1
|
Varga T, Nagy D, Molnár M, Jull AT, Futó I, Lisztes-Szabó Z. Spring buds of European woody plants have old 14C age. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32777. [PMID: 38975105 PMCID: PMC11226849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Trees and shrubs maintain carbon reserves to support their functions during periods when metabolic demand exceeds carbon supply, such as during the dormant season. To gain a better understanding of carbon storage and utilisation dynamics of eight woody plant species in temperate Central Europe, bud scale and leaf samples were collected to determine the radiocarbon age of fresh sprouts in trees and shrubs, at three background sites avoiding local emissions that may influence affect the observed 14C/12C ratio. The accelerator mass spectrometry-based bomb-radiocarbon approach, to determine the age of the mobilized carbon in the plant bud samples from storage, was complemented by stable carbon isotope measurements. The bomb-radiocarbon dating technique was used to determine the age of the samples, while a northern hemispheric atmosphere 14CO2 dataset was used to calibrate the radiocarbon ages of the plant samples. The youngest observed calibrated radiocarbon age of the buds was over 4 years, and the oldest was even 9 years old. There was no significant difference between the ages of bud scales and embryonal leaf laminas. Our results show that there is a considerable amount of stored older carbon in the woody stems that can be used to produce buds in spring, which is a complex mixture of stored carbon of different ages, but there is no relationship between the radiocarbon age and the stable carbon isotope composition. The observed results show that not only the tree species, but shrubs also can store and use significantly older carbon pools, the carbon storage intensity is similar for trees with trunks and short-stemmed shrubs branching directly above the ground, i.e. carbon storage starts in young twigs and continues in ageing branches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Varga
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
- Isotoptech Ltd., Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
| | - Dominik Nagy
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
| | - Mihály Molnár
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
- Isotoptech Ltd., Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
| | - A.J. Timothy Jull
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - István Futó
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabó
- HUN-REN, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang J, Ladd SN, Ingrisch J, Kübert A, Meredith LK, van Haren J, Bamberger I, Daber LE, Kühnhammer K, Bailey K, Hu J, Fudyma J, Shi L, Dippold MA, Meeran K, Miller L, O'Brien MJ, Yang H, Herrera-Ramírez D, Hartmann H, Trumbore S, Bahn M, Werner C, Lehmann MM. The mobilization and transport of newly fixed carbon are driven by plant water use in an experimental rainforest under drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2545-2557. [PMID: 38271585 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are building blocks for biomass and fuel metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear how tropical forests mobilize, export, and transport NSCs to cope with extreme droughts. We combined drought manipulation and ecosystem 13CO2 pulse-labeling in an enclosed rainforest at Biosphere 2, assessed changes in NSCs, and traced newly assimilated carbohydrates in plant species with diverse hydraulic traits and canopy positions. We show that drought caused a depletion of leaf starch reserves and slowed export and transport of newly assimilated carbohydrates below ground. Drought effects were more pronounced in conservative canopy trees with limited supply of new photosynthates and relatively constant water status than in those with continual photosynthetic supply and deteriorated water status. We provide experimental evidence that local utilization, export, and transport of newly assimilated carbon are closely coupled with plant water use in canopy trees. We highlight that these processes are critical for understanding and predicting tree resistance and ecosystem fluxes in tropical forest under drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
- Honors College, University of Arizona, 1101 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Ines Bamberger
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Group, University of Bayreuth (BayCEER), Germany
| | - L Erik Daber
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kühnhammer
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kinzie Bailey
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jia Hu
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jane Fudyma
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lingling Shi
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathiravan Meeran
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luke Miller
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Almería, Spain
| | - Hui Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Forest Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeffrey LC, Johnston SG, Tait DR, Dittmann J, Maher DT. Rapid bark-mediated tree stem methane transport occurs independently of the transpiration stream in Melaleuca quinquenervia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:49-60. [PMID: 37984803 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree stem methane emissions are important components of lowland forest methane budgets. The potential for species-specific behaviour among co-occurring lowland trees with contrasting bark characteristics has not been investigated. We compare bark-mediated methane transport in two common lowland species of contrasting bark characteristics (Melaleuca quinquenervia featuring spongy/layered bark with longitudinally continuous airspaces and Casuarina glauca featuring hard/dense common bark) through several manipulative experiments. First, the progressive cutting through M. quinquenervia bark layers caused exponential increases in methane fluxes (c. 3 orders of magnitude); however, sapwood-only fluxes were lower, suggesting that upward/axial methane transport occurs between bark layers. Second, concentrated methane pulse-injections into exposed M. quinquenervia bark, revealed rapid axial methane transport rates (1.42 mm s-1 ), which were further supported through laboratory-simulated experiments (1.41 mm s-1 ). Laboratory-simulated radial CH4 diffusion rates (through bark) were c. 20-times slower. Finally, girdling M. quinquenervia stems caused a near-instantaneous decrease in methane flux immediately above the cut. By contrast, girdling C. glauca displayed persistent, though diminished, methane fluxes. Overall, the experiments revealed evidence for rapid 'between-bark' methane transport independent from the transpiration stream in M. quinquenervia, which facilitates diffusive axial transport from the rhizosphere and/or sapwood sources. This contrasts with the slower, radial 'through-bark' diffusive-dominated gas transportation in C. glauca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Jeffrey
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Scott G Johnston
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Douglas R Tait
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Johannes Dittmann
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Damien T Maher
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salomón RL, Helm J, Gessler A, Grams TEE, Hilman B, Muhr J, Steppe K, Wittmann C, Hartmann H. The quandary of sources and sinks of CO2 efflux in tree stems-new insights and future directions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad157. [PMID: 38214910 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Stem respiration (RS) substantially contributes to the return of photo assimilated carbon to the atmosphere and, thus, to the tree and ecosystem carbon balance. Stem CO2 efflux (ECO2) is often used as a proxy for RS. However, this metric has often been challenged because of the uncertain origin of CO2 emitted from the stem due to post-respiratory processes. In this Insight, we (i) describe processes affecting the quantification of RS, (ii) review common methodological approaches to quantify and model RS and (iii) develop a research agenda to fill the most relevant knowledge gaps that we identified. Dissolution, transport and accumulation of respired CO2 away from its production site, reassimilation of respired CO2 via stem photosynthesis and the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, axial CO2 diffusion in the gas phase, shifts in the respiratory substrate and non-respiratory oxygen (O2) consumption are the most relevant processes causing divergence between RS and measured stem gas exchange (ECO2 or O2 influx, IO2). Two common methodological approaches to estimate RS, namely the CO2 mass balance approach and the O2 consumption technique, circumvent some of these processes but have yielded inconsistent results regarding the fate of respired CO2. Stem respiration modelling has recently progressed at the organ and tree levels. However, its implementation in large-scale models, commonly operated from a source-driven perspective, is unlikely to reflect adequate mechanisms. Finally, we propose hypotheses and approaches to advance the knowledge of the stem carbon balance, the role of sap pH on RS, the reassimilation of respired CO2, RS upscaling procedures, large-scale RS modelling and shifts in respiratory metabolism during environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliane Helm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstr. 6, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8902 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Technical University of Munich, Ecophysiology of Plants, Land Surface - Atmosphere Interactions, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Boaz Hilman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Laboratory for Radioisotopes, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christiane Wittmann
- Faculty of Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Forest Protection, Julius Kühn Institute Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peltier DMP, Carbone MS, Enright M, Marshall MC, Trowbridge AM, LeMoine J, Koch G, Richardson AD. Old reserves and ancient buds fuel regrowth of coast redwood after catastrophic fire. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1978-1985. [PMID: 38036621 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
For long-lived organisms, investment in insurance strategies such as reserve energy storage can enable resilience to resource deficits, stress or catastrophic disturbance. Recent fire in California damaged coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) groves, consuming all foliage on some of the tallest and oldest trees on Earth. Burned trees recovered through resprouting from roots, trunk and branches, necessarily supported by nonstructural carbon reserves. Nonstructural carbon reserves can be many years old, but direct use of old carbon has rarely been documented and never in such large, old trees. We found some sprouts contained the oldest carbon ever observed to be remobilized for growth. For certain trees, simulations estimate up to half of sprout carbon was acquired in photosynthesis more than 57 years prior, and direct observations in sapwood show trees can access reserves at least as old. Sprouts also emerged from ancient buds-dormant under bark for centuries. For organisms with millennial lifespans, traits enabling survival of infrequent but catastrophic events may represent an important energy sink. Remobilization of decades-old photosynthate after disturbance demonstrates substantial amounts of nonstructural carbon within ancient trees cycles on slow, multidecadal timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa Enright
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margaret C Marshall
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jim LeMoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - George Koch
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sierra CA, Quetin GR, Metzler H, Müller M. A decrease in the age of respired carbon from the terrestrial biosphere and increase in the asymmetry of its distribution. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220200. [PMID: 37807689 PMCID: PMC10642774 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide here a model-based estimate of the transit time of carbon through the terrestrial biosphere, since the time of carbon uptake through photosynthesis until its release through respiration. We explored the consequences of increasing productivity versus increasing respiration rates on the transit time distribution and found that while higher respiration rates induced by higher temperature increase the transit time because older carbon is respired, increases in productivity cause a decline in transit times because more young carbon is available to supply increased metabolism. The combined effect of increases in temperature and productivity results in a decrease in transit times, with the productivity effect dominating over the respiration effect. By using an ensemble of simulation trajectories from the Carbon Data Model Framework (CARDAMOM), we obtained time-dependent transit time distributions incorporating the twentieth century global change. In these simulations, transit time declined over the twentieth century, suggesting an increased productivity effect that augmented the amount of respired young carbon, but also increasing the release of old carbon from high latitudes. The transit time distribution of carbon becomes more asymmetric over time, with more carbon transiting faster through tropical and temperate regions, and older carbon being respired from high latitude regions. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Gregory R. Quetin
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Holger Metzler
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75651, Sweden
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peltier DMP, Carbone MS, McIntire CD, Robertson N, Thompson RA, Malone S, LeMoine J, Richardson AD, McDowell NG, Adams HD, Pockman WT, Trowbridge AM. Carbon starvation following a decade of experimental drought consumes old reserves in Pinus edulis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:92-104. [PMID: 37430467 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in the age or turnover time of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may underlie changes in tree growth under long-term increases in drought stress associated with climate change. But NSC responses to drought are challenging to quantify, due in part to large NSC stores in trees and subsequently long response times of NSC to climate variation. We measured NSC age (Δ14 C) along with a suite of ecophysiological metrics in Pinus edulis trees experiencing either extreme short-term drought (-90% ambient precipitation plot, 2020-2021) or a decade of severe drought (-45% plot, 2010-2021). We tested the hypothesis that carbon starvation - consumption exceeding synthesis and storage - increases the age of sapwood NSC. One year of extreme drought had no impact on NSC pool size or age, despite significant reductions in predawn water potential, photosynthetic rates/capacity, and twig and needle growth. By contrast, long-term drought halved the age of the sapwood NSC pool, coupled with reductions in sapwood starch concentrations (-75%), basal area increment (-39%), and bole respiration rates (-28%). Our results suggest carbon starvation takes time, as tree carbon reserves appear resilient to extreme disturbance in the short term. However, after a decade of drought, trees apparently consumed old stored NSC to support metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Cameron D McIntire
- Northeastern Area State, Private, and Tribal Forestry, USDA Forest Service, 271 Mast Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Nathan Robertson
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Shealyn Malone
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jim LeMoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Signori-Müller C, Galbraith D, Tavares JV, Reis SM, Diniz FC, Gilpin M, Marimon BS, van der Heijden GMF, Borges C, Cintra BBL, Mião S, Morandi PS, Nina A, Salas Yupayccana CA, Marca Zevallos MJ, Cosio EG, Junior BHM, Mendoza AM, Phillips O, Salinas N, Vasquez R, Mencuccini M, Oliveira RS. Tropical forest lianas have greater non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in the stem xylem than trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad096. [PMID: 37584458 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Lianas (woody vines) are important components of tropical forests and are known to compete with host trees for resources, decrease tree growth and increase tree mortality. Given the observed increases in liana abundance in some forests and their impacts on forest function, an integrated understanding of carbon dynamics of lianas and liana-infested host trees is critical for improved prediction of tropical forest responses to climate change. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are the main substrate for plant metabolism (e.g., growth, respiration), and have been implicated in enabling tree survival under environmental stress, but little is known of how they vary among life-forms or of how liana infestation impacts host tree NSC. We quantified stem total NSC (NSC) concentrations and its fractions (starch and soluble sugars) in trees without liana infestation, trees with more than 50% of the canopy covered by lianas, and the lianas infesting those trees. We hypothesized that i) liana infestation depletes NSC storage in host trees by reducing carbon assimilation due to competition for resources; ii) trees and lianas, which greatly differ in functional traits related to water transport and carbon uptake, would also have large differences in NSC storage, and that As water availability has a significant role in NSC dynamics of Amazonian tree species, we tested these hypotheses within a moist site in western Amazonia and a drier forest site in southern Amazonia. We did not find any difference in NSC, starch or soluble sugar concentrations between infested and non-infested trees, in either site. This result suggests that negative liana impact on trees may be mediated through mechanisms other than depletion of host tree NSC concentrations. We found lianas have higher stem NSC and starch than trees in both sites. The consistent differences in starch concentrations, a long term NSC reserve, between life forms across sites reflect differences in carbon gain and use of lianas and trees. Soluble sugar concentrations were higher in lianas than in trees in the moist site but indistinguishable between life forms in the dry site. The lack of difference in soluble sugars between trees and lianas in the dry site emphasize the importance of this NSC fraction for plant metabolism of plants occurring in water limited environments. Abstract in Portuguese and Spanish are available in the supplementary material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Signori-Müller
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Julia Valentim Tavares
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Simone Matias Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Sarah Mião
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Morandi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Alex Nina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Manuel J Marca Zevallos
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Eric G Cosio
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Norma Salinas
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rezaie N, D'Andrea E, Scartazza A, Gričar J, Prislan P, Calfapietra C, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Proietti S, Matteucci G. Upside down and the game of C allocation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad034. [PMID: 36917230 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) represent the primary carbon (C) reserves and play a crucial role for plant functioning and resilience. Indeed, these compounds are involved in the regulation between C supply and demand, and in the maintenance of hydraulic efficiency. NSCs are stored in parenchyma of woody organs, which is recognized as a proxy for reserve storage capacity of tree. Notwithstanding the importance of NSCs for tree physiology, their long-term regulation and trade-offs against growth were not deeply investigated. This work evaluated the long-term dynamics of mature tree reserves in stem and root, proxied by parenchyma features, and focusing on the trade off and interplay between the resources allocation in radial growth and reserves in stem and coarse root. In a Mediterranean beech forest, NSCs content, stem and root wood anatomy analysis, and eddy covariance data, were combined. The parenchyma fraction (RAP) of beech root and stem was different, due to differences in axial parenchyma (AP) and narrow ray parenchyma (nRP) fractions. However, these parenchyma components and radial growth showed synchronous inter-annual dynamics between the two organs. In beech stem, positive correlations were found among soluble sugars content and nRP, and among starch content and the AP. Positive correlations were found among Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and AP of both organs. In contrast, NEE was negatively correlated to radial growth of root and stem. Our results suggest a different contribution of stem and roots to reserves storage, and a putative partitioning in the functional roles of parenchyma components. Moreover, a long-term trade-off of C allocation between growth and reserve pool was evidenced. Indeed, in case of C source reduction, trees preferentially allocate C towards reserves pool. Conversely, in high productive years, growth represents the major C sink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via P. Castellino n. 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), via Madonna del Piano, 10 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peltier DMP, Lemoine J, Ebert C, Xu X, Ogle K, Richardson AD, Carbone MS. An incubation method to determine the age of available nonstructural carbon in woody plant tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad015. [PMID: 36738259 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (∆14C) measurements of nonstructural carbon enable inference on the age and turnover time of stored photosynthate (e.g., sugars, starch), of which the largest pool in trees resides in the main bole. Because of potential issues with extraction-based methods, we introduce an incubation method to capture the ∆14C of nonstructural carbon via respired CO2. In this study, we compared the ∆14C obtained from these incubations with ∆14C from a well-established extraction method, using increment cores from a mature trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). To understand any potential ∆14C disagreement, the yields from both methods were also benchmarked against the phenol-sulfuric acid concentration assay. We found incubations captured less than 100% of measured sugar and starch carbon, with recovery ranging from ~ 3% in heartwood to 85% in shallow sapwood. However, extractions universally over-yielded (mean 273 ± 101% expected sugar carbon; as high as 480%), where sugars represented less than half of extracted soluble carbon, indicating very poor specificity. While separation of soluble and insoluble nonstructural carbon is ostensibly a strength of extraction based methods, there was also evidence of poor separation of these two fractions in extractions. The ∆14C of respired CO2 and ∆14C from extractions were similar in the sapwood, while extractions resulted in comparatively higher ∆14C (older carbon) in heartwood and bark. Because yield and ∆14C discrepancies were largest in old tissues, incubations may better capture the ∆14C of nonstructural carbon that is actually metabolically available. That is, we suggest extractions include metabolically irrelevant carbon from dead tissues or cells, as well as carbon that is neither sugar nor starch. In contrast, nonstructural carbon captured by extractions must be respired to be measured. We thus suggest incubations of live tissues are a potentially viable, inexpensive, and versatile method to study the ∆14C of metabolically relevant (available) nonstructural carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Jim Lemoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Chris Ebert
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California-Irvine, CA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peltier DMP, Anderegg WRL, Guo JS, Ogle K. Contemporary tree growth shows altered climate memory. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2663-2674. [PMID: 36257775 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trees are long-lived organisms, exhibiting temporally complex growth arising from strong climatic "memory." But conditions are becoming increasingly arid in the western USA. Using a century-long tree-ring network, we find altered climate memory across the entire range of a widespread western US conifer: growth is supported by precipitation falling further into the past (+15 months), while increasingly impacted by more recent temperature conditions (-8 months). Tree-ring datasets can be biased, so we confirm altered climate memory in a second, ecologically-sampled tree-ring network. Predicted drought responses show trees may have also become more sensitive to repeat drought. Finally, plots near sites with relatively longer precipitation memory and shorter temperature memory had significantly lower recent mortality rates (R2 = 0.61). We argue that increased drought frequency has altered climate memory, demonstrate how non-stationarity may arise from failure to account for memory, and suggest memory length may be predictive of future tree mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Guo
- Arizona Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.,School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber-Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carbon allocation and tree diversity: shifts in autotrophic respiration in tree mixtures compared to monocultures. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMixed species forests are known to have a higher gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) than forests containing only one single tree species. Trees growing in mixtures are characterized by higher autotrophic respiration (Ra), this results in a lower carbon use efficiency of mixed species forests compared to monocultures. The pathway responsible for the high quantities of carbon lost through respiratory pathways is still unclear. Here, we present the only existing measurements evaluating tree mixture effects based on stem CO2 efflux (Estem), scaled to woody respiration (Rw) on stand level. We conducted predawn Estem measurements on five tree species in an experimental tree plantation in Central Panama. Estem was scaled to the entire plot level woody respiration (Rw). Annual Rw was on average 0.25 ± 0.08 Mg C ha− 1 in the monocultures and 0.28 ± 0.10 Mg C ha− 1 in mixed species stands. In mixtures, annual Ra was more than three times higher than in monocultures. As mean Rw was almost constant across the mixture types and Ra varied largely, leads to the conclusion that mixed species plots allocate a higher amount of carbon toward respiratory processes in leaves and roots. This was supported by no significant differences in the mixture effects on the growth respiration relationship.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hilman B, Muhr J, Helm J, Kuhlmann I, Schulze ED, Trumbore S. The size and the age of the metabolically active carbon in tree roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2522-2535. [PMID: 34096615 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the sources and age of C respired by tree roots. Previous research in stems identified two functional pools of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC): an "active" pool supplied directly from canopy photo-assimilates supporting metabolism and a "stored" pool used when fresh C supplies are limited. We compared the C isotope composition of water-soluble NSC and respired CO2 for aspen roots (Populus tremula hybrids) cut off from fresh C supply after stem-girdling or prolonged incubation of excised roots. We used bomb radiocarbon to estimate the time elapsed since C fixation for respired CO2 , water-soluble NSC and structural α-cellulose. While freshly excised roots (mostly <2.9 mm in diameter) respired CO2 fixed <1 year previously, the age increased to 1.6-2.9 year within a week after root excision. Freshly excised roots from trees girdled ~3 months ago had respiration rates and NSC stocks similar to un-girdled trees but respired older C (~1.2 year). We estimate that over 3 months NSC in girdled roots must be replaced 5-7 times by reserves remobilized from root-external sources. Using a mixing model and observed correlations between Δ14 C of water-soluble C and α-cellulose, we estimate ~30% of C is "active" (~5 mg C g-1 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Hilman
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Department of Bioclimatology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Helm
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Iris Kuhlmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ernst-Detlef Schulze
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rademacher T, Fonti P, LeMoine JM, Fonti MV, Basler D, Chen Y, Friend AD, Seyednasrollah B, Eckes-Shephard AH, Richardson AD. Manipulating phloem transport affects wood formation but not local nonstructural carbon reserves in an evergreen conifer. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2506-2521. [PMID: 34043242 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How variations in carbon supply affect wood formation remains poorly understood in particular in mature forest trees. To elucidate how carbon supply affects carbon allocation and wood formation, we attempted to manipulate carbon supply to the cambial region by phloem girdling and compression during the mid- and late-growing season and measured effects on structural development, CO2 efflux and nonstructural carbon reserves in stems of mature white pines. Wood formation and stem CO2 efflux varied with a location relative to treatment (i.e., above or below the restriction). We observed up to twice as many tracheids formed above versus below the treatment after the phloem transport manipulation, whereas the cell-wall area decreased only slightly below the treatments, and cell size did not change relative to the control. Nonstructural carbon reserves in the xylem, needles and roots were largely unaffected by the treatments. Our results suggest that low and high carbon supply affects wood formation, primarily through a strong effect on cell proliferation, and respiration, but local nonstructural carbon concentrations appear to be maintained homeostatically. This contrasts with reports of decoupling of source activity and wood formation at the whole-tree or ecosystem level, highlighting the need to better understand organ-specific responses, within-tree feedbacks, as well as phenological and ontogenetic effects on sink-source dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rademacher
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James M LeMoine
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - David Basler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bijan Seyednasrollah
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Babst F, Friend AD, Karamihalaki M, Wei J, von Arx G, Papale D, Peters RL. Modeling Ambitions Outpace Observations of Forest Carbon Allocation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:210-219. [PMID: 33168468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There have been vociferous calls for 'tree-centered' vegetation models to refine predictions of forest carbon (C) cycling. Unfortunately, our global survey at flux-tower sites indicates insufficient empirical data support for this much-needed model development. We urge for a new generation of studies across large environmental gradients that strategically pair long-term ecosystem monitoring with manipulative experiments on mature trees. For this, we outline a versatile experimental framework to build cross-scale data archives of C uptake and allocation to structural, non-structural, and respiratory sinks. Community-wide efforts and discussions are needed to implement this framework, especially in hitherto underrepresented tropical forests. Global coordination and realistic priorities for data collection will thereby be key to achieve and maintain adequate empirical support for tree-centered vegetation modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Babst
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Maria Karamihalaki
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jingshu Wei
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Universita, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herrera-Ramírez D, Muhr J, Hartmann H, Römermann C, Trumbore S, Sierra CA. Probability distributions of nonstructural carbon ages and transit times provide insights into carbon allocation dynamics of mature trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1299-1311. [PMID: 31997347 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
●In trees, the use of nonstructural carbon (NSC) under limiting conditions impacts the age structure of the NSC pools. We compared model predictions of NSC ages and transit times for Pinus halepensis, Acer rubrum and Pinus taeda, to understand differences in carbon (C) storage dynamics in species with different leaf phenology and growth environments. ●We used two C allocation models from the literature to estimate the NSC age and transit time distributions, to simulate C limitation, and to evaluate the sensitivity of the mean ages to changes in allocation fluxes. ●Differences in allocation resulted in different NSC age and transit time distributions. The simulated starvation flattened the NSC age distribution and increased the mean NSC transit time, which can be used to estimate the age of the NSC available and the time it would take to exhaust the reserves. Mean NSC ages and transit times were sensitive to C fluxes in roots and allocation of C from wood storage. ●Our results demonstrate how trees with different storage traits are expected to react differently to starvation. They also provide a probabilistic explanation for the 'last-in, first-out' pattern of NSC mobilization from well-mixed C pools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Muhr
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Bioclimatology, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, Jena, 07743, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
D'Andrea E, Rezaie N, Battistelli A, Gavrichkova O, Kuhlmann I, Matteucci G, Moscatello S, Proietti S, Scartazza A, Trumbore S, Muhr J. Winter's bite: beech trees survive complete defoliation due to spring late-frost damage by mobilizing old C reserves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:625-631. [PMID: 31282591 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Late frost can destroy the photosynthetic apparatus of trees. We hypothesized that this can alter the normal cyclic dynamics of C-reserves in the wood. We measured soluble sugar concentrations and radiocarbon signatures (Δ14 C) of soluble nonstructural carbon (NSC) in woody tissues sampled from a Mediterranean beech forest that was completely defoliated by an exceptional late frost in 2016. We used the bomb radiocarbon approach to estimate the time elapsed since fixation of mobilized soluble sugars. During the leafless period after the frost event, soluble sugar concentrations declined sharply while Δ14 C of NSC increased. This can be explained by the lack of fresh assimilate supply and a mobilization of C from reserve pools. Soluble NSC became increasingly older during the leafless period, with a maximum average age of 5 yr from samples collected 27 d before canopy recovery. Following leaf re-growth, soluble sugar concentrations increased and Δ14 C of soluble NSC decreased, indicating the allocation of new assimilates to the stem soluble sugars pool. These data highlight that beech trees rapidly mobilize reserve C to survive strong source-sink imbalances, for example due to late frost, and show that NSC is a key trait for tree resilience under global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Negar Rezaie
- CNR-ISAFOM, via Patacca 2, 80056, Ercolano, Italy
| | | | - Olga Gavrichkova
- CNR-IRET, via Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, Italy
- Agro-Technology Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iris Kuhlmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hendrik Poorter. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1071-1072. [PMID: 31304605 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
|