1
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Goverde CA, Pacesa M, Goldbach N, Dornfeld LJ, Balbi PEM, Georgeon S, Rosset S, Kapoor S, Choudhury J, Dauparas J, Schellhaas C, Kozlov S, Baker D, Ovchinnikov S, Vecchio AJ, Correia BE. Computational design of soluble and functional membrane protein analogues. Nature 2024; 631:449-458. [PMID: 38898281 PMCID: PMC11236705 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
De novo design of complex protein folds using solely computational means remains a substantial challenge1. Here we use a robust deep learning pipeline to design complex folds and soluble analogues of integral membrane proteins. Unique membrane topologies, such as those from G-protein-coupled receptors2, are not found in the soluble proteome, and we demonstrate that their structural features can be recapitulated in solution. Biophysical analyses demonstrate the high thermal stability of the designs, and experimental structures show remarkable design accuracy. The soluble analogues were functionalized with native structural motifs, as a proof of concept for bringing membrane protein functions to the soluble proteome, potentially enabling new approaches in drug discovery. In summary, we have designed complex protein topologies and enriched them with functionalities from membrane proteins, with high experimental success rates, leading to a de facto expansion of the functional soluble fold space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper A Goverde
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pacesa
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Goldbach
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars J Dornfeld
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra E M Balbi
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Georgeon
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Rosset
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Srajan Kapoor
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jagrity Choudhury
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Justas Dauparas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Schellhaas
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kozlov
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sergey Ovchinnikov
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bruno E Correia
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Yu Z, Liu D, Wu C, Zhao W. Intestinal absorption of bioactive oligopeptides: paracellular transport and tight junction modulation. Food Funct 2024; 15:6274-6288. [PMID: 38787733 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive oligopeptides have gained increasing attention due to their diverse physiological functions, and these can be transported into the vasculature via transcellular and paracellular pathways. Among these, paracellular transport through the intercellular space is a passive diffusion process without energy consumption. It is currently the most frequently reported absorption route for food-derived bioactive oligopeptides. Previous work has demonstrated that paracellular pathways are mainly controlled by tight junctions, but the mechanism by which they regulate paracellular absorption of bioactive oligopeptides remains unclear. In this review, we summarized the composition of paracellular pathways across the intercellular space and elaborated on the paracellular transport mechanism of bioactive oligopeptides in terms of the interaction between oligopeptides and tight junction proteins, the protein expression level of tight junctions, the signaling pathways regulating intestinal permeability, and the properties of oligopeptides themselves. These findings contribute to a more profound understanding of the paracellular absorption of bioactive oligopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China.
| | - Di Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Chunjian Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China.
| | - Wenzhu Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China.
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3
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Daci D, Altrichter S, Grillet FM, Dib S, Mouna A, Suresh Kumar S, Terhorst-Molawi D, Maurer M, Günzel D, Scheffel J. Altered Sweat Composition Due to Changes in Tight Junction Expression of Sweat Glands in Cholinergic Urticaria Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4658. [PMID: 38731882 PMCID: PMC11083780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In cholinergic urticaria (CholU), small, itchy wheals are induced by exercise or passive warming and reduced sweating has been reported. Despite the described reduced muscarinic receptor expression, sweat duct obstruction, or sweat allergy, the underlying pathomechanisms are not well understood. To gain further insights, we collected skin biopsies before and after pulse-controlled ergometry and sweat after sauna provocation from CholU patients as well as healthy controls. CholU patients displayed partially severely reduced local sweating, yet total sweat volume was unaltered. However, sweat electrolyte composition was altered, with increased K+ concentration in CholU patients. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies were stained to explore sweat leakage and tight junction protein expression. Dermcidin staining was not found outside the sweat glands. In the secretory coils of sweat glands, the distribution of claudin-3 and -10b as well as occludin was altered, but the zonula occludens-1 location was unchanged. In all, dermcidin and tight junction protein staining suggests an intact barrier with reduced sweat production capability in CholU patients. For future studies, an ex vivo skin model for quantification of sweat secretion was established, in which sweat secretion could be pharmacologically stimulated or blocked. This ex vivo model will be used to further investigate sweat gland function in CholU patients and decipher the underlying pathomechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Daci
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.); (S.D.); (A.M.); (S.S.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Sabine Altrichter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany (D.T.-M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Departement of Dermatology and Venerology, Kepler University Hospital, 4020 Linz, Austria
- Center for Medical Research, Johannes Kepler University, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - François Marie Grillet
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany (D.T.-M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Selma Dib
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.); (S.D.); (A.M.); (S.S.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Ahmad Mouna
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.); (S.D.); (A.M.); (S.S.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Sukashree Suresh Kumar
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.); (S.D.); (A.M.); (S.S.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Dorothea Terhorst-Molawi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany (D.T.-M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany (D.T.-M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.); (S.D.); (A.M.); (S.S.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany (D.T.-M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Schreiber F, Balas I, Robinson MJ, Bakdash G. Border Control: The Role of the Microbiome in Regulating Epithelial Barrier Function. Cells 2024; 13:477. [PMID: 38534321 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut mucosal epithelium is one of the largest organs in the body and plays a critical role in regulating the crosstalk between the resident microbiome and the host. To this effect, the tight control of what is permitted through this barrier is of high importance. There should be restricted passage of harmful microorganisms and antigens while at the same time allowing the absorption of nutrients and water. An increased gut permeability, or "leaky gut", has been associated with a variety of diseases ranging from infections, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases to neurological conditions. Several factors can affect gut permeability, including cytokines, dietary components, and the gut microbiome. Here, we discuss how the gut microbiome impacts the permeability of the gut epithelial barrier and how this can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes.
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5
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Goverde CA, Pacesa M, Goldbach N, Dornfeld LJ, Balbi PEM, Georgeon S, Rosset S, Kapoor S, Choudhury J, Dauparas J, Schellhaas C, Kozlov S, Baker D, Ovchinnikov S, Vecchio AJ, Correia BE. Computational design of soluble functional analogues of integral membrane proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.09.540044. [PMID: 38496615 PMCID: PMC10942269 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
De novo design of complex protein folds using solely computational means remains a significant challenge. Here, we use a robust deep learning pipeline to design complex folds and soluble analogues of integral membrane proteins. Unique membrane topologies, such as those from GPCRs, are not found in the soluble proteome and we demonstrate that their structural features can be recapitulated in solution. Biophysical analyses reveal high thermal stability of the designs and experimental structures show remarkable design accuracy. The soluble analogues were functionalized with native structural motifs, standing as a proof-of-concept for bringing membrane protein functions to the soluble proteome, potentially enabling new approaches in drug discovery. In summary, we designed complex protein topologies and enriched them with functionalities from membrane proteins, with high experimental success rates, leading to a de facto expansion of the functional soluble fold space.
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6
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Nyimanu D, Behm C, Choudhury S, Yu ASL. The role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1437-1445. [PMID: 37387353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-2 is a tight junction protein expressed in leaky epithelia where it forms paracellular pores permeable to cations and water. The paracellular pore formed by claudin-2 is important in energy-efficient cation and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. Mounting evidence now suggests that claudin-2 may modulate cellular processes often altered in disease, including cellular proliferation. Also, dysregulation of claudin-2 expression has been linked to various diseases, including kidney stone disease and renal cell carcinoma. However, the mechanisms linking altered claudin-2 expression and function to disease are poorly understood and require further investigation. The aim of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. We provide a general overview of the claudins and their organization in the tight junction, the expression, and function of claudin-2 in the kidney, and the evolving evidence for its role in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Christine Behm
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Sonali Choudhury
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
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7
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Sodium butyrate protects against rotavirus-induced intestinal epithelial barrier damage by activating AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:186-196. [PMID: 36565836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) mainly infects intestinal epithelial cells, which leads to diarrhea in newborn piglets with dysfunction in the intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier. Sodium butyrate (SB) is one of the metabolites excreted by gut microbes. However, the protective effect of SB on RV infection induced intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier injury and its potential mechanism has not been well elucidated. In the present study, IPEC-J2 cells with RV infection was a model of intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier injury. Our results demonstrated that the appropriate concentration of SB can effectively alleviate TJ structural damage and up-regulating the expression of TJ-related genes. Furthermore, the appropriate concentration of SB can effectively reverse the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by RV infection. Meanwhile, the levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and antioxidant proteins NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were increased through SB treatment. In addition, we found that SB increased cellular antioxidant capacity by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling pathway and the cytoprotective effect of SB is limited by GPR109A siRNA. Thus, our findings revealed that SB reduces oxidative stress caused by RV infection and restores the intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier function by activating the AMPK-Nrf2 signal pathway mediated by the receptor GPR109A.
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8
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Ruskamo S, Raasakka A, Pedersen JS, Martel A, Škubník K, Darwish T, Porcar L, Kursula P. Human myelin proteolipid protein structure and lipid bilayer stacking. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:419. [PMID: 35829923 PMCID: PMC9279222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The myelin sheath is an essential, multilayered membrane structure that insulates axons, enabling the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. The tetraspan myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) is the most abundant protein of compact myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). The integral membrane protein PLP adheres myelin membranes together and enhances the compaction of myelin, having a fundamental role in myelin stability and axonal support. PLP is linked to severe CNS neuropathies, including inherited Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia type 2, as well as multiple sclerosis. Nevertheless, the structure, lipid interaction properties, and membrane organization mechanisms of PLP have remained unidentified. We expressed, purified, and structurally characterized human PLP and its shorter isoform DM20. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering revealed a dimeric, α-helical conformation for both PLP and DM20 in detergent complexes, and pinpoint structural variations between the isoforms and their influence on protein function. In phosphatidylcholine membranes, reconstituted PLP and DM20 spontaneously induced formation of multilamellar myelin-like membrane assemblies. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin enhanced the membrane organization but were not crucial for membrane stacking. Electron cryomicroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction experiments for membrane-embedded PLP/DM20 illustrated effective membrane stacking and ordered organization of membrane assemblies with a repeat distance in line with CNS myelin. Our results shed light on the 3D structure of myelin PLP and DM20, their structure-function differences, as well as fundamental protein-lipid interplay in CNS compact myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Ruskamo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France
| | - Karel Škubník
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tamim Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | | | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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9
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Ahlswede L, Siebenaller C, Junglas B, Hellmann N, Schneider D. Human Claudin-7 cis-Interactions Are Not Crucial for Membrane-Membrane (Trans-) Interactions. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:908383. [PMID: 35832741 PMCID: PMC9271825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.908383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Claudin-7 (Cldn7) is a member of the Claudin (Cldn) superfamily. In vivo, these proteins form tight junctions, which establish constricted connections between cells. Cldns oligomerize within the membrane plane (= cis-interaction), and also interact with Cldns from adjacent cells (= trans-interaction). Interactions of Cldns are typically studied in vivo and structural analyses of isolated Cldns are limited. Here, we describe heterologous expression in E. coli and purification of human Cldn7, enabling in vitro analyses of the isolated protein using detergent and model membrane systems. Cldn7 exists as a monomer, hexamer, and various higher oligomers in micelles. While only limited unfolding of the protein was observed in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate, decreased ionic strength did affect Cldn7 cis-interactions. Furthermore, we identified two amino acids which mediate electrostatic cis-interactions and analyzed the impact of disturbed cis-interaction on trans-contacts via atomic force microscopy and monitoring Förster resonance energy transfer between fluorescently labeled Cldn7-containing proteoliposomes. Our results indicate that Cldn7 cis-oligomerization might not be a prerequisite for establishing trans-contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ahlswede
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carmen Siebenaller
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Junglas
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadja Hellmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dirk Schneider,
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Hao S, Yang C, Song P, Shi H, Zou Y, Chen M, Wu X, Yin Y, Yu Z, Zhu W, Li M. CLDN4 promotes growth of acute myeloid leukemia cells via regulating AKT and ERK1/2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:137-143. [PMID: 35760010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults. The tight junction protein CLDN4 is closely related to the development of various epithelial cell carcinomas. However, whether CLDN4 contributes to AML development remains unclear. For the first time, we found that expression of CLDN4 is aberrantly up-regulated in AML cells. Knockdown of CLDN4 expression resulted in a dramatic decreased cell growth, elevated apoptosis of AML cells. Further, we revealed that knockdown of CLDN4 inhibits mRNA expression of PIK3R3 and MAP2K2, thus suppresses activation of AKT and ERK1/2. More importantly, activating AKT branch by SC79 partially compromised CLDN4 knockdown induced cell viability inhibition. In addition, we found that higher expression of CLDN4 is connected to worse survival and is an independent indicator of shorter disease free survival (DFS) in AML patients. Together, our results indicate that CLDN4 contributes to AML pathogenesis, and suggests that targeting CLDN4 is a promising option for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Hao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Chunyan Yang
- The School of Dental Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Peng Song
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Hewen Shi
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Ying Zou
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Meiyang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Xingli Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Yancun Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Clinical Trial Agency, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Minjing Li
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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11
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Cao W, Xing H, Li Y, Tian W, Song Y, Jiang Z, Yu J. Claudin18.2 is a novel molecular biomarker for tumor-targeted immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35642043 PMCID: PMC9153115 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) protein, an isoform of claudin18, a member of the tight junction protein family, is a highly selective biomarker with limited expression in normal tissues and often abnormal expression during the occurrence and development of various primary malignant tumors, such as gastric cancer/gastroesophageal junction (GC/GEJ) cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, bronchial cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. CLDN18.2 participates in the proliferation, differentiation and migration of tumor cells. Recent studies have identified CLDN18.2 expression as a potential specific marker for the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors. With its specific expression pattern, CLDN18.2 has become a unique molecule for targeted therapy in different cancers, especially in GC; for example, agents such as zolbetuximab (claudiximab, IMAB362), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CLDN18.2, have been developed. In this review, we outline recent advances in the development of immunotherapy strategies targeting CLDN18.2, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells redirected to target CLDN18.2, and antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Cao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Haizhou Xing
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yingmei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenliang Tian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Zhongxing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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12
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Wakayama E, Kuzu T, Tachibana K, Hirayama R, Okada Y, Kondoh M. Modifying the blood-brain barrier by targeting claudin-5: Safety and risks. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1514:62-69. [PMID: 35508916 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a major obstacle to the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. In the blood-brain barrier, the spaces between adjacent brain microvascular endothelial cells are sealed by multiprotein complexes known as tight junctions. Among the many components of the tight junction, claudin-5 has received the most attention as a target for loosening the tight-junction seal and allowing drugs to be delivered to the brain. In mice, transient knockdown of claudin-5 and the use of claudin-5 binders have been shown to enhance the permeation of small molecules from the blood into the brain without apparent adverse effects. However, sustained knockdown of claudin-5 in mice is lethal within 40 days, and administration of an anti-claudin-5 antibody induced convulsions in a nonhuman primate. Here, we review the safety concerns of claudin-5-targeted technologies with respect to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Kuzu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Mendoza C, Nagidi SH, Collett K, Mckell J, Mizrachi D. Calcium regulates the interplay between the tight junction and epithelial adherens junction at the plasma membrane. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:219-231. [PMID: 34882783 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a membrane protein ultrastructure that regulates cell adhesion and homeostasis. The tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ) are substructures of the AJC. The interplay between TJ and AJ membrane proteins to assemble the AJC remains unclear. We employed synthetic biology strategies to express the basic membrane elements of a simple AJC-the adhesive extracellular domains of junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), epithelial cadherin, claudin 1, and occludin-to study their interactions. Our results suggest that calcium concentration fluctuations and JAM-A, acting as an interface molecule between the TJ and AJ, orchestrate their interplay. Calcium affects the secondary structure, oligomerization, and binding affinity of homotypic and heterotypic interactions of TJ and AJ components, thus acting as a molecular switch influencing AJC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sai Harsha Nagidi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kjetil Collett
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jacob Mckell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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14
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Kong JH, Young CB, Pusapati GV, Espinoza FH, Patel CB, Beckert F, Ho S, Patel BB, Gabriel GC, Aravind L, Bazan JF, Gunn TM, Lo CW, Rohatgi R. Gene-teratogen interactions influence the penetrance of birth defects by altering Hedgehog signaling strength. Development 2021; 148:dev199867. [PMID: 34486668 PMCID: PMC8513608 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects result from interactions between genetic and environmental factors, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. We find that mutations and teratogens interact in predictable ways to cause birth defects by changing target cell sensitivity to Hedgehog (Hh) ligands. These interactions converge on a membrane protein complex, the MMM complex, that promotes degradation of the Hh transducer Smoothened (SMO). Deficiency of the MMM component MOSMO results in elevated SMO and increased Hh signaling, causing multiple birth defects. In utero exposure to a teratogen that directly inhibits SMO reduces the penetrance and expressivity of birth defects in Mosmo-/- embryos. Additionally, tissues that develop normally in Mosmo-/- embryos are refractory to the teratogen. Thus, changes in the abundance of the protein target of a teratogen can change birth defect outcomes by quantitative shifts in Hh signaling. Consequently, small molecules that re-calibrate signaling strength could be harnessed to rescue structural birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Kong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cullen B. Young
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Pusapati
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. Hernán Espinoza
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chandni B. Patel
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francis Beckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sebastian Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Bhaven B. Patel
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - George C. Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - L. Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Teresa M. Gunn
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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Monaco A, Ovryn B, Axis J, Amsler K. The Epithelial Cell Leak Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147677. [PMID: 34299297 PMCID: PMC8305272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell tight junction structure is the site of the transepithelial movement of solutes and water between epithelial cells (paracellular permeability). Paracellular permeability can be divided into two distinct pathways, the Pore Pathway mediating the movement of small ions and solutes and the Leak Pathway mediating the movement of large solutes. Claudin proteins form the basic paracellular permeability barrier and mediate the movement of small ions and solutes via the Pore Pathway. The Leak Pathway remains less understood. Several proteins have been implicated in mediating the Leak Pathway, including occludin, ZO proteins, tricellulin, and actin filaments, but the proteins comprising the Leak Pathway remain unresolved. Many aspects of the Leak Pathway, such as its molecular mechanism, its properties, and its regulation, remain controversial. In this review, we provide a historical background to the evolution of the Leak Pathway concept from the initial examinations of paracellular permeability. We then discuss current information about the properties of the Leak Pathway and present current theories for the Leak Pathway. Finally, we discuss some recent research suggesting a possible molecular basis for the Leak Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Monaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Ben Ovryn
- Department of Physics, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-686-3716
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16
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Taylor A, Warner M, Mendoza C, Memmott C, LeCheminant T, Bailey S, Christensen C, Keller J, Suli A, Mizrachi D. Chimeric Claudins: A New Tool to Study Tight Junction Structure and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094947. [PMID: 34066630 PMCID: PMC8124314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) is a structure composed of multiple proteins, both cytosolic and membranal, responsible for cell–cell adhesion in polarized endothelium and epithelium. The TJ is intimately connected to the cytoskeleton and plays a role in development and homeostasis. Among the TJ’s membrane proteins, claudins (CLDNs) are key to establishing blood–tissue barriers that protect organismal physiology. Recently, several crystal structures have been reported for detergent extracted recombinant CLDNs. These structural advances lack direct evidence to support quaternary structure of CLDNs. In this article, we have employed protein-engineering principles to create detergent-independent chimeric CLDNs, a combination of a 4-helix bundle soluble monomeric protein (PDB ID: 2jua) and the apical—50% of human CLDN1, the extracellular domain that is responsible for cell–cell adhesion. Maltose-binding protein-fused chimeric CLDNs (MBP-CCs) used in this study are soluble proteins that retain structural and functional aspects of native CLDNs. Here, we report the biophysical characterization of the structure and function of MBP-CCs. MBP-fused epithelial cadherin (MBP-eCAD) is used as a control and point of comparison of a well-characterized cell-adhesion molecule. Our synthetic strategy may benefit other families of 4-α-helix membrane proteins, including tetraspanins, connexins, pannexins, innexins, and more.
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17
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Tight Junction Modulating Bioprobes for Drug Delivery System to the Brain: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121236. [PMID: 33352631 PMCID: PMC7767277 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, separates the brain extracellular fluid from the circulating blood, and maintains the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB endothelial cells have well-developed tight junctions (TJs) and express specific polarized transport systems to tightly control the paracellular movements of solutes, ions, and water. There are two types of TJs: bicellular TJs (bTJs), which is a structure at the contact of two cells, and tricellular TJs (tTJs), which is a structure at the contact of three cells. Claudin-5 and angulin-1 are important components of bTJs and tTJs in the brain, respectively. Here, we review TJ-modulating bioprobes that enable drug delivery to the brain across the BBB, focusing on claudin-5 and angulin-1.
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18
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Yuan L, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Peterson BW. Two-Stage Interpretation of Changes in TEER of Intestinal Epithelial Layers Protected by Adhering Bifidobacteria During E. coli Challenges. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599555. [PMID: 33329490 PMCID: PMC7710611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of gastrointestinal protection by probiotic bacteria against infection involve amongst others, modulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is widely used to evaluate cellular barrier functions. Here, we developed a two-stage interpretative model of the time-dependence of the TEER of epithelial layers grown in a transwell during Escherichia coli challenges in the absence or presence of adhering bifidobacteria. E. coli adhesion in absence or presence of adhering bifidobacteria was enumerated using selective plating. After 4-8 h, E. coli challenges increased TEER to a maximum due to bacterial adhesion and increased expression of a tight-junction protein [zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)], concurrent with a less dense layer structure, that is indicative of mild epithelial layer damage. Before the occurrence of a TEER-maximum, decreases in electrical conductance (i.e., the reciprocal TEER) did not relate with para-cellular dextran-permeability, but after occurrence of a TEER-maximum, dextran-permeability and conductance increased linearly, indicative of more severe epithelial layer damage. Within 24 h after the occurrence of a TEER maximum, TEER decreased to below the level of unchallenged epithelial layers demonstrating microscopically observable holes and apoptosis. Under probiotic protection by adhering bifidobacteria, TEER-maxima were delayed or decreased in magnitude due to later transition from mild to severe damage, but similar linear relations between conductance and dextran permeability were observed as in absence of adhering bifidobacteria. Based on the time-dependence of the TEER and the relation between conductance and dextran-permeability, it is proposed that bacterial adhesion to epithelial layers first causes mild damage, followed by more severe damage after the occurrence of a TEER-maximum. The mild damage caused by E. coli prior to the occurrence of TEER maxima was reversible upon antibiotic treatment, but the severe damage after occurrence of TEER maxima could not be reverted by antibiotic treatment. Thus, single-time TEER is interpretable in two ways, depending whether increasing to or decreasing from its maximum. Adhering bifidobacteria elongate the time-window available for antibiotic treatment to repair initial pathogen damage to intestinal epithelial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brandon W. Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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19
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Liu M, Xie W, Wan X, Deng T. Clostridium butyricum protects intestinal barrier function via upregulation of tight junction proteins and activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:10. [PMID: 32934675 PMCID: PMC7471846 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum (CB), a probiotic, is a gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacillus with acid and heat resistant properties. Previous studies have reported that CB has beneficial effects in intestinal diseases and regulates intestinal function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of CB on the intestinal barrier function. Mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=15 mice/group), including control, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and DSS + CB. In the DSS and DSS + CB groups colitis was induced with 3% DSS dissolved in drinking water for 7 days. DSS + CB group mice were co-treated daily with 200 µl (2x108 CFU) CB solution via gavage. The intestinal mucosal barrier function in mice was assessed by measuring FITC-labeled 4-kDa dextran (molecular weight, 4,000 Da) flux and by analyzing the expression of tight junction (TJ)-related proteins using western blot analysis. In addition, the secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13, and the concentration of malondialdehyde, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were detected using ELISAs to determine inflammation and oxidative stress, respectively. The activation status of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was also investigated using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that, in mice with DSS-induced colitis treatment, co-treatment with CB attenuated colitis symptoms and intestinal permeability, increased the expression levels of TJ-related proteins, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-13 secretion levels but increased those of IL-10, and reduced oxidative stress. Additionally, CB elevated the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Collectively, the present results indicated that CB protected intestinal barrier function and decreased intestinal mucosal permeability via upregulating the expression levels of TJ-related proteins in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, the results suggested that the effects of CB could be mediated by the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Xie
- Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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20
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Tight Junctions as Targets and Effectors of Mucosal Immune Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:327-340. [PMID: 32304780 PMCID: PMC7326733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defective epithelial barrier function is present in maladies including epidermal burn injury, environmental lung damage, renal tubular disease, and a range of immune-mediated and infectious intestinal disorders. When the epithelial surface is intact, the paracellular pathway between cells is sealed by the tight junction. However, permeability of tight junctions varies widely across tissues and can be markedly impacted by disease. For example, tight junctions within the skin and urinary bladder are largely impermeant and their permeability is not regulated. In contrast, tight junctions of the proximal renal tubule and intestine are selectively permeable to water and solutes on the basis of their biophysical characteristics and, in the gut, can be regulated by the immune system with remarkable specificity. Conversely, modulation of tight junction barrier conductance, especially within the gastrointestinal tract, can impact immune homeostasis and diverse pathologies. Thus, tight junctions are both effectors and targets of immune regulation. Using the gastrointestinal tract as an example, this review explores current understanding of this complex interplay between tight junctions and immunity.
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21
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Contributions of Myosin Light Chain Kinase to Regulation of Epithelial Paracellular Permeability and Mucosal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030993. [PMID: 32028590 PMCID: PMC7037368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is required for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Barrier dysfunction is thought to promote progression of both intestinal and systemic diseases. In many cases, this barrier loss reflects increased permeability of the paracellular tight junction as a consequence of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation and myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Although some details about MLCK activation remain to be defined, it is clear that this triggers perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) contraction that leads to molecular reorganization of tight junction structure and composition, including occludin endocytosis. In disease states, this process can be triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and several related molecules. Of these, TNF has been studied in the greatest detail and is known to activate long MLCK transcription, expression, enzymatic activity, and recruitment to the PAMR. Unfortunately, toxicities associated with inhibition of MLCK expression or enzymatic activity make these unsuitable as therapeutic targets. Recent work has, however, identified a small molecule that prevents MLCK1 recruitment to the PAMR without inhibiting enzymatic function. This small molecule, termed Divertin, restores barrier function after TNF-induced barrier loss and prevents disease progression in experimental chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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22
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The behavioural and pathophysiological effects of the ketogenic diet on mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Heinemann U, Schuetz A. Structural Features of Tight-Junction Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6020. [PMID: 31795346 PMCID: PMC6928914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are complex supramolecular entities composed of integral membrane proteins, membrane-associated and soluble cytoplasmic proteins engaging in an intricate and dynamic system of protein-protein interactions. Three-dimensional structures of several tight-junction proteins or their isolated domains have been determined by X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy. These structures provide direct insight into molecular interactions that contribute to the formation, integrity, or function of tight junctions. In addition, the known experimental structures have allowed the modeling of ligand-binding events involving tight-junction proteins. Here, we review the published structures of tight-junction proteins. We show that these proteins are composed of a limited set of structural motifs and highlight common types of interactions between tight-junction proteins and their ligands involving these motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Protein Production & Characterization Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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24
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25
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Abstract
Our bodies are protected from the external environment by mucosal barriers that are lined by epithelial cells. The epithelium plays a critical role as a highly dynamic, selective semipermeable barrier that separates luminal contents and pathogens from the rest of the body and controlling the absorption of nutrients, fluid and solutes. A series of protein complexes including the adherens junction, desmosomes, and tight junctions function as the principal barrier in paracellular diffusion and regulators of intracellular solute, protein, and lipid transport. Tight junctions are composed of a series of proteins called occludins, junctional adhesion molecules, and claudins that reside primarily as the most apical intercellular junction. Here we will review one of these protein families, claudins, and their relevance to gastrointestinal and liver diseases.
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26
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Tsukita S, Tanaka H, Tamura A. The Claudins: From Tight Junctions to Biological Systems. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Hashimoto Y, Okada Y, Shirakura K, Tachibana K, Sawada M, Yagi K, Doi T, Kondoh M. Anti-Claudin Antibodies as a Concept for Development of Claudin-Directed Drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:179-186. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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28
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Belardi B, Son S, Vahey MD, Wang J, Hou J, Fletcher DA. Claudin-4 reconstituted in unilamellar vesicles is sufficient to form tight interfaces that partition membrane proteins. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.221556. [PMID: 30209136 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions have been hypothesized to act as molecular fences in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, helping to form differentiated apical and basolateral domains. While this fence function is believed to arise from the interaction of four-pass transmembrane claudins, the complexity of tight junctions has made direct evidence of their role as a putative diffusion barrier difficult to obtain. Here, we address this challenge by reconstituting claudin-4 into giant unilamellar vesicles using microfluidic jetting. We find that reconstituted claudin-4 alone can form adhesive membrane interfaces without the accessory proteins that are present in vivo By controlling the molecular composition of the inner and outer leaflets of jetted vesicle membranes, we show that claudin-4-mediated interfaces can drive partitioning of extracellular membrane proteins with ectodomains as small as 5 nm but not of inner or outer leaflet lipids. Our findings indicate that homotypic interactions of claudins and their small size can contribute to the polarization of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael D Vahey
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine & Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disease, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianghui Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine & Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disease, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA .,Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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29
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30
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Guest JD, Pierce BG. Computational Modeling of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Structure and Recognition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1117. [PMID: 29892287 PMCID: PMC5985375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern, and though therapeutic options have improved, no vaccine is available despite decades of research. As HCV can rapidly mutate to evade the immune response, an effective HCV vaccine must rely on identification and characterization of sites critical for broad immune protection and viral neutralization. This knowledge depends on structural and mechanistic insights of the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins, which assemble as a heterodimer on the surface of the virion, engage coreceptors during host cell entry, and are the primary targets of antibodies. Due to the challenges in determining experimental structures, structural information on E1 and E2 and their interaction is relatively limited, providing opportunities to model the structures, interactions, and dynamics of these proteins. This review highlights efforts to model the E2 glycoprotein structure, the assembly of the functional E1E2 heterodimer, the structure and binding of human coreceptors, and recognition by key neutralizing antibodies. We also discuss a comparison of recently described models of full E1E2 heterodimer structures, a simulation of the dynamics of key epitope sites, and modeling glycosylation. These modeling efforts provide useful mechanistic hypotheses for further experimental studies of HCV envelope assembly, recognition, and viral fitness, and underscore the benefit of combining experimental and computational modeling approaches to reveal new insights. Additionally, computational design approaches have produced promising candidates for epitope-based vaccine immunogens that specifically target key epitopes, providing a possible avenue to optimize HCV vaccines versus using native glycoproteins. Advancing knowledge of HCV envelope structure and immune recognition is highly applicable toward the development of an effective vaccine for HCV and can provide lessons and insights relevant to modeling and characterizing other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan D Guest
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brian G Pierce
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Giménez-Mascarell P, Schirrmacher CE, Martínez-Cruz LA, Müller D. Novel Aspects of Renal Magnesium Homeostasis. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:77. [PMID: 29686978 PMCID: PMC5900390 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is indispensable for several vital functions, such as neurotransmission, cardiac conductance, blood glucose, blood pressure regulation, and proper function of more than 300 enzymes. Thus, Mg2+ homeostasis is subject to tight regulation. Besides the fast and immediate regulation of plasma Mg2+, a major part of Mg2+ homeostasis is realized by a concerted action of epithelial molecular structures that tightly control intestinal uptake and renal absorption. This mechanism is provided by a combination of para- and transcellular pathways. Whereas the first pathway provides the organism with a maximal amount of vital substances by a minimal energy expenditure, the latter enables controlling and fine-tuning by means of local and regional regulatory systems and also, hormonal control. The paracellular pathway is driven by an electrochemical gradient and realized in principal by the tight junction (TJ), a supramolecular organization of membrane-bound proteins and their adaptor and scaffolding proteins. TJ determinants are claudins (CLDN), a family of membrane spanning proteins that generate a barrier or a pore between two adjacent epithelial cells. Many insights into molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ handling have been achieved by the identification of alterations and mutations in human genes which cause disorders of paracellular Mg2+ pathways (CLDN10, CLDN14, CLDN16, CLDN19). Also, in the distal convoluted tubule, a basolateral protein, CNNM2, causes if mutated, familial dominant and also recessive renal Mg2+ wasting, albeit its true function has not been clarified yet, but is assumed to play a key role in the transcellular pathway. Moreover, mutations in human genes that are involved in regulating these proteins directly or indirectly cause, if mutated human diseases, mostly in combination with comorbidities as diabetes, cystic renal disease, or metabolic abnormalities. Generation and characterization of animal models harboring the corresponding mutations have further contributed to the elucidation of physiology and pathophysiology of Mg2+ disorders. Finally, high-end crystallization techniques allow understanding of Mg2+ handling in more detail. As this field is rapidly growing, we describe here the principles of physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial transport of renal Mg2+ homeostasis with emphasis on recently identified mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlotta Else Schirrmacher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Watari A, Kodaka M, Matsuhisa K, Sakamoto Y, Hisaie K, Kawashita N, Takagi T, Yamagishi Y, Suzuki H, Tsujino H, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Identification of claudin-4 binder that attenuates tight junction barrier function by TR-FRET-based screening assay. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14514. [PMID: 29109448 PMCID: PMC5674027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are key functional and structural components of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cell sheets. The C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C-CPE) binds to claudin-4 and reversibly modulates intestinal TJ seals, thereby enhancing paracellular transport of solutes. However, the use of C-CPE as an absorption enhancer is limited by the molecule’s immunogenicity and manufacturing cost. Here, we developed a high-throughput screening system based on the Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) method to identify claudin-4 binders in a library collection of 32,560 compounds. Thiostrepton, identified from the screen, decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased flux of 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate–labelled dextran (FD-4) in Caco-2 cell monolayers, a model of intestinal epithelium. Thiostrepton changed the expression, but not the localisation, of TJ components. Treatment of rat jejunum with thiostrepton increased the absorption of FD-4 without tissue toxicity, indicating that thiostrepton is a novel claudin-4 binder that enhances intestinal permeability. The screening system may therefore be a useful tool for identifying claudin-4 binders to enhance drug absorption in mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Watari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Miki Kodaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kota Hisaie
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka City, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamagishi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishi-Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Radloff J, Falchuk EL, Markov AG, Amasheh S. Molecular Characterization of Barrier Properties in Follicle-Associated Epithelium of Porcine Peyer's Patches Reveals Major Sealing Function of Claudin-4. Front Physiol 2017; 8:579. [PMID: 28855873 PMCID: PMC5557736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig represents a preferred model for the analysis of intestinal immunology. However, the barrier of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering porcine Peyer's patches (PP) has not yet been characterized in detail. This study aimed to perform this characterization in order to pave the way toward an understanding of the functional contribution of epithelial barrier properties in gut immunology. Porcine tissue specimens were taken from the distal small intestine in order to obtain electrophysiological data of PP FAE and neighboring villous epithelium (VE), employing the Ussing chamber technique. Transepithelial resistance (TER) and paracellular fluorescein flux were measured, and tissues were morphometrically compared. In selfsame tissues, expression and localization of major tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -8) were analyzed. PP FAE specimens showed a higher TER and a lower apparent permeability for sodium fluorescein than VE. Immunoblotting revealed an expression of all claudins within both epithelia, with markedly stronger expression of the sealing TJ protein claudin-4 in PP FAE compared with the neighboring VE. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression and localization of all claudins in both PP FAE and VE, with stronger claudin-4 abundance in PP FAE. The results are in accordance with the physiological function of the FAE, which strongly regulates and limits antigen uptake determining a mandatory transcellular route for antigen presentation, highlighting the importance of this structure for the first steps of the intestinal immune response. Thus, this study provides detailed insights into the specific barrier properties of the porcine FAE covering intestinal PP, at the interface of intestinal immunology and barriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Radloff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Evgeny L Falchuk
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander G Markov
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg State UniversitySt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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