1
|
Li T, Zhang S, Yao S, Li X, Jia Q, Yuan J, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang Q. Nonspecific phospholipases C3 and C4 interact with PIN-FORMED2 to regulate growth and tropic responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2310-2327. [PMID: 38442314 PMCID: PMC11132888 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic changes in membrane phospholipids affect membrane biophysical properties and cell signaling, thereby influencing numerous biological processes. Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPC) enzymes hydrolyze common phospholipids to release diacylglycerol (DAG), which is converted to phosphatidic acid (PA) and other lipids. In this study, 2 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tandemly arrayed genes, NPC3 and NPC4, were identified as critical factors modulating auxin-controlled plant growth and tropic responses. Moreover, NPC3 and NPC4 were shown to interact with the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2). The loss of NPC3 and NPC4 enhanced the endocytosis and vacuolar degradation of PIN2, which disrupted auxin gradients and slowed gravitropic and halotropic responses. Furthermore, auxin-triggered activation of NPC3 and NPC4 is required for the asymmetric PA distribution that controls PIN2 trafficking dynamics and auxin-dependent tropic responses. Collectively, our study reveals an NPC-derived PA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis auxin fluxes that is essential for fine-tuning the balance between root growth and environmental responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shuaibing Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Xuebing Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qianru Jia
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin J, Zhao J, Du L, Wang P, Sun B, Zhang C, Shi Y, Li H, Sun H. Activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by phosphatidic acid in response to positive-strand RNA viruses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100659. [PMID: 37434356 PMCID: PMC10811337 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant defense against viruses. However, the mechanisms that underlie the activation of MAPK cascades in response to viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA) represents a major class of lipids that respond to Potato virus Y (PVY) at an early stage of infection. We identified NbPLDα1 (Nicotiana benthamiana phospholipase Dα1) as the key enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during PVY infection and found that it plays an antiviral role. 6K2 of PVY interacts with NbPLDα1, leading to elevated PA levels. In addition, NbPLDα1 and PA are recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexes. On the other hand, 6K2 also induces activation of the MAPK pathway, dependent on its interaction with NbPLDα1 and the derived PA. PA binds to WIPK/SIPK/NTF4, prompting their phosphorylation of WRKY8. Notably, spraying with exogenous PA is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade resulted in enhanced accumulation of PVY genomic RNA. 6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity. Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades and promoted viral RNA accumulation. Thus, activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by NbPLDα1-derived PA is a common strategy employed by hosts to counteract positive-strand RNA virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lin
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Linlin Du
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Pengkun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Shi
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hangjun Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun M, Liu X, Zhang B, Yu W, Xiao Y, Peng F. Lipid Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal That Phosphatidylcholine Enhanced the Resistance of Peach Seedlings to Salt Stress through Phosphatidic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37262364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major conlinet limiting sustainable agricultural development in peach tree industry. In this study, lipid metabolomic pathway analysis indicated that phosphatidic acid is essential for root resistance to salt stress in peach seedlings. Through functional annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes in transcriptomics, we found that MAPK signaling pathway is closely related to peach tree resistance to salt stress, wherein PpMPK6 expression is significantly upregulated. Under salt conditions, the OE-PpMPK6 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. line showed higher resistance to salt stress than WT and KO-AtMPK6 lines. Furthermore, we found that the Na+ content in OE-PpMPK6 roots was significantly lower than that in WT and KO-AtMPK6 roots, indicating that phosphatidic acid combined with PpMPK6 activated the SOS1 (salt-overly-sensitive 1) protein to enhance Na+ efflux, thus alleviating the damage caused by NaCl in roots; these findings provide insight into the salt stress-associated transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Seed and Facility Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Zhang Q, Luo J, Liu X, Jiang J. Major-effect quantitative trait locus qLKR4.1 encodes a phospholipase Dδ protein associated with low-K + stress tolerance by promoting root length. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:88. [PMID: 36973446 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
qLKR4.1, controlling low K+ resistance in tomato, was fine-mapped to an interval of 67.5 kb on chromosome A04, and one gene encoding phospholipase Dδ was identified as a candidate gene. In plants, changes in root length are an important morphological response to low K+ (LK) stress; however, the underlying genetics in tomato remain unclear. Here, we combined bulked segregant analysis-based whole-genome sequencing, single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotyping, and fine genetic mapping to identify a candidate gene as a major-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL), i.e., qLKR4.1, which was associated with LK tolerance due to increased root elongation in the tomato line JZ34. Through multiple analyses, we found that Solyc04g082000 is the most likely candidate for qLKR4.1, which encodes phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ). Increased root elongation under LK in JZ34 may be attributed to a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Ca2+-binding domain region of this gene. Solyc04g082000 increases root length through its PLDδ activity. Silencing of Solyc04g082000Arg in JZ34 led to a significant decrease in root length compared with silencing of Solyc04g082000His allele in JZ18 under LK conditions. Mutation of a Solyc04g082000 homologue in Arabidopsis, pldδ, resulted in decreased primary root lengths under LK conditions, compared to the wild type. Transgenic tomato expressing the qLKR4.1Arg allele from JZ34 exhibited a significant increase in root length compared with the wild type expressing the allele from JZ18 under LK conditions. Taken together, our results confirm that the PLDδ gene Solyc04g082000 exerts important functions in increasing tomato root length and LK tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Junfeng Luo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren M, Li Y, Zhu J, Zhao K, Wu Z, Mao C. Phenotypes and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Root Response to Phosphate Deprivation in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065107. [PMID: 36982176 PMCID: PMC10049108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. The roots are the main organ for nutrient and water absorption in plants, and they adapt to low-P soils by altering their architecture for enhancing absorption of inorganic phosphate (Pi). This review summarizes the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental responses of roots to Pi starvation, including the primary root, lateral root, root hair, and root growth angle, in the dicot model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the monocot model plant rice (Oryza sativa). The importance of different root traits and genes for breeding P-efficient roots in rice varieties for Pi-deficient soils are also discussed, which we hope will benefit the genetic improvement of Pi uptake, Pi-use efficiency, and crop yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Keju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572100, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kong J, Yin K, Zhang C, Liu X, Yang N. PLDδ, auxin, and H 2O 2 mediated the allelopathic effect of cycloastragenol on root growth in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153929. [PMID: 36724592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cycloastragenol (CAG) is a tetra-cyclic triterpenoid allelochemical. It has been widely studied in animals but rarely in plants. Here, we reported that a model allelochemical CAG inhibited primary root elongation of Arabidopsis by reducing the sizes of both the meristem and elongation zones. Phospholipase Dδ(PLDδ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and auxin affected this process. After treatment with CAG, the expression of PLDδ and the activity of the Phospholipase D(PLD) enzyme increased in WT. Mutants analysis demonstrated that PLDδ negatively regulated the primary root elongation by CAG treatment. CAG treatment stimulated the accumulation of H2O2 in roots. The production of H2O2 was derived from cell wall peroxidase. Mutants analysis showed that PLDδ positively regulated the production of H2O2 by CAG treatment. CAG also decreased auxin content in the root tip by affecting the expression of auxin synthesis-related genes. PLDδ was involved in the auxin reduction mediated by CAG, but H2O2 did not participate in this process. In conclusion, PLDδ, auxin, and H2O2 mediated the inhibition of primary root growth by CAG in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juantao Kong
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kai Yin
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Cuixia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ning Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Yu Y, Wang S, Yang J, Ai X, Zhang N, Zhao X, Liu X, Zhong C, Yu H. Genome-wide characterization of phospholipase D family genes in allotetraploid peanut and its diploid progenitors revealed their crucial roles in growth and abiotic stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1102200. [PMID: 36743478 PMCID: PMC9895952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses such as cold, drought and salinity are the key environmental factors that limit the yield and quality of oil crop peanut. Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) are crucial hydrolyzing enzymes involved in lipid mediated signaling and have valuable functions in plant growth, development and stress tolerance. Here, 22, 22 and 46 PLD genes were identified in Arachis duranensis, Arachis ipaensis and Arachis hypogaea, respectively, and divided into α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and φ isoforms. Phylogenetic relationships, structural domains and molecular evolution proved the conservation of PLDs between allotetraploid peanut and its diploid progenitors. Almost each A. hypogaea PLD except for AhPLDα6B had a corresponding homolog in A. duranensis and A. ipaensis genomes. The expansion of Arachis PLD gene families were mainly attributed to segmental and tandem duplications under strong purifying selection. Functionally, the most proteins interacting with AhPLDs were crucial components of lipid metabolic pathways, in which ahy-miR3510, ahy-miR3513-3p and ahy-miR3516 might be hub regulators. Furthermore, plenty of cis-regulatory elements involved in plant growth and development, hormones and stress responses were identified. The tissue-specific transcription profiling revealed the broad and unique expression patterns of AhPLDs in various developmental stages. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that most AhPLDs could be induced by specific or multiple abiotic stresses. Especially, AhPLDα3A, AhPLDα5A, AhPLDβ1A, AhPLDβ2A and AhPLDδ4A were highly up-regulated under all three abiotic stresses, whereas AhPLDα9A was neither expressed in 22 peanut tissues nor induced by any abiotic stresses. This genome-wide study provides a systematic analysis of the Arachis PLD gene families and valuable information for further functional study of candidate AhPLDs in peanut growth and abiotic stress responses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang L, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Pei Y, Zhang M. Regulation of PIN-FORMED Protein Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010843. [PMID: 36614276 PMCID: PMC9821320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin action largely depends on the establishment of auxin concentration gradient within plant organs, where PIN-formed (PIN) auxin transporter-mediated directional auxin movement plays an important role. Accumulating studies have revealed the need of polar plasma membrane (PM) localization of PIN proteins as well as regulation of PIN polarity in response to developmental cues and environmental stimuli, amongst which a typical example is regulation of PIN phosphorylation by AGCVIII protein kinases and type A regulatory subunits of PP2A phosphatases. Recent findings, however, highlight the importance of PIN degradation in reestablishing auxin gradient. Although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood, these findings provide a novel aspect to broaden the current knowledge on regulation of polar auxin transport. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on controlling PIN degradation by endosome-mediated vacuolar targeting, autophagy, ubiquitin modification and the related E3 ubiquitin ligases, cytoskeletons, plant hormones, environmental stimuli, and other regulators, and discuss the possible mechanisms according to recent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-023-68251883
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xue C, Li W, Shen R, Lan P. Impacts of iron on phosphate starvation-induced root hair growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:215-238. [PMID: 36174546 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, phosphate starvation (-Pi)-induced responses of primary root and lateral root growth are documented to be correlated with ambient iron (Fe) status. However, whether and how Fe participates in -Pi-induced root hair growth (RHG) remains unclear. Here, responses of RHG to different Fe concentrations under Pi sufficiency/deficiency were verified. Generally, distinct dosage effects of Fe on RHG appeared at both Pi levels, due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Following analyses using auxin mutants and the phr1 mutant revealed that auxin and the central regulator PHR1 are required for Fe-triggered RHG under -Pi. A further proteomic study indicated that processes of vesicle trafficking and auxin synthesis and transport were affected by Fe under -Pi, which were subsequently validated by using a vesicle trafficking inhibitor, brefeldin A, and an auxin reporter, R2D2. Moreover, vesicle trafficking-mediated recycling of PIN2, an auxin efflux transporter, was notably affected by Fe under -Pi. Correspondingly, root hairs of pin2 mutant displayed attenuated responses to Fe under -Pi. Together, we propose that Fe affects auxin signalling probably by modulating vesicle trafficking, chiefly the PIN2 recycling, which might work jointly with PHR1 on modulating -Pi-induced RHG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sceinces, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sceinces, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sceinces, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guan B, Jiang YT, Lin DL, Lin WH, Xue HW. Phosphatidic acid suppresses autophagy through competitive inhibition by binding GAPC (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) proteins. Autophagy 2022; 18:2656-2670. [PMID: 35289711 PMCID: PMC9629070 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2046449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a finely-regulated process in which cytoplasm encapsulated within transient organelles termed autophagosomes is delivered to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. Phospholipids, particularly phosphatidic acid (PA) that functions as a second messenger, play crucial and differential roles in autophagosome formation; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrated that PA inhibits autophagy through competitive inhibition of the formation of ATG3 (autophagy-related)-ATG8e and ATG6-VPS34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34) complexes. PA bound to GAPC (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) or PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) and promoted their interaction with ATG3 or ATG6, which further attenuated the interactions of ATG3-ATG8e or ATG6-VPS34, respectively. Structural and mutational analyses revealed the mechanism of PA binding with GAPCs and PGK3, and that GAPCs or ATG8e competitively interacted with ATG3, and PGK3 or VPS34 competitively interacted with ATG6, at the same binding interface. These results elucidate the molecular mechanism of how PA inhibits autophagy through binding GAPC or PGK3 proteins and expand the understanding of the functional mode of PA, demonstrating the importance of phospholipids in plant autophagy and providing a new perspective for autophagy regulation by phospholipids.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy-related; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; Con A: concanamycin A; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; EZ: elongation zone; FRET-FLIM: fluorescence resonance energy transfer with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; MZ: meristem zone; PA: phosphatidic acid; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PGK3: phosphoglycerate kinase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PLD: phospholipase D; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TOR: target of rapamycin; VPS34: vacuolar protein sorting 34; WT: wild type; Y2H: yeast two-hybrid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang, China,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Xuhui, China
| | - Yu-Tong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang, China
| | - De-Li Lin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang, China,CONTACT Hong-Wei Xue Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, ofAgriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang, China,Wen-Hui Lin School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kohli PS, Pazhamala LT, Mani B, Thakur JK, Giri J. Root hair-specific transcriptome reveals response to low phosphorus in Cicer arietinum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983969. [PMID: 36267945 PMCID: PMC9577374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs (RH) are a single-cell extension of root epidermal cells. In low phosphorus (LP) availability, RH length and density increase thus expanding the total root surface area for phosphate (Pi) acquisition. However, details on genes involved in RH development and response to LP are missing in an agronomically important leguminous crop, chickpea. To elucidate this response in chickpea, we performed tissue-specific RNA-sequencing and analyzed the transcriptome modulation for RH and root without RH (Root-RH) under LP. Root hair initiation and cellular differentiation genes like RSL TFs and ROPGEFs are upregulated in Root-RH, explaining denser, and ectopic RH in LP. In RH, genes involved in tip growth processes and phytohormonal biosynthesis like cell wall synthesis and loosening (cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit, CaEXPA2, CaGRP2, and CaXTH2), cytoskeleton/vesicle transport, and ethylene biosynthesis are upregulated. Besides RH development, genes involved in LP responses like lipid and/or pectin P remobilization and acid phosphatases are induced in these tissues summarizing a complete molecular response to LP. Further, RH displayed preferential enrichment of processes involved in symbiotic interactions, which provide an additional benefit during LP. In conclusion, RH shows a multi-faceted response that starts with molecular changes for epidermal cell differentiation and RH initiation in Root-RH and later induction of tip growth and various LP responses in elongated RH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balaji Mani
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
- International Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Advances in Plant Lipid Metabolism Responses to Phosphate Scarcity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172238. [PMID: 36079619 PMCID: PMC9460063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low phosphate (Pi) availability in soils severely limits crop growth and production. Plants have evolved to have numerous physiological and molecular adaptive mechanisms to cope with Pi starvation. The release of Pi from membrane phospholipids is considered to improve plant phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency in response to Pi starvation and accompanies membrane lipid remodeling. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries related to this topic and the molecular basis of membrane phospholipid alteration and triacylglycerol metabolism in response to Pi depletion in plants at different subcellular levels. These findings will help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to Pi starvation and thus help to develop crop cultivars with high P utilization efficiency.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou H, Ge H, Chen J, Li X, Yang L, Zhang H, Wang Y. Salicylic Acid Regulates Root Gravitropic Growth via Clathrin-Independent Endocytic Trafficking of PIN2 Auxin Transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169379. [PMID: 36012641 PMCID: PMC9409447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, the mechanism of high-concentration SA-affected gravitropic response in plant root growth and root hair development is still largely unclear. In this study, wild-type, pin2 mutant and various transgenic fluorescence marker lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated to understand how root growth is affected by high SA treatment under gravitropic stress conditions. We found that exogenous SA application inhibited gravitropic root growth and root hair development in a dose-dependent manner. Further analyses using DIRECT REPEAT5 (DR5)-GFP, auxin sensor DII-VENUS, auxin efflux transporter PIN2-GFP, trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) clathrin-light-chain 2 (CLC2)-mCherry and prevacuolar compartment (PVC) (Rha1)-mCherry transgenic marker lines demonstrated that high SA treatment severely affected auxin accumulation, root-specific PIN2 distribution and PIN2 gene transcription and promoted the vacuolar degradation of PIN2, possibly independent of clathrin-mediated endocytic protein trafficking. Our findings proposed a new underlying mechanism of SA-affected gravitropic root growth and root hair development via the regulation of PIN2 gene transcription and PIN2 protein endocytosis in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Zhou
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Haiman Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuan Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Y, Wang R, Zhao S, Lu C, Zhu Z, Li H. Transporter NRT1.5/NPF7.3 suppresses primary root growth under low K + stress by regulating the degradation of PIN-FORMED2. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:330. [PMID: 35804293 PMCID: PMC9264542 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of potassium is one of the main environmental factors for modifying the plasticity of root architecture. Many potassium channels and transporters are involved in regulating primary root growth in response to low potassium stress. NRT1.5/NPF7.3 transporter is a NO3-/H+ and K+/H+ cotransporter, and participates in NO3- and K+ translocation from the roots to the shoots. However, the underlying mechanism of NRT1.5-regulated primary root growth under low potassium stress is unclear. RESULTS We show that NRT1.5/NPF7.3 inhibited primary root growth under low potassium conditions by regulating the accumulation of PIN2 protein and auxin levels. Under low potassium conditions, the mutants nrt1.5 and lks2 exhibited longer primary roots, longer meristem regions and elongation zones of primary roots, and more cell activity in the meristem region compared to WT plants, revealing the involvement of NRT1.5 in LK (low potassium)-inhibition primary root growth. In addition, exogenous auxin (IAA), auxin analogue (NAA, 2.4-D) or auxin precursor (IBA) promoted the primary root growth of WT and the complementation line NRT1.5 COM plants. In addition, the application of NPA inhibited the primary root growth of the nrt1.5 and lks2 mutants. Auxin accumulation was higher in the root tip of nrt1.5 plants than in WT plants, indicating that NRT1.5 regulates root growth inhibition by regulating auxin distribution. Furthermore, PIN2 was degraded more quickly in nrt1.5 plants under LK stress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that NRT1.5 inhibits primary root growth by modulating the auxin level in the root tip via the degradation of PIN2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changmei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Wang LF, Han SY, Ren F, Liu WC. Sorting Nexin1 negatively modulates phosphate uptake by facilitating Phosphate Transporter1;1 degradation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:72-84. [PMID: 35436372 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity phosphate (Pi) transporters (PHTs) PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 are necessary for plant root Pi uptake especially under Pi-deficient conditions, but how their protein stability is modulated remains elusive. Here, we identified a Ttransfer DNA insertion mutant of Sorting Nexin1 (SNX1), which had more Pi content and less anthocyanin accumulation than the wild type under deficient Pi. By contrast, the snx1-2 mutant displayed higher sensitivity to exogenous arsenate in terms of seed germination and root elongation, revealing higher Pi uptake rates. Further study showed that SNX1 could co-localize and interact with PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in vesicles and at the plasma membrane. Genetic analysis showed that increased Pi content in the snx1-2 mutant under low Pi conditions could be extensively compromised by mutating PHT1;1 in the double mutant snx1-2 pht1;1, revealing that SNX1 is epistatic to PHT1;1. In addition, SNX1 negatively controls PHT1;1 protein stability; therefore, PHT1;1 protein abundance in the plasma membrane was increased in the snx1-2 mutant compared with the wild type under either sufficient or deficient Pi. Together, our study (i) identifies SNX1 as a key modulator of the plant response to low Pi and (ii) unravels its role in the modulation of PHT1;1 protein stability, PHT1;1 accumulation at the plasma membrane, and root Pi uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lin-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shu-Yue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen P, Ge Y, Chen L, Yan F, Cai L, Zhao H, Lei D, Jiang J, Wang M, Tao Y. SAV4 is required for ethylene-induced root hair growth through stabilizing PIN2 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1735-1752. [PMID: 35274300 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root hair development is regulated by hormonal and environmental cues, such as ethylene and low phosphate. Auxin efflux carrier PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2) plays an important role in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips, which is required for root hair development. Ethylene promotes root hair development through increasing PIN2 abundance in root tips, which subsequently leads to enhanced expression of auxin reporter genes. However, how PIN2 is regulated remains obscure. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana sav4 (shade avoidance 4) mutant exhibits defects in ethylene-induced root hair development and in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips. Ethylene treatment increased SAV4 abundance in root tips. SAV4 and PIN2 co-localize to the shootward plasma membrane (PM) of root tip epidermal cells. SAV4 directly interacts with the PIN2 hydrophilic region (PIN2HL) and regulates PIN2 abundance on the PM. Vacuolar degradation of PIN2 is suppressed by ethylene, which was weakened in sav4 mutant. Furthermore, SAV4 affects the formation of PIN2 clusters and its lateral diffusion on the PM. In summary, we identified SAV4 as a novel regulator of PIN2 that enhances PIN2 membrane clustering and stability through direct protein-protein interactions. Our study revealed a new layer of regulation on PIN2 dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peirui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yanhua Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Liying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Lingling Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Deshun Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Jinxi Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Deng A, Xiang M, Lan Q, Li X, Yuan S, Gou X, Hao S, Du J, Xiao C. The Root Hair Development of Pectin Polygalacturonase PGX2 Activation Tagging Line in Response to Phosphate Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862171. [PMID: 35586221 PMCID: PMC9108675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose constitute the primary cell wall in eudicots and function in multiple developmental processes in plants. Root hairs are outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Cell wall architecture influences root hair development, but how cell wall remodeling might enable enhanced root hair formation in response to phosphate (P) deficiency remains relatively unclear. Here, we found that POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION 2 (PGX2) functions in conditional root hair development. Under low P conditions, a PGX2 activation tagged line (PGX2AT ) displays bubble-like root hairs and abnormal callose deposition and superoxide accumulation in roots. We found that the polar localization and trafficking of PIN2 are altered in PGX2AT roots in response to P deficiency. We also found that actin filaments were less compact but more stable in PGX2AT root hair cells and that actin filament skewness in PGX2AT root hairs was recovered by treatment with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. These results demonstrate that activation tagging of PGX2 affects cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and actin microfilament orientation, which may cooperatively regulate root hair development in response to P starvation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin F, Zheng J, Xie Y, Jing W, Zhang Q, Zhang W. Emerging roles of phosphoinositide-associated membrane trafficking in plant stress responses. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:726-734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Nadeem M, Wu J, Ghaffari H, Kedir AJ, Saleem S, Mollier A, Singh J, Cheema M. Understanding the Adaptive Mechanisms of Plants to Enhance Phosphorus Use Efficiency on Podzolic Soils in Boreal Agroecosystems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:804058. [PMID: 35371179 PMCID: PMC8965363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.804058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Being a macronutrient, phosphorus (P) is the backbone to complete the growth cycle of plants. However, because of low mobility and high fixation, P becomes the least available nutrient in podzolic soils; hence, enhancing phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) can play an important role in different cropping systems/crop production practices to meet ever-increasing demands in food, fiber, and fuel. Additionally, the rapidly decreasing mineral phosphate rocks/stocks forced to explore alternative resources and methods to enhance PUE either through improved seed P reserves and their remobilization, P acquisition efficiency (PAE), or plant's internal P utilization efficiency (IPUE) or both for sustainable P management strategies. The objective of this review article is to explore and document important domains to enhance PUE in crop plants grown on Podzol in a boreal agroecosystem. We have discussed P availabilities in podzolic soils, root architecture and morphology, root exudates, phosphate transporters and their role in P uptake, different contributors to enhance PAE and IPUE, and strategies to improve plant PUE in crops grown on podzolic soils deficient in P and acidic in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Jiaxu Wu
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | | | - Amana Jemal Kedir
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
- Environmental Science Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Shamila Saleem
- Department of Agriculture Extension, Government of Punjab, Khanewal, Pakistan
| | - Alain Mollier
- INRAE, UMR 1391 ISPA, Bordeaux Science Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
do Nascimento SV, Costa PHDO, Herrera H, Caldeira CF, Gastauer M, Ramos SJ, Oliveira G, Valadares RBDS. Proteomic Profiling and Rhizosphere-Associated Microbial Communities Reveal Adaptive Mechanisms of Dioclea apurensis Kunth in Eastern Amazon's Rehabilitating Minelands. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:712. [PMID: 35270182 PMCID: PMC8912737 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dioclea apurensis Kunth is native to ferruginous rocky outcrops (known as canga) in the eastern Amazon. Native cangas are considered hotspots of biological diversity and have one of the largest iron ore deposits in the world. There, D. apurensis can grow in post-mining areas where molecular mechanisms and rhizospheric interactions with soil microorganisms are expected to contribute to their establishment in rehabilitating minelands (RM). In this study, we compare the root proteomic profile and rhizosphere-associated bacterial and fungal communities of D. apurensis growing in canga and RM to characterize the main mechanisms that allow the growth and establishment in post-mining areas. The results showed that proteins involved in response to oxidative stress, drought, excess of iron, and phosphorus deficiency showed higher levels in canga and, therefore, helped explain its high establishment rates in RM. Rhizospheric selectivity of microorganisms was more evident in canga. The microbial community structure was mostly different between the two habitats, denoting that despite having its preferences, D. apurensis can associate with beneficial soil microorganisms without specificity. Therefore, its good performance in RM can also be improved or attributed to its ability to cope with beneficial soil-borne microorganisms. Native plants with such adaptations must be used to enhance the rehabilitation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Vasconcelos do Nascimento
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém CEP 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Hector Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Cecílio Frois Caldeira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Markus Gastauer
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Silvio Junio Ramos
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Rafael Borges da Silva Valadares
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém CEP 66050-090, Brazil; (S.V.d.N.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.F.C.); (M.G.); (S.J.R.); (G.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jia Z, Giehl RFH, von Wirén N. Nutrient-hormone relations: Driving root plasticity in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:86-103. [PMID: 34920172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant development requires root uptake of 14 essential mineral elements from the soil. Since the bioavailability of these nutrients underlies large variation in space and time, plants must dynamically adjust their root architecture to optimize nutrient access and acquisition. The information on external nutrient availability and whole-plant demand is translated into cellular signals that often involve phytohormones as intermediates to trigger a systemic or locally restricted developmental response. Timing and extent of such local root responses depend on the overall nutritional status of the plant that is transmitted from shoots to roots in the form of phytohormones or other systemic long-distance signals. The integration of these systemic and local signals then determines cell division or elongation rates in primary and lateral roots, the initiation, emergence, or elongation of lateral roots, as well as the formation of root hairs. Here, we review the cascades of nutrient-related sensing and signaling events that involve hormones and highlight nutrient-hormone relations that coordinate root developmental plasticity in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Jia
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Song C, Wu M, Zhou Y, Gong Z, Yu W, Zhang Y, Yang Z. NAC-mediated membrane lipid remodeling negatively regulates fruit cold tolerance. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac039. [PMID: 35531317 PMCID: PMC9071380 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures are known to destroy cell membranes' structural integrity by affecting the remodeling of their phospholipids. Fruits stored at low temperature are prone to chilling injury, characterized by discoloration, absence of ripening, surface pitting, growth inhibition, flavor loss, decay, and wilting. Phosphatidic acid, a vital second-messenger lipid in plants, is known to accumulate in response to different kinds of stress stimuli. However, the regulatory mechanism of its production from the degradation of phospholipids remains poorly understood. We identified two cold-responsive NAC (NAM/ATAF1/CUC2) transcription factors from bananas, namely, MaNAC25 and MaNAC28, which negatively regulated cold tolerance in banana fruits by upregulating the expression of phospholipid degradation genes in banana fruits. Furthermore, MaNAC25 and MaNAC28 formed a positive feedback loop to induce phospholipid degradation and produce phosphatidic acid. In contrast, ethylene directly inhibited the degradation of phospholipids in banana and transgenic tomato fruits. In addition, ethylene reduced the activity of MaNAC25 and MaNAC28, thereby inhibiting phospholipid degradation. To conclude, NAC-mediated membrane lipid remodeling negatively regulates the cold tolerance of banana and transgenic tomato fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Song
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Mengbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zehao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shimamura R, Ohashi Y, Taniguchi YY, Kato M, Tsuge T, Aoyama T. Arabidopsis PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 localize to post-Golgi membrane compartments in a partially overlapping manner. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:31-49. [PMID: 34601701 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 localize to the trans-Golgi network and to compartments including the trans-Golgi network, multi-vesicular bodies, and the tonoplast, respectively, depending on their N-terminal regions containing PX-PH domains. Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in dynamic cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction for gene expression, through the production of phosphatidic acid in membrane compartments specific to each process. Although PLD plays crucial roles in various plant phenomena, the underlying processes involving PLD for each phenomenon remain largely elusive, partly because the subcellular localization of PLD remains obscure. In this study, we performed comparative subcellular localization analyses of the Arabidopsis thaliana PX-PH-PLDs PLDζ1 and PLDζ2. In mature lateral root cap cells, own promoter-driven fluorescence protein fusions of PLDζ1 localized to the entire trans-Golgi network (TGN) while that of PLDζ2 localized to punctate structures including part of the TGN and multi-vesicular bodies as well as the tonoplast. These localization patterns were reproduced using N-terminal partial proteins, which contain PX-PH domains. An inducibly overexpressed fluorescence protein fusion of the PLDζ2 partial protein first localized to punctate structures, and then accumulated predominantly on the tonoplast. Further domain dissection analysis revealed that the N-terminal moiety preceding the PX-PH domain of PLDζ2 was required for the tonoplast-predominant accumulation. These findings suggest that PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 play partially overlapping but nonetheless distinctive roles in post-Golgi compartments along the membrane trafficking pathway from the TGN to the tonoplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shimamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yohei Ohashi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Mariko Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qu L, Chu YJ, Lin WH, Xue HW. A secretory phospholipase D hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to suppress rice heading time. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009905. [PMID: 34879072 PMCID: PMC8654219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids and is crucial in various physiological processes and transduction of different signals. Secretory phospholipases play important roles in mammals, however, whose functions in plants remain largely unknown. We previously identified a rice secretory PLD (spPLD) that harbors a signal peptide and here we reported the secretion and function of spPLD in rice heading time regulation. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed the signal peptide is indispensable for spPLD secretion into the extracellular spaces, where spPLD hydrolyzes substrates. spPLD overexpression results in delayed heading time which is dependent on its secretory character, while suppression or deficiency of spPLD led to the early heading of rice under both short-day and long-day conditions, which is consistent with that spPLD overexpression/suppression indeed led to the reduced/increased Hd3a/RFT1 (Arabidopsis Flowing Locus T homolog) activities. Interestingly, rice Hd3a and RFT1 bind to phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and a further analysis by lipidomic approach using mass spectrometry revealed the altered phospholipids profiles in shoot apical meristem, particularly the PC species, under altered spPLD expressions. These results indicate the significance of secretory spPLD and help to elucidate the regulatory network of rice heading time. Secretory phospholipases play essential roles in physiological processes of mammals, while functions of them in plants remain unknown. We identified a rice secretory PLD (spPLD) harboring a signal peptide which is indispensable for secretion of spPLD. Functional studies showed that altered spPLD expression resulted in the changed heading time of rice under both short-day and long-day conditions, which is dependent on the secretory character of spPLD. Rice Hd3a and RFT1, the homologs of Arabidopsis Flowing Locus T (FT), bind to phosphatidylcholine (PC) to promote heading. Analysis of phospholipids profiles in shoot apical meristem by using a mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach demonstrated that spPLD regulates heading time by hydrolyzing the light period-predominant PC species, further revealing the crucial role of secretory proteins in regulating plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jia Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (W-HL); (H-WX)
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (W-HL); (H-WX)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Villaécija-Aguilar JA, Körösy C, Maisch L, Hamon-Josse M, Petrich A, Magosch S, Chapman P, Bennett T, Gutjahr C. KAI2 promotes Arabidopsis root hair elongation at low external phosphate by controlling local accumulation of AUX1 and PIN2. Curr Biol 2021; 32:228-236.e3. [PMID: 34758285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Root hair (RH) growth to increase the absorptive root surface area is a key adaptation of plants to limiting phosphate availability in soils. Despite the importance of this trait, especially for seedling survival, little is known about the molecular events connecting phosphate starvation sensing and RH growth regulation. KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), an α/β-hydrolase receptor of a yet-unknown plant hormone ("KAI2-ligand" [KL]), is required for RH elongation.1 KAI2 interacts with the F-box protein MORE AXILLIARY BRANCHING2 (MAX2) to target regulatory proteins of the SUPPRESSOR of MAX2 1 (SMAX1) family for degradation.2 Here, we demonstrate that Pi starvation increases KL signaling in Arabidopsis roots through transcriptional activation of KAI2 and MAX2. Both genes are required for RH elongation under these conditions, while smax1 smxl2 mutants have constitutively long RHs, even at high Pi availability. Attenuated RH elongation in kai2 mutants is explained by reduced shootward auxin transport from the root tip resulting in reduced auxin signaling in the RH zone, caused by an inability to increase localized accumulation of the auxin importer AUXIN TRANSPORTER PROTEIN1 (AUX1) and the auxin exporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) upon Pi starvation. Consistent with AUX1 and PIN2 accumulation being mediated via ethylene signaling,3 expression of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 7 (ACS7) is increased at low Pi in a KAI2-dependent manner, and treatment with an ethylene precursor restores RH elongation of acs7, but not of aux1 and pin2. Thus, KAI2 signaling is increased by phosphate starvation to trigger an ethylene- AUX1/PIN2-auxin cascade required for RH elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Villaécija-Aguilar
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Körösy
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas Maisch
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maxime Hamon-Josse
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea Petrich
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Magosch
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philipp Chapman
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Han X, Yang Y. Phospholipids in Salt Stress Response. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102204. [PMID: 34686013 PMCID: PMC8540237 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High salinity threatens crop production by harming plants and interfering with their development. Plant cells respond to salt stress in various ways, all of which involve multiple components such as proteins, peptides, lipids, sugars, and phytohormones. Phospholipids, important components of bio-membranes, are small amphoteric molecular compounds. These have attracted significant attention in recent years due to the regulatory effect they have on cellular activity. Over the past few decades, genetic and biochemical analyses have partly revealed that phospholipids regulate salt stress response by participating in salt stress signal transduction. In this review, we summarize the generation and metabolism of phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphoinositides (PIs), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), as well as the regulatory role each phospholipid plays in the salt stress response. We also discuss the possible regulatory role based on how they act during other cellular activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Han
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-62732030
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jia Q, Zhang S, Lin Y, Zhang J, Li L, Chen H, Zhang Q. Phospholipase Dδ regulates pollen tube growth by modulating actin cytoskeleton organization in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1915610. [PMID: 33853512 PMCID: PMC8205101 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1915610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays pivotal roles in pollen tube growth by regulating organelle movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and vesicle trafficking. Previous studies have reported that plasma membrane-localized phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) binds to cortical microtubules and negatively regulates plant stress tolerance. However, it remains unknown whether or how PLDδ regulates microfilament organization. In this study, we found that loss of PLDδ function led to a significant increase in pollen tube growth, whereas PLDδ overexpression resulted in pollen tube growth inhibition. We also found that wild-type PLDδ, rather than Arg 622-mutated PLDδ, complemented the pldδ phenotype in pollen tubes. In vitro biochemical assays demonstrated that PLDδ binds directly to F-actin, and immunofluorescence assays revealed that PLDδ in pollen tubes influences actin organization. Together, these results suggest that PLDδ participates in the development of pollen tube growth by organizing actin filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Jia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Yaoxi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Jixiu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- CONTACT Qun Zhang College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Weigang Road 1, College of Life Sciences #48, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Deepika D, Singh A. Plant phospholipase D: novel structure, regulatory mechanism, and multifaceted functions with biotechnological application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:106-124. [PMID: 34167393 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are important membrane lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. Phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, is a vital signaling molecule. PLD-mediated lipid signaling has been the subject of extensive research leading to discovery of its crystal structure. PLDs are involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases, therefore, viewed as promising targets for drug design. The availability of a eukaryotic PLD crystal structure will encourage PLD targeted drug designing. PLDs have been implicated in plants response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of response is not clear. Recently, several novel findings have shown that PLD mediated modulation of structural and developmental processes, such as: stomata movement, root growth and microtubule organization are crucial for plants adaptation to environmental stresses. Involvement of PLDs in regulating membrane remodeling, auxin mediated alteration of root system architecture and nutrient uptake to combat nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and magnesium toxicity is established. PLDs via vesicle trafficking modulate cytoskeleton and exocytosis to regulate self-incompatibility (SI) signaling in flowering plants, thereby contributes to plants hybrid vigor and diversity. In addition, the important role of PLDs has been recognized in biotechnologically important functions, including oil/TAG synthesis and maintenance of seed quality. In this review, we describe the crystal structure of a plant PLD and discuss the molecular mechanism of catalysis and activity regulation. Further, the role of PLDs in regulating plant development under biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, magnesium ion toxicity, SI signaling and pollen tube growth and in important biotechnological applications has been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Jong F, Munnik T. Attracted to membranes: lipid-binding domains in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:707-723. [PMID: 33793907 PMCID: PMC8133573 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are essential for cells and organelles to function. As membranes are impermeable to most polar and charged molecules, they provide electrochemical energy to transport molecules across and create compartmentalized microenvironments for specific enzymatic and cellular processes. Membranes are also responsible for guided transport of cargoes between organelles and during endo- and exocytosis. In addition, membranes play key roles in cell signaling by hosting receptors and signal transducers and as substrates and products of lipid second messengers. Anionic lipids and their specific interaction with target proteins play an essential role in these processes, which are facilitated by specific lipid-binding domains. Protein crystallography, lipid-binding studies, subcellular localization analyses, and computer modeling have greatly advanced our knowledge over the years of how these domains achieve precision binding and what their function is in signaling and membrane trafficking, as well as in plant development and stress acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Jong
- Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Casal JJ, Estevez JM. Auxin-Environment Integration in Growth Responses to Forage for Resources. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040030. [PMID: 33431585 PMCID: PMC8015692 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant fitness depends on the adequate morphological adjustment to the prevailing conditions of the environment. Therefore, plants sense environmental cues through their life cycle, including the presence of full darkness, light, or shade, the range of ambient temperatures, the direction of light and gravity vectors, and the presence of water and mineral nutrients (such as nitrate and phosphate) in the soil. The environmental information impinges on different aspects of the auxin system such as auxin synthesis, degradation, transport, perception, and downstream transcriptional regulation to modulate organ growth. Although a single environmental cue can affect several of these points, the relative impacts differ significantly among the various growth processes and cues. While stability in the generation of precise auxin gradients serves to guide the basic developmental pattern, dynamic changes in the auxin system fine-tune body shape to optimize the capture of environmental resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Casal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370146, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li K, Zhou X, Sun X, Li G, Hou L, Zhao S, Zhao C, Ma C, Li P, Wang X. Coordination between MIDASIN 1-mediated ribosome biogenesis and auxin modulates plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2501-2513. [PMID: 33476386 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are required for plant growth and development, and ribosome biogenesis-deficient mutants generally display auxin-related phenotypes. Although the relationship between ribosome dysfunction and auxin is known, many aspects of this subject remain to be understood. We previously reported that MIDASIN 1 (MDN1) is an essential pre-60S ribosome biogenesis factor (RBF) in Arabidopsis. In this study, we further characterized the aberrant auxin-related phenotypes of mdn1-1, a weak mutant allele of MDN1. Auxin response is disturbed in both shoots and roots of mdn1-1, as indicated by the DR5:GUS reporter. By combining transcriptome profiling analysis and reporter gene detection, we found that expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling is changed in mdn1-1. Furthermore, MDN1 deficiency affects the post-transcriptional regulation and protein distribution of PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2, an auxin efflux facilitator) in mdn1-1 roots. These results indicate that MDN1 is required for maintaining the auxin system. More interestingly, MDN1 is an auxin-responsive gene, and its promoter can be targeted by multiple AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), including ARF7 and ARF19, in vitro. Indeed, in arf7 arf19, the auxin sensitivity of MDN1 expression is significantly reduced. Together, our results reveal a coordination mechanism between auxin and MDN1-dependent ribosome biogenesis for regulating plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ximeng Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xueping Sun
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Lei Hou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shuzhen Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Changle Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, PR China
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dissanayaka DMSB, Ghahremani M, Siebers M, Wasaki J, Plaxton WC. Recent insights into the metabolic adaptations of phosphorus-deprived plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:199-223. [PMID: 33211873 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential macronutrient required for many fundamental processes in plants, including photosynthesis and respiration, as well as nucleic acid, protein, and membrane phospholipid synthesis. The huge use of Pi-containing fertilizers in agriculture demonstrates that the soluble Pi levels of most soils are suboptimal for crop growth. This review explores recent advances concerning the understanding of adaptive metabolic processes that plants have evolved to alleviate the negative impact of nutritional Pi deficiency. Plant Pi starvation responses arise from complex signaling pathways that integrate altered gene expression with post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. The resultant remodeling of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome enhances the efficiency of root Pi acquisition from the soil, as well as the use of assimilated Pi throughout the plant. We emphasize how the up-regulation of high-affinity Pi transporters and intra- and extracellular Pi scavenging and recycling enzymes, organic acid anion efflux, membrane remodeling, and the remarkable flexibility of plant metabolism and bioenergetics contribute to the survival of Pi-deficient plants. This research field is enabling the development of a broad range of innovative and promising strategies for engineering phosphorus-efficient crops. Such cultivars are urgently needed to reduce inputs of unsustainable and non-renewable Pi fertilizers for maximum agronomic benefit and long-term global food security and ecosystem preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M S B Dissanayaka
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meike Siebers
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Wasaki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao CY, Xue HW. PI4Kγ2 Interacts with E3 Ligase MIEL1 to Regulate Auxin Metabolism and Root Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:933-944. [PMID: 32788299 PMCID: PMC7536656 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root development is important for normal plant growth and nutrient absorption. Studies have revealed the involvement of various factors in this complex process, improving our understanding of the relevant regulatory mechanisms. Here, we functionally characterize the role of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase γ2 (PI4Kγ2) in root elongation regulation, which functions to modulate stability of the RING-type E3 ligase MYB30-INTERACTING E3 LIGASE1 (MIEL1) and auxin metabolism. Mutant plants deficient in PI4Kγ2 (pi4kγ2) exhibited a shortened root length and elongation zone due to reduced auxin level. PI4Kγ2 was shown to interact with MIEL1, regulating its degradation and furthering the stability of transcription factor MYB30 (which suppresses auxin metabolism by directly binding to promoter regions of GH3 2 and GH3 6). Interestingly, pi4kγ2 plants presented altered hypersensitive response, indicating that PI4Kγ2 regulates synergetic growth and defense of plants through modulating auxin metabolism. These results reveal the importance of protein interaction in regulating ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in eukaryotic cells, and illustrate a mechanism coordinating plant growth and biotic stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
New Era of Diacylglycerol Kinase, Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid-Binding Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186794. [PMID: 32947951 PMCID: PMC7555651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Mammalian DGK consists of ten isozymes (α–κ) and governs a wide range of physiological and pathological events, including immune responses, neuronal networking, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fragile X syndrome, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. DG and PA comprise diverse molecular species that have different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because the DGK activity is essential for phosphatidylinositol turnover, which exclusively produces 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-DG, it has been generally thought that all DGK isozymes utilize the DG species derived from the turnover. However, it was recently revealed that DGK isozymes, except for DGKε, phosphorylate diverse DG species, which are not derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover. In addition, various PA-binding proteins (PABPs), which have different selectivities for PA species, were recently found. These results suggest that DGK–PA–PABP axes can potentially construct a large and complex signaling network and play physiologically and pathologically important roles in addition to DGK-dependent attenuation of DG–DG-binding protein axes. For example, 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PA produced by DGKδ interacts with and activates Praja-1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter, which is a target of drugs for obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders, in the brain. This article reviews recent research progress on PA species produced by DGK isozymes, the selective binding of PABPs to PA species and a phosphatidylinositol turnover-independent DG supply pathway.
Collapse
|
36
|
Phosphatidic acid: an emerging versatile class of cellular mediators. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:533-546. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lipids function not only as the major structural components of cell membranes, but also as molecular messengers that transduce signals to trigger downstream signaling events in the cell. Phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest and a minor class of glycerophospholipids, is a key intermediate for the synthesis of membrane and storage lipids, and also plays important roles in mediating diverse cellular and physiological processes in eukaryotes ranging from microbes to mammals and higher plants. PA comprises different molecular species that can act differently, and is found in virtually all organisms, tissues, and organellar membranes, with variations in total content and molecular species composition. The cellular levels of PA are highly dynamic in response to stimuli and multiple enzymatic reactions can mediate its production and degradation. Moreover, its unique physicochemical properties compared with other glycerophospholipids allow PA to influence membrane structure and dynamics, and interact with various proteins. PA has emerged as a class of new lipid mediators modulating various signaling and cellular processes via its versatile effects, such as membrane tethering, conformational changes, and enzymatic activities of target proteins, and vesicular trafficking.
Collapse
|