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Wakasa Y, Kawakatsu T, Ishimaru K, Ozawa K. Generation of major glutelin-deficient (GluA, GluB, and GluC) semi-dwarf Koshihikari rice line. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:51. [PMID: 38308138 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We generated a new Koshihikari rice line with a drastically reduced content of glutelin proteins and higher lodging resistance by using new and conventional plant breeding techniques. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we generated mutant rice with drastically decreased contents of major glutelins. A Koshihikari rice mutant line, a123, lacking four glutelins (GluA1, GluA2, GluB4, and GluB5) was used as a host, and another five major glutelin genes (GluA3, GluB1a, GluB1b, GluB2, and GluC) were knocked out through two iterations of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Mutant seeds were deficient in the GluA family, GluB family, and GluC, and the line obtained was named GluABC KO. Glutelin content was much lower in GluABC KO than in the existing low-glutelin rice mutant LGC-1. A null segregant of GluABC KO was selected using new-generation sequencing and backcrossing, and the sd-1 allele for the semi-dwarf trait was introduced to increase lodging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhya Wakasa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
| | - Taiji Kawakatsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Ken Ishimaru
- Institute of Crop Sciences, NARO, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Ozawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
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2
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Rana J, Muñoz MM, Biswas M. Oral tolerance to prevent anti-drug antibody formation in protein replacement therapies. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104641. [PMID: 36402002 PMCID: PMC9730862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein based therapeutics have successfully improved the quality of life for patients of monogenic disorders like hemophilia, Pompe and Fabry disease. However, a significant proportion of patients develop immune responses towards intravenously infused therapeutic protein, which can complicate or neutralize treatment and compromise patient safety. Strategies aimed at circumventing immune responses following therapeutic protein infusion can greatly improve therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, antigen-based oral tolerance induction has shown promising results in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases, food allergies and can prevent anti-drug antibody formation to protein replacement therapies. Oral tolerance exploits regulatory mechanisms that are initiated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) to promote active suppression of orally ingested antigen. In this review, we outline general perceptions and current knowledge about the mechanisms of oral tolerance, including tissue specific sites of tolerance induction and the cells involved, with emphasis on antigen presenting cells and regulatory T cells. We define several factors, such as cytokines and metabolites that impact the stability and expansion potential of these immune modulatory cells. We highlight preclinical studies that have been performed to induce oral tolerance to therapeutic proteins or enzymes for single gene disorders, such as hemophilia or Pompe disease. These studies mainly utilize a transgenic plant-based system for oral delivery of antigen in conjugation with fusion protein technology that favors the prevention of antigen degradation in the stomach while enhancing uptake in the small intestine by antigen presenting cells and regulatory T cell induction, thereby promoting antigen specific systemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maite Melero Muñoz
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Suppressive Effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris YRC3780 on a Murine Model of Japanese Cedar Pollinosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111347. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris YRC3780 isolated from kefir has the potential to alleviate allergic responses. Herein, we investigated the effect of YRC3780 on a murine model of Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP). BALB/c mice immunized with cedar pollen extract (CPE) exhibited an increase in serum immunoglobulin E and developed nasal inflammatory responses including sneezing, nasal hyperresponsiveness, and nasal eosinophil accumulation upon intranasal allergen challenge. These responses were suppressed by the oral administration of YRC3780, although the effects on CPE-induced sneezing response and eosinophil infiltration were not statistically significant. Total fecal microbiota diversity was not affected by allergen immunization and challenge or by YRC3780 administration. However, the abundances of Bifidobacteriales, Veillonellaceae, Lactococcus, and Lactococcus lactis were larger and that of Bacteroides was smaller in YRC3780-treated mice compared with those in CPE-challenged and YRC3780-untreated mice. Our findings suggest the usefulness of YRC3780 for alleviating JCP.
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4
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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5
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Ishida W, Kishimoto T, Takaiwa F, Fukuda K. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Oral Immunotherapy on Birch Pollen-Induced Allergic Conjunctivitis in Mice with a Rice-Based Edible Vaccine Expressing a Hypoallergenic Birch Pollen Allergen. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123361. [PMID: 34943868 PMCID: PMC8699710 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of the oral administration of transgenic rice seeds expressing a hypoallergenic Bet v 1 derivative of allergic birch pollen conjunctivitis in mice. Transgenic rice seed depositing a chimeric molecule called TPC7 (tree pollen chimera 7) created by DNA shuffling of Bet v 1 family sequences from birch, alder and hazel in protein bodies of endosperm was generated. BALB/c mice were sensitized to birch pollen in alum and challenged with pollen in eyedrops. They were fed TPC7 transgenic or non-transgenic (control) rice seeds for 14 d before sensitization (prophylactic protocol) or 17 d after sensitization (therapeutic protocol). The clinical score and number of conjunctival eosinophils were significantly lower in TPC7-fed mice than in the control mice based on both the prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. Serum concentration of allergen-specific IgE did not differ between TPC7-fed and control groups in either protocol. Prophylactic administration of TPC7 downregulated the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ, whereas therapeutic administration of TPC7 upregulated the production of IFN-γ by allergen-stimulated splenocytes. Prophylactic or therapeutic oral administration of transgenic rice expressing TPC7 suppressed birch pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Feeding transgenic rice is a potentially effective approach as an allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; (W.I.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatsuma Kishimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; (W.I.); (T.K.)
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan;
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; (W.I.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88880-2391
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6
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Takaiwa F. Next-Generation Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy for Japanese Cedar Pollinosis Using Molecular Approaches. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:213-224. [PMID: 34239843 PMCID: PMC8259616 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s276874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese cedar (JC) pollinosis is the most major IgE-mediated type I allergic disease in Japan. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only curative treatment for allergic diseases. Subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy have been introduced in Japan for JC pollinosis, but do not avoid some adverse side effects, because the natural allergens used as tolerogens cross-link with specific IgE types on mast cells and basophils. To make immunotherapy for JC pollinosis safer, more effective and convenient, rice-based oral allergy vaccines using hybrid peptides composed of multiple T-cell epitopes or recombinant deconstructed hypoallergenic derivatives derived from major allergens — Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 — have been developed and their efficacy and safety evaluated by oral administration of transgenic rice seeds. Furthermore, recombinant modified JC allergens conjugated with various immunomodulatory molecules and DNA-based vaccines have been created and their efficacy assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Soul Signal Institute, Kojyohama, Shiraoi, Hokkaido, 059-0641, Japan.,Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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7
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Akama K, Shimajiri Y, Kainou K, Iwasaki R, Nakao R, Nikawa T, Nishikawa A. Functional rice with tandemly repeated Cbl-b ubiquitin ligase inhibitory pentapeptide prevents denervation-induced muscle atrophy in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1415-1421. [PMID: 33864463 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) play a critical role in nonloading-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy: Cbl-b ubiquitinates insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), leading to its degradation and a resulting loss in muscle mass. We reported that intramuscular injection of a pentapeptide, DGpYMP, which acts as a mimic of the phosphorylation site in IRS-1, significantly inhibited denervation-induced skeletal muscle loss. In order to explore the possibility of the prevention of muscle atrophy by diet therapy, we examined the effects of oral administration of transgenic rice containing Cblin (Cbl-b inhibitor) peptide (DGYMP) on denervation-induced muscle mass loss in frogs. We generated transgenic rice seeds in which 15 repeats of Cblin peptides with a WQ spacer were inserted into the rice storage protein glutelin. A diet of the transgenic rice seeds had significant inhibitory effects on denervation-induced atrophy of the leg skeletal muscles in frogs, compared with those receiving a diet of wild-type rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Akama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yasuka Shimajiri
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan.,EditForce, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kainou
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwasaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Functional Foods, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University of Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Functional Foods, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University of Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Nishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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8
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Khan I, Daniell H. Oral delivery of therapeutic proteins bioencapsulated in plant cells: preclinical and clinical advances. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 54. [PMID: 33967586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of protein drugs (PDs) made in plant cells could revolutionize current approaches of their production and delivery. Expression of PDs reduces their production cost by elimination of prohibitively expensive fermentation, purification, cold transportation/storage, and sterile injections and increases their shelf life for several years. Ability of plant cell wall to protect PDs from digestive acids/enzymes, commensal bacteria to release PDs in gut lumen after lysis of plant cell wall and role of GALT in inducing tolerance facilitate prevention or treatment allergic, autoimmune diseases or anti-drug antibody responses. Delivery of functional proteins facilitate treatment of inherited or metabolic disorders. Recent advances in making PDs free of antibiotic resistance genes in edible plant cells, long-term storage at ambient temperature maintaining their efficacy, production in cGMP facilities, IND enabling studies for clinical advancement and FDA approval of orally delivered PDs augur well for advancing this novel drug delivery platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Sublingual Immunotherapy: How Sublingual Allergen Administration Heals Allergic Diseases; Current Perspective about the Mode of Action. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020147. [PMID: 33540540 PMCID: PMC7912807 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the successful application of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has become one of the leading treatments for allergic diseases. Similar to the case with other AITs, such as subcutaneous and oral immunotherapies, not only the alleviation of allergic symptoms, but also the curing of the diseases can be expected in patients undergoing SLIT. However, how and why such strong efficacy is obtained by SLIT, in which allergens are simply administered under the tongue, is not clearly known. Various potential mechanisms, including the induction of blocking antibodies, T cell tolerance, regulatory B and T cells, CD103-CD11b+ classical dendritic cells, and CD206+ macrophages, and the reduction of innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, and basophils, have been suggested. Recently, through a comparative analysis between high- and non-responder patients of SLIT, we have successfully proposed several novel mechanisms. Here, we introduce our recent findings and summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the strong efficacy of SLIT.
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10
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Ghag SB, Adki VS, Ganapathi TR, Bapat VA. Plant Platforms for Efficient Heterologous Protein Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021; 26:546-567. [PMID: 34393545 PMCID: PMC8346785 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Production of recombinant proteins is primarily established in cultures of mammalian, insect and bacterial cells. Concurrently, concept of using plants to produce high-value pharmaceuticals such as vaccines, antibodies, and dietary proteins have received worldwide attention. Newer technologies for plant transformation such as plastid engineering, agroinfiltration, magnifection, and deconstructed viral vectors have been used to enhance the protein production in plants along with the inherent advantage of speed, scale, and cost of production in plant systems. Production of therapeutic proteins in plants has now a more pragmatic approach when several plant-produced vaccines and antibodies successfully completed Phase I clinical trials in humans and were further scheduled for regulatory approvals to manufacture clinical grade products on a large scale which are safe, efficacious, and meet the quality standards. The main thrust of this review is to summarize the data accumulated over the last two decades and recent development and achievements of the plant derived therapeutics. It also attempts to discuss different strategies employed to increase the production so as to make plants more competitive with the established production systems in this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh B. Ghag
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai, 400098 India
| | - Vinayak S. Adki
- V. G. Shivdare College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra 413004 India
| | - Thumballi R. Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
| | - Vishwas A. Bapat
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004 India
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11
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Bertolini TB, Biswas M, Terhorst C, Daniell H, Herzog RW, Piñeros AR. Role of orally induced regulatory T cells in immunotherapy and tolerance. Cell Immunol 2020; 359:104251. [PMID: 33248367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral antigen administration to induce regulatory T cells (Treg) takes advantage of regulatory mechanisms that the gastrointestinal tract utilizes to promote unresponsiveness against food antigens or commensal microorganisms. Recently, antigen-based oral immunotherapies (OITs) have shown efficacy as treatment for food allergy and autoimmune diseases. Similarly, OITs appear to prevent anti-drug antibody responses in replacement therapy for genetic diseases. Intestinal epithelial cells and microbiota possibly condition dendritic cells (DC) toward a tolerogenic phenotype that induces Treg via expression of several mediators, e.g. IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, retinoic acid. Several factors, such as metabolites derived from microbiota or diet, impact the stability and expansion of these induced Treg, which include, but are not limited to, FoxP3+ Treg, LAP+ Treg, and/or Tr1 cells. Here, we review various orally induced Treg, their plasticity and cooperation between the Treg subsets, as well as underlying mechanisms controlling their induction and role in oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais B Bertolini
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Annie R Piñeros
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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Kaminuma O, Nishimura T, Saeki M, Mori A, Hiroi T. T Cell-Mediated Nasal Hyperresponsiveness in Allergic Rhinitis. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:36-40. [PMID: 31902929 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis patients suffer various symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion. As disease severity and chronicity progress, nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) develops in those patients. During the generation of a mouse allergic rhinitis model, we discovered that immunized mice developed NHR upon repeated nasal antigen challenge. Using genetically modified mice and an originally developed T cell-transferred mouse model, we confirmed the critical role of CD4+ T cells after differentiation into several helper subsets in NHR. On the other hand, immunoglobulin E/mast cell-dependent responses that are critical for evoking nasal symptoms and eosinophils that accumulate in allergic inflammation sites were dispensable. A steroid, but not drugs targeting mast cell-derived mediators, was effective in alleviating NHR. The possible generation of a new means to treat allergic rhinitis by targeting T cell-derived NHR-inducing factors is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kaminuma
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University.,Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital.,Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi
| | - Tomoe Nishimura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Mayumi Saeki
- Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Akio Mori
- Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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13
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Saito S, Takagi H, Wakasa Y, Ozawa K, Takaiwa F. Safety and efficacy of rice seed-based oral allergy vaccine for Japanese cedar pollinosis in Japanese monkeys. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Pali-Schöll I, DeBoer DJ, Alessandri C, Seida AA, Mueller RS, Jensen-Jarolim E. Formulations for Allergen Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Patients: New Candidates on the Horizon. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1697. [PMID: 32849594 PMCID: PMC7417425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is currently the only causal treatment for allergic diseases in human beings and animals. It aims to re-direct the immune system into a tolerogenic or desensitized state. Requirements include clinical efficacy, safety, and schedules optimizing patient or owner compliance. To achieve these goals, specific allergens can be formulated with adjuvants that prolong tissue deposition and support uptake by antigen presenting cells, and/or provide a beneficial immunomodulatory action. Here, we depict adjuvant formulations being investigated for human and veterinary allergen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pali-Schöll
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas J DeBoer
- Dermatology/Allergy Section, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Seida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Solid-in-Oil Nanodispersions for Transcutaneous Immunotherapy of Japanese Cedar Pollinosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030240. [PMID: 32156090 PMCID: PMC7150915 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP) is a common affliction caused by an allergic reaction to cedar pollen and is considered a disease of national importance in Japan. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available curative treatment for JCP. However, low compliance and persistence have been reported among patients subcutaneously or sublingually administered AIT comprising a conventional antigen derived from a pollen extract. To address these issues, many research studies have focused on developing a safer, simpler, and more effective AIT for JCP. Here, we review the novel antigens that have been developed for JCP AIT, discuss their different administration routes, and present the effects of anti-allergy treatment. Then, we describe a new form of AIT called transcutaneous immunotherapy (TCIT) and its solid-in-oil (S/O) nanodispersion formulation, which is a promising antigen delivery system. Finally, we discuss the applications of S/O nanodispersions for JCP TCIT. In this context, we predict that TCIT delivery by using a S/O nanodispersion loaded with novel antigens may offer an easier, safer, and more effective treatment option for JCP patients.
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16
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Takaiwa F, Yang L, Takagi H, Maruyama N, Wakasa Y, Ozawa K, Hiroi T. Development of Rice-Seed-Based Oral Allergy Vaccines Containing Hypoallergenic Japanese Cedar Pollen Allergen Derivatives for Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13127-13138. [PMID: 31682438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only available curative treatment for IgE-mediated allergen diseases. A safe hypoallergenic allergen derivative with high efficiency is required as a tolerogen to induce immune tolerance to the causitive allergens. In this study, to generate a rice-based oral allergy vaccine for Japanese cedar (JC) pollinosis, the tertiary structures of major JC pollen allergens, Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, were more completely destructed by shuffling than the previous ones without losing immunogenicity and then were specifically expressed in the endosperm of transgenic rice seed. They accumulated at high levels and were deposited in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER-derived protein bodies. The low allergenicity of these deconstructed Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 allergens was evaluated by examining their binding activities to the specific IgE antibody and by the basophil degranulation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 2-1-2 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8602 , Japan
| | - Lijun Yang
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 2-1-2 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8602 , Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 2-1-2 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8602 , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Maruyama
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 2-1-2 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8602 , Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ozawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 2-1-2 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8602 , Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project , Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science , 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506 , Japan
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Xu Y, Bi L, Yu Z, Lin C, Gan L, Zhu L, Li H, Song Y, Zhu C. Comprehensive transcriptomics and proteomics analyses of rice stripe virus-resistant transgenic rice. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Takaishi S, Saito S, Endo T, Asaka D, Wakasa Y, Takagi H, Ozawa K, Takaiwa F, Otori N, Kojima H. T-cell activation by transgenic rice seeds expressing the genetically modified Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Immunology 2019; 158:94-103. [PMID: 31323138 PMCID: PMC6742765 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic rice seeds that contain genetically modified Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, the two major allergens of Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar; JC), have been developed as immunotherapeutic candidates for JC pollinosis. Because the transgenic rice (TG-rice) seeds express allergens containing whole amino acid sequences of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 in the endosperm tissue (edible part of rice grain), they can potentially target all Cry j 1- and Cry j 2-specific T-cells. However, it was unknown whether antigenicity of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 could be completely preserved in TG-rice seeds. We verified the antigenicity of TG-rice seeds to T-cells through the analysis of the proliferative responses of T-cells in Cry j 1- or Cry j 2-immunized mice or T-cell lines to TG-rice seed extract. First, four mouse strains were immunized with Cry j 1 or Cry j 2. T-cells in the immunized mice proliferated on treatment with TG-rice seed extract, but not non-transgenic wild-type rice (WT-rice) seed extract. Furthermore, T-cell lines were established from the spleen cells of the immunized mice. Each T-cell line resulted in a proliferative response to TG-rice seed extract, but not to WT-rice seed extract, suggesting that TG-rice seeds certainly express T-cell epitopes corresponding to T-cell lines. Considering the modified amino acid sequences of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 in TG-rice seeds, the expression of specific T-cell epitopes suggested that TG-rice seeds express all possible T-cell epitope repertoires of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takaishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saburo Saito
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Endo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiya Asaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ozawa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Daniell H, Kulis M, Herzog RW. Plant cell-made protein antigens for induction of Oral tolerance. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107413. [PMID: 31251968 PMCID: PMC6842683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut associated lymphoid tissue has effective mechanisms in place to maintain tolerance to food antigens. These can be exploited to induce antigen-specific tolerance for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases and severe allergies and to prevent serious immune responses in protein replacement therapies for genetic diseases. An oral tolerance approach for the prevention of peanut allergy in infants proved highly efficacious and advances in treatment of peanut allergy have brought forth an oral immunotherapy drug that is currently awaiting FDA approval. Several other protein antigens made in plant cells are in clinical development. Plant cell-made proteins are protected in the stomach from acids and enzymes after their oral delivery because of bioencapsulation within plant cell wall, but are released to the immune system upon digestion by gut microbes. Utilization of fusion protein technologies facilitates their delivery to the immune system, oral tolerance induction at low antigen doses, resulting in efficient induction of FoxP3+ and latency-associated peptide (LAP)+ regulatory T cells that express immune suppressive cytokines such as IL-10. LAP and IL-10 expression represent potential biomarkers for plant-based oral tolerance. Efficacy studies in hemophilia dogs support clinical development of oral delivery of bioencapsulated antigens to prevent anti-drug antibody formation. Production of clinical grade materials in cGMP facilities, stability of antigens in lyophilized plant cells for several years when stored at ambient temperature, efficacy of oral delivery of human doses in large animal models and lack of toxicity augur well for clinical advancement of this novel drug delivery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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20
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Feng M, Cai H, Guan Y, Sun J, Zhang L, Cang J. Analyses of transgenic fibroblast growth factor 21 mature rice seeds. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:279-288. [PMID: 31481837 PMCID: PMC6711730 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies have been conducted on the effects of foreign protein expression on rice, the results vary with foreign gene types and protein expression. This study reveals the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression on mature rice seeds in various aspects. Results revealed that the grain weight of the transgene rice was lower than that of non-transgenic wild-type. The sucrose content and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity in transgenic FGF21 rice were higher than that in non-transgenic wild-type rice, while changes in the starch content, starch branching enzyme (SBE), sucrose synthase (SuS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity were lower in transgenic FGF21 rice compared to non-transgenic wild-type. The scanning electron microscope results revealed that mature seeds of the transgenic FGF21 rice contained fewer vascular bundles with irregular arrangement compared to the wild-type. The mature seeds of CK and T1 rice lines were collected for proteome analysis, and 167 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found. In addition, the most enriched pathways in both rice lines were determined to be amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism, etc. This study laid the foundation for revealing the effects of exogenous protein expression on rice bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin 150030,
P.R. China
| | - Hua Cai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin 150030,
P.R. China
| | - Ying Guan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin 150030,
P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin 150030,
P.R. China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Harbin 150086,
P.R. China
| | - Jing Cang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University,
Harbin 150030,
P.R. China
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21
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Takaishi S, Saito S, Kamada M, Otori N, Kojima H, Ozawa K, Takaiwa F. Evaluation of basophil activation caused by transgenic rice seeds expressing whole T cell epitopes of the major Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:11. [PMID: 30828418 PMCID: PMC6381677 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese cedar (JC) pollinosis is a serious type I allergic disease in Japan. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy have been applied to treat JC pollinosis, high doses of allergens may cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. The transgenic rice seeds that contain genetically modified Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, the two major allergens of JC pollen, have been developed as candidates for oral immunotherapy. Although the antigens in the transgenic rice seeds (Tg-rice seeds) were engineered such that they decrease binding ability with IgE and they are of insufficient length to cross-link IgE on the surface of mast cells or basophils, the safety of Tg-rice seeds for patients with JC pollinosis was unclear. Methods To verify the safety of Tg-rice seeds in terms of allergies, we investigated the percentage of activated basophils induced by Tg-rice seed extract in the basophil activation test. Blood samples from 29 patients with JC pollinosis were collected. Tg-rice seed extract, non-transgenic wild-type rice seed extract, and Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 were mixed with the blood with reagents. The percentage of activated basophils was assessed by CD203c expression, a basophil activation marker. Results The percentage of activated basophils after the stimulation with Tg-rice seed extract was 4.5 ± 1.6% (mean ± SD) compared with 62.9 ± 20.2% after Cry j 1- and Cry j 2-stimulation (difference 58.4%, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval 51.0–65.9%). Conclusions The results will contribute to the safety of Tg-rice seeds in terms of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takaishi
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,2Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Saburo Saito
- 2Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Minori Kamada
- 3Core Research Facilities for Basic Science (Division of Molecular Genetics), Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,4Core Research Facilities for Basic Science (Division of Molecular Cell Biology), Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ozawa
- 5Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- 5Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Oral Immunotherapy for Allergic Conjunctivitis Using Transgenic Rice Expressing Hypoallergenic Antigens. Cornea 2018; 37 Suppl 1:S67-S73. [PMID: 30252684 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pollinosis, or allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis induced by pollen, is one of the most common diseases worldwide. In Japan, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is a predominant allergic condition that affects more than one-third of all Japanese individuals. Pharmacological treatments of allergic conjunctivitis include administration of antiallergic eye drops containing an antihistamine or mast cell stabilizer. However, these topical treatments provide transient relief from symptoms. The only available curative treatment for allergic diseases is allergen-specific immunotherapy. Sublingual immunotherapy for pollinosis has been found to be effective for suppression of ocular and nasal symptoms, but patient compliance is low. Oral administration of staple foods engineered to express allergens is a possible means of delivering antigens for immunotherapy, and its convenience would be expected to improve compliance. With the aim of developing more convenient, effective, and safe immunotherapies for allergic diseases, we have generated rice-based edible vaccines expressing antigens derived from dust mites or pollen from Japanese cedar, birch, or ragweed. In this study, we summarize the results of our immunotherapy studies using transgenic rice. Oral immunotherapy with transgenic rice seeds containing hypoallergenic modified forms of Japanese cedar pollen antigens was effective for both preventing allergic conjunctivitis and suppressing established disease in mice. Oral administration of transgenic rice seeds is thus a promising approach to immunotherapy for conjunctivitis and rhinitis induced by Japanese cedar pollen.
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23
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Nieto-Gómez R. Green Therapeutic Biocapsules: Using Plant Cells to Orally Deliver Biopharmaceuticals. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:1054-1067. [PMID: 29980327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of innovative platforms to produce biopharmaceuticals cheaply and deliver them through noninvasive routes could expand their social benefits. Coverage should increase as a consequence of lower cost and higher patient compliance due to painless administration. For more than two decades of research, oral therapies that rely on genetically engineered plants for the production of biopharmaceuticals have been explored to treat or prevent high-impact diseases. Recent reports on the successful oral delivery of plant-made biopharmaceuticals raise new hopes for the field. Several candidates have shown protection in animal models, and efforts to establish their production on an industrial scale are ongoing. These advances and perspectives for the field are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenue Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenue Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
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24
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Su Y, Romeu-Bonilla E, Heiland T. Next generation immunotherapy for tree pollen allergies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 13:2402-2415. [PMID: 28853984 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1367882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree pollen induced allergies are one of the major medical and public health burdens in the industrialized world. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (AIT) through subcutaneous injection or sublingual delivery is the only approved therapy with curative potential to pollen induced allergies. AIT often is associated with severe side effects and requires long-term treatment. Safer, more effective and convenient allergen specific immunotherapies remain an unmet need. In this review article, we discuss the current progress in applying protein and peptide-based approaches and DNA vaccines to the clinical challenges posed by tree pollen allergies through the lens of preclinical animal models and clinical trials, with an emphasis on the birch and Japanese red cedar pollen induced allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- a Department of R&D , Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (ITI) , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Teri Heiland
- a Department of R&D , Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (ITI) , Rockville , MD , USA
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25
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Takaiwa F, Yang L, Wakasa Y, Ozawa K. Compensatory rebalancing of rice prolamins by production of recombinant prolamin/bioactive peptide fusion proteins within ER-derived protein bodies. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:209-223. [PMID: 29075848 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptide was produced by fusion to rice prolamins in transgenic rice seeds. Their accumulation levels were affected by their deposition sites and by compensatory rebalancing between prolamins within PB-Is. Peptide immunotherapy using analogue peptide ligands (APLs) is one of promising treatments against autoimmune diseases. Use of seed storage protein as a fusion carrier is reasonable strategy for production of such small size bioactive peptides. In this study, to examine the efficacy of various rice prolamins deposited in ER-derived protein bodies (PB-Is), the APL12 from the Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI325-339) was expressed by fusion to four types of representative prolamins under the control of the individual native promoters. When the 14 and 16 kDa Cys-rich prolamins, which were localized in middle layer of PB-Is, were used for production of the APL12, they highly accumulated in transgenic rice seeds (~ 200 µg/grain). By contrast, fusion to the 10 and 13 kDa prolamins, which were localized in the core and outermost layer of PB-Is, resulted in lower levels of accumulation (~ 40 µg/grain). These results suggest that accumulation levels were highly affected by their deposition sites. Next, when different prolamin/APL12 fusion proteins were co-expressed to increase accumulation levels, they could not be increased so much as their expected additive levels. High accumulation of one type prolamin/APL12 led to reduction of other type(s) prolamin/APL12 to maintain the limited amounts of prolamins that can be deposited in PB-Is. Moreover, suppression of endogenous seed proteins by RNA interference also did not significantly enhance the accumulation levels of prolamin/APL12. These findings suggest that there may be compensatory rebalancing mechanism that controls the accumulation levels of prolamins deposited within PB-Is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Lijun Yang
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ozawa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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26
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Efficacy of oral immunotherapy with a rice-based edible vaccine containing hypoallergenic Japanese cedar pollen allergens for treatment of established allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Allergol Int 2018; 67:119-123. [PMID: 28676431 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that prophylactic oral administration of transgenic rice seeds expressing hypoallergenic modified antigens suppressed the development of allergic conjunctivitis induced by Japanese cedar pollen. We have now investigated the efficacy of oral immunotherapy with such transgenic rice for established allergic conjunctivitis in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized with two intraperitoneal injections of Japanese cedar pollen in alum, challenged with pollen in eyedrops, and then fed for 16 days with transgenic rice seeds expressing modified Japanese cedar pollen allergens Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 or with nontransgenic rice seeds as a control. They were then challenged twice with pollen in eyedrops, with clinical signs being evaluated at 15 min after the first challenge and the eyes, blood, spleen, and lymph nodes being isolated at 24 h after the second challenge. RESULTS The number of eosinophils in the conjunctiva and the clinical score for conjunctivitis were both significantly lower in mice fed the transgenic rice than in those fed nontransgenic rice. Oral vaccination with transgenic rice seeds also resulted in a significant increase in the production of IFN-γ by splenocytes, whereas it had no effect on the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the spleen or submandibular or mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of transgenic rice seeds expressing hypoallergenic allergens ameliorated allergic conjunctivitis in the established setting. Such a rice-based edible vaccine is potentially both safe and effective for oral immunotherapy in individuals with allergic conjunctivitis.
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27
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Takaiwa F, Wakasa Y, Hayashi S, Kawakatsu T. An overview on the strategies to exploit rice endosperm as production platform for biopharmaceuticals. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:201-209. [PMID: 28818376 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cereal seed has been utilized as production platform for high-value biopharmaceutical proteins. Especially, protein bodies (PBs) in seeds are not only natural specialized storage organs of seed storage proteins (SSPs), but also suitable intracellular deposition compartment for recombinant proteins. When various recombinant proteins were produced as secretory proteins by attaching N terminal ER signal peptide and C terminal KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal or as fusion proteins with SSPs, high amounts of recombinant proteins can be predominantly accumulated in the PBs. Recombinant proteins bioencapsulated in PBs exhibit high resistance to digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract than other intracellular compartments and are highly stable at ambient temperature, thus allowing oral administration of PBs containing recombinant proteins as oral drugs or functional nutrients in cost-effective minimum processed formulation. In this review, we would like to address key factors determining accumulation levels of recombinant proteins in PBs. Understanding of bottle neck parts and improvement of specific deposition to PBs result in much higher levels of production of high quality recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shimpei Hayashi
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Taiji Kawakatsu
- Plant Molecular Farming Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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28
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Montesinos L, Bundó M, Badosa E, San Segundo B, Coca M, Montesinos E. Production of BP178, a derivative of the synthetic antibacterial peptide BP100, in the rice seed endosperm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:63. [PMID: 28292258 PMCID: PMC5351061 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BP178 peptide is a synthetic BP100-magainin derivative possessing strong inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic bacteria, offering a great potential for future applications in plant protection and other fields. Here we report the production and recovery of a bioactive BP178 peptide using rice seeds as biofactories. RESULTS A synthetic gene encoding the BP178 peptide was prepared and introduced in rice plants. The gene was efficiently expressed in transgenic rice under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter. Among the three endosperm-specific rice promoters (Glutelin B1, Glutelin B4 or Globulin 1), best results were obtained when using the Globulin 1 promoter. The BP178 peptide accumulated in the seed endosperm and was easily recovered from rice seeds using a simple procedure with a yield of 21 μg/g. The transgene was stably inherited for at least three generations, and peptide accumulation remained stable during long term storage of transgenic seeds. The purified peptide showed in vitro activity against the bacterial plant pathogen Dickeya sp., the causal agent of the dark brown sheath rot of rice. Seedlings of transgenic events showed enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, supporting that the in planta produced peptide was biologically active. CONCLUSIONS The strategy developed in this work for the sustainable production of BP178 peptide using rice seeds as biofactories represents a promising system for future production of peptides for plant protection and possibly in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, 17071 Spain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, 17071 Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, 17071 Spain
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29
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Wakasa Y, Takaiwa F. Analysis of Recombinant Proteins in Transgenic Rice Seeds: Identity, Localization, Tolerance to Digestion, and Plant Stress Response. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1385:223-47. [PMID: 26614293 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3289-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice seeds are an ideal production platform for high-value recombinant proteins in terms of economy, scalability, safety, and stability. Strategies for the expression of large amounts of recombinant proteins in rice seeds have been established in the past decade and transgenic rice seeds that accumulate recombinant products such as bioactive peptides and proteins, which promote the health and quality of life of humans, have been generated in many laboratories worldwide. One of the most important advantages is the potential for direct oral delivery of transgenic rice seeds without the need for recombinant protein purification (downstream processing), which has been attributed to the high expression levels of recombinant products. Transgenic rice will be beneficial as a delivery system for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals in the future. This chapter introduces the strategy for producing recombinant protein in the edible part (endosperm) of the rice grain and describes methods for the analysis of transgenic rice seeds in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhya Wakasa
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
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The case for plant-made veterinary immunotherapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:597-604. [PMID: 26875776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics in food animal production has contributed to resistance in pathogenic bacteria, thereby triggering regulations and consumer demands to limit their use. Alternatives for disease control are therefore required that are cost-effective and compatible with intensive production. While vaccines are widely used and effective, they are available against a minority of animal diseases, and development of novel vaccines and other immunotherapeutics is therefore needed. Production of such proteins recombinantly in plants can provide products that are effective and safe, can be orally administered with minimal processing, and are easily scalable with a relatively low capital investment. The present report thus advocates the use of plants for producing vaccines and antibodies to protect farm animals from diseases that have thus far been managed with antibiotics; and highlights recent advances in product efficacy, competitiveness, and regulatory approval.
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Essential Contribution of CD4+ T Cells to Antigen-Induced Nasal Hyperresponsiveness in Experimental Allergic Rhinitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146686. [PMID: 26752722 PMCID: PMC4709066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) is a characteristic feature of allergic rhinitis (AR); however, the pathogenesis of NHR is not fully understood. In this study, during the establishment of an experimental AR model using ovalbumin-immunized and -challenged mice, augmentation of the sneezing reaction in response to nonspecific proteins as well as a chemical stimulant was detected. Whether NHR is independent of mast cells and eosinophils was determined by using mast cell- and eosinophil-deficient mice. NHR was suppressed by treatment with anti-CD4 antibody, suggesting the pivotal contribution of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, antigen challenge to mice to which in vitro-differentiated Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells but not naïve CD4+ T cells had been adoptively transferred led to the development of equivalent NHR. Since antigen-specific IgE and IgG were not produced in these mice and since antigen-specific IgE-transgenic mice did not develop NHR even upon antigen challenge, humoral immunity would be dispensable for NHR. CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AR via induction of NHR, independent of IgE-, mast cell-, and eosinophil-mediated responses.
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Abstract
Recombinant hypoallergenic derivative is the next generation of tolerogen replacing the natural allergen extract to increase safety and efficacy. Japanese cedar pollinosis is the predominant seasonal allergy disease in Japan. A rice seed-based oral vaccine containing the recombinant hypoallergens derived from these allergens was developed. Efficacy of this rice-based allergy vaccine was evaluated by oral administration in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Takagi
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
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Takaiwa F, Wakasa Y, Takagi H, Hiroi T. Rice seed for delivery of vaccines to gut mucosal immune tissues. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1041-55. [PMID: 26100952 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the biggest lymphoid organ in the body. It plays a role in robust immune responses against invading pathogens while maintaining immune tolerance against nonpathogenic antigens such as foods. Oral vaccination can induce mucosal and systemic antigen-specific immune reactions and has several advantages including ease of administration, no requirement for purification and ease of scale-up of antigen. Thus far, taking advantage of these properties, various plant-based oral vaccines have been developed. Seeds provide a superior production platform over other plant tissues for oral vaccines; they offer a suitable delivery vehicle to GALT due to their high stability at room temperature, ample and stable deposition space, high expression level, and protection from digestive enzymes in gut. A rice seed production system for oral vaccines was established by combining stable deposition in protein bodies or protein storage vacuoles and enhanced endosperm-specific expression. Various types of rice-based oral vaccines for infectious and allergic diseases were generated. Efficacy of these rice-based vaccines was evaluated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy is expected to be a desirable treatment for allergic diseases. Currently, antigen-specific immunotherapy is performed by administering disease-causing antigens subcutaneously or sublingually. These approaches induce long-term remission in patients with allergic rhinitis or asthma. The oral route is an alternative to subcutaneous and sublingual routes, and can also induce long-term remission, a phenomenon known as "oral tolerance." The effectiveness of oral tolerance has been reported in the context of autoimmune diseases, food allergies, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis in both human patients and animal models. However, few studies have examined its efficacy in animal models of allergic conjunctivitis. Previously, we showed that ovalbumin feeding suppressed ovalbumin-induced experimental allergic conjunctivitis, indicating the induction of oral tolerance is effective in treating experimental allergic conjunctivitis. In recent years, transgenic rice has been developed that can induce oral tolerance and reduce the severity of anaphylaxis. The major Japanese cedar pollen antigens in transgenic rice, Cryptomeria japonica 1 and C. japonica 2, were deconstructed by molecular shuffling, fragmentation, and changes in the oligomeric structure. Thus, transgenic rice may be an effective treatment for allergic conjunctivitis.
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Hoang VV, Zou Y, Kurata K, Enomoto K. Expression of recombinant T-cell epitopes of major Japanese cedar pollen allergens fused with cholera toxin B subunit in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 109:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Concentrated protein body product derived from rice endosperm as an oral tolerogen for allergen-specific immunotherapy--a new mucosal vaccine formulation against Japanese cedar pollen allergy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120209. [PMID: 25774686 PMCID: PMC4361645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum-derived type-I protein body (PB-I) from rice endosperm cells is an ideal candidate formulation for the oral delivery of bioencapsulated peptides as tolerogens for allergen-specific immunotherapy. In the present study, PBs containing the deconstructed Japanese cedar pollen allergens Cryptomeria japonica 1 (Cry j 1) and Cry j 2 were concentrated by treatment with thermostable α-amylase at 90°C to remove the starch from milled rice powder, which resulted in a 12.5-fold reduction of dry weight compared to the starting material. The modified Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 antigens in this concentrated PB product were more resistant to enzymatic digestion than those in the milled seed powder despite the absence of intact cell wall and starch, and remained stable for at least 10 months at room temperature without detectable loss or degradation. The high resistance of these allergens could be attributed to changes in protein physicochemical properties induced by the high temperature concentration process, as suggested by the decreased solubility of the antigens and seed proteins in PBs in step-wise-extraction experiments. Confocal microscopy showed that the morphology of antigen-containing PB-Is was preserved in the concentrated PB product. The concentrated PB product induced specific immune tolerance against Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 in mice when orally administered, supporting its potential use as a novel oral tolerogen formulation.
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Sack M, Hofbauer A, Fischer R, Stoger E. The increasing value of plant-made proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 32:163-170. [PMID: 25578557 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The production of high-value proteins in plants is maturing, as shown by the recent approval of innovative products and the latest studies that showcase plant-based production systems using technologies and approaches that are well established in other fields. These include host cell engineering, medium optimization, scalable unit operations for downstream processing (DSP), bioprocess optimization and detailed cost analysis. Product-specific benefits of plant-based systems have also been exploited, including bioencapsulation and the mucosal delivery of minimally processed topical and oral products with a lower entry barrier than pharmaceuticals for injection. Success stories spearheaded by the FDA approval of Elelyso developed by Protalix have revitalized the field and further interest has been fueled by the production of experimental Ebola treatments in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Sack
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Hofbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Stoger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Fukuda K, Ishida W, Harada Y, Wakasa Y, Takagi H, Takaiwa F, Fukushima A. Prevention of allergic conjunctivitis in mice by a rice-based edible vaccine containing modified Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:705-9. [PMID: 25563761 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To determine whether oral immunotherapy with transgenic rice seeds expressing hypoallergenic modified antigens suppresses cedar pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis by eliciting immune tolerance in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were fed once a day for 20 days with 220 mg of transgenic rice expressing modified Japanese cedar pollen allergens Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 or with non-transgenic rice seeds as a control. They were then sensitised with two intraperitoneal injections of Japanese cedar pollen in alum before challenge twice with pollen in eye drops. Twenty-four hours after the second challenge, the conjunctiva, spleen, and blood were isolated for histological analysis, cytokine production assays, and measurement of serum immunoglobulin E concentrations, respectively. RESULTS The numbers of eosinophils and total inflammatory cells in the conjunctiva were significantly lower in mice fed the transgenic rice than in those fed non-transgenic rice. The clinical score evaluated at 15 min after antigen challenge was also significantly lower in mice fed the transgenic rice than in those fed non-transgenic rice. The serum concentrations of both total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E were also significantly lower in mice fed the transgenic rice. Oral vaccination with transgenic rice resulted in significant down-regulation of the allergen-induced production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12p70, interferon-γ, and IL-17A by splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS Oral immunotherapy with transgenic rice expressing modified Japanese cedar pollen allergens suppressed pollen-induced experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice by eliciting immune tolerance. This novel prophylactic approach is potentially safe and effective for allergen-specific oral immunotherapy in allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan
| | - Waka Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Harada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Functional Transgenic Crop Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Functional Transgenic Crop Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Transgenic Crop Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsuki Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan
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Hofbauer A, Peters J, Arcalis E, Rademacher T, Lampel J, Eudes F, Vitale A, Stoger E. The Induction of Recombinant Protein Bodies in Different Subcellular Compartments Reveals a Cryptic Plastid-Targeting Signal in the 27-kDa γ-Zein Sequence. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:67. [PMID: 25566533 PMCID: PMC4263181 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring storage proteins such as zeins are used as fusion partners for recombinant proteins because they induce the formation of ectopic storage organelles known as protein bodies (PBs) where the proteins are stabilized by intermolecular interactions and the formation of disulfide bonds. Endogenous PBs are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we have used different targeting sequences to determine whether ectopic PBs composed of the N-terminal portion of mature 27 kDa γ-zein added to a fluorescent protein could be induced to form elsewhere in the cell. The addition of a transit peptide for targeting to plastids causes PB formation in the stroma, whereas in the absence of any added targeting sequence PBs were typically associated with the plastid envelope, revealing the presence of a cryptic plastid-targeting signal within the γ-zein cysteine-rich domain. The subcellular localization of the PBs influences their morphology and the solubility of the stored recombinant fusion protein. Our results indicate that the biogenesis and budding of PBs does not require ER-specific factors and therefore, confirm that γ-zein is a versatile fusion partner for recombinant proteins offering unique opportunities for the accumulation and bioencapsulation of recombinant proteins in different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hofbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Jenny Peters
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Rademacher
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Johannes Lampel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - François Eudes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge, AB , Canada
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR) , Milan , Italy
| | - Eva Stoger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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Nishimura T, Saeki M, Kaminuma O, Takaiwa F, Hiroi T. Transgenic plants for allergen-specific immunotherapy. World J Immunol 2014; 4:141-148. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is an effective treatment for allergic diseases. Although subcutaneous and sublingual ITs are currently used, safer, easier, and more effective IT is under development. Induction of immune tolerance by oral administration of allergen has been proven, though oral IT has not been applied clinically. It is mainly because a large amount of purified allergen is required to induce oral tolerance. To overcome this problem, plants, peculiarly rice, have been investigated as allergen vehicles for oral IT. Rice can store a considerable amount of expressed allergen in its seeds and the accumulated allergen is stable and resistant to gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, we have developed transgenic rice seeds (Tg rice) in which major epitopes of cedar pollen or house dust mites are expressed. We are establishing Tg rice with demonstrated efficacy in murine models of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma by oral administration at practical doses. In addition, the amount, distribution, and allergenicity of the expressed allergen have been improved in our Tg rice. Rice-based oral IT is a promising new concept in IT for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Maruyama N, Fujiwara K, Yokoyama K, Cabanos C, Hasegawa H, Takagi K, Nishizawa K, Uki Y, Kawarabayashi T, Shouji M, Ishimoto M, Terakawa T. Stable accumulation of seed storage proteins containing vaccine peptides in transgenic soybean seeds. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:441-7. [PMID: 24794626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the use of transgenic plants for the large-scale production of pharmaceuticals and industrial proteins. Here, we report the stable accumulation of seed storage proteins containing disease vaccine peptides in transgenic soybean seeds. To synthesize vaccine peptides in soybean seeds, we used seed storage proteins as a carrier and a soybean breeding line lacking major seed storage proteins as a host. Vaccine peptides were inserted into the flexible disordered regions in the A1aB1b subunit three-dimensional structure. The A1aB1b subunit containing vaccine peptides in the disordered regions were sorted to the protein storage vacuoles where vaccine peptides are partially cleaved by proteases. In contrast, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention type of the A1aB1b subunit containing vaccine peptides accumulated in compartments that originated from the ER as an intact pro-form. These results indicate that the ER may be an organelle suitable for the stable accumulation of bioactive peptides using seed storage proteins as carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Keigo Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Cerrone Cabanos
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan; National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Keito Nishizawa
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Yuriko Uki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Mikio Shouji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan; National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
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Ogo Y, Takahashi H, Wang S, Takaiwa F. Generation mechanism of novel, huge protein bodies containing wild type or hypoallergenic derivatives of birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 in rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:111-23. [PMID: 25002224 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tree pollen chimera 7 (TPC7), a hypoallergenic Bet v 1 tolerogen against birch pollen allergy, induces the formation of novel, huge protein bodies (referred to as TPC7 bodies) in rice endosperm, and is accumulated in high level. In the present study, we found that native Bet v 1 and TPC9, analog proteins of TPC7, were also deposited into novel protein bodies in rice endosperm. However, the novel protein bodies in Bet v 1 and TPC9 rice were much smaller and less abundant than those in TPC7 rice, reflected in lower amounts of accumulation of Bet v 1 and TPC9 than that of TPC7. A domain swapping experiment between TPC7 and Bet v 1 revealed that the latter half of TPC7 is important for the formation of the TPC7 body. We found that chaperons and folding enzymes such as BiP and protein disulfide isomerase were localized within the TPC7 body. TPC7 protein was extracted from TPC7 seeds as large aggregates with molecular masses greater than 669 kDa, or approximately 75 kDa under native or semi-native conditions. These TPC7 aggregates are thought to be responsible for the induction of TPC7 body formation. TPC7 accumulated to a maximum level of 550 μg/seed, which amounts to 23% of total seed protein, while Bet v 1 and TPC9 accumulated much lower levels. The TPC7 body represents a promising reservoir, which may serve as a fusion partner for high-level production and sequestering storage of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogo
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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Yang L, Kawakatsu T, Wakasa Y, Yoine M, Takaiwa F. RNA silencing is induced by the expression of foreign recombinant products in transgenic rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:138-146. [PMID: 25017169 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing plays important roles in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. We previously reported that RNA silencing of a linked endogenous gene and a transgene in transgenic rice seeds can be induced by the expression of foreign recombinant mGLP-1, which acts as a silencing-inducible sequence through RNA interference. In this study, we found that the induction of RNA silencing by foreign transgenes is not restricted to mGLP-1 but is observed in many other genes as a relatively general phenomenon, as several foreign genes were involved in inducing RNA silencing in the same manner as mGLP-1 in transgenic rice. We detected 21-24-nt siRNAs using both sense and antisense probes specific to the silenced genes in both the leaves and endosperm of transgenic rice plants. Moreover, read-through transcripts were consistently observed in silenced transgenic rice plants. Taken together, these results suggest that proper transcription termination was prevented in these plants, and the highly divergent 3'-end transcripts served as templates for double-stranded RNA synthesis, resulting in the degradation of the target genes via siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Taiji Kawakatsu
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masato Yoine
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Azegami T, Itoh H, Kiyono H, Yuki Y. Novel transgenic rice-based vaccines. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:87-99. [PMID: 25027548 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccination can induce both systemic and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses. To control rampant mucosal infectious diseases, the development of new effective oral vaccines is needed. Plant-based vaccines are new candidates for oral vaccines, and have some advantages over the traditional vaccines in cost, safety, and scalability. Rice seeds are attractive for vaccine production because of their stability and resistance to digestion in the stomach. The efficacy of some rice-based vaccines for infectious, autoimmune, and other diseases has been already demonstrated in animal models. We reported the efficacy in mice, safety, and stability of a rice-based cholera toxin B subunit vaccine called MucoRice-CTB. To advance MucoRice-CTB for use in humans, we also examined its efficacy and safety in primates. The potential of transgenic rice production as a new mucosal vaccine delivery system is reviewed from the perspective of future development of effective oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Azegami
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Wu CS, Kuo WT, Chang CY, Kuo JY, Tsai YT, Yu SM, Wu HT, Chen PW. The modified rice αAmy8 promoter confers high-level foreign gene expression in a novel hypoxia-inducible expression system in transgenic rice seedlings. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:147-61. [PMID: 24445591 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression of α-amylase genes in rice is induced not only by sugar starvation and gibberellin (GA) but also by O2 deficiency. Promoters of two rice α-amylase genes, αAmy3 and αAmy8, have been shown to direct high-level production of recombinant proteins in rice suspension cells and germinated seeds. In the present study, we modified the cis-acting DNA elements within the sugar/GA response complex (SRC/GARC) of αAmy8 promoter. We found that addition of a G box and duplicated TA box leads to high-level expression of αAmy8 SRC/GARC and significantly enhances αAmy8 promoter activity in transformed rice cells and germinated transgenic rice seeds. We also show that these modifications have drastically increased the activity of αAmy8 promoter in rice seedlings under hypoxia. Our results reveal that the G box and duplicated TA box may play important roles in stimulating promoter activity in response to hypoxia in rice. The modified αAmy8 promoter was used to produce the recombinant human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in rice cells and hypoxic seedlings. We found that the bioactive recombinant hEGF are stably produced and yields are up to 1.8% of total soluble protein (TSP) in transformed rice cells. The expression level of synthetic hEGF containing preferred rice codon usage comprises up to 7.8% of TSP in hypoxic transgenic seedlings. Our studies reveal that the modified αAmy8 promoter can be applicable in establishing a novel expression system for the high-level production of foreign proteins in transgenic rice cells and seedlings under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shen Wu
- Department of Bioagricultural Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Salazar-González JA. Immunological aspects of using plant cells as delivery vehicles for oral vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:737-49. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.913483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wakasa Y, Takaiwa F. The use of rice seeds to produce human pharmaceuticals for oral therapy. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1133-43. [PMID: 24092672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food consumed by half of the world's population. Rice seeds have gained recent attention as bioreactors for the production of human pharmaceuticals such as therapeutic proteins or peptides. Rice seed production platforms have many advantages over animal cell or microbe systems in terms of cost-effectiveness, scalability, safety, product stability and productivity. Rice seed-based human pharmaceuticals are expected to become innovative therapies as edible drugs. Therapeutic proteins can be sequestered within natural cellular compartments in rice seeds and protected from harsh gastrointestinal environments. This review presents the state-of-the-art on the construction of gene cassettes for accumulation of pharmaceutical proteins or peptides in rice seeds, the generation of transgenic rice plants, and challenges involved in the use of rice seeds to produce human pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhya Wakasa
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kawakatsu T, Kawahara Y, Itoh T, Takaiwa F. A whole-genome analysis of a transgenic rice seed-based edible vaccine against cedar pollen allergy. DNA Res 2013; 20:623-31. [PMID: 23956243 PMCID: PMC3859328 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification (GM) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a robust and widely employed method to confer new traits to crops. In this process, a transfer DNA is delivered into the host genome, but it is still unclear how the host genome is altered by this event at single-base resolution. To decipher genomic discrepancy between GM crops and their host, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of a transgenic rice line OSCR11. This rice line expresses a seed-based edible vaccine containing two major pollen allergens, Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, against Japanese cedar pollinosis. We revealed that genetic differences between OSCR11 and its host a123 were significantly less than those between a123 and its precedent cultivar Koshihikari. The pattern of nucleotide base substitution in OSCR11, relative to a123, was consistent with somaclonal variation. Mutations in OSCR11 probably occurred during the cell culture steps. In addition, strand-specific mRNA-Seq revealed similar transcriptomes of a123 and OSCR11, supporting genomic integrity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Kawakatsu
- 1Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Wang S, Takahashi H, Kajiura H, Kawakatsu T, Fujiyama K, Takaiwa F. Transgenic rice seeds accumulating recombinant hypoallergenic birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 generate giant protein bodies. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:917-33. [PMID: 23539245 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A versatile hypoallergenic allergen derivative against multiple allergens is an ideal tolerogen for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Such a tolerogen should exhibit high efficacy, without side effects, when administered at high doses and should be applicable to several allergens. Tree pollen chimera 7 (TPC7), a hypoallergenic Bet v 1 tolerogen against birch pollen allergy, was previously selected by DNA shuffling of 14 types of Fagales tree pollen allergens. In this study, transgenic rice seed accumulating TPC7 was generated as an oral vaccine against birch pollen allergy by expressing this protein as a secretory protein using the N-terminal signal peptide and the C-terminal KDEL tag under the control of an endosperm-specific glutelin promoter. The highest level of TPC7 accumulation was approximately 207 µg grain(-1). Recombinant TPC7 is a glycoprotein with high mannose-type N-glycan, but without β1,2-xylose or α1,3-fucose, suggesting that TPC7 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TPC7 is deposited as a novel, giant spherical ER-derived protein body, >20 µm in diameter, which is referred to as the TPC7 body. Removal of the KDEL retention signal or mutation of a cysteine residue resulted in an alteration of TPC7 body morphology, and deletion of the signal peptide prevented the accumulation of TPC7 in rice seeds. Therefore, the novel TPC7 bodies may have formed aggregates within the ER lumen, primarily due to the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Functional Transgenic Crops Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
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Takaiwa F. Update on the use of transgenic rice seeds in oral immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:301-12. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice seed provides an ideal production platform for pharmaceuticals in terms of high productivity and stability, as well as the scalability, safety and economy that are expected in plant production systems. Furthermore, these therapeutic products are bioencapsulated in protein bodies, which are seed-specific storage organelles that provide protection from digestion by gastrointestinal enzymes during delivery to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Thus, rice seed provides an ideal delivery system for the mucosal immune system. Oral immunotherapy using unprocessed transgenic rice seed containing therapeutic products has been demonstrated to induce effective mucosal immune tolerance and immune reactions against allergies and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Transgenic Crop Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2–1–2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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