sufficient to trigger patterned deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin reminiscent of xylem elements. Transgenic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana plants revealed that MsSND1 regulates, directly and indirectly, the expression of a broad range of genes involved in secondary cell wall formation, including MYB transcription factors which regulate only a subset of the SCW differentiation program. Together, our findings suggest that MsSND1 is a transcriptional master regulator orchestrating secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Miscanthus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Golfier
- Centre for Organismal Studies HeidelbergDepartment of Plant Molecular PhysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Christopher Volkert
- Centre for Organismal Studies HeidelbergDepartment of Plant Molecular PhysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Feng He
- Centre for Organismal Studies HeidelbergDepartment of Plant Molecular PhysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Thomas Rausch
- Centre for Organismal Studies HeidelbergDepartment of Plant Molecular PhysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies HeidelbergDepartment of Plant Molecular PhysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Organismal Studies HeidelbergDepartment of Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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41
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Johnson KL, Gidley MJ, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Cell wall biomechanics: a tractable challenge in manipulating plant cell walls 'fit for purpose'! Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:163-171. [PMID: 28915438 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and recalcitrance of plant cell walls has contributed to the success of plants colonising land. Conversely, these attributes have also impeded progress in understanding the roles of walls in controlling and directing developmental processes during plant growth and also in unlocking their potential for biotechnological innovation. Recent technological advances have enabled the probing of how primary wall structures and molecular interactions of polysaccharides define their biomechanical (and hence functional) properties. The outputs have led to a new paradigm that places greater emphasis on understanding how the wall, as a biomechanical construct and cell surface sensor, modulates both plant growth and material properties. Armed with this knowledge, we are gaining the capacity to design walls 'fit for (biotechnological) purpose'!
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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Kalmbach L, Hématy K, De Bellis D, Barberon M, Fujita S, Ursache R, Daraspe J, Geldner N. Transient cell-specific EXO70A1 activity in the CASP domain and Casparian strip localization. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17058. [PMID: 28436943 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a striking case of evolutionary convergence, polarized cell layers with ring-like diffusion barriers have evolved in both plant and animal lineages independently. In plants, ring-like Casparian strips become localized by the CASPARIAN STRIP MEMBRANE DOMAIN PROTEINS (CASPs). The mechanism of this striking localization, however, has remained enigmatic. Here we present a genetic screen aimed at isolating determinants of CASP localization. One of the mutants, lord of the rings 2 (lotr2)/exo70a1, displays dramatic de-localization of CASPs into randomly localized microdomains. EXO70A1 is a subunit of the exocyst complex, a central component of secretion in eukaryotes. Irradiation of EXO70 subunit genes in plants has suggested specialization of this conserved complex. Intriguingly, lotr2/exo70a1 does neither affect secretion of the CASPs, nor that of other membrane proteins in the endodermis, thus separating exocyst activity in localization from a general defect in secretion. Our results establish EXO70A1 as a central player in Casparian strip formation, generating a transient positional information that will be translated into a precisely localized cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Kalmbach
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kian Hématy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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