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Kaiser A, Holz NE, Banaschewski T, Baumeister S, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Fröhner JH, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Millenet S, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Schwarz E, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Brandeis D, Nees F. A Developmental Perspective on Facets of Impulsivity and Brain Activity Correlates From Adolescence to Adulthood. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1103-1115. [PMID: 35182817 PMCID: PMC9636026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On a theoretical level, impulsivity represents a multidimensional construct associated with acting without foresight, inefficient inhibitory response control, and alterations in reward processing. On an empirical level, relationships and changes in associations between different measures of impulsivity from adolescence into young adulthood and their relation to neural activity during inhibitory control and reward anticipation have not been fully understood. METHODS We used data from IMAGEN, a longitudinal multicenter, population-based cohort study in which 2034 healthy adolescents were investigated at age 14, and 1383 were reassessed as young adults at age 19. We measured the construct of trait impulsivity using self-report questionnaires and neurocognitive indices of decisional impulsivity. With functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed brain activity during inhibition error processing using the stop signal task and during reward anticipation in the monetary incentive delay task. Correlations were analyzed, and mixed-effect models were fitted to explore developmental and predictive effects. RESULTS All self-report and neurocognitive measures of impulsivity proved to be correlated during adolescence and young adulthood. Further, pre-supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus activity during inhibition error processing was associated with trait impulsivity in adolescence, whereas in young adulthood, a trend-level association with reward anticipation activity in the ventral striatum was found. For adult delay discounting, a trend-level predictive effect of adolescent neural activity during inhibition error processing emerged. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help to inform theories of impulsivity about the development of its multidimensional nature and associated brain activity patterns and highlight the need for taking functional brain development into account when evaluating neuromarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaiser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Population Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Harrison PJ, Mould A, Tunbridge EM. New drug targets in psychiatry: Neurobiological considerations in the genomics era. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104763. [PMID: 35787892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
After a period of withdrawal, pharmaceutical companies have begun to reinvest in neuropsychiatric disorders, due to improvements in our understanding of these disorders, stimulated in part by genomic studies. However, translating this information into disease insights and ultimately into tractable therapeutic targets is a major challenge. Here we consider how different sources of information might be integrated to guide this process. We review how an understanding of neurobiology has been used to advance therapeutic candidates identified in the pre-genomic era, using catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) as an exemplar. We then contrast with ZNF804A, the first genome-wide significant schizophrenia gene, and draw on some of the lessons that these and other examples provide. We highlight that, at least in the short term, the translation of potential targets for which there is orthogonal neurobiological support is likely to be more straightforward and productive than that those relying solely on genomic information. Although we focus here on information from genomic studies of schizophrenia, the points are broadly applicable across major psychiatric disorders and their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Arne Mould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Palk A, Illes J, Thompson PM, Stein DJ. Ethical issues in global neuroimaging genetics collaborations. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117208. [PMID: 32736000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging genetics is a rapidly developing field that combines neuropsychiatric genetics studies with imaging modalities to investigate how genetic variation influences brain structure and function. As both genetic and imaging technologies improve further, their combined power may hold translational potential in terms of improving psychiatric nosology, diagnosis, and treatment. While neuroimaging genetics studies offer a number of scientific advantages, they also face challenges. In response to some of these challenges, global neuroimaging genetics collaborations have been created to pool and compare brain data and replicate study findings. Attention has been paid to ethical issues in genetics, neuroimaging, and multi-site collaborative research, respectively, but there have been few substantive discussions of the ethical issues generated by the confluence of these areas in global neuroimaging genetics collaborations. Our discussion focuses on two areas: benefits and risks of global neuroimaging genetics collaborations and the potential impact of neuroimaging genetics research findings in low- and middle-income countries. Global neuroimaging genetics collaborations have the potential to enhance relations between countries and address global mental health challenges, however there are risks regarding inequity, exploitation and data sharing. Moreover, neuroimaging genetics research in low- and middle-income countries must address the issue of feedback of findings and the risk of essentializing and stigmatizing interpretations of mental disorders. We conclude by examining how the notion of solidarity, informed by an African Ethics framework, may justify some of the suggestions made in our discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palk
- Department of Philosophy, Stellenbosch University, Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Judy Illes
- Neuroethics Canada, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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5
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Szekely E, Schwantes-An THL, Justice CM, Sabourin JA, Jansen PR, Muetzel RL, Sharp W, Tiemeier H, Sung H, White TJ, Wilson AF, Shaw P. Genetic associations with childhood brain growth, defined in two longitudinal cohorts. Genet Epidemiol 2018; 42:405-414. [PMID: 29682794 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are unraveling the genetics of adult brain neuroanatomy as measured by cross-sectional anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (aMRI). However, the genetic mechanisms that shape childhood brain development are, as yet, largely unexplored. In this study we identify common genetic variants associated with childhood brain development as defined by longitudinal aMRI. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were determined in two cohorts: one enriched for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (LONG cohort: 458 participants; 119 with ADHD) and the other from a population-based cohort (Generation R: 257 participants). The growth of the brain's major regions (cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, and cerebellum) and one region of interest (the right lateral prefrontal cortex) were defined on all individuals from two aMRIs, and a GWAS and a pathway analysis were performed. In addition, association between polygenic risk for ADHD and brain growth was determined for the LONG cohort. For white matter growth, GWAS meta-analysis identified a genome-wide significant intergenic SNP (rs12386571, P = 9.09 × 10-9 ), near AKR1B10. This gene is part of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily and shows neural expression. No enrichment of neural pathways was detected and polygenic risk for ADHD was not associated with the brain growth phenotypes in the LONG cohort that was enriched for the diagnosis of ADHD. The study illustrates the use of a novel brain growth phenotype defined in vivo for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szekely
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tae-Hwi Linus Schwantes-An
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cristina M Justice
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A Sabourin
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip R Jansen
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Sharp
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heejong Sung
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tonya J White
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Wilson
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Shaw
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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6
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Duka T, Nikolaou K, King SL, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Carvalho FM, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Jia T, Gowland P, Martinot JL, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka M, Schumann G, Stephens DN. GABRB1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with Altered Brain Responses (but not Performance) during Measures of Impulsivity and Reward Sensitivity in Human Adolescents. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 28261068 PMCID: PMC5309221 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in genes encoding several GABAA receptors have been associated with human drug and alcohol abuse. Among these, a number of human studies have suggested an association between GABRB1, the gene encoding GABAA receptor β1 subunits, with Alcohol dependence (AD), both on its own and comorbid with other substance dependence and psychiatric illnesses. In the present study, we hypothesized that the GABRB1 genetically-associated increased risk for developing alcoholism may be associated with impaired behavioral control and altered sensitivity to reward, as a consequence of altered brain function. Exploiting the IMAGEN database (Schumann et al., 2010), we explored in a human adolescent population whether possession of the minor (T) variant of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2044081 is associated with performance of tasks measuring aspects of impulsivity, and reward sensitivity that are implicated in drug and alcohol abuse. Allelic variation did not associate with altered performance in either a stop-signal task (SST), measuring one aspect of impulsivity, or a monetary incentive delay (MID) task assessing reward anticipation. However, increased functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response in the right hemisphere inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left hemisphere caudate/insula and left hemisphere inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) during MID performance was higher in the minor (T) allelic group. In contrast, during SST performance, the BOLD response found in the right hemisphere supramarginal gyrus, right hemisphere lingual and left hemisphere inferior parietal gyrus indicated reduced responses in the minor genotype. We suggest that β1-containing GABAA receptors may play a role in excitability of brain regions important in controlling reward-related behavior, which may contribute to susceptibility to addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Duka
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Falmer, UK
| | | | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Falmer, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College LondonLondon, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine HospitalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of VermontBurlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London London, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK; Rotman Research Institute, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College LondonLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) CentreLondon, UK
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Kwako LE, Momenan R, Litten RZ, Koob GF, Goldman D. Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment: A Neuroscience-Based Framework for Addictive Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:179-89. [PMID: 26772405 PMCID: PMC4870153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes a heuristic framework for the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment that incorporates key functional domains derived from the neurocircuitry of addiction. We review how addictive disorders (ADs) are presently diagnosed and the need for new neuroclinical measures to differentiate patients who meet clinical criteria for addiction to the same agent while differing in etiology, prognosis, and treatment response. The need for a better understanding of the mechanisms provoking and maintaining addiction, as evidenced by the limitations of current treatments and within-diagnosis clinical heterogeneity, is articulated. In addition, recent changes in the nosology of ADs, challenges to current classification systems, and prior attempts to subtype individuals with ADs are described. Complementary initiatives, including the Research Domain Criteria project, that have established frameworks for the neuroscience of psychiatric disorders are discussed. Three domains-executive function, incentive salience, and negative emotionality-tied to different phases in the cycle of addiction form the core functional elements of ADs. Measurement of these domains in epidemiologic, genetic, clinical, and treatment studies will provide the underpinnings for an understanding of cross-population and temporal variation in addictions, shared mechanisms in addictive disorders, impact of changing environmental influences, and gene identification. Finally, we show that it is practical to implement such a deep neuroclinical assessment using a combination of neuroimaging and performance measures. Neuroclinical assessment is key to reconceptualizing the nosology of ADs on the basis of process and etiology, an advance that can lead to improved prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kwako
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Reza Momenan
- Section on Brain Electrophysiology and Imaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Raye Z Litten
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research; Division of Treatment and Recovery Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George F Koob
- Office of the Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Goldman
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Hashimoto R, Ohi K, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Watanabe Y, Fukunaga M, Takeda M. Imaging genetics and psychiatric disorders. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:168-75. [PMID: 25732148 PMCID: PMC4460286 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150303104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Imaging genetics is an integrated research method that uses neuroimaging and genetics to assess the impact of genetic variation on brain function and structure. Imaging genetics is both a tool for the discovery of risk genes for psychiatric disorders and a strategy for characterizing the neural systems affected by risk gene variants to elucidate quantitative and mechanistic aspects of brain function implicated in psychiatric disease. Early studies of imaging genetics included association analyses between brain morphology and single nucleotide polymorphisms whose function is well known, such as catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). GWAS of psychiatric disorders have identified genes with unknown functions, such as ZNF804A, and imaging genetics has been used to investigate clues of the biological function of these genes. The difficulty in replicating the findings of studies with small sample sizes has motivated the creation of largescale collaborative consortiums, such as ENIGMA, CHARGE and IMAGEN, to collect thousands of images. In a genome-wide association study, the ENIGMA consortium successfully identified common variants in the genome associated with hippocampal volume at 12q24, and the CHARGE consortium replicated this finding. The new era of imaging genetics has just begun, and the next challenge we face is the discovery of small effect size signals from large data sets obtained from genetics and neuroimaging. New methods and technologies for data reduction with appropriate statistical thresholds, such as polygenic analysis and parallel independent component analysis (ICA), are warranted. Future advances in imaging genetics will aid in the discovery of genes and provide mechanistic insight into psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M Takeda
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Abstract
Genome-wide studies have been successful in identifying stable associations of single genes, albeit at the price of a high false negative rate. The promise of endophenotypes to increase power of genome-wide association studies has only been partially fulfilled. To optimize the investigation of genetic influences on behavioral (endo-)phenotypes, the development of novel phenotypical characterizations and methods to describe the relation between genotype and phenotype are needed. This will require the development of innovative analytical strategies, as well as corroborative approaches linking association studies with functional characterizations. The sole reliance on canonical genome-wide significance thresholds is not sufficient to describe the complex relation of genotype and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, London, UK
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10
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Pearlson GD, Liu J, Calhoun VD. An introductory review of parallel independent component analysis (p-ICA) and a guide to applying p-ICA to genetic data and imaging phenotypes to identify disease-associated biological pathways and systems in common complex disorders. Front Genet 2015; 6:276. [PMID: 26442095 PMCID: PMC4561364 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex inherited phenotypes, including those for many common medical and psychiatric diseases, are most likely underpinned by multiple genes contributing to interlocking molecular biological processes, along with environmental factors (Owen et al., 2010). Despite this, genotyping strategies for complex, inherited, disease-related phenotypes mostly employ univariate analyses, e.g., genome wide association. Such procedures most often identify isolated risk-related SNPs or loci, not the underlying biological pathways necessary to help guide the development of novel treatment approaches. This article focuses on the multivariate analysis strategy of parallel (i.e., simultaneous combination of SNP and neuroimage information) independent component analysis (p-ICA), which typically yields large clusters of functionally related SNPs statistically correlated with phenotype components, whose overall molecular biologic relevance is inferred subsequently using annotation software suites. Because this is a novel approach, whose details are relatively new to the field we summarize its underlying principles and address conceptual questions regarding interpretation of resulting data and provide practical illustrations of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey D Pearlson
- The Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford CT, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The Mind Research Network, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The Mind Research Network, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, USA
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Hohmann S, Hohm E, Treutlein J, Blomeyer D, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Association of norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) genotype with ADHD-related phenotypes: findings of a longitudinal study from birth to adolescence. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:425-33. [PMID: 25724484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the gene encoding for the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) has repeatedly been linked with ADHD, although there is some inconsistency regarding the association with specific genes. The variants for which most consistent association has been found are the NET variants rs3785157 and rs28386840. Here, we tested for their association with ADHD diagnosis and ADHD-related phenotypes during development in a longitudinal German community sample. Children were followed from age 4 to age 15, using diagnostic interviews to assess ADHD. Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered to the primary caregivers. The continuous performance task (CPT) was performed at age 15. Controlling for possible confounders, we found that homozygous carriers of the major A allele of the functional promoter variant rs28386840 displayed a higher rate of ADHD lifetime diagnosis. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the minor T allele of rs3785157 were more likely to develop ADHD and showed higher scores on the CBCL externalizing behavior scales. Additionally, we found that individuals heterozygous for rs3785157 made fewer omission errors in the CPT than homozygotes. This is the first longitudinal study to report associations between specific NET variants and ADHD-related phenotypes during the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Erika Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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12
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Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Epidemiology of child psychopathology: major milestones. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:607-17. [PMID: 25701924 PMCID: PMC4452764 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Child psychiatric epidemiology has developed rapidly from descriptive, cross-sectional studies in the 1960s to the current large-scale prospective cohorts that unravel aetiological mechanisms. The objective of the study was to give an overview of epidemiological studies that have influenced child psychiatry. A chronological overview of selected major milestone studies was obtained to demonstrate the development of child psychiatric epidemiology, with a more in-depth discussion of findings and methodological issues exemplified in one cohort, the Generation R Study. Epidemiological studies have been successful in describing the frequency and course of child psychiatric problems. The high expectations that biological factors can be used to better explain, diagnose or predict child psychiatric problems have not been met. More ambitious large-scale child psychiatric cohort studies are needed, carefully applying genetics, neuroscience or other molecular research to better understand how the brain produces maladaptive behaviour. Progress will only be attained if the basic sciences are systematically integrated in cohorts with rigorous epidemiological designs rather than hurriedly inserted in child psychiatric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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13
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Lin D, Cao H, Calhoun VD, Wang YP. Sparse models for correlative and integrative analysis of imaging and genetic data. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 237:69-78. [PMID: 25218561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced medical imaging technologies and high-throughput genomic measurements has enhanced our ability to understand their interplay as well as their relationship with human behavior by integrating these two types of datasets. However, the high dimensionality and heterogeneity of these datasets presents a challenge to conventional statistical methods; there is a high demand for the development of both correlative and integrative analysis approaches. Here, we review our recent work on developing sparse representation based approaches to address this challenge. We show how sparse models are applied to the correlation and integration of imaging and genetic data for biomarker identification. We present examples on how these approaches are used for the detection of risk genes and classification of complex diseases such as schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss future directions on the integration of multiple imaging and genomic datasets including their interactions such as epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA; Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Intramural Program of Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda 20852, USA.
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network & LBERI, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA; Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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14
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Nymberg C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Mann K, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Ströhle A, Schumann G, Klingberg T. DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphism modulates the effect of ventral striatal activation on working memory performance. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2357-65. [PMID: 24713612 PMCID: PMC4138745 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Motivation is important for learning and cognition. Although dopaminergic (D2) transmission in the ventral striatum (VS) is associated with motivation, learning, and cognition are more strongly associated with function of the dorsal striatum, including activation in the caudate nucleus. A recent study found an interaction between intrinsic motivation and the DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphism (rs1800497), suggesting that A-carriers of rs1800497 are significantly more sensitive to motivation in order to improve during working memory (WM) training. Using data from the two large-scale imaging genetic data sets, IMAGEN (n=1080, age 13-15 years) and BrainChild (n∼300, age 6-27), we investigated whether rs1800497 is associated with WM. In the IMAGEN data set, we tested whether VS/caudate activation during reward anticipation was associated with WM performance and whether rs1800497 and VS/caudate activation interact to affect WM performance. We found that rs1800497 was associated with WM performance in IMAGEN and BrainChild. Higher VS and caudate activation during reward processing were significantly associated with higher WM performance (p<0.0001). An interaction was found between the DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphism rs1800497 and VS activation during reward anticipation on WM (p<0.01), such that carriers of the minor allele (A) showed a significant correlation between VS activation and WM, whereas the GG-homozygotes did not, suggesting that the effect of VS BOLD on WM is modified by inter-individual genetic differences related to D2 dopaminergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nymberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institute, Retzius väg 8, Stockholm 17177, Sweden, Tel: +46727033334, Fax: +468333864, E-mail:
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun LW Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - P Gowland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 ‘Imaging & Psychiatry', University Paris Sud, Orsay, France,AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Grünblatt E, Hauser TU, Walitza S. Imaging genetics in obsessive-compulsive disorder: linking genetic variations to alterations in neuroimaging. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:114-24. [PMID: 25046835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) occurs in ∼1-3% of the general population, and its often rather early onset causes major disabilities in the everyday lives of patients. Although the heritability of OCD is between 35 and 65%, many linkage, association, and genome-wide association studies have failed to identify single genes that exhibit high effect sizes. Several neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional alterations mainly in cortico-striato-thalamic loops. However, there is also marked heterogeneity across studies. These inconsistencies in genetic and neuroimaging studies may be due to the heterogeneous and complex phenotypes of OCD. Under the consideration that genetic variants may also influence neuroimaging in OCD, researchers have started to combine both domains in the field of imaging genetics. Here, we conducted a systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar literature for articles that address genetic imaging in OCD and related disorders (published through March 2014). We selected 8 publications that describe the combination of imaging genetics with OCD, and extended it with 43 publications of comorbid psychiatric disorders. The most promising findings of this systematic review point to the involvement of variants in genes involved in the serotonergic (5-HTTLPR, HTR2A), dopaminergic (COMT, DAT), and glutamatergic (SLC1A1, SAPAP) systems. However, the field of imaging genetics must be further explored, best through investigations that combine multimodal imaging techniques with genetic profiling, particularly profiling techniques that employ polygenetic approaches, with much larger sample sizes than have been used up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 9, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 9, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Walitza
- University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 9, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Medland SE, Jahanshad N, Neale BM, Thompson PM. Whole-genome analyses of whole-brain data: working within an expanded search space. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:791-800. [PMID: 24866045 PMCID: PMC4300949 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale comparisons of patients and healthy controls have unearthed genetic risk factors associated with a range of neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Meanwhile, brain imaging studies are increasing in size and scope, revealing disease and genetic effects on brain structure and function, and implicating neural pathways and causal mechanisms. With the advent of global neuroimaging consortia, imaging studies are now well powered to discover genetic variants that reliably affect the brain. Genetic analyses of brain measures from tens of thousands of people are being extended to test genetic associations with signals at millions of locations in the brain, and connectome-wide, genome-wide scans can jointly screen brain circuits and genomes; these analyses and others present new statistical challenges. There is a growing need for the community to establish and enforce standards in this developing field to ensure robust findings. Here we discuss how neuroimagers and geneticists have formed alliances to discover how genetic factors affect the brain. The field is rapidly advancing with ultra-high-resolution imaging and whole-genome sequencing. We recommend a rigorous approach to neuroimaging genomics that capitalizes on its recent successes and ensures the reliability of future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Spanagel R, Durstewitz D, Hansson A, Heinz A, Kiefer F, Köhr G, Matthäus F, Nöthen MM, Noori HR, Obermayer K, Rietschel M, Schloss P, Scholz H, Schumann G, Smolka M, Sommer W, Vengeliene V, Walter H, Wurst W, Zimmermann US, Stringer S, Smits Y, Derks EM. A systems medicine research approach for studying alcohol addiction. Addict Biol 2013; 18:883-96. [PMID: 24283978 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about 2 billion people drink alcohol. Excessive alcohol consumption can result in alcohol addiction, which is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric diseases afflicting our society today. Prevention and intervention of alcohol binging in adolescents and treatment of alcoholism are major unmet challenges affecting our health-care system and society alike. Our newly formed German SysMedAlcoholism consortium is using a new systems medicine approach and intends (1) to define individual neurobehavioral risk profiles in adolescents that are predictive of alcohol use disorders later in life and (2) to identify new pharmacological targets and molecules for the treatment of alcoholism. To achieve these goals, we will use omics-information from epigenomics, genetics transcriptomics, neurodynamics, global neurochemical connectomes and neuroimaging (IMAGEN; Schumann et al. ) to feed mathematical prediction modules provided by two Bernstein Centers for Computational Neurosciences (Berlin and Heidelberg/Mannheim), the results of which will subsequently be functionally validated in independent clinical samples and appropriate animal models. This approach will lead to new early intervention strategies and identify innovative molecules for relapse prevention that will be tested in experimental human studies. This research program will ultimately help in consolidating addiction research clusters in Germany that can effectively conduct large clinical trials, implement early intervention strategies and impact political and healthcare decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Anita Hansson
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Georg Köhr
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Department of Psychiatry; Charité University Medical Center; Germany
| | - Hamid R. Noori
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Institute of Applied Mathematics; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Centre; University of Bonn; Germany
| | - Patrick Schloss
- Neural Information Processing Group; Technical University of Berlin; Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Behavioral Neurogenetics' Zoological Institute; University of Cologne; Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College; UK
| | - Michael Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technical University Dresden; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sommer
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Valentina Vengeliene
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics; Helmholtz Center Munich; Germany
| | - Uli S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technical University Dresden; Germany
| | - Sven Stringer
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Smits
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
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18
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Walton E, Turner JA, Ehrlich S. Neuroimaging as a potential biomarker to optimize psychiatric research and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013; 25:619-31. [PMID: 24151806 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.816659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex, polygenic phenotypes in psychiatry hamper our understanding of the underlying molecular pathways and mechanisms of many diseases. The unknown aetiology, together with symptoms which often show a large variability both across individuals and over time and also tend to respond comparatively slowly to medication, can be a problem for patient treatment and drug development. We argue that neuroimaging has the potential to improve psychiatric treatment in two ways. First, by reducing phenotypic complexity, neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes can help to identify disease-related genes and can shed light into the biological mechanisms of known risk genes. Second, quantitative neuroimaging markers - reflecting the spectrum of impairment on a brain-based level - can be used as a more sensitive, reliable and immediate treatment response biomarker. In the end, enhancing both our understanding of the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the prediction of treatment success could eventually optimise current therapy plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden , Germany
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