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Yu X, Niu H, Liu C, Wang H, Yin W, Xia X. PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2113-2128. [PMID: 38470397 PMCID: PMC11258992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao‐Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hou‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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Marash I, Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Israeli A, Teboul N, Avni A, Ori N, Bar M. Abolishing ARF8A activity promotes disease resistance in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112064. [PMID: 38492890 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate auxin-dependent developmental processes. Class A ARFs function as activators of auxin-responsive gene expression in the presence of auxin, while acting as transcriptional repressors in its absence. Despite extensive research on the functions of ARF transcription factors in plant growth and development, the extent, and mechanisms of their involvement in plant resistance, remain unknown. We have previously reported that mutations in the tomato AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 (ARF8) genes SlARF8A and SlARF8B result in the decoupling of fruit development from pollination and fertilization, leading to partial or full parthenocarpy and increased yield under extreme temperatures. Here, we report that fine-tuning of SlARF8 activity results in increased resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. This resistance is mostly preserved under fluctuating temperatures. Thus, fine-tuning SlARF8 activity may be a potent strategy for increasing overall growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Teboul
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Sun Y, Ma S, Liu X, Wang GF. The maize ZmVPS23-like protein relocates the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein Rp1-D21 to endosomes and suppresses the defense response. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2369-2390. [PMID: 36869653 PMCID: PMC10226561 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants often utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins to perceive pathogen infections and trigger a hypersensitive response (HR). The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a conserved multisubunit complex that is essential for the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and cargo protein sorting. VPS23 is a key component of ESCRT-I and plays important roles in plant development and abiotic stresses. ZmVPS23L, a homolog of VPS23-like in maize (Zea mays), was previously identified as a candidate gene in modulating HR mediated by the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 in different maize populations. Here, we demonstrate that ZmVPS23L suppresses Rp1-D21-mediated HR in maize and Nicotiana benthamiana. Variation in the suppressive effect of HR by different ZmVPS23L alleles was correlated with variation in their expression levels. ZmVPS23 also suppressed Rp1-D21-mediated HR. ZmVPS23L and ZmVPS23 predominantly localized to endosomes, and they physically interacted with the coiled-coil domain of Rp1-D21 and mediated the relocation of Rp1-D21 from the nucleo-cytoplasm to endosomes. In summary, we demonstrate that ZmVPS23L and ZmVPS23 are negative regulators of Rp1-D21-mediated HR, likely by sequestrating Rp1-D21 in endosomes via physical interaction. Our findings reveal the role of ESCRT components in controlling plant NLR-mediated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Pizarro L, Bar M. The LeEIX Locus Determines Pathogen Resistance in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:277-285. [PMID: 36044638 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-22-0035-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the ability of plants to differentiate between pathogens and commensals in their environment are currently unresolved. It has been suggested that spatiotemporal regulation of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) content could be one of the components providing plants with the ability to distinguish between pathogens and nonpathogenic microbes. The LeEIX PRRs recognize xylanases derived from beneficial or commensal plant colonizers of Trichoderma species, including the xylanase known as EIX. Here, we investigated possible general roles of PRRs from the LeEIX locus in immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato. Mutating the inhibitory PRR LeEIX1, or overexpressing the activating PRR LeEIX2, resulted in resistance to a wide range of pathogens and increased basal and elicited immunity. LeEIX1 knockout caused increases in the expression level of several tested PRRs, including FLS2, as well as bacterial pathogen resistance coupled with an increase in flg22-mediated immunity. The wild tomato relative Solanum pennellii contains inactive LeEIX PRR variants. S. pennellii does not respond to elicitation with the LeEIX PRR ligand EIX. Given that EIX is derived from a mostly nonpathogenic microbe, the connection of its PRRs to disease resistance has not previously been investigated directly. Here, we observed that compared with S. lycopersicum cultivar M82, S. pennellii was more sensitive to several fungal and bacterial pathogens. Our results suggest that the LeEIX locus might determine resistance to fungal necrotrophs, whereas the resistance to biotrophs is effected in combination with a gene/quantitative trait locus not within the LeEIX locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Ercolano MR, D’Esposito D, Andolfo G, Frusciante L. Multilevel evolution shapes the function of NB-LRR encoding genes in plant innate immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007288. [PMID: 36388554 PMCID: PMC9647133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A sophisticated innate immune system based on diverse pathogen receptor genes (PRGs) evolved in the history of plant life. To reconstruct the direction and magnitude of evolutionary trajectories of a given gene family, it is critical to detect the ancestral signatures. The rearrangement of functional domains made up the diversification found in PRG repertoires. Structural rearrangement of ancient domains mediated the NB-LRR evolutionary path from an initial set of modular proteins. Events such as domain acquisition, sequence modification and temporary or stable associations are prominent among rapidly evolving innate immune receptors. Over time PRGs are continuously shaped by different forces to find their optimal arrangement along the genome. The immune system is controlled by a robust regulatory system that works at different scales. It is important to understand how the PRG interaction network can be adjusted to meet specific needs. The high plasticity of the innate immune system is based on a sophisticated functional architecture and multi-level control. Due to the complexity of interacting with diverse pathogens, multiple defense lines have been organized into interconnected groups. Genomic architecture, gene expression regulation and functional arrangement of PRGs allow the deployment of an appropriate innate immunity response.
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Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Vasquez-Soto B, Bar M, Avni A, Pizarro L. Dynamin-Related Proteins Enhance Tomato Immunity by Mediating Pattern Recognition Receptor Trafficking. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080760. [PMID: 36005675 PMCID: PMC9415932 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) trafficking to the plasma membrane and endocytosis plays a crucial role in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) participate in endocytosis and recycling. In Arabidopsis, DRP1 and DRP2 are involved in plasma membrane scission during endocytosis. They are required for the PRR FLS2 endocytosis induction and PTI activation after elicitation with flg22, the MAMP recognized by FLS2. In tomato, SlDRP2A regulates the PRR LeEIX2 endocytosis and PTI activation in response to EIX, the MAMP recognized by LeEIX2. However, it is unknown if other DRPs participate in these processes. Taking advantage of bioinformatics tools, we selected SlDRP2B among the eight DRP2 tomato orthologues to study its functionality in trafficking and plant immunity. Through transient expression of SlDRP1B and its dominant-negative mutant on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum, we analyzed SlDRP1B function. We observed that SlDRP1B is physically associated with the LeEIX2 and modifies LeEIX2 trafficking, increasing its presence in endosomes. An enhancement of EIX-elicitated defense responses accompanies the role of SlDRP1B on LeEIX endocytosis. In addition, SlDRP1B overexpression enhanced flg22-elicited defense response. With these results, we conclude that SlDRP1B regulates PRR trafficking and, therefore, plant immunity, similarly to the SlDRP2A role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Beatriz Vasquez-Soto
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-233-286-050
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Shamrai SM. Recognition of Pathogen Attacks by Plant Immune Sensors and Induction of Plant Immune Response. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bi G, Zhou JM. Regulation of Cell Death and Signaling by Pore-Forming Resistosomes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:239-263. [PMID: 33957051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are the largest class of immune receptors in plants. They play a key role in the plant surveillance system by monitoring pathogen effectors that are delivered into the plant cell. Recent structural biology and biochemical analyses have uncovered how NLRs are activated to form oligomeric resistosomes upon the recognition of pathogen effectors. In the resistosome, the signaling domain of the NLR is brought to the center of a ringed structure to initiate immune signaling and regulated cell death (RCD). The N terminus of the coiled-coil (CC) domain of the NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 likely forms a pore in the plasma membrane to trigger RCD in a way analogous to animal pore-forming proteins that trigger necroptosis or pyroptosis. NLRs that carry TOLL-INTERLEUKIN1-RECEPTOR as a signaling domain may also employ pore-forming resistosomes for RCD execution. In addition, increasing evidence supports intimate connections between NLRs and surface receptors in immune signaling. These new findings are rapidly advancing our understanding of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Clepet C, Devani RS, Boumlik R, Hao Y, Morin H, Marcel F, Verdenaud M, Mania B, Brisou G, Citerne S, Mouille G, Lepeltier JC, Koussevitzky S, Boualem A, Bendahmane A. The miR166-SlHB15A regulatory module controls ovule development and parthenocarpic fruit set under adverse temperatures in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1185-1198. [PMID: 33964458 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is inhibited by adverse temperatures, with consequences on yield. We isolated a tomato mutant producing fruits under non-permissive hot temperatures and identified the causal gene as SlHB15A, belonging to class III homeodomain leucine-zipper transcription factors. SlHB15A loss-of-function mutants display aberrant ovule development that mimics transcriptional changes occurring in fertilized ovules and leads to parthenocarpic fruit set under optimal and non-permissive temperatures, in field and greenhouse conditions. Under cold growing conditions, SlHB15A is subjected to conditional haploinsufficiency and recessive dosage sensitivity controlled by microRNA 166 (miR166). Knockdown of SlHB15A alleles by miR166 leads to a continuum of aberrant ovules correlating with parthenocarpic fruit set. Consistent with this, plants harboring an Slhb15a-miRNA166-resistant allele developed normal ovules and were unable to set parthenocarpic fruit under cold conditions. DNA affinity purification sequencing and RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that SlHB15A is a bifunctional transcription factor expressed in the ovule integument. SlHB15A binds to the promoters of auxin-related genes to repress auxin signaling and to the promoters of ethylene-related genes to activate their expression. A survey of tomato genetic biodiversity identified pat and pat-1, two historical parthenocarpic mutants, as alleles of SlHB15A. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the role of SlHB15A as a sentinel to prevent fruit set in the absence of fertilization and provide a mean to enhance fruiting under extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Clepet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Ravi Sureshbhai Devani
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Rachid Boumlik
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Halima Morin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Fabien Marcel
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Marion Verdenaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Brahim Mania
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Gwilherm Brisou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Adnane Boualem
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
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Duxbury Z, Wu CH, Ding P. A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:155-184. [PMID: 33689400 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR biochemistry and biophysics have revolutionized our understanding of how NLR proteins function in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in plant NLR biology and draw direct comparisons to NLRs of animals. We discuss different mechanisms by which NLRs recognize their ligands in plants and animals. The discovery of plant NLR resistosomes that assemble in a comparable way to animal inflammasomes reinforces the striking similarities between the formation of plant and animal NLR complexes. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant NLRs mediate immune responses and draw comparisons to similar mechanisms identified in animals. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex genetic architecture formed by NLRs in plants and animals and the roles of NLRs beyond pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Duxbury
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom;
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Current affiliation: Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands;
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Abstract
Plant immunity has long been divided into two 'tiers', involving cell-surface versus intracellular immune receptors. Although both systems can induce similar diagnostic responses, they have been considered independent pathways. Recent work challenges this view, showing a striking requirement for both recognition layers to achieve maximum immune output.
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Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Elkabetz D, Bar M. Method for the Production and Purification of Plant Immuno-Active Xylanase from Trichoderma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4214. [PMID: 33921693 PMCID: PMC8073006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants lack a circulating adaptive immune system to protect themselves against pathogens. Therefore, they have evolved an innate immune system based upon complicated and efficient defense mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible. Plant defense responses are triggered by elicitors such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). These components are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include plant cell surface receptors. Upon recognition, PRRs trigger pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Ethylene Inducing Xylanase (EIX) is a fungal MAMP protein from the plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF)-Trichoderma. It elicits plant defense responses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), making it an excellent tool in the studies of plant immunity. Xylanases such as EIX are hydrolytic enzymes that act on xylan in hemicellulose. There are two types of xylanases: the endo-1, 4-β-xylanases that hydrolyze within the xylan structure, and the β-d-xylosidases that hydrolyze the ends of the xylan chain. Xylanases are mainly synthesized by fungi and bacteria. Filamentous fungi produce xylanases in high amounts and secrete them in liquid cultures, making them an ideal system for xylanase purification. Here, we describe a method for cost- and yield-effective xylanase production from Trichoderma using wheat bran as a growth substrate. Xylanase produced by this method possessed xylanase activity and immunogenic activity, effectively inducing a hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and ROS burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
| | - Dorin Elkabetz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 91905, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
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14
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Desaint H, Aoun N, Deslandes L, Vailleau F, Roux F, Berthomé R. Fight hard or die trying: when plants face pathogens under heat stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:712-734. [PMID: 32981118 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environment, plants are exposed to biotic or abiotic stresses that occur sequentially or simultaneously. Plant responses to these stresses have been studied widely and have been well characterised in simplified systems involving single plant species facing individual stress. Temperature elevation is a major abiotic driver of climate change and scenarios have predicted an increase in the number and severity of epidemics. In this context, here we review the available data on the effect of heat stress on plant-pathogen interactions. Considering 45 studies performed on model or crop species, we discuss the possible implications of the optimum growth temperature of plant hosts and pathogens, mode of stress application and temperature variation on resistance modulations. Alarmingly, most identified resistances are altered under temperature elevation, regardless of the plant and pathogen species. Therefore, we have listed current knowledge on heat-dependent plant immune mechanisms and pathogen thermosensory processes, mainly studied in animals and human pathogens, that could help to understand the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions under elevated temperatures. Based on a general overview of the mechanisms involved in plant responses to pathogens, and integrating multiple interactions with the biotic environment, we provide recommendations to optimise plant disease resistance under heat stress and to identify thermotolerant resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Desaint
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- SYNGENTA Seeds, Sarrians, 84260, France
| | - Nathalie Aoun
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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15
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Sussholz O, Pizarro L, Schuster S, Avni A. SlRLK-like is a malectin-like domain protein affecting localization and abundance of LeEIX2 receptor resulting in suppression of EIX-induced immune responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1369-1381. [PMID: 33048397 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The first line of plant defense occurs when a plant pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizes microbe-associated molecular patterns. Plant PRRs are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs), which have an extracellular domain for ligand binding, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and an intracellular kinase domain for activating downstream signaling, or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), which share the same overall structure but lack an intracellular kinase domain. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) LeEIX2 is an RLP that binds ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX), a fungal elicitor. To identify LeEIX2 receptor interactors, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen and found a tomato protein that we termed SlRLK-like. The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The defense responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana or Nicotiana tabacum, and knockout of SlRLK-like using the CRISPR/Cas9 system increased EIX-induced ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (SlACS2) gene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with LeEIX2 led to a reduction in its abundance, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. Notably, truncation of SlRLK-like protein revealed that the malectin-like domain is sufficient and essential for its function. Moreover, SlRLK-like associated with the RLK FLS2, resulting in its degradation and concomitantly a reduction of the flagellin 22 (flg22)-induced burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, SlRLK-like co-expression with other RLPs, Ve1 and AtRLP23, also led to a reduction in their abundance. Our findings suggest that SlRLK-like leads to a decreased stability of various PRRs, leading to a reduction in their abundance and resulting in attenuation of defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orian Sussholz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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16
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Gupta R, Pizarro L, Leibman‐Markus M, Marash I, Bar M. Cytokinin response induces immunity and fungal pathogen resistance, and modulates trafficking of the PRR LeEIX2 in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1287-1306. [PMID: 32841497 PMCID: PMC7488468 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is often defined by the immunity hormones: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). These hormones are well known for differentially regulating defence responses against pathogens. In recent years, the involvement of other plant growth hormones such as auxin, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins (CKs) in biotic stresses has been recognized. Previous reports have indicated that endogenous and exogenous CK treatment can result in pathogen resistance. We show here that CK induces systemic immunity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), modulating cellular trafficking of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) LeEIX2, which mediates immune responses to Xyn11 family xylanases, and promoting resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici in an SA- and ET-dependent mechanism. CK perception within the host underlies its protective effect. Our results support the notion that CK promotes pathogen resistance by inducing immunity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Present address:
Institute of Agri‐food, Animal and Environmental SciencesUniversidad de O'HigginsChile
| | - Meirav Leibman‐Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
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17
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Zdrzałek R, Kamoun S, Terauchi R, Saitoh H, Banfield MJ. The rice NLR pair Pikp-1/Pikp-2 initiates cell death through receptor cooperation rather than negative regulation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238616. [PMID: 32931489 PMCID: PMC7491719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant NLR immune receptors are multidomain proteins that can function as specialized sensor/helper pairs. Paired NLR immune receptors are generally thought to function via negative regulation, where one NLR represses the activity of the second and detection of pathogen effectors relieves this repression to initiate immunity. However, whether this mechanism is common to all NLR pairs is not known. Here, we show that the rice NLR pair Pikp-1/Pikp-2, which confers resistance to strains of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) expressing the AVR-PikD effector, functions via receptor cooperation, with effector-triggered activation requiring both NLRs to trigger the immune response. To investigate the mechanism of Pikp-1/Pikp-2 activation, we expressed truncated variants of these proteins, and made mutations in previously identified NLR sequence motifs. We found that any domain truncation, in either Pikp-1 or Pikp-2, prevented cell death in the presence of AVR-PikD, revealing that all domains are required for activity. Further, expression of individual Pikp-1 or Pikp-2 domains did not result in cell death. Mutations in the conserved P-loop and MHD sequence motifs in both Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 prevented cell death activation, demonstrating that these motifs are required for the function of the two partner NLRs. Finally, we showed that Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 associate to form homo- and hetero-complexes in planta in the absence of AVR-PikD; on co-expression the effector binds to Pikp-1 generating a tri-partite complex. Taken together, we provide evidence that Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 form a fine-tuned system that is activated by AVR-PikD via receptor cooperation rather than negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zdrzałek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Division of Genomics and Breeding, Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Laboratory of Plant Symbiotic and Parasitic Microbes, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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18
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A gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a enhances basal immunity resulting in broad-spectrum disease resistance. Commun Biol 2020; 3:404. [PMID: 32732974 PMCID: PMC7393091 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on innate immunity to perceive and ward off microbes and pests, and are able to overcome the majority of invading microorganisms. Even so, specialized pathogens overcome plant defenses, posing a persistent threat to crop and food security worldwide, raising the need for agricultural products with broad, efficient resistance. Here we report a specific mutation in a tomato (S. lycopersicum) helper nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat H-NLR, SlNRC4a, which results in gain of function constitutive basal defense activation, in absence of PRR activation. Knockout of the entire NRC4 clade in tomato was reported to compromise Rpi-blb2 mediated immunity. The SlNRC4a mutant reported here possesses enhanced immunity and disease resistance to a broad-spectrum of pathogenic fungi, bacteria and pests, while lacking auto-activated HR or negative effects on plant growth and crop yield, providing promising prospects for agricultural adaptation in the war against plant pathogens that decrease productivity. Lorena Pizarro, Meirav Leibman-Markus et al. explore the genetic mechanisms for plant innate immunity. They functionally characterize a gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a in tomato. They characterize the structure of the mutant protein and functionally demonstrate that it confers broad-spectrum resistance without triggering a hypersensitive response or negatively impacting plant growth and crop yield.
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19
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Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Diversity, Function and Regulation of Cell Surface and Intracellular Immune Receptors in Solanaceae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040434. [PMID: 32244634 PMCID: PMC7238418 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of the plant immune system comprises plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins and intracellular receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily. Together, these immune receptors act as a network of surveillance machines in recognizing extracellular and intracellular pathogen invasion-derived molecules, ranging from conserved structural epitopes to virulence-promoting effectors. Successful pathogen recognition leads to physiological and molecular changes in the host plants, which are critical for counteracting and defending against biotic attack. A breadth of significant insights and conceptual advances have been derived from decades of research in various model plant species regarding the structural complexity, functional diversity, and regulatory mechanisms of these plant immune receptors. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art of how these host surveillance proteins function and how they are regulated. We will focus on the latest progress made in plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family, because of their tremendous importance as model organisms and agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (C.D.M.C.)
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20
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van Wersch S, Tian L, Hoy R, Li X. Plant NLRs: The Whistleblowers of Plant Immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100016. [PMID: 33404540 PMCID: PMC7747998 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology have given us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plants may encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinct domains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided by advancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized. Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasis control. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing on the mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Wu CH, Adachi H, De la Concepcion JC, Castells-Graells R, Nekrasov V, Kamoun S. NRC4 Gene Cluster Is Not Essential for Bacterial Flagellin-Triggered Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:455-459. [PMID: 31712307 PMCID: PMC6945836 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of NRC2, NRC3, and NRC4 genes did not affect bacterial flagellin-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Nekrasov
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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22
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Proteomics of PTI and Two ETI Immune Reactions in Potato Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194726. [PMID: 31554174 PMCID: PMC6802228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have a variety of ways to defend themselves against pathogens. A commonly used model of the plant immune system is divided into a general response triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and a specific response triggered by effectors. The first type of response is known as PAMP triggered immunity (PTI), and the second is known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). To obtain better insight into changes of protein abundance in immunity reactions, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of a PTI and two different ETI models (relating to Phytophthora infestans) in potato. Several proteins showed higher abundance in all immune reactions, such as a protein annotated as sterol carrier protein 2 that could be interesting since Phytophthora species are sterol auxotrophs. RNA binding proteins also showed altered abundance in the different immune reactions. Furthermore, we identified some PTI-specific changes of protein abundance, such as for example, a glyoxysomal fatty acid beta-oxidation multifunctional protein and a MAR-binding protein. Interestingly, a lysine histone demethylase was decreased in PTI, and that prompted us to also analyze protein methylation in our datasets. The proteins upregulated explicitly in ETI included several catalases. Few proteins were regulated in only one of the ETI interactions. For example, histones were only downregulated in the ETI-Avr2 interaction, and a putative multiprotein bridging factor was only upregulated in the ETI-IpiO interaction. One example of a methylated protein that increased in the ETI interactions was a serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
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23
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Jubic LM, Saile S, Furzer OJ, El Kasmi F, Dangl JL. Help wanted: helper NLRs and plant immune responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:82-94. [PMID: 31063902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) proteins function as intracellular receptors in response to pathogens and activate effector-triggered immune responses (ETI). The activation of some sensor NLRs (sNLR) by their corresponding pathogen effector is well studied. However, the mechanisms by which the recently defined helper NLRs (hNLR) function to transduce sNLR activation into ETI-associated cell death and disease resistance remains poorly understood. We briefly summarize recent examples of sNLR activation and we then focus on hNLR requirements in sNLR-initiated immune responses. We further discuss how shared sequence homology with fungal self-incompatibility proteins and the mammalian mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL) proteins informs a plausible model for the structure and function of an ancient clade of plant hNLRs, called RNLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance M Jubic
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Svenja Saile
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
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24
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Avni A. Tomato Dynamin Related Protein 2A Associates With LeEIX2 and Enhances PRR Mediated Defense by Modulating Receptor Trafficking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:936. [PMID: 31379912 PMCID: PMC6658876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic trafficking pathway is employed by the plant to regulate immune responses, and is often targeted by pathogen effectors to promote virulence. The model system of the tomato receptor-like protein (RLP) LeEIX2 and its ligand, the elicitor EIX, employs endocytosis to transmit receptor-mediated signals, with some of the signaling events occurring directly from endosomal compartments. Here, to explore the trafficking mechanism of LeEIX2-mediated immune signaling, we used a proteomic approach to identify LeEIX2-associating proteins. We report the identification of SlDRP2A, a dynamin related protein, as an associating partner for LeEIX2. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 in VHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
- *Correspondence: Maya Bar,
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Adi Avni,
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25
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Bentham AR, Zdrzałek R, De la Concepcion JC, Banfield MJ. Uncoiling CNLs: Structure/Function Approaches to Understanding CC Domain Function in Plant NLRs. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2398-2408. [PMID: 30192967 PMCID: PMC6290485 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are intracellular pathogen receptors whose N-terminal domains are integral to signal transduction after perception of a pathogen-derived effector protein. The two major plant NLR classes are defined by the presence of either a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) or a coiled-coil (CC) domain at their N-terminus (TNLs and CNLs). Our knowledge of how CC domains function in plant CNLs lags behind that of how TIR domains function in plant TNLs. CNLs are the most abundant class of NLRs in monocotyledonous plants, and further research is required to understand the molecular mechanisms of how these domains contribute to disease resistance in cereal crops. Previous studies of CC domains have revealed functional diversity, making categorization difficult, which in turn makes experimental design for assaying function challenging. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CC domain function in plant CNLs, highlighting the differences in modes of action and structure. To aid experimental design in exploring CC domain function, we present a 'best-practice' guide to designing constructs through use of sequence and secondary structure comparisons and discuss the relevant assays for investigating CC domain function. Finally, we discuss whether using homology modeling is useful to describe putative CC domain function in CNLs through parallels with the functions of previously characterized helical adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Bentham
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rafał Zdrzałek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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26
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Leibman-Markus M, Pizarro L, Bar M, Coaker G, Avni A. NRC proteins - a critical node for pattern and effector mediated signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1507404. [PMID: 30110243 PMCID: PMC6149469 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1507404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to numerous diverse microbes and pests. They lack an adaptive immune system and rely on innate immunity to perceive and ward off potential pathogens. The plant immune system enables plants to overcome invading microorganisms, and can be defined as highly successful in this regard. Nevertheless, specialized pathogens are able to overcome structural barriers, preformed defenses, innate immunity and are a persistent threat to crop and food supplies worldwide. The rapidly growing world population results in massive demands for agricultural products and reliable crop yields. Therefore, the ability to precisely manipulate plant immunity to resist diverse diseases holds significant promise for enhancing crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- CONTACT Adi Avni School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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